Chapter 8

Muscular Strength and Endurance

For women, weight training typically results in which of the following?Bulky musclesSignificant increases in body weightImproved body image

C. Because the vast majority of women have low levels of testosterone, they do not develop large muscles or gain significant amounts of weight in response to a moderate weight training program. Men have higher levels of testosterone, so they can build large muscles more easily.

Test your knowledge

To maximize strength gains, it is a good idea to hold your breath as you lift a weight. True or False?

FALSE. Holding one’s breath while lifting weights, called the Valsava maneuver, can significantly (and possibly dangerously) elevate blood pressure; it also reduces blood flow to the heart and may cause faintness. You should breathe smoothly and normally while weight training. Some experts recommend that you exhale during the most difficult part of each exercise.

Test your knowledge

Regular strength training is associated with which of the following benefits?Denser bonesReduced risk of heart diseaseImproved body compositionFewer injuries

ALL FOUR. Regular strength training has many benefits for lifetime wellness for both men and woman.

Test your knowledge

Muscular strength amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximum effort.

Muscular endurance ability to resist fatigue while holding or repeating a muscular contraction.

40% of your body mass is muscleYou depend on them for movementSite of large portion of energy reactions (metabolism)Strong, well developed muscles help you perform

daily activities with greater ease, protect you from injury and enhance your well being.

Muscular strength and endurance

Myofibril protein structure

Muscle fibers (cells)Fascicles bundle of

fibersConnective tissueMuscle bundle of

fasciclesTendons join

muscles to boneNerves transmit

impulses to the brain

Muscle physiology

Slow – twitch fibersContract slowlyDepend on aerobic (oxidative)

energy systemFatigue resistant

Fast – twitch fibersContract rapidly and forcefullyFatigue more quicklyDepend more on anaerobic

(nonoxidative ) energy system.Most muscles contain a mixture of

slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers.

Types of muscle fibers

The type of fiber that acts during a particular activity depends on the type of work required.

Endurance activities slow-twitch fibers

Strength and power activities fast-twitch fibers

Made up of a nerve connected to a number of muscle fibers

The number of muscle fibers in a motor unit varies from two to hundreds depending on the amount of strength required.

Small motor units contain slow-twitch fibers

Large motor units contain fast-twitch fibers

Strength training improves the body’s ability to recruit motor units (muscle learning)

Motor units

Improved performance of physical activitiesA person with improved muscular

strength and endurance can perform everyday tasks with ease.

Allows you to achieve high levels of performance in sports.

Improves oxygen consumption

Benefits of muscular strength and endurance

Injury preventionEnables you to maintain good

postureEncourages proper body

mechanisms during everyday activities such as walking and lifting

Proper alignment Makes tendons, ligaments and

cartilage cells stronger and less susceptible to injury.

Benefits of muscular strength and endurance

Improved body compositionStrength training

improves body composition by increasing muscle mass

Helps with losing fat because metabolic rate is related to muscle mass.

Increases muscle temperature, which in turn slightly increases the rate at which you burn calories.

Benefits of muscular strength and endurance

Enhanced self-image and quality of lifeProvides stronger, firmer-looking muscles and

a toned, healthy-looking bodyIn men, larger muscles combine with high

levels of the hormone testosterone for a strong tissue building effect.

Improves quality of life by increasing energy, preventing injuries, and making daily activities easier and more enjoyable.

Benefits of muscular strength and endurance

Improved muscle and bone health with agingGood muscular strength helps people live

healthier livesPrevents sarcopenia loss of muscle massMaintains motor nerve connections and the

quickness of muscles. Lessens bone loss even if its taken up later in

life.

Benefits of muscular strength and endurance

Prevention of chronic diseasePrevents and manages both CVD

and diabetes byImproving glucose metabolismIncreasing maximal oxygen

consumptionReducing blood pressureIncreasing HDL cholesterol and

reducing LDL cholesterol.

Benefits of muscular strength and endurance

Muscular strengthMuscular strength is assessed by measuring the

maximum amount of weight a person can lift one time.This single maximum effort is called repetition maximum

(RM) It can also be estimated by doing multiple repetitions

with a sub-maximal (lighter) weight.

Muscular enduranceAssessed by counting the maximum number of

repetitions of a muscular contraction a person can do (push-ups) or the maximum amount of time a person can hold a muscular contraction (flexed-arm hang)

Assessing muscular strength and endurance

When muscles are stressed by a greater load than they are used to, they adapt and improve their function.

The type of adaptation depends on the stress applied

Strengthening exercises are classified as:Static exerciseDynamic exercise

Creating a successful strength training program

Involves muscle contraction without a change in the length of the muscle or the angle in the joint on which the muscle acts

Useful in strengthening muscles after an injury or surgery

Used to overcome weak points in an individual’s range of motion.

Recommended to hold an isometric contraction maximally for 6 seconds (5 – 10 repetitions)

Static exercise (isometric)

Involves muscle contraction with a change in the length of the muscle

Important for developing strength that can be transferred to other forms of physical activity

Two typesConcentric muscle contraction: occurs

when the muscle applies enough force to overcome resistance and shortens as it contracts.

Eccentric muscle contraction: occurs when the resistance is greater than the force applied by the muscle and the muscle lengthens as it contracts.

Dynamic exercise (isotonic)

Constant resistance exercise Uses a constant load throughout a joint’s

entire range of motionThere are points in a joint’s range of

motion where the muscle controlling the movement is stronger and points where it is weaker.

Variable resistance exerciseThe load is changed to provide maximum

load throughout the entire range of motion.

Uses machines that place more stress on muscles at the end of the range of motion. (Nautilus pull-over machine)

Dynamic exercise techniques

Eccentric (plyometric) loadingInvolves placing a load on a

muscle as it lengthens.The muscle contracts

eccentrically in order to control the weight.

PlyometricsA sudden eccentric loading

and stretching of muscles followed by a forceful concentric contraction

Dynamic exercise techniques

Speed loading Involves moving a weight as rapidly as

possible in an attempt to approach the speeds used in movements like throwing a softball or sprinting

Isokinetic Involves exerting force at a constant speed

against an equal force exerted by a special strength training machine.

Dynamic exercise techniques

StaticRequires no

equipmentBuild strength rapidly Useful for

rehabilitation injured joints

Have to be performed at several different angles for each joint to improve strength throughout the joint’s entire range of motion

Can be performed without equipment or with equipment

Excellent for building strength and endurance

Tend to build strength through a joint’s full range of motion

Static vs. Dynamic ExerciseDynamic

Exercise machines Free weights

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

• Are save and convenient•Don’t require spotters•Don’t require lifter to balance bar•Provide variable resistance•Require less skill•Make it easy to move from one exercise to next•Allow easy isolation of muscles and muscle groups•Support back

•Have limited availability• Are inappropriate for performing dynamic movements•Allow limited number of exercises•Train muscles rather than movements.•Place minimal stress on core stabilizing muscles (those in torso)

•Allow dynamic movements•Allow user to develop control of weights•Allow greater variety of exercises•Are widely available, inexpensive, and convenient for home use•Train core stabilizing muscles•Are better for building power•Are truer to real life situations – strength transfers to daily activities.

•Are not as safe•Require spotters•Require more skill•Cause more blisters and calluses.

Weight machines vs. free weights

Resistance bandsElastic strips or tubes of rubber

material that are inexpensive, lightweight and portable

Exercise BallsExtra large inflatable ballsCan be used to work the entire

bodyParticularly effective working the

so-called stability muscles in the abdomen, chest and back muscles.

Other training methods and types of equipment

Pilates Involves the use of specially designed resistance training

devices, although some classes feature just mat or floor work.Focuses on strengthening and stretching the core muscles in

the back, abdomen, and buttocks to create a solid base support for whole body movement

Gives emphasis to concentration, control, movement flow and breathing.

No-equipment calisthenicsUses your own body weight as resistance for

strength trainingInclude exercises such as curl ups, push ups,

step ups, heel raises, chair dips, and lunges.

Frequency of exercise:At least two days per week for weight training1 day of rest between workoutsSplit routine: work out upper body one day and lower

body the other. Intensity of exercise:

Choose weights based on your current level of muscular fitness and your fitness goals.

Exercise should be heavy enough to fatigue your muscles but light enough for you to complete the repetitions.

A program should include both higher intensity exercises and lower intensity exercises to develop fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers.

Applying the FITT principle

Time of exercise: repetitions and sets To improve fitness you must do enough repetitions of each exercise to

fatigue your muscles

The heavier the weight, the fewer repetitions.

Set refers to a group of repetitions of an exercise followed by a rest period.

Doing more than one set of each exercise increases strength development.

Rest intervals depend on the amount of resistance (1-3 min)

You can save time in your workouts alternating sets of different exercises.

Type or mode of exercise:For overall fitness include exercises for your

neck, upper back, shoulders, arms, chest, abdomen, lower back, thighs, buttocks and calves about 8 – 10 exercises in all.

It is important to balance between agonist and antagonist muscle groups

Do exercises for large muscle groups or for more than one joint before you do exercises that use small-muscle groups or single joints.

Warm up before every weight training session and cool down afterward

Warm up and cool down

Warm up5-10 min

Strength training exercises for major muscle groups (8-10 exercises)

Cool – down 5-10 min

Exercise Muscle group developedFrequency: at least 2 days a weekIntensity/resistance: weights heavy enough to cause muscle fatigue when exercises are performed with good form for the selected number of repetitions. Time/repetitions: 8-12 of each exercise. Sets: 1, rest 1-2 minutes between exercises.Type of activity: 8 – 10 strength training exercises that focus on major muscle groups.

Bench pressPull-upsShoulder pressUpright rowingBiceps curlsLateral raisesSquatsHeel raisesAbdominal curlsSpineExtensionsSide bridges

Chest, shoulders, tricepsLats, bicepsShoulders, trapezius, tricepsDeltoids, trapeziusBicepsShouldersGluteals, quadricepsCalvesAbdominalsLow and mind back Spine extensorsObliques, quadratus, lumborum

Learn the exercises first

Choose a weight that you can move easily through 8 – 12 repetitions

1 set for each exercise

Rest 1 – 2 min between exercises

Gradually add weight and sets to your program over the first few weeks.

Apply the two for two rule: When you can perform two additional repetitions with a given weight on two consecutive training sessions increase the load.

Maintain your gains by training 2-3 days per week. Monitor your progress.

Getting started and making progress

Use a proper lifting technique

Use spotters and collars with free weights

Weight training safety

Be alert for injuries

Be cautious about the use of supplements and drugsMost of these substances are ineffective, expensive

and may be dangerousA balanced diet should be your primary nutritional

strategy.

Weight training safety

Lab 8.1Repetition maximum

RMFunctional leg

strength tests

Curl – up testPush – up testSquat endurance

test

LABLab 8.2