MUSCLE II Skeletal muscle Muscle force, muscle work, muscle fatigue Smooth muscle Heart muscle.
Muscles Chapter 10. Fasicle arrangement Parallel Muscle Tension Depends on total number of...
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Transcript of Muscles Chapter 10. Fasicle arrangement Parallel Muscle Tension Depends on total number of...
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Muscles
Chapter 10
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Fasicle arrangeme
nt
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Parallel Muscle Tension
• Depends on total number of myofibrils
• Directly relates to cross section of muscle
• 1 in.2 (6.45 cm2) of cross section develops 50 lb (23 kg) of tension
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Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a
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Convergent Muscles
• A broad area converges on attachment site (tendon, aponeurosis, or raphe)
• Muscle fibers pull in different directions, depending on stimulation
• e.g., pectoralis muscles
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Convergent Muscles
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Pennate Muscles
• Form an angle with the tendon• Do not move as far as parallel
muscles• Contain more myofibrils than
parallel muscles• Develop more tension than parallel
muscles
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Pennate Muscles
Figure 11–1c, d, e
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Circular Muscles
• Also called sphincters • Open and close to guard entrances
of body• e.g., obicularis oris
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Circular Muscles
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Levers
• Mechanically, each bone is a lever (a rigid, moving structure):– and each joint a fulcrum (a fixed
point)
• Muscles provide applied force (AF):– required to overcome resistance (R)
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Functions of a Lever
• To change:– direction of an AF– distance and speed of movement
produced by an AF– effective strength of an AF
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3 Classes of Levers
• Depend on the relationship between applied force, fulcrum, and resistance:– first class– second class– third class
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First-Class Levers
Figure 11–2a
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First-Class Levers
• Seesaw is an example• Center fulcrum between applied
force and resistance• Force and resistance are balanced
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Second–Class Levers
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Second-Class Levers
• Wheelbarrow is an example• Center resistance between applied
force and fulcrum• A small force moves a large weight
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Third-Class Levers
Figure 11–2c
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Third-Class Levers
• Most common levers in the body• Center applied force between
resistance and fulcrum• Greater force moves smaller
resistance• Maximizes speed and distance
traveled
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Physics of levers
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Origins and Insertions
• Muscles have 1 fixed point of attachment (origin) and 1 moving point of attachment (insertion)
• Most muscles originate or insert on the skeleton
• Origin is usually proximal to insertion
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Actions
• Movements produced by muscle contraction
• Body movements – e.g., flexion, extension, adduction,
etc.
• Described in terms of bone, joint, or region
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Descriptive Names for Skeletal Muscles
1. Location in the body2. Origin and insertion3. Fascicle organization4. Relative position5. Structural characteristics6. Action
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Muscles:anterior
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Muscles:posterior
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Muscles of Facial Expression Figure 11–4a
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Muscles of Facial Expression Figure 11–4b
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles
• Also called extra-ocular musclesFigure 11–5a, b
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Muscles of Mastication
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Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Figure 11–9
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Muscles of the
Vertebral Column
Figure 11–10a
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column
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Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• Lie within the body wall Figure 11–11a, b
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Oblique and Rectus Muscles Figure 11–11a, c
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The Appendicul
ar Muscles
Figure 11–13a
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The Appendicul
ar Muscles
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Muscles that Move the Arm
Figure 11–15a
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Muscles that Move the Arm
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Muscles that Move
the Forearm
and Hand
Figure 11–16a
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Muscles that Move
the Forearm and Hand
Figure 11–16b
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Muscles that Move the Hand and
Fingers
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Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers
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Muscles that Move the Thigh Figure 11–19a, b
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Muscles that Move the Thigh
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Muscles that Move the
Leg
Figure 11–20a
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Muscles that Move the Leg
Figure 11–20b, c
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Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes
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Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes
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