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Anatomyand Physiology

Musculoskeletal System

Version 1 17/11/09

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The Skeletal System

Prefix : oste/o – referring to bone

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The adult human skeleton has 206 named bones

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Joints

Joints are the place where two bones meet. All of your bones, except for one (the hyoid bone in your neck), form a joint with another bone. Joints hold your bones together and allow your rigid skeleton to move.

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Fixed Joints

Some of your joints, like those in your skull, are fixed and don't allow any movement. The bones in your skull are held together with fibrous connective tissue.

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Slightly Movable Joints

Other joints, such as those between the vertebrae in your spine, which are connected to each other by pads of cartilage, can only move a small amount.

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Synovial Joints

Most of your joints are 'synovial joints'. They are movable joints containing a lubricating liquid called synovial fluid. Synovial joints are predominant in your limbs where mobility is important. Ligaments help provide their stability and muscles contract to produce movement. The most common synovial joints are:

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Ball & Socket

are the most mobile type of joint in the human body. They allow you to swing your arms and legs in many different directions.

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Ellipsoidal joints

allow bending and extending, rocking from side to side, but rotation is limited.

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Gliding Joints

occur between the surfaces of two flat bones that are held together by ligaments.

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Hinge Joints

enable movement similar to the opening and closing of a hinged door.

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Pivot Joint

Allows movement on one plane only in a pivot fashion

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Saddle Joint

The bones in a saddle joint can rock back and forth and from side to side, but they have limited rotation.

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Ligaments: connect bone to bone Tendons: connect bone to muscle

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Common Disorders

•OSTEOARTHRITIS – Degeneration of

joints causing pain, stiffness and limited

movement.

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•OSTEOMALACIA – Softening of the

bones due to a deficiency of

Vitamin D.

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•OSTEOPOROSIS – Decrease in

bone mass producing a porous

skeleton.