REVIEWER IN MAPEH 10 (SECOND QUARTER)

“MUSIC”

Quarter II: AFRO-LATIN AMERICANAND POPULAR MUSIC

African traditional music

Used primarily in ceremonial rites, such as birth, death marriage, succession, worship and spirit invocations.

TYPES:

1. Afrobeat

> used to describe the fusion of West African with black American music.

2. Apala

>musical genre from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style to wake up the worshippers after fasting during the muslim holy feast of Ramadan.

3. Axe

> a popular musical genre from Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil. It fuses the Afro-Caribbean styles of the marcha, reggae, and calypso.

4. Jit

> A hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance music played on drums with guitar, influenced by mbira-based guitar styles.

5. Jive

> popular form of S. African music featuring a lively and uninhibited variation of the jitterbug, a form of swing dance.

6. Juju

> popular music style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms, where the ins. In Juju are more Western in origin.

7. Kwassa Kwassa

> dance style begun in Zaire in 1980’s, popularized by Kanda Bongo Man.The hips move back and forth while the arms move following the hips.

8. Marabi

> S. African three-chord township music of the 1930’s-1960’s which evolved into African Jazz.

LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC INFLUENCED BY AFRICAN MUSIC

1. Reggae

> Jamaican sound dominated by bass guitar and drums.

> strongly influenced by traditional mento and calypso music, as well as American jazz, and rhythm and blues.

2. Salsa

> Salsa music is Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Colombian dance music. It comprises various musical genres including the Cuban son montuno, guaracha, chachacha, mambo and bolero.

3. Samba

> the basic underlying rhythm that typifies most Brazilian music. It is a lively and rhythmical dance and music with three steps to every bar, making the Samba feel like a timed dance

4. Soca

> modern Trinidadian and Tobago pop music combining “soul” and “calypso” music.

5. Were

> is Muslim music performed often as a wake-up call for early breakfast and prayers during Ramadan celebrations.

6. Zouk

> Zouk is fast, carnival-like hythmic music, from the Creole slang word for ‘party,’ originating in the Carribean Islands of Guadaloupe and Martinique and popularized in the 1980’s.

VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC

1. Maracatu> first surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco, combining the strong rhythms ofAfrican percussion instruments with Portuguese melodies.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS USED IN MARACATU> Alfaia - larged wooden drum> Tarol - shallow snare drum> Caixa-de-guerra - war-like snare> Gongue - metal cowbell> Agbe - goured shaker covered by beads> Miniero - metalcylindricl shaker

2. Blues> musical form of the late 19th century that has had deep roots in African- American communities

3.Soul > popular music genre that was originated in US

4. Spiritual> associated with a deeply religious person, refers here to a Negro spiritual

5. Call and Response

> succession of two distinct musical phrases usually rendered by different musicians

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF AFRICA

Classifications of Traditional African Instruments

A. Idiophones - percussion instruments that are either struck with a mallet or against one another.

1. Balafon - West African xylophone2. Rattles - objects that are either joined or suspended in such a way as they hit each other.3. Agogo - a single bell or multiple bells that had its origins in traditional Yoruba music and also in the samba baterias (percussion) ensembles.4.Atingting Kon - slit gongs used to communicate between villages.5. Slit drum – hollow percussion ins.6. Djembe - shaped like a large goblet and played with bare hands.7. Shekere - gourd and shell megaphone from West Africa8. Rasp - hand percussion instrument whose sound is produced by scraping the notches on a piece of wood

B. Membranophones - ins. which have vibrating animal membranes used in drums.

1. Body Percussion2. Talking drum

C. Lamellaphone - a set of plucked tongues or keys mounted on a sound board.

1. Mbira

D. Chordophones – ins. Which produce sounds from the vibration of strings.

1. Musical bow2. Lute3. Kora4. Zither5. Zeze

E. Aerophones – ins. which are produced initially by trapped vibrating air columns or which enclose a body of vibrating air.

1. Flutes2. Horns3. Reed pipes4. Whistles5. Trumpets

MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA> The music of Latin America is the product of three major influences: Indigenous , Spanish-Portuguese, African

> Sometimes called Latin music, it includes the countries that have had a colonial history from Spain and Portugal, divided into the following areas:

a. Andean region (a mountain system of western South America along the Pacific coast from Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego) – Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela

b. Central America – Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama

c. Carribean – Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique, and Puerto Rico

d. Brazil

INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

1. Indigenous Latin-American Music

> Before the arrival of the Spanish, Portuguese, and other European colonizers, the natives were found to be using local drum and percussion instruments such as the guiro, maracas, and turtle shells, and wind instruments such as zampona (pan pipes) and quena (notched-end flutes) remain popular and are traditionally made out of the same aquatic

canes, although PVC pipe is sometimes used due to its resistance to heat, cold, and humidity.

> Generally, quenas only are played during the dry season. Materials came from hollow tree trunks, animal skins, fruit shells, dry seeds, cane and clay, hardwood trees, jaguar claws, animal and human bones, and specially-treated inflated eyes of tigers.

2. Native American/Indian Music

> The ethnic and cultural groups of the principal native Americans share many similar yet distinctive music elements pertaining to melody, harmony, rhythm, form, and dynamics.

>Short musical motives from descending melodic lines were a common feature, where tempo, rhythm, and tone colors vary with the specific occasion or ritual.

> Some of the Native American music includes courtship songs, dancing songs, and popular American or Canadian tunes like Amazing Grace, Dixie, Jambalaya, and Sugar Time.

3. Afro-Latin American Music> The African influence on Latin American music is most pronounced in its rich and varied rhythmic patterns produced by the drums and various percussion instruments.

4. Euro-Latin American Music>The different regions of Latin America adopted various characteristics from their European colonizers.

5. Mixed African music> This musical fusion of Latin America combining native instruments with European counterparts and musical theories was further enriched by the instruments brought by the African slaves.

6. Popular Latin American Music

> Some of these Latin American popular music forms are tango, bossa nova, samba, son, and salsa.

A. Samba> is a dance form of African origins around 1838 which evolved into an African-Brazilian invention in the working class and slum districts of Rio de Janeiro

Batucada- most adventurous kind of Samba

B. Son> is a fusion of the popular music or canciones (songs) of Spain and the African rumba rhythms of Bantu origin> Originated in Cuba

C. Salsa> is a social dance with marked influences from Cuba and Puerto Rico that started in New York in the mid 1970’s

Jazz - It was an offshoot of the music of African slaves who migrated to America.Ragtime - an American popular musical style mainly for piano, originating in the Afro- American communities in St. Louis and New Orleans.Big Band - a large ensemble form originating in the United States in the mid 1920’s closely associated with the Swing Era with jazz elements.Bebop - musical style of modern jazz which is characterized by a fast tempo, instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation that emerged during World War II.Ballad - expressive folksong in narrative verse with text dealing typically about love.Standard - used to denote the most popular and enduring songs from a particular genre or style, such as those by Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Rodgers and Hart.Hip hop - music is a stylized, highly rhythmic type of music that usually (but not always)includes portions of rhytmically chanted words called “rap.”

Alternative music - an underground independent form of music that arose in the 1980’s.

“ARTS”

Quarter II: TECHNOLOGY-BASED ART

Technology-based art

> is essentially computer-generated and/or manipulated.

Computer/Digital Arts

> first came on the scene in the early 1960’s> make use of electronic and mechanical devices, rather than the artist’s own hand, to produce the desired images and effects. Thus, these are definitely technology-based art forms. In recent decades, personal gadgets such as laptops, tablets, and android phones have incorporated the artistic capabilities of the large-scale computers. So it is now possible for anyone to be a digital artist.

Examples: Frieder Nake – Polygon drawings, 1965 Georg Nees – Schrotter (‘Gravel”), 1965 Vera Molnar- (Des) Ordes, 1974 Ronald Davis – Mountain and

Staurolyte, 1997 Malfred Mohr, 1999 Olga Kisseleva, 2012 Jean-Pierre Hebert, 2007

The Philippine Scene> In our country, Filipino artists were likewise influenced by the technology trend in art.> From the 1960s to the 1990s, their computer-generated works were primarily geared towards illustrating for international comic books. In fact, Filipino illustrators earned quite a reputation for their talents and were highly in demand in this field.

Example : Cityscape Antonio Gorordo, c 2010-2012 Digital art

Mobile Phone Art> The mobile phone that you constantly hold has evolved from a mere communication tool, into a creative device that allows you to generate original works of art for an entire range of purposes.

“phablets” - combination of both android tablets and phones

Image manipulation programsand applications

Pixlr – a powerful, free online image editorPic Collage – allows you to make collages incorporating photos, stickers, text,and framesPhoto Grid – a downloadable application for android phones that allows youto make collages out of images from your photo galleryDoodle Booth – an iPad application (with a free downloadable version) thatenables you to ‘doodle’ on your images using available stickersPhoto Booth – an application for taking photos and videos using an iPad oriPad mini (a version for the iPhone, called SimpleBooth, is also available)Magic Mirror Booth – an iPhone application that allows you to takeamusing, distorted images, simulating camera effectsPic Monkey – a free online photo editing tool that provides filters, frames, text, and effects to manipulate your imagesFlipagram – a downloadable application that allows you to ‘bring your photos to life’ in short videos set to music of your choicePicsart – a free photo editor and drawing app., as well as a social network for you to share your art with others.Sapseed – a photo app. That enables you to enhance, transform, and share your photos: a free downloadable version for android phone is available

Instagram – a fast and fun way to share images with others; snap a photo, choose from among the available filters, and share via Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and more

> Each of these has an extensive array of special features you can use to modify your images. > Among these are: frames, borders, and banners; filters, cropping in different shapes, automatic collage or color change, stickers, text bubbles; effects such as warp, skew, tunnel, fish eye, and negative; adding “spot color” to only certain elements of an image; creating a photo montage with music.

Computer Generated Images> If you want to create original images from scratch, you may make your own illustrations using specialized programs for image generation and manipulation:Ex. Adobe Illustrator and Corel Draw

> There are scaled-down versions of such programs specifically developed for use on smaller, handheld units like your personal tablet or android phone. These enable you to perform virtually all of the tasks that a program like Illustrator performs but, almost literally, in the palm of your hand. Many of these come at a fraction of the cost of the more complex programs or, in some cases, even for free.

Among such programs are: Gimp(GNU Image ManipulationProgram) Paint.net Inkscape Xara Extreme Artweaver Draw Plus Pencil Picasa Paint Star Smooth Draw Spray Karbon Adobe Photoshop Express Corel PaintShop Pro X5

Digital Photography

> Another means of generating an original image is to capture it first as a digital file.

Point-and-shoot > type of digital camera which automatically makes all the adjustments in lighting, focus, zoom-in and zoom-out, even removal of “red eye” with the user being given some leeway for slight adjustments.

Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera> provides the film-less and instant review features of a “point-and-shoot” type of digital camera, but gives the photographer much more artistic freedom and control to select the camera settings to create the desired final image with the preferred visual effects.

Basic Tips for Taking Good Photographs1. Choose a good location. An interesting location can sometimes make the difference between a good and a great photo.2. Check that the available background is relatively simple and not too cluttered, so that the focus will be on your chosen subject.

3. Natural light in the outdoors or near a window is usually the most flattering or effective for any kind of subject. Ideally, the best light for photos is within the first hour after sunrise and the last hour before sunset.4. Avoid taking shots facing the light, as this would make your subject back-lit and most of the details would be lost in shadow.5. If you intend to take a posed shot, position your subject where you want in relation to the location, background, and source of light.6. If you intend to take a candid shot, position yourself where you can capture the most interesting, amusing, touching, or engaging moment or expression.7. Take a variety of shots—ranging from far shots showing the surroundings, to medium-distance shots concentrating on the main subject, to tight or close-up shots that focus on details of the subject. You can then choose fromamong all these for the best photo or photos.

Video Games / Digital Painting / Imaging Videos

Video Games> For today’s younger generation that grew up in a digital world, even entertainment now comes courtesy of computer devices. A major component of such entertainment is in the form of video games of every conceivable genre, subject matter, and skill level.> Online tutorials and guides are available on sites like e-how, Instructables, and You Tube. Plus there are available programs that can be downloaded and used immediately, with no need for prior knowledge on coding or web development.Examples of such programs are:Twine Stencyl Game Maker

Digital Painting> method of creating an artwork using a computer> refers to a technique using a graphics software program to create an artwork that is totally virtual. > The canvas, brushes, paints, and other tools are all virtual, existing only within the computer. And the finished work is also stored in virtual format, to be shared through cyber space.Ex: Ctrl+Paint

Video Technology / Imaging Videos

Social media purposes Another tremendously powerful and

innovative field that digital technology has revolutionized is that of creating and presenting videos.

Medical/scientific purposes Another extremely valuable use of

today’s video technology is that of imaging videos in the fields of medicine and science