GCSE Physical Education The Muscular System The Muscular System.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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Transcript of MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
“the power system”
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FACTS:
• Nearly half our weight comes from muscle tissue.
• There are 650 different muscles in the human body.
• Muscles give us form and shape.
• Muscles produce most of our body heat.
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THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS
• Responsible for all body movement.• Responsible for body form and shape (posture)• Responsible for body heat and maintaining body temperature.
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Types of muscles
•Skeletal•Smooth•Cardiac•Sphincter
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Skeletal Muscle
• Attached to bone• Striated (striped)
appearance• VOLUNTARY• Contract quickly, fatigue
easily, can’t maintain contraction for long period of time
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Skeletal Muscles
• Each skeletal muscle cell contains many nuclei
• Muscle cells are known as muscle fibers
• Cell membrane is call sarcolemma
• Cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm
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Smooth Muscle
• Visceral (organ) muscle• Found in walls of
digestive system, uterus and blood vessels
• Cells small and spindle-shaped
• INVOLUNTARY• Controlled by
autonomic nervous system
• Act slowly, do not tire easily, can remain contracted for long time
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Cardiac Muscle
• Found only in the heart
• Striated and branched
• Involuntary• Cells are
fused – when one contracts, they all contract
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Sphincter• special
circular muscles in openings of esophagus and stomach, stomach and small intestine, anus, urethra and mouth.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLES
• CONTRACTIBILITY – the ability of a muscle to reduce the distance between the parts of its contents or the space it surrounds.
• EXCITEABILITY (IRRITABILITY) – the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing impulses.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLES
• EXTENSIBILITY – the ability to be stretched.
• ELASTICITY – ability of muscle to return to its original length when relaxing.
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Naming Muscles• Location:
– frontalis-forehead• Size:
– gluteus maximus• Direction of fibers:• external abdominal oblique• Number of origins:
– Biceps-two headed muscle in humerus• Location of origin and Insertion:
sternocleidomastoid- origin in sternum
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Naming muscles• Action flexor:– flexor carpi ulnaris- flexes the wrist
• Extensor: – extensor carpi ulnaris- extends the
wrist• Levator and Depressor:– depressor anguli oris-depresses the
corner of the mouth, raises or lowers body parts
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MOVEMENT• Muscles move bones by pulling on
them. • As a muscle contracts, it pulls the
insertion bone closer to the origin bone. Movement occurs at the joint between the origin and the insertion.
• Rule: A muscle’s insertion bone moves toward its origin bone.
• Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single movement.
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Muscle Contraction
• Sarcolemma: muscle cell membrane
• Synaptic Cleft: gap between the axon and the muscle cell.
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Muscle Contraction
• MOTOR UNIT – a motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulates.
• NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION – the
junction between the motor neuron’s fiber which transmits the impulse – and the muscle cell membrane.
• ACETYLCHOLINE – chemical neurotransmitter, diffuses across the synaptic cleft (carries impulse across synaptic cleft)
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• MUSCLE FATIGUE – caused by the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles.
• OXYGEN DEBT – after exercise, the amount of oxygen needed by the muscle to change lactic acid back to glucose.
• MUSCLE TONE - When muscles
are slightly contracted and ready to pull.
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Muscle Efficiency
• Improves:-Coordination of all muscles
involved-Respiratory and circulatory
system to supply needs of active muscular system
-Elimination of excess fat-Joint movement involved with
that muscle activity
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Muscle Strength
• Strength (capacity to do work) is increased with training
• Muscle size increase due to change in the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm found in the individual skeletal muscle fibers) Not the increase in the number of muscle fiber cells
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Muscle Attachments
• Tendons: non-elastic cords that attach muscles to bones
• Bones are connected at joints
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DIAPHRAGM
• Dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities, aids in breathing
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Disorders and Related Terminology
• ATROPHY – wasting away of muscle due to lack of use.
• If we fail to exercise our muscles weaken and become flaccid ex. Quadriplegics, elderly on bedrest, extremity in a cast, etc.
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• Massage of these muscles is essential in providing the proper physiotherapy or a general sense of comfort and well-being to a patient, also prevents atrophy in debilitated patients
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• HYPERTROPHY – an increase in the size of the muscle cell.
• when over exercise the size of the muscle fibers increase due to a change in the sarcoplasm (not due to an increase in number of muscle fiber cells)
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• STRAIN – tear in the muscle resulting from excessive use. Bleeding inside the muscle can result in pain and swelling. Ice packs will help stop bleeding and reduce swelling.– RICE : rest, ice, compression,
elevation
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• Rehabilitation: retaining of injured or unused muscles • MYALGIA – muscle pain
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• TENDONITIS – inflammation of a tendon
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• MUSCLE SPASM (cramp) – sustained contraction of the muscle, usually because of overuse.
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Torticolis
• Or wry neck, may be due to an inflammation of the trapezius and/or
• Sternocleidomastoid muscle
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La belleza perece en la vida pero es inmortal en el arte.
Leonardo Da Vinci