Re

Msle

Ch

Dep

Polic

� Ch� A

pp� M

aco

International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (2014) 51–62

A R

Artic

Rece

Rece

Acce

Keyw

Mus

Slee

Slee

Met

*

Ping

Tel.:

002

http

view

usic therapy improves sleep quality in acute and chronicep disorders: A meta-analysis of 10 randomized studies

un-Fang Wang *, Ying-Li Sun, Hong-Xin Zang

artment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed

e Forces, Tianjin, PR China

What is already known about the topic?

hronic sleep disorders are associated with adverseealth outcomes.cute sleep disorders of patients after operation oratients in intensive care unit are associated with worserognosis.usic has been used to improve the sleep quality from an

ncient time, but prospective clinical trials presentednflicting results.

What this paper adds

� Music can assist in treating both acute and chronic sleepdisorders.� For chronic sleep disorders, music therapy shows a

cumulative dose effect.� A follow-up duration more than three weeks is necessary

for assessing the efficacy of music for chronic sleepdisorders.

1. Introduction

Sleep is a primitive behavior of humans. Unfortunately,according to epidemiological studies, about one third ofadults reported sleep disorders (Krueger and Friedman,2009), especially in older and shift-workers (Kronholm

T I C L E I N F O

le history:

ived 14 November 2012

ived in revised form 5 March 2013

pted 16 March 2013

ords:

ic

p disorders

p quality

a-analysis

A B S T R A C T

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of music therapy for acute and chronic sleep disorders in

adults.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources: A systematic search of publications in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane

Library without language restriction was performed.

Review methods: Studies with randomized controlled design and adult participants were

included if music was applied in a passive way to improve sleep quality. Subgroup analysis

was conducted to explore the sources of heterogeneity.

Results: Ten studies involving 557 participants were identified. The sleep quality was

improved significantly by music (standard mean difference: �0.63; 95% CI: �0.92 to

�0.34; p < 0.001), with significant heterogeneity across studies. Subgroup analysis found

heterogeneity between subgroups with objective or subjective assessing methods of sleep

quality, and between subgroups with difference follow-up durations. No evidence of

publication bias was observed.

Conclusion: Music can assist in improving sleep quality of patients with acute and chronic

sleep disorders. For chronic sleep disorders, music showed a cumulative dose effect and a

follow-up duration more than three weeks is necessary for assessing its efficacy.

� 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Corresponding author at: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,

jin Hospital, No. 220 Chenglin Street, 300126 Tianjin, China.

+86 022 60577599; fax: +86 022 60577600.

E-mail address: wangchunfangemail@gmail.com (C.-F. Wang).

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

International Journal of Nursing Studies

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/ijns

0-7489/$ – see front matter � 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.03.008

C.-F. Wang et al. / International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (2014) 51–6252

et al., 2008; Rowshan Ravan et al., 2010). As to in-hospitalpatients, duo to the change of environments and the noiseof medical equipments, acute sleep deprivation is com-mon, especially in peri-operative patients or patients inintensive care unit (Hardin, 2009; Kamdar et al., 2012).

Chronic sleep disorders have proved to be associatedwith adverse health outcomes, including cardiovasculardisorders (Cappuccio et al., 2011; Chien et al., 2010), totalmortality (Cappuccio et al., 2010a, 2010b; Castro-Costaet al., 2011; Kronholm et al., 2011), type 2 diabetes(Cappuccio et al., 2010a, 2010b), respiratory disorders(Penzel et al., 2007), and obesity (Cappuccio et al., 2008). Inaddition, acute sleep deprivation can also worsen theprognosis.

Pharmacological therapy has been wildly used to treatsleep disorders, but the potential side effects limit a long-term intervention. Realizing that sleep is affected by bothphysiological and psychological factors, people resorted tokinds of mind-body interventions such as music therapy,which indeed have been used from a very ancient time(Cervellin and Lippi, 2011). In fact, music is the mostwelcomed method used by nurses to improve the patients’sleep quality (Bouhairie et al., 2006).

Some earlier studies succeeded to prove the efficacy ofmusic in improving sleep quality (Kullich et al., 2003; Laiand Good, 2005; Renzi et al., 2000; Zimmerman et al.,1996). Although a previous meta-analysis (de Niet et al.,2009) recommended the music-assisted relaxation topatients with sleep disorders, the evidence was limitedbecause only 5 studies were available at that time. Theresult was challenged by several recent studies withnegative results (Chan et al., 2010; Chang et al., 2012), andwe noticed that only one study included in that mate-analysis showed negative result (Hernandez-Ruiz, 2005).With accumulating evidence, our goal was to evaluate theefficacy of music for sleep disorders by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

2. Methods

2.1. Search strategy and study selection

We attempted to follow the PRISMA (PreferredReporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analy-ses) guideline to report the present meta-analysis (Moheret al., 2009). We systematically searched the electronicdatabases PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Librarywithout language restriction. The following search termswere used: sleep, sleep quality, insomnia, music, musicintervention, music relaxation, music therapy. The refer-ence lists of original and review articles were reviewed toidentify any additional relevant studies.

Studies were included in the meta analysis if they metthe following criteria: (1) a randomized controlled design,(2) adult population over 18 years of age were involved, (3)music was applied in a passive way to improve sleepquality, (4) the sleep quality was assessed using asubjective or objective method. Studies were excludedif: (1) participants suffering neurological or severe cogni-tive disorders were enrolled, (2) active use of music wasused as intervention, such as playing instruments. If

multiple published articles from the same study wereavailable, only the article with the most detailed informa-tion was included.

2.2. Data extraction and study quality

Our primary outcome was the sleep quality which wasassessed using subjective methods such as questionnaire, orobjective methods such as polysomnography. All literaturesearch results were screened independently by two authors(W-CF and S-YL) for potentially relevant articles, anduncertainty or disagreement were resolved by discussionand consensus. Data extraction was performed using astandardized protocol and data-collection form. Extracteddata included the first author’s name, year of publication,study population, the sample size, participants’ age andgender, duration of follow-up, the intervention for eachgroup, method to assess the sleep quality, and result in eachgroup. Studies were assessed for quality by randomization,blinding, reporting of withdrawals, generation of randomnumbers, and concealment of allocation. Trials scored onepoint for each area addressed, with a possible score between0 and 5 (Moher et al., 1998).

2.3. Statistical analysis

Since continuous data from different scales wereextracted, the standardized mean difference (SMD) wasused as the measure of effect and the results were expressedas a SMD with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). SMD iscalculated by dividing the mean difference in each study bythe study’s deviation, which makes the results comparableacross studies. It should be noted that SMD is an indexwithout unit, and the results of 0.2 are usually interpreted assmall, those of 0.5 as moderate and from 0.8 as large.

The heterogeneity among studies was tested by Q-statistic (significance level at p < 0.10) and I-statistic(Higgins et al., 2003). The result of I-statistic is I2, whichdescribes the percentage of total variation across studiesthat is due to heterogeneity rather than due to chance,where high values of the index (I2> 50%) indicate theexistence of heterogeneity.

The combined SMD were computed using fixed-effectsmodels with no evidence of significant heterogeneity. In thepresence of heterogeneity, random-effects models are moreappropriate because they assume that the effect beingestimated in the different studies are not identical. Publica-tion biaswasassessedwithfunnelplots and Eggerregressiontest (Egger et al., 1997). Sensitivity analysis was performedto explore the influence of individual studies by deleting 1study in each turn. Subgroup analysis was conducted toassess possible sources of heterogeneity by checking theheterogeneity between subgroups with different averageages, geographical locations, or follow-up durations, withacute or chronic sleep disorders, and with subjective orobjective sleep quality assessing methods. Significantheterogeneity between subgroups indicates that the sub-group factor may explain part of the total heterogeneity.

A p-value < 0.05 was considered to be statisticallysignificant. All statistical analyses were performed usingStata software (version 11.0; Stata Corporation, College

StaCol

3. R

3.1.

fromparet

Her200ZimlistonetwiLai

selein Tsleelesssleebetdur

me

Tab

Cha

Au

Zi

Ri

Re

Ku

He

La

Ha

Ch

Ch

Ry

CAB

anal

*

C.-F. Wang et al. / International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (2014) 51–62 53

tion, TX) and REVMAN software (version 5.0; Cochranelaboration, Oxford, United Kingdom).

esults

Main features of included studies

Two hundred and twenty-seven articles were obtained the initial search. Ten studies involving 557

ticipants were identified based on our criteria (Chanal., 2010; Chang et al., 2012; Harmat et al., 2008;nandez-Ruiz, 2005; Kullich et al., 2003; Lai and Good,5; Renzi et al., 2000; Richards, 1998; Ryu et al., 2012;merman et al., 1996) (Fig. 1). The excluded studies are

ed in the Appendix. All articles were in English except in German. Two studies were found to be publishedce in separate articles (Chan, 2011; Chan et al., 2010;and Good, 2005, 2006), and the most detailed one wascted. The characteristics of these studies are presentedable 1. Four studies focused on post-operative acutep disorders in hospital with the follow-up durations

than 4 days. The other 6 studies focused on chronicp disorders, 2 of them with the follow-up durations

ween 4 and 5 days and the remaining 4 studies with theations between 3 and 4 weeks.Eight studies used subjective, self-rating scale toasure the quality of sleep. One study used the

Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ), five stud-ies used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), anotherone study used the Verran and Synder-Halpern (VSH)sleeping scale, and the remaining study used a visualanalog scale (VAS). Two studies used polysomnography tomeasure the quality of sleep. Among the objective sleepmeasures that polysomnography supplied, we selected thesleep efficiency (total sleep time/total recording time) asour primary outcome.

3.2. Music and sleep quality

The outcomes with different methods were notdirectly comparable. A high PSQI value means a lowersleep quality, while a high RCSQ, VSH or SE value meansthe opposite. The scores of RCSQ, VSH or SE wereconverted by subtracting the real score from the maxi-mum score.

The quality of sleep was improved significantly bymusic (SMD: �0.63; 95% CI: �0.92 to �0.34; Z = 4.24,p < 0.001; Fig. 2) using random-effect model, withsignificant heterogeneity (I2 = 64%; X2 = 24.88, p = 0.003).Similar effects were shown between subgroups with acuteor chronic sleep disorders ((I2 = 0%; X2 = 0.40, p = 0.53). Thefunnel plot was inspected and found to be roughlysymmetrical, and the Egger regression test also showedno evidence of significant publication bias (p = 0.42).

Fig. 1. Flow chart of study selection.

le 1

racteristics of included studies.

thor Year Age

(mean)

Male (%) Simple

size

Country Followup

duration

Participants’ characteristics Measure Quality

score

mmerman 1996 67 68 96 USA 2 days In hospital, post-CABG RCSQ 2

chards 1998 66 100 69 USA 1 day In hospital, CCU PSG 2

nzi 2000 46 60 86 Italy 1 day In hospital, post-anorectal

operation

VAS 3

llich 2003 48 63 65 Austria 3 weeks In stationary rehabilitation PSQI 2

rnandez-Ruiz 2005 35 0 28 USA 5 days Abused women in shelter PSQI 2

i 2005 67 /* 60 Taiwan 3 weeks In community PSQI 4

rmat 2008 23 22 94 Hungary 3 weeks Students in university PSQI 4

an 2010 76 45 42 Hong Kong 4 weeks In community PSQI 4

ang 2012 32 6 50 Taiwan 4 days Volunteer PSG 4

u 2012 61 66 58 South Korea 1 day In hospital, post-coronary angiography VSH 4

G = Coronary artery bypass grafting; CCU = Coronary care unit; RCSQ = Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire; PSG = Polysomnography; VAS = Visual

og scale; PAQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; VSH = Verran and Synder-Halpern sleeping scale.

Data were not reported.

C.-F. Wang et al. / International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (2014) 51–6254

3.3. Sensitivity and subgroup analysis

Exclusion of any single study did not materially alter theoverall SMD, with a range from �0.55 (95% CI: �0.83 to�0.28) to �0.72(95% CI: �0.98 to �0.47). No heterogeneitywas found between subgroups with different average ages,participants from hospital or not, or different geographicallocations. Significant heterogeneity was presented betweenstudies with different follow-up durations, and withsubjective or objective sleep quality assessing methods.Significant pooled effect was only shown in studies withfollow-up duration shorter than 4 days or longer than 2weeks, and with subjective methods (Table 2).

4. Discussion

This study shows music can help to improve thequality of sleep in a wild range of populations, includingpatients after operation with acute sleep disorders, aswell as students in university and elders in communitywith chronic sleep disorders. Similar results were shownin subgroups with different ages or geographicallocations.

Substantial heterogeneity was observed among allstudies. Subgroup analysis found heterogeneity betweensubgroups with objective or subjective methods, and withdifferent follow-up durations, but not between inpatientsand participants out of hospital. The heterogeneity couldmostly be explained by the negative results in studieswhich focused on chronic sleep disorders but with thefollow-up durations less than 3 weeks. Actually, acumulative dose effect was showed in four of the includedstudies (Chan et al., 2010; Harmat et al., 2008; Kullich etal., 2003; Lai and Good, 2005), and the effect reached noplateau after 3 weeks. Previous studies also pointed outthat 3 weeks is a recommended period of time forobserving chronic changes of sleep patterns and theeffects of a new intervention on sleep quality (Chan etal., 2010). It is a follow-up duration less than 3 weeks thatresulted in the absence of positive efficacy of musictherapy for chronic sleep disorders.

Although the results of objective methods have provedto be closely related to subjective sleep quality, especiallythe index of sleep efficiency (Akerstedt et al., 1994;Kushida et al., 2001), no tool is available for acomprehensive assessment of sleep quality with variedobjective indices like the subjective questionnaires, whichmay explains the slight heterogeneity between them.

The consistence of results between participants fromdifferent geographical locations implies that music is a

Fig. 2. Forest plot shows difference of sleep quality between participants with music therapy and control group, expressed as standardized mean difference

(SMD).

Table 2

Subgroup analyses to explore sources of heterogeneity.

Subgroups Sleep quality

Studies SMD (95% CI), p for

heterogeneity

Geographic location

USA and Europe 6 �0.65(�0.91 to �0.38)

Asia 4 �0.61(�1.03 to 0.08)

p = 0.91

Average age (years)

�35 3 �0.47(�1.41 to 0.48)

35–65 3 �0.81(�1.29 to �0.33)

>65 4 �0.60(�0.91 to �0.29)

p = 0.72

Follow-up duration

<4 days 4 �0.74(�1.13 to �0.34)

4 days to 2 weeks 2 0.02(�0.44 to 0.48)

3 weeks to 4 weeks 4 �0.79(�1.21 to �0.37)

p = 0.02

Sleep quality assessing methods

Objective 2 �0.06(�0.60 to 0.48)

Subjective 8 �0.77(�1.04 to �0.50)

p = 0.02

SMD = standardized mean difference.

funingusewhpieminsooselesho(Ch

undsho(BeopemeposmuacusysbraeffeoxytheHowmeaffe

couheativethedisosionas

adeof slimstube tor c

issuconselechamu(Nibenthethelistin

seleguiestapreto

comparmu

C.-F. Wang et al. / International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (2014) 51–62 55

damental aspect of human experience and deeplyrained in all cultures. Although some studies in Asiad traditional music other than western classic musicich was mostly used in other studies, these musicces are all characterized by a tempo of 60–80 beats perute, slow stable rhythm, low-frequency tones, and

thing and relaxing melodies. Familiarity to thected music may improve the compliance whichuld be considered when implying the music therapyi and Young, 2011).The possible underlying mechanisms are not fullyerstood. As to acute sleep disorders, previous evidencewed that music was effective for pre-operative anxietyccaloni, 2011; Pittman and Kridli, 2011), as well as post-rative pain (Engwall and Duppils, 2009). The improve-nt of sleep quality presented in the studies withtoperative patients can be obviously attributed to thesic-induced relief of anxiety and pain, which may causete sleep disorders. Music acts upon the central nervoustem, especially the deeper, more ancient parts of thein such as limbic system. In addition, music also has anct on the modulation of endogenous opioids andtocin (Bernatzky et al., 2011), which may contribute to

efficacy of music therapy for chronic sleep disorders.ever, more researches are needed to explore the

chanisms of kinds of sleep disorders and how musiccts them in different ways.

Music therapy is low cost and safe, is easy to learn, andld be used readily by nurses in hospital as well aslth-care professionals in community. For peri-opera-

patients, nurses can offer sleep-inducing music to helpm sleep and relax. The accidence of chronic sleeprders is high in elderly people. Health-care profes-als can encourage them to listen to appropriate music

an alternative self-care skill and provide them withquate advice, which may help to improve their qualityleep and life. It should be noted that our results wereited because of the relatively small size of each includeddy, and the efficacy of music for sleep disorders shouldested in larger studies involving populations with acutehronic sleep disorders separately.

When music is used to improve sleep quality, the keyes are the selection of music and the protocol toduct the intervention. Although the pieces of musiccted in previous studies shared in some commonracteristics, some studies identified that the efficacy ofsic is affected by the listeners’ enjoyment of musiclsson, 2011) and preferred music has the mosteficial effects (Lai, 2004). There is a need to compare

different types of music on sleep and investigate how music affects sleep in a different way. A comprehensive

of recommended pieces of music should be developedthe future research, which can offer a wide range ofction to meet various preferences. Standard protocol or

deline to conduct the music therapy has not beenblished. Future researches are needed to determine the

ferred duration of music playing, the appropriate timeplay the music before bedtime, and how to make a

fortable condition which is necessary to ensure theticipants paying all their attention on listening to the

4.1. Limitations

There are several limitations to our analysis. First, thenature of this intervention makes a double-blinding designimpossible. Secondly, the sample size in each study isrelatively small. Thirdly, the quality of some studies isrelatively low. Some earlier studies did not detail themethods to generate the random numbers and/or declarethe concealment of allocation, which got quality scores 2 or3. Fourthly, substantial heterogeneity was presented.Although the major source of heterogeneity was detectedthrough subgroup analysis, uncontrolled or unmeasuredfactors potentially produce bias. Fifthly, the longest follow-up duration was no more than 4 weeks which left it unclearthat whether the efficacy of music can maintain or even bebetter after a longer follow-up. Sixthly, although SMD wasused to pool the results, the difference between varioussubjective methods used in studies could still induce asignificant heterogeneity and bias. Finally, various objec-tive indices were presented by polysomnography, but weonly assessed the sleep efficiency which may miss someother useful information.

5. Conclusion

Music appears to be effective in treating acute andchronic sleep disorders. It is low cost and safe, and could beused to improve sleep quality in various populations withdifferent ages and culture backgrounds, in hospital or incommunity. Our study also gives an indication that musicshows a cumulative dose effect for chronic sleep disorders.A follow-up duration more than three weeks is necessaryfor assessing the efficacy of music, which have animplication for the design of trial evaluating the efficacyof music therapy for chronic sleep disorders.

Conflict of interest: None declared.Funding: None.Ethical approval: None.

Appendix 1. List of the excluded articles and thereasons for exclusion

Wrong exposureAnsfield, M.E., Wegner, D.M., Bowser, R., 1996. Ironic

effects of sleep urgency. Behav. Res. Ther. 34 (7), 523–531.(The effects of low mental load music and high mental load

music were compared.)Gitanjali, B., 1998. Effect of the Karnatic music raga

‘‘Neelambari’’ on sleep architecture. Indian J. Physiol.Pharmacol. 42 (1), 119–122.

(Neelambai rage and Kalyani rage (rage is a kind of classic

Indian Karnatic system of music) were compared.)Lai, H.L., Li, Y.M., Lee, L.H., 2012. Effects of music

intervention with nursing presence and recorded music onpsycho-physiological indices of cancer patient caregivers. J.Clin. Nurs. 21 (5–6), 745–756.

(Two music interventions (music with and without nursing

sence) were compared.)

sic. pre

C.-F. Wang et al. / International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (2014) 51–6256

Levin Ia, I., 1997. [‘‘Music of the Brain’’ in the treatment ofinsomnia patients]. Zh. Nevrol. Psikhiatr. Im. S S Korsakova 97(4), 39–43.

Levin Ya, I., 1998. ‘‘Brain music’’ in the treatment of patientswith insomnia. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 28 (3), 330–335.

(The ‘brain music’ was investigated in these two studies,

which was created by a program that could transform the

spontaneous bioelectrical activity of the brain to music. The

participants in the exprimental group was treated with their

individual ‘brain music’, while the participants in the control

group with other one’s music.)Robinson, S.B., Weitzel, T., Henderson, L., 2005. The Sh-h-

h-h Project: nonpharmacological interventions. Holist. Nurs.Pract. 19 (6), 263–266.

(A complex intervention was assessed, and music was only a

little part of this intervention.)Wrong outcomeBonnet, M.H., Arand, D.L., 2000. The impact of music upon

sleep tendency as measured by the multiple sleep latency testand maintenance of wakefulness test. Physiol. Behav. 71 (5),485–492.

(The ability to remain awake was used as the outcome.)Bozcuk, H., Artac, M., Kara, A., Ozdogan, M., Sualp, Y.,

Topcu, Z., Karaagacli, A., Yildiz, M., Savas, B., 2006. Does musicexposure during chemotherapy improve quality of life inearly breast cancer patients? A pilot study. Med. Sci. Monit.12 (5), CR200–205.

(The outcome was the quality of life.)de Niet, G., Tiemens, B., van Achterberg, T., Hutschemae-

kers, G., 2011. Applicability of two brief evidence-basedinterventions to improve sleep quality in inpatient mentalhealth care. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs. 20 (5), 319–327.

(The appliability of music therapy was assessed.)Diaz, M., Larsen, B., 2005. Preparing for successful surgery:

an implementation study. Perm. J. 9 (3), 23–27.(Postoperative pain and perioperative anxity but not the

qulity of sleep were evaluated.)Iwaki, T., Tanaka, H., Hori, T., 2003. The effects of preferred

familiar music on falling asleep. J. Music Ther. 40 (1), 15–26.(The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not

listening to music promotes falling sleep. The quality of sleep was

not assessed.)Wrong populationde Niet, G., Tiemens, B., Hutschemaekers, G., 2010. Can

mental healthcare nurses improve sleep quality for inpa-tients? Br. J. Nurs. 19 (17), 1100–1105.

(The participants were all with severe mental health

problems and in psychiatric admission ward.)Tan, L.P., 2004. The effects of background music on quality

of sleep in elementary school children. J. Music Ther. 41 (2),128–150.

(Elementary school children were involved in this study.)Self-control designBloch, B., Reshef, A., Vadas, L., Haliba, Y., Ziv, N., Kremer, I.,

Haimov, I., 2010. The effects of music relaxation on sleepquality and emotional measures in people living withschizophrenia. J. Music Ther. 47 (1), 27–52.

Hughes, C.M., McCullough, C.A., Bradbury, I., Boyde, C.,Hume, D., Yuan, J., Quinn, F., McDonough, S.M., 2009.Acupuncture and reflexology for insomnia: a feasibilitystudy. Acupunct. Med. 27 (4), 163–168.

Johnson, J.E., 2003. The use of music to promote sleep inolder women. J. Community Health Nurs. 20 (1), 27–35.

Lazic, S.E., Ogilvie, R.D., 2007. Lack of efficacy of music toimprove sleep: a polysomnographic and quantitative EEGanalysis. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 63 (3), 232–239.

Mornhinweg, G.C., Voignier, R.R., 1995. Music forsleep disturbance in the elderly. J. Holist. Nurs. 13 (3),248–254.

Ziv, N., Rotem, T., Arnon, Z., Haimov, I., 2008. The effect ofmusic relaxation versus progressive muscular relaxation oninsomnia in older people and their relationship to personalitytraits. J. Music Ther. 45 (3), 360–380.

Reviewde Niet, G., Tiemens, B., Lendemeijer, B., Hutschemaekers,

G., 2009. Music-assisted relaxation to improve sleep quality:meta-analysis. J. Adv. Nurs. 65 (7), 1356–1364.

De Niet, G.J., Tiemens, B.G., Kloos, M.W., Hutschemaekers,G.J., 2009. Review of systematic reviews about the efficacy ofnon-pharmacological interventions to improve sleep qualityin insomnia. Int. J. Evid Based Healthc 7 (4), 233–242.

Hellstrom, A., Willman, A., 2011. Promoting sleep bynursing interventions in health care settings: a systematicreview. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 8 (3), 128–142.

Kozasa, E.H., Hachul, H., Monson, C., Pinto Jr, L., Garcia,M.C., Mello, L.E., Tufik, S., 2010. Mind-body interventions forthe treatment of insomnia: a review. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 32(4), 437–443.

Kwekkeboom, K.L., Cherwin, C.H., Lee, J.W., Wanta, B.,2010. Mind-body treatments for the pain-fatigue-sleepdisturbance symptom cluster in persons with cancer. J. PainSymptom Manage. 39 (1), 126–138.

Not relevant based on AbstractAmbesh, S.P., Kumar, A., Sarkar, P., Bajaj, A., 1991.

Emergence phenomena after ketamine anesthesia: theinfluence of music. Can. J. Anaesth. 38 (6), 800.

Aritake-Okada, S., Kaneita, Y., Uchiyama, M., Mishima, K.,Ohida, T., 2009. Non-pharmacological self-management ofsleep among the Japanese general population. J. Clin. SleepMed. 5 (5), 464–469.

Arnon, S., Shapsa, A., Forman, L., Regev, R., Bauer, S.,Litmanovitz, I., Dolfin, T., 2006. Live music is beneficial topreterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit environ-ment. Birth 33 (2), 131–136.

Azad, N., Byszewski, A., Sarazin, F.F., McLean, W., Koziarz,P., 2003. Hospitalized patients’ preference in the treatment ofinsomnia: pharmacological versus non-pharmacological.Can. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 10 (2), 89–92.

Bagnall, A.D., McCulloch, K., 2005. The impact of specificexertion on the efficiency and ease of the voice: a pilot study.J. Voice 19 (3), 384–390.

Bellieni, C.V., Cordelli, D.M., Bagnoli, F., Buonocore, G.,2004. 11- to 15-Year-old children of women who dancedduring their pregnancy. Biol. Neonate 86 (1), 63–65.

Bentes, C., Pimentel, J., Costa, J., Santos, R., Rolo, V., 2008.Ictal singing: case report and reappraisal of the literature.Epileptic Disord. 10 (2), 113–118.

Bettermann, H., Amponsah, D., Cysarz, D., vanLeeuwen, P., 1999. Musical rhythms in heart perioddynamics: a cross-cultural and interdisciplinary approachto cardiac rhythms. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (5 Pt 2), H1762–1770.

sleeof

264

nom55–

revwor14.

rela

StapedSoc

17

Gruapn

aneoxySoc

dur

stu

Skoshipsym

O’CSolePro

mu116Zhi

sleeSlee

Sleeme

onc

psy

self

actiMu

of abehinst

C.-F. Wang et al. / International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (2014) 51–62 57

Beullens, J., 1995. [Light therapy can restore a disturbedp/wake rhythm in dementia: but what is the basisits efficacy?]. Tijdschr. Gerontol. Geriatr. 26 (6),–269.Blom, J.D., Sommer, I.E., 2010. Auditory hallucinations:

enclature and classification. Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 23 (1),62.Bonnefond, A., Tassi, P., Roge, J., Muzet, A., 2004. A criticaliew of techniques aiming at enhancing and sustainingker’s alertness during the night shift. Ind. Health 42 (1), 1–

Borchgrevink, H.M., 2003. Does health promotion work intion to noise? Noise Health 5 (18), 25–30.Bouhairie, A., Kemper, K.J., Martin, K., Woods, C., 2006.ff attitudes and expectations about music therapy:iatric oncology versus neonatal intensive care unit. J.. Integr. Oncol. 4 (2), 71–74.Briggs, T., 2011. Music’s unspoken messages. Creat. Nurs.(4), 184–186.Brown, D.L., Zahuranec, D.B., Majersik, J.J., Wren, P.A.,is, K.L., Zupancic, M., Lisabeth, L.D., 2009. Risk of sleepea in orchestra members. Sleep Med. 10 (6), 657–660.Browne, R.A., Catton, D.V., 1973. Awareness duringsthesia: a comparison of anesthesia with nitrous oxide-gen and nitrous oxide-oxygen with innovar. Can. Anaesth.. J. 20 (6), 763–768.Browne, R.A., Catton, D.V., 1973. A study of awarenessing anesthesia. Anesth. Analg. 52 (1), 128–132.Browning, G.G., 2006. Another interesting but preliminarydy. Clin. Otolaryngol. 31 (3), 214–215.Brunborg, G.S., Mentzoni, R.A., Molde, H., Myrseth, H.,uveroe, K.J., Bjorvatn, B., Pallesen, S., 2011. The relation-

between media use in the bedroom, sleep habits andptoms of insomnia. J Sleep Res. 20 (4), 569–575.

Buxton, O.M., Ellenbogen, J.M., Wang, W., Carballeira, A.,onnor, S., Cooper, D., Gordhandas, A.J., McKinney, S.M.,t, J.M., 2012. Sleep Disruption Due to Hospital Noises: A

spective Evaluation. Ann. Intern. Med.Cai, G.R., Li, P.W., Jiao, L.P., 2001. [Clinical observation ofsic therapy combined with anti-tumor drugs in treating

cases of tumor patients]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za 21 (12), 891–894.Cain, N., Gradisar, M., 2010. Electronic media use andp in school-aged children and adolescents: A review.p Med. 11 (8), 735–742.

Cairney, S.A., Durrant, S.J., Musgrove, H., Lewis, P.A., 2011.p and environmental context: interactive effects for

mory. Exp. Brain Res. 214 (1), 83–92.Carlson, L.E., Bultz, B.D., 2008. Mind-body interventions inology. Curr. Treat Options Oncol. 9 (2–3), 127–134.Carpenter, A., 2010. Toward a history of operaticchoanalysis. Psychoanal. Hist. 12 (2), 173–194.Carta, S., 2009. Music in dreams and the emergence of the. J. Anal. Psychol. 54 (1), 85–102.Cevasco, A.M., Grant, R.E., 2005. Effects of the pacifiervated lullaby on weight gain of premature infants. J.sic Ther. 42 (2), 123–139.Chang, F.Y., Huang, H.C., Lin, K.C., Lin, L.C., 2010. The effect

music programme during lunchtime on the problemavior of the older residents with dementia at anitution in Taiwan. J. Clin. Nurs. 19 (7–8), 939–948.

Chaput, J.P., Klingenberg, L., Astrup, A., Sjodin, A.M., 2011.Modern sedentary activities promote overconsumption offood in our current obesogenic environment. Obes. Rev. 12(5), e12–20.

Chau, J.Y., Merom, D., Grunseit, A., Rissel, C., Bauman, A.E.,van der Ploeg, H.P., 2012. Temporal trends in non-occupational sedentary behaviors from Australian TimeUse Surveys 1992, 1997 and 2006. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys.Act 9, 76.

Cheng, T.O., 2001. Brahms’ illness. Chest 119 (3), 985–986.Chessick, R.D., 1983. The Ring: Richard Wagner’s dream

of pre-oedipal destruction. Am. J. Psychoanal. 43 (4), 361–374.

Chilvers, R., Corr, S., Singlehurst, H., 2010. Investigationinto the occupational lives of healthy older people throughtheir use of time. Aust. Occup. Ther. J. 57 (1), 24–33.

Cleland, C.C., Swartz, J.D., 1970. The blind retardate – threeprogram suggestions. Train. Sch. Bull. (Vinel) 67 (3), 172–177.

Cohen, D.B., 1977. Changes in rem dream content duringthe night: implications for a hypothesis about changes incerebral dominance across rem periods. Percept. Mot. Skills44 (3 Pt 2), 1267–1277.

Connolly, A., 2009. ‘Tradition and the analytical setting: isthere any space for originality in our clinical practice?’Introduction to the Panel. J. Anal. Psychol. 54 (1), 81–83.

Corbin, E.I., 1974. The autonomous ego functions increativity. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 22 (3), 568–587.

Crichton, P., 1994. Freud and Wagner’s Meistersinger. J. R.Soc. Med. 87 (12), 767–768.

Cudennec, Y.F., Fratta, A., Poncet, J.L., Rondet, P., Buffe, P.,1990. [Effects of loud music on the Garde Republicainemusicians]. Ann. Otolaryngol. Chir. Cervicofac. 107 (6), 393–400.

Cuevas Sosa, A., 1979. [The devil’s trine sonata. Semiologyof dreams of the sick]. Prensa Med. Mex. 43 (1–2), 22–24.

Czabak-Garbacz, R., Skibniewska, A., Mazurkiewicz, P.,Wisowska, A., 2002. [Hygiene during leisure time amongthird year students from the Department of Nursing andHealth Sciences]. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 53 (2), 203–211.

da Silva Sousa, P., Lin, K., Garzon, E., Sakamoto, A.C.,Yacubian, E.M., 2005. Self-perception of factors that precipi-tate or inhibit seizures in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.Seizure 14 (5), 340–346.

Davis, W.B., 2012. The first systematic experimentation inmusic therapy: the genius of James Leonard Corning. J. MusicTher. 49 (1), 102–117.

DeJesus, S.A., Diaz, V.A., Gonsalves, W.C., Carek, P.J., 2011.Identification and treatment of depression in minoritypopulations. Int. J. Psychiatry Med. 42 (1), 69–83.

Deylgat, B., Van Lysebeth, L., Brugman, E., Ceuppens, H.,2011. A tennis ball and music as a patients solution forpulsatile tinnitus. Acta Chir. Belg. 111 (4), 253–255.

Diaz de Chumaceiro, C.L., 1990. The identification ofWagner’s Der fliegende Hollander in a dream Freud reported.Am. J. Psychoanal. 50 (4), 337–350.

Eggermont, S., Van den Bulck, J., 2006. Nodding off orswitching off? The use of popular media as a sleep aid insecondary-school children. J. Paediatr. Child Health 42 (7–8),428–433.

Elger, B.S., 2009. Prison life: television, sports, work, stressand insomnia in a remand prison. Int. J. Law Psychiatry 32 (2),74–83.

C.-F. Wang et al. / International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (2014) 51–6258

Elkins, G., Fisher, W., Johnson, A., 2010. Mind-bodytherapies in integrative oncology. Curr. Treat Options Oncol.11 (3–4), 128–140.

Faber, J., Vladyka, V., Subrt, O., 1991. [Consciousness andthe electroencephalogram]. Sb Lek 93 (7–8), 239–248.

Faure, H., Frances, R., Igert, C., 1958. [Musical stimulationduring sleep therapy; experimental study & an attempt at itstherapeutic application]. Ann. Med. Psychol. (Paris) 2 (4),692–733.

Fenwick, P.B., Donaldson, S., Gillis, L., Bushman, J., Fenton,G.W., Perry, I., Tilsley, C., Serafinowicz, H., 1977. Metabolicand EEG changes during transcendental meditation: anexplanation. Biol. Psychol. 5 (2), 101–118.

Field, T., Pickens, J., Prodromidis, M., Malphurs, J., Fox, N.,Bendell, D., Yando, R., Schanberg, S., Kuhn, C., 2000. Targetingadolescent mothers with depressive symptoms for earlyintervention. Adolescence 35 (138), 381–414.

Fletcher, D.J., 1986. Coping with insomnia. Helpingpatients manage sleeplessness without drugs. Postgrad.Med. 79 (2), 265–274.

Forster, F.M., Booker, H.E., Gascon, G., 1967. Conditioning inmusicogenic epilepsy. Trans Am Neurol. Assoc. 92, 236–237.

Furihata, R., Uchiyama, M., Takahashi, S., Konno, C.,Suzuki, M., Osaki, K., Kaneita, Y., Ohida, T., 2011. Self-helpbehaviors for sleep and depression: a Japanese nationwidegeneral population survey. J. Affect Disord. 130 (1–2), 75–82.

Gaab, N., Paetzold, M., Becker, M., Walker, M.P., Schlaug,G., 2004. The influence of sleep on auditory learning: abehavioral study. Neuroreport 15 (4), 731–734.

Gabbard, G.O., Collins, D.T., 1989. Wagner’s midsummernight’s dream. Psychoanal. Rev. 76 (4), 543–556.

Gadberry, A.L., 2011. Steady beat and state anxiety. J.Music Ther. 48 (3), 346–356.

Gagner-Tjellesen, D., Yurkovich, E.E., Gragert, M., 2001.Use of music therapy and other ITNIs in acute care. J.Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv. 39 (10), 26–37.

Geoghan, D.A., 2008. Understanding palliative nursingcare. J. Pract. Nurs. 58 (1), 6–9; quiz 10–11.

Godlee, F., 1992. Noise: breaking the silence. BMJ 304(6819), 110–113.

Gordon, A.G., 2001. Musical snoring. Chest 119 (5), 1621–1622.

Gorfine, T., Assaf, Y., Goshen-Gottstein, Y., Yeshurun, Y.,Zisapel, N., 2006. Sleep-anticipating effects of melatonin inthe human brain. Neuroimage 31 (1), 410–418.

Granier-Deferre, C., Bassereau, S., Ribeiro, A., Jacquet, A.Y.,Decasper, A.J., 2011. A melodic contour repeatedly experi-enced by human near-term fetuses elicits a profound cardiacreaction one month after birth. PLoS ONE 6 (2), e17304.

Granier-Deferre, C., Ribeiro, A., Jacquet, A.Y., Bassereau, S.,2011. Near-term fetuses process temporal features of speech.Dev. Sci. 14 (2), 336–352.

Graven, S.N., 2000. Sound and the developing infant in theNICU: conclusions and recommendations for care. J. Perina-tol. 20 (8 Pt 2), S88–93.

Gruzelier, J., 2009. A theory of alpha/theta neurofeedback,creative performance enhancement, long distance functionalconnectivity and psychological integration. Cogn. Process. 10(Suppl 1), S101–109.

Hagberg, C., Hagberg, M., Kopp, S., 1994. Musculoskeletalsymptoms and psychosocial factors among patients with

craniomandibular disorders. Acta Odontol. Scand. 52 (3),170–177.

Halstead, M.T., Roscoe, S.T., 2002. Restoring the spirit atthe end of life: music as an intervention for oncology nurses.Clin. J. Oncol. Nurs. 6 (6), 332–336.

Herbert, J.C., 2006. The analytic pair in action – finding themissing mental life: an intersubjective approach. PsychoanalStudy Child 61, 20–55.

Hershkowitz, M., 2007. Dreams in neurological diseases.Med. Health R I 90 (3), 100.

Hung, H.M., Chen, C.H., 2011. [Using alternative therapiesin treating sleep disturbance]. Hu Li Za Zhi 58 (1), 73–78.

Huppmann, G., Strobel, W., 1977. [Possibilities of musictherapy in internal medicine]. Med. Klin. 72 (51–52), 2186–2199.

Jacobs, G.D., Friedman, R., 2004. EEG spectral analysis ofrelaxation techniques. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 29(4), 245–254.

Jenkins, J.L., Fredericksen, K., Stone, R., Tang, N., 2007.Strategies to improve sleep during extended search andrescue operations. Prehosp. Emerg. Care 11 (2), 230–233.

Johnson, C.R., Babbitt, R.L., 1993. Antecedent manipula-tion in the treatment of primary solid food refusal. Behav.Modif. 17 (4), 510–521.

Joseph, R., 1988. The right cerebral hemisphere: emotion,music, visual-spatial skills, body-image, dreams, and aware-ness. J. Clin. Psychol. 44 (5), 630–673.

Kaser, V.A., 1986. The effects of an auditory subliminalmessage upon the production of images and dreams. J. Nerv.Ment. Dis. 174 (7), 397–407.

Kemper, K., Martin, K., Block, S.M., Shoaf, R., Woods, C.,2004. Attitudes and expectations about music therapy forpremature infants among staff in a neonatal intensive careunit. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 10 (2), 50–54.

Khalsa, S.B., Cope, S., 2006. Effects of a yoga lifestyleintervention on performance-related characteristics ofmusicians: a preliminary study. Med. Sci. Monit. 12 (8),CR325–331.

Khalsa, S.B., Shorter, S.M., Cope, S., Wyshak, G., Sklar, E.,2009. Yoga ameliorates performance anxiety and mooddisturbance in young professional musicians. Appl. Psycho-physiol. Biofeedback 34 (4), 279–289.

Kirsch, I., 1997. Fanciful interpretations of a musicaldream. Am. J. Clin. Hypn. 39 (4), 281–282.

Kirsch, I., 1997. Hypnotic suggestion: a musical matha-phor. Am. J. Clin. Hypn. 39 (4), 271–277; discussion 277–281.

Klapahouk, M.F., 1968. [Franz Schubert’s dream. On therelations between dreams and artistic creation: theesthetic function of the ego]. Encephale 57 (2), 143–180concl.

Klapahouk, M.F., 1968. [Franz Schubert’s dream. On therelations between the dream and artistic creation: theesthetic function of the ego]. Encephale 57 (1), 51–97 contd.

Kneutgen, J., 1970. [A form of music and its biologicalfunction. Mode of action of the lullaby]. Z Exp. Angew.Psychol. 17 (2), 245–265.

Kneutgen, J., 1971. [Some requirements for effectivemusic therapy]. Z Klin. Psychol. Psychother. 19 (4), 323–353.

Kondo, M., Tokura, H., Wakamura, T., Hyun, K.J., Tamotsu,S., Morita, T., Oishi, T., 2009. Influences of twilight on diurnalvariation of core temperature, its nadir, and urinary

6-hmo

assare

MenamHum

asppatmo

RetPsy

of

Ane

Moado

Huamupre

son110

Wo

reladep(6),

Yaneffe(2–

S.J.,aneor d236

SleecomPer

SleecomElec

[AutratRin

the(Pt

Can

C.-F. Wang et al. / International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (2014) 51–62 59

ydroxymelatonin sulfate during nocturnal sleep andrning drowsiness. Coll. Antropol. 33 (1), 193–199.Koszarny, Z., 2001. [The estimate of well-being and self-essed health status in urban population in various acousticas]. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 52 (2), 165–178.Kotilahti, K., Nissila, I., Nasi, T., Lipiainen, L., Noponen, T.,rilainen, P., Huotilainen, M., Fellman, V., 2010. Hemody-

ic responses to speech and music in newborn infants.. Brain Mapp. 31 (4), 595–603.

Kreuter, M., Kreuter, C., Herth, F., 2008. [Pneumologicalects of wind instrument performance – physiological,hophysiological and therapeutic considerations]. Pneu-logie 62 (2), 83–87.Kroth, J., Lamas, J., Pisca, N., Bourret, K., Kollath, M., 2008.rospective dream components and musical preferences.chol. Rep. 103 (1), 93–96.Kumar, A., Bajaj, A., Sarkar, P., Grover, V.K., 1992. The effectmusic on ketamine induced emergence phenomena.sthesia 47 (5), 438–439.

Laberge, L., Petit, D., Simard, C., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R.E.,ntplaisir, J., 2001. Development of sleep patterns in earlylescence. J. Sleep Res. 10 (1), 59–67.Lai, H.L., Chen, C.J., Peng, T.C., Chang, F.M., Hsieh, M.L.,ng, H.Y., Chang, S.C., 2006. Randomized controlled trial of

sic during kangaroo care on maternal state anxiety andterm infants’ responses. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 43 (2), 139–146.Last, G., 1973. [Therapy of sleep disorders using cradle-gs. Chemistry-sleep or sleep music?]. Ther. Ggw 112 (7),7–1109 passim.Last, G., Kneutgen, J., 1970. [Music for sleep]. Munch Med.chenschr 112 (44), 2011–2016.Lee, H.P., Su, Y.C., Hou, S.Y., 2009. [The application ofxation techniques and biofeedback to an outpatient withression disorder: a nurse’s experience]. Hu Li Za Zhi 56

101–108.Lin, L.C., Lee, W.T., Wu, H.C., Tsai, C.L., Wei, R.C., Jong, Y.J.,g, R.C., 2010. Mozart K.448 and epileptiform discharges:ct of ratio of lower to higher harmonics. Epilepsy Res. 893), 238–245.Liou, C.M., Kang, H.M., Lai, H.C., Liu, Y.C., Hung, C.J., Wang,

Tso, H.S., 1994. Will epidural with light generalsthesia increase the incidence of awareness with recallream postoperatively. Acta Anaesthesiol. Sin. 32 (4), 229–.Loewy, J., Hallan, C., Friedman, E., Martinez, C., 2005.p/sedation in children undergoing EEG testing: aparison of chloral hydrate and music therapy. J.

ianesth. Nurs. 20 (5), 323–332.Loewy, J., Hallan, C., Friedman, E., Martinez, C., 2006.p/sedation in children undergoing EEG testing: aparison of chloral hydrate and music therapy. Am. J.troneurodiagnostic Technol. 46 (4), 343–355.

Mabuchi, K., Hayashi, S., Nitta, E., Takamori, M., 1995.ditory disturbance induced by carbamazepine adminis-ion in a patient with secondary generalized seizure].sho Shinkeigaku 35 (5), 553–555.Mancia, M., 2003. Dream actors in the theater of memory:ir role in the psychoanalytic process. Int J. Psychoanal. 844), 945–952.Margetts, E.L., 1968. African ethnopsychiatry in the field.. Psychiatr. Assoc. J. 13 (6), 521–538.

Margoliash, D., 2001. Neuroscience. The song does notremain the same. Science 291 (5513), 2559–2561.

Margolis, M.L., 2000. Brahms’ lullaby revisited. Did thecomposer have obstructive sleep apnea? Chest 118 (1), 210–213.

Matsumoto, K., Kaku, R., Nakagawa, K., Kaneko, Z., 1975.Private school activities and psychosomatic problems inJapanese children. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. 5 (3), 161–165.

Menecier, P., Texier, M.A., Las, R., Ploton, L., 2012. [Can onetalk of benzodiazepine ‘‘drunkenness’’? About acute benzo-diazepine intoxication, without suicidal or mortiferoustendencies]. Encephale 38 (1), 25–30.

Meng, X., Xu, J., Gu, F., 2001. Generalized dimension of theintersection between EEGs. Biol. Cybern. 85 (4), 313–318.

Merluzzi, F., Arpini, A., Camerino, D., Barducci, M.,Marazzi, P., 1997. [Auditory thresholds in young Italiansfrom 18–19 years of age]. Med. Lav. 88 (3), 183–195.

Meszaros, I., Szabo, C., Csako, R.I., 2002. Hypnoticsusceptibility and alterations in subjective experiences. ActaBiol. Hung. 53 (4), 499–514.

Morgan, A.J., Jorm, A.F., 2008. Self-help interventions fordepressive disorders and depressive symptoms: a systematicreview. Ann. Gen. Psychiatry 7, 13.

Morin, C.M., LeBlanc, M., Daley, M., Gregoire, J.P., Merette,C., 2006. Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, self-helptreatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seekingbehaviors. Sleep Med. 7 (2), 123–130.

Muller-Schwefe, G.H., 2011. European survey of chronicpain patients: results for Germany. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 27(11), 2099–2106.

Neander, K.D., 2004. [Using music in postoperativenursing: between day and dream]. Pflege Z 57 (2), 129–132.

Newman, B.Y., 2007. Music in the night or eine kleinenachtmusik. Optometry 78 (10), 508.

Nurit, W., Michal, A.B., 2003. Rest: a qualitative explora-tion of the phenomenon. Occup. Ther. Int. 10 (4), 227–238.

Odescalchi, C.P., 1970. [Extra-auditory effects of noise.Noise and work production. Industrial music]. Med. Lav. 61(12), 629–644.

Oehler, J.M., 1993. Developmental care of low birth weightinfants. Nurs. Clin. North Am. 28 (2), 289–301.

Ogata, S., 1995. Human EEG responses to classical musicand simulated white noise: effects of a musical loudnesscomponent on consciousness. Percept. Mot. Skills 80 (3 Pt 1),779–790.

Olischar, M., Shoemark, H., Holton, T., Weninger, M., Hunt,R.W., 2011. The influence of music on aEEG activity inneurologically healthy newborns > / = 32 weeks’ gestationalage. Acta Paediatr. 100 (5), 670–675.

Omlin, S., Bauer, G.F., Brink, M., 2011. Effects of noise fromnon-traffic-related ambient sources on sleep: review of theliterature of 1990–2010. Noise Health 13 (53), 299–309.

Paci, A., Migliaccio, P., Paci, G., 1999. [Occult child abuse(opinions, considerations, personal observations)]. Pediatr.Med. Chir. 21 (6), 249–253.

Padilla, R., 2011. Effectiveness of environment-basedinterventions for people with Alzheimer’s disease and relateddementias. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 65 (5), 514–522.

Park, J.S., 1992. [A study on Korean concepts of relaxation].Taehan Kanho 31 (5–6), 70–85.

C.-F. Wang et al. / International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (2014) 51–6260

Paulson, J.F., Dauber, S., Leiferman, J.A., 2006. Individualand combined effects of postpartum depression in mothersand fathers on parenting behavior. Pediatrics 118 (2), 659–668.

Payk, T.R., 1994. Treatment of depression. J. Geriatr.Psychiatry Neurol. 7 (Suppl 1), S3–5.

Pea, R., Nass, C., Meheula, L., Rance, M., Kumar, A.,Bamford, H., Nass, M., Simha, A., Stillerman, B., Yang, S., Zhou,M., 2012. Media use, face-to-face communication, mediamultitasking, and social well-being among 8- to 12-year-oldgirls. Dev. Psychol. 48 (2), 327–336.

Proudfoot, J., Whitton, A., Parker, G., Doran, J., Manicava-sagar, V., Delmas, K., 2012. Triggers of mania and depressionin young adults with bipolar disorder. J. Affect Disord.

Puhan, M.A., Suarez, A., Lo Cascio, C., Zahn, A., Heitz, M.,Braendli, O., 2006. Didgeridoo playing as alternative treat-ment for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: randomizedcontrolled trial. BMJ 332 (7536), 266–270.

Qidwai, W., Ishaque, S., Shah, S., Rahim, M., 2010.Adolescent lifestyle and behavior: a survey from a developingcountry. PLoS ONE 5 (9), e12914.

Reinhardt, U., 1999. [Investigations into synchronizationof heart rate and musical rhythm in a relaxation therapy inpatients with cancer pain]. Forsch Komplementarmed 6 (3),135–141.

Rey de Castro, J., Gallo, J., Loureiro, H., 2004. [Tirednessand sleepiness in bus drivers and road accidents in Peru: aquantitative study]. Rev. Panam Salud Publica 16 (1), 11–18.

Richards, K., Nagel, C., Markie, M., Elwell, J., Barone, C.,2003. Use of complementary and alternative therapies topromote sleep in critically ill patients. Crit. Care Nurs. Clin.North Am. 15 (3), 329–340.

Richards, K.C., 1996. Sleep promotion. Crit. Care Nurs. Clin.North Am. 8 (1), 39–52.

Rittenberg, S.M., 1987. On charm. Int. J. Psychoanal. 68 (Pt3), 389–396.

Riva, M.A., Sironi, V.A., Tremolizzo, L., Lombardi, C., DeVito, G., Ferrarese, C., Cesana, G., 2010. Sleepwalking in Italianoperas: a window on popular and scientific knowledge onsleep disorders in the 19th century. Eur. Neurol. 63 (2), 116–121.

Rockland, L.H., 1970. ‘‘What Kind of Fool Am I?’’ A study ofpopular songs in the analysis of a male hysteric. Psychiatry 33(4), 516–525.

Romanowska, J., Larsson, G., Eriksson, M., Wikstrom, B.M.,Westerlund, H., Theorell, T., 2011. Health effects on leadersand co-workers of an art-based leadership developmentprogram. Psychother. Psychosom. 80 (2), 78–87.

Rupprecht, C.S., 1990. Our unacknowledged ancestors:dream theorists of antiquity, the middle ages, and therenaissance. Psychiatr. J. Univ. Ott. 15 (2), 117–122.

Rutter, S., Waring-Paynter, K., 1992. Prebedtime activityand sleep satisfaction of short and long sleepers. Percept MotSkills 75 (1), 122.

Sambeth, A., Ruohio, K., Alku, P., Fellman, V., Huotilainen,M., 2008. Sleeping newborns extract prosody from continu-ous speech. Clin. Neurophysiol. 119 (2), 332–341.

Sarnoff, C.A., 1972. Symbols in shadows. A study ofshadows in dreams. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 20 (1), 59–91.

Schlez, A., Litmanovitz, I., Bauer, S., Dolfin, T., Regev, R.,Arnon, S., 2011. Combining kangaroo care and live harp music

therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit setting. Isr. Med.Assoc. J. 13 (6), 354–358.

Schwitzgebel, E., 2003. Do people still report dreaming inblack and white? An attempt to replicate a questionnairefrom 1942. Percept. Mot. Skills 96 (1), 25–29.

Seidner, W., 1968. [On the problem of associativestimulation of acoustic dreams. (Observations on musi-cians)]. Psychiatr. Neurol. Med. Psychol. (Leipz) 20 (12), 449–454.

Sherry, D.D., 2008. Amplified musculoskeletal pain:treatment approach and outcomes. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol.Nutr. 47 (5), 693–694.

Sidorenko, V.N., 2000. Clinical application of MedicalResonance Therapy Music in high-risk pregnancies. Integr.Physiol. Behav. Sci. 35 (3), 199–207.

Sieratzki, J.S., Calvert, G.A., Brammer, M., David, A., Woll,B., 2001. Accessibility of spoken, written, and sign language inLandau-Kleffner syndrome: a linguistic and functional MRIstudy. Epileptic Disord. 3 (2), 79–89.

Sierra, M., Berrios, G.E., 1999. Flashbulb memories andother repetitive images: a psychiatric perspective. Compr.Psychiatry 40 (2), 115–125.

Skingley, A., Vella-Burrows, T., 2010. Therapeutic effectsof music and singing for older people. Nurs. Stand. 24 (19),35–41.

Sliwka, A., Jarosz, A., Nowobilski, R., 2006. [Music therapyas a part of complex healing]. Pol. Merkur. Lekarski 21 (124),401–405.

Smith, C.E., Dauz, E., Clements, F., Werkowitch, M.,Whitman, R., 2009. Patient education combined in a musicand habit-forming intervention for adherence to continuouspositive airway (CPAP) prescribed for sleep apnea. PatientEduc. Couns. 74 (2), 184–190.

Stewart, A.C., Thomas, S.E., 1995. Hypnotherapy as atreatment for atopic dermatitis in adults and children. Br. J.Dermatol. 132 (5), 778–783.

Strunz, F., 1986. [The salvation dream of Richard Wagner].Psyche (Stuttg) 40 (6), 557–562.

Stuck, A., Clark, M.J., Connelly, C.D., 2011. Preventingintensive care unit delirium: a patient-centered approach toreducing sleep disruption. Dimens. Crit. Care Nurs. 30 (6),315–320.

Subha, D.P., Joseph, P.K., Acharya, U.R., Lim, C.M., 2010.EEG signal analysis: a survey. J. Med. Syst. 34 (2), 195–212.

Sung, H.C., Chang, A.M., Abbey, J., 2006. [Application ofmusic therapy for managing agitated behavior in olderpeople with dementia]. Hu Li Za Zhi 53 (5), 58–62.

Svalduz, S., 1975. [Today infants fall asleep listening to the‘‘music of the heart’’]. Minerva Med. 66 (68 Suppl), 34–36.

Tamplin, J., Brazzale, D.J., Pretto, J.J., Ruehland, W.R.,Buttifant, M., Brown, D.J., Berlowitz, D.J., 2011. Assessment ofbreathing patterns and respiratory muscle recruitmentduring singing and speech in quadriplegia. Arch. Phys.Med. Rehabil. 92 (2), 250–256.

Theorell, T., Nordemar, R., Michelsen, H., 1993. Painthresholds during standardized psychological stress inrelation to perceived psychosocial work situation. StockholmMusic I Study Group. J. Psychosom. Res. 37 (3), 299–305.

Theorell, T., Schuldt, C., Ekholm, J., Michelsen, H., 1995.Physical strength and endurance in relation to perceivedpsychosocial work environment, sleep disturbance and

copSkeJ. R

200pra

venme

devbracianCon

seddisc

as

ove

MiorelaAne

acti

Mu

evaepi450

Muproagit86–

as a166

G.V[SpundmeRos

201bey

NispsyepiNor

dist7–1

(62

leas

C.-F. Wang et al. / International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (2014) 51–62 61

ing strategies in men. Stockholm MUSIC I (MUsculo-letal Intervention Center) Study Group, Stockholm. Scand.ehabil. Med. 27 (2), 67–71.Thomlinson, E., McDonagh, M.K., Crooks, K.B., Lees, M.,4. Health beliefs of rural Canadians: implications forctice. Aust. J. Rural Health 12 (6), 258–263.Tracy, M.F., Chlan, L., 2011. Nonpharmacological inter-tions to manage common symptoms in patients receivingchanical ventilation. Crit. Care Nurse 31 (3), 19–28.Travis, F., Harung, H.S., Lagrosen, Y., 2011. Moralelopment, executive functioning, peak experiences andin patterns in professional and amateur classical musi-s: interpreted in light of a Unified Theory of Performance.scious Cogn. 20 (4), 1256–1264.

Tryba, M., 1996. Choices in sedation: the balancedation technique. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. (Suppl 13), 8–12;ussion 22–15.

Tsenova, B., 1996. [Regulative music therapy and traininga means for enhancing adaptive potentials and forrcoming fatigue and stress]. Probl. Khig. 21, 44–51.Tung, A., Tadimeti, L., Caruana-Montaldo, B., Atkins, P.M.,n, L.C., Palmer, R.M., Slomka, J., Mendelson, W., 2001. Thetionship of sedation to deliberate self-extubation. J. Clin.sth. 13 (1), 24–29.

Tyler, R.S., Gogel, S.A., Gehringer, A.K., 2007. Tinnitusvities treatment. Prog. Brain Res. 166, 425–434.Uga, V., Lemut, M.C., Zampi, C., Zilli, I., Salzarulo, P., 2006.sic in dreams. Conscious Cogn. 15 (2), 351–357.Urponen, H., Vuori, I., Hasan, J., Partinen, M., 1988. Self-luations of factors promoting and disturbing sleep: andemiological survey in Finland. Soc. Sci. Med. 26 (4), 443–.van der Geer, E.R., Vink, A.C., Schols, J.M., Slaets, J.P., 2009.sic in the nursing home: hitting the right note! Thevision of music to dementia patients with verbal and vocalation in Dutch nursing homes. Int. Psychogeriatr. 21 (1),93.van Wulfften Palthe, P.M., 1969. The psychogalvanic reflexlarm system. Psychiatr. Neurol. Neurochir. 72 (1), 161–.Vein, A.M., Sudakov, K.V., Levin Ia, I., Iumatov, E.A., Kovrov,., Strygin, K.N., Posokhov, S.I., Korabel’nikova, E.A., 2003.ecific features of the structure of sleep and personalityer the conditions of chronic emotional stress and

thods of improving the adaptive abilities of man]. Vestn.s Akad. Med. Nauk. (4), 13–17.Vernet, C., Leu-Semenescu, S., Buzare, M.A., Arnulf, I.,0. Subjective symptoms in idiopathic hypersomnia:ond excessive sleepiness. J. Sleep Res. 19 (4), 525–534.Waldenstrom, M., Theorell, T., Ahlberg, G., Josephson, M.,e, P., Waldenstrom, K., Vingard, E., 2002. Assessment ofchological and social current working conditions indemiological studies: experiences from the MUSIC-rtalje study. Scand. J. Public Health 30 (2), 94–102.Walder, B., Haase, U., Rundshagen, I., 2007. [Sleepurbances in critically ill patients]. Anaesthesist 56 (1),7.Walker, A., 1979. Music and the unconscious. Br. Med. J. 205), 1641–1643.Walter, G., 2009. Nessun Dorma (‘‘None Shall Sleep’’)... At

Attempters (TASA). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48(10), 977–978.

Watson, S., 1998. Noteworthy benefits. Elder Care 10 (4),6–10.

Williams, P.D., Balabagno, A.O., Manahan, L., Piamjariya-kul, U., Ranallo, L., Laurente, C.M., Cajucom, L., Guela, D.,Kimbrough, M., Williams, A.R., 2010. Symptom monitoringand self-care practices among Filipino cancer patients. CancerNurs. 33 (1), 37–46.

Williams, P.D., Piamjariyakul, U., Ducey, K., Badura, J.,Boltz, K.D., Olberding, K., Wingate, A., Williams, A.R., 2006.Cancer treatment, symptom monitoring, and self-care inadults: pilot study. Cancer Nurs. 29 (5), 347–355.

Winstock, A., Mitcheson, L., Ramsey, J., Davies, S.,Puchnarewicz, M., Marsden, J., 2011. Mephedrone: use,subjective effects and health risks. Addiction 106 (11),1991–1996.

Wittenberg, R., 1980. Aspects of the creative process inmusic: a case report. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 28 (2), 439–459.

Wolf, P.L., 2010. Hector Berlioz and other famous artistswith opium abuse. Front. Neurol. Neurosci. 27, 84–91.

Wu, D., Li, C., Yin, Y., Zhou, C., Yao, D., 2010. Musiccomposition from the brain signal: representing the mentalstate by music. Comput. Intell. Neurosci., 267671.

Wu, D., Li, C.Y., Yao, D.Z., 2009. Scale-free music of thebrain. PLoS ONE 4 (6), e5915.

Yeatts, K., Shy, C., Sotir, M., Music, S., Herget, C., 2003. Healthconsequences for children with undiagnosed asthma-likesymptoms. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 157 (6), 540–544.

Zarowski, M., Vendrame, M., Irons, M., Kothare, S.V., 2011.Prevalence of sleep problems in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syn-drome. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 155A (7), 1558–1562.

References

Akerstedt, T., Hume, K., Minors, D., Waterhouse, J., 1994. The meaning ofgood sleep: a longitudinal study of polysomnography and subjectivesleep quality. Journal of Sleep Research 3 (3), 152–158.

Beccaloni, A.M., 2011. The medicine of music: a systematic approach foradoption into perianesthesia practice. Journal of Perianesthesia Nurs-ing 26 (5), 323–330.

Bernatzky, G., Presch, M., Anderson, M., Panksepp, J., 2011. Emotionalfoundations of music as a non-pharmacological pain managementtool in modern medicine. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35(9), 1989–1999.

Bouhairie, A., Kemper, K.J., Martin, K., Woods, C., 2006. Staff attitudes andexpectations about music therapy: pediatric oncology versus neona-tal intensive care unit. Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology4 (2), 71–74.

Cappuccio, F.P., Taggart, F.M., Kandala, N.B., Currie, A., Peile, E., Stranges,S., Miller, M.A., 2008. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration andobesity in children and adults. Sleep 31 (5), 619–626.

Cappuccio, F.P., D’Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., Miller, M.A., 2010. Quantity andquality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic reviewand meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 33 (2), 414–420.

Cappuccio, F.P., D’Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., Miller, M.A., 2010. Sleep durationand all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis ofprospective studies. Sleep 33 (5), 585–592.

Cappuccio, F.P., Cooper, D., D’Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., Miller, M.A., 2011.Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic reviewand meta-analysis of prospective studies. European Heart Journal 32(12), 1484–1492.

Castro-Costa, E., Dewey, M.E., Ferri, C.P., Uchoa, E., Firmo, J.O., Rocha, F.L.,Prince, M., Lima-Costa, M.F., Stewart, R., 2011. Association betweensleep duration and all-cause mortality in old age: 9-year follow-up of

the Bambui Cohort Study, Brazil. Journal of Sleep Research 20 (2),303–310. t not before we digest Treatment of Adolescent Suicide

C.-F. Wang et al. / International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (2014) 51–6262

Cervellin, G., Lippi, G., 2011. From music-beat to heart-beat: a journey inthe complex interactions between music, brain and heart. EuropeanJournal of Internal Medicine 22 (4), 371–374.

Chan, M.F., 2011. A randomised controlled study of the effects of music onsleep quality in older people. Journal of Clinical Nursing 20 (7–8),979–987.

Chan, M.F., Chan, E.A., Mok, E., 2010. Effects of music on depression andsleep quality in elderly people: a randomised controlled trial. Com-plementary Therapies in Medicine 18 (3–4), 150–159.

Chang, E.T., Lai, H.L., Chen, P.W., Hsieh, Y.M., Lee, L.H., 2012. The effects ofmusic on the sleep quality of adults with chronic insomnia usingevidence from polysomnographic and self-reported analysis: a ran-domized control trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 49 (8),921–930.

Chi, G.C., Young, A., 2011. Selection of music for inducing relaxation andalleviating pain: literature review. Holistic Nursing Practice 25 (3),127–135.

Chien, K.L., Chen, P.C., Hsu, H.C., Su, T.C., Sung, F.C., Chen, M.F., Lee, Y.T.,2010. Habitual sleep duration and insomnia and the risk of cardio-vascular events and all-cause death: report from a community-basedcohort. Sleep 33 (2), 177–184.

de Niet, G., Tiemens, B., Lendemeijer, B., Hutschemaekers, G., 2009. Music-assisted relaxation to improve sleep quality: meta-analysis. Journal ofAdvanced Nursing 65 (7), 1356–1364.

Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Schneider, M., Minder, C., 1997. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315 (7109), 629–634.

Engwall, M., Duppils, G.S., 2009. Music as a nursing intervention forpostoperative pain: a systematic review. Journal of PerianesthesiaNursing 24 (6), 370–383.

Hardin, K.A., 2009. Sleep in the ICU: potential mechanisms and clinicalimplications. Chest 136 (1), 284–294.

Harmat, L., Takacs, J., Bodizs, R., 2008. Music improves sleep quality instudents. Journal of Advanced Nursing 62 (3), 327–335.

Hernandez-Ruiz, E., 2005. Effect of music therapy on the anxiety levelsand sleep patterns of abused women in shelters. Journal of MusicTherapy 42 (2), 140–158.

Higgins, J.P., Thompson, S.G., Deeks, J.J., Altman, D.G., 2003. Measuringinconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327 (7414), 557–560.

Kamdar, B.B., Needham, D.M., Collop, N.A., 2012. Sleep deprivation incritical illness: its role in physical and psychological recovery. Journalof Intensive Care Medicine 27 (2), 97–111.

Kronholm, E., Partonen, T., Laatikainen, T., Peltonen, M., Harma, M.,Hublin, C., Kaprio, J., Aro, A.R., Partinen, M., Fogelholm, M., Valve,R., Vahtera, J., Oksanen, T., Kivimaki, M., Koskenvuo, M., Sutela, H.,2008. Trends in self-reported sleep duration and insomnia-relatedsymptoms in Finland from 1972 to 2005: a comparative review andre-analysis of Finnish population samples. Journal of Sleep Research17 (1), 54–62.

Kronholm, E., Laatikainen, T., Peltonen, M., Sippola, R., Partonen, T., 2011.Self-reported sleep duration, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mor-tality and morbidity in Finland. Sleep Medicine 12 (3), 215–221.

Krueger, P.M., Friedman, E.M., 2009. Sleep duration in the United States: across-sectional population-based study. American Journal of Epide-miology 169 (9), 1052–1063.

Kullich, W., Bernatzky, G., Hesse, H.P., Wendtner, F., Likar, R., Klein, G.,2003. Music therapy – effect on pain, sleep and quality of life in lowback pain. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 153 (9–10), 217–221.

Kushida, C.A., Chang, A., Gadkary, C., Guilleminault, C., Carrillo, O.,Dement, W.C., 2001. Comparison of actigraphic, polysomnographic,and subjective assessment of sleep parameters in sleep-disorderedpatients. Sleep Medicine 2 (5), 389–396.

Lai, H.L., 2004. Music preference and relaxation in Taiwanese elderlypeople. Geriatric Nursing 25 (5), 286–291.

Lai, H.L., Good, M., 2005. Music improves sleep quality in older adults.Journal of Advanced Nursing 49 (3), 234–244.

Lai, H.L., Good, M., 2006. Music improves sleep quality in older adults.2004. Journal of Advanced Nursing 53 (1), 134–144, discussion 144-136.

Moher, D., Pham, B., Jones, A., Cook, D.J., Jadad, A.R., Moher, M., Tugwell, P.,Klassen, T.P., 1998. Does quality of reports of randomised trials affectestimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses? Lancet352 (9128), 609–613.

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., 2009. Preferred reportingitems for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA state-ment. BMJ 339, b2535.

Nilsson, U., 2011. Music: a nursing intervention. European Journal ofCardiovascular Nursing 10 (2), 73–74.

Penzel, T., Wessel, N., Riedl, M., Kantelhardt, J.W., Rostig, S., Glos, M.,Suhrbier, A., Malberg, H., Fietze, I., 2007. Cardiovascular and respira-tory dynamics during normal and pathological sleep. Chaos 17 (1),015116.

Pittman, S., Kridli, S., 2011. Music intervention and preoperative anxi-ety: an integrative review. International Nursing Review 58 (2),157–163.

Renzi, C., Peticca, L., Pescatori, M., 2000. The use of relaxation techniquesin the perioperative management of proctological patients: prelim-inary results. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 15 (5–6),313–316.

Richards, K.C., 1998. Effect of a back massage and relaxation interventionon sleep in critically ill patients. American Journal of Critical Care 7(4), 288–299.

Rowshan Ravan, A., Bengtsson, C., Lissner, L., Lapidus, L., Bjorkelund, C.,2010. Thirty-six-year secular trends in sleep duration and sleepsatisfaction, and associations with mental stress and socioeconomicfactors – results of the Population Study of Women in Gothenburg,Sweden. Journal of Sleep Research 19 (3), 496–503.

Ryu, M.J., Park, J.S., Park, H., 2012. Effect of sleep-inducing music on sleepin persons with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography inthe cardiac care unit. Journal of Clinical Nursing 21 (5–6), 728–735.

Zimmerman, L., Nieveen, J., Barnason, S., Schmaderer, M., 1996. Theeffects of music interventions on postoperative pain and sleep incoronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. Scholarly Inquiry forNursing Practice 10 (2), 153–170, discussion 171-154.