Muscles and Movement

Jack Cheshire

The three types of muscle tissue Cardiac/Skeletal/Smooth

Skeletal Muscles - muscles which voluntarily cause movement for example the bicep.

Cardiac muscle - muscles which are involuntary, the only cardiac muscle is the heart because that’s the one muscle we doesn't have control over, it subconsciously beats.

Smooth muscles - muscles which are again involuntary and are found in the intestine and digestive system, when your stomach rumbles it’s your intestines chewing up the food and preparing it to go through your gastrointestinal tract.

An example of all three types of Muscle:

Skeletal – bicep – is just a muscle that extends and retracts when doing particular exercises

Cardiac - heart- which pumps blood all around the body and keeps you alive

Smooth – intestines – which basically chew up all the food you eat so that’s why sometimes when you hear your stomach rumble it means that your intestines are chewing g away and digesting the food that you have recently eaten, majority of people think it means you’re hungry.

Antagonist, agonist, synergist and fixatorAll muscles work in antagonistic pairs, antagonistic are the muscles that produce the action of one muscle contracting and shortening whilst another muscle produces length to make the space and allow the movement.

Agonist muscles are the muscles that are responsible for creating the movement at the joint also known as the prime mover,Fixator muscles are the muscles which stabilise the origin of the agonist muscles

Synergists are muscles that increase the efficiency of agonist and antagonist although they are not actually linked to either of them.

Antagonist - used in football when you shoot or pass a football, your hamstring lengthens and extends.

Examples when muscle is used

Agonist- in football when kicking a ball the prime mover would be your quadriceps because that’s where you get power from.

Fixator- fixator muscle would perhaps be your gluteus Maximus.

Synergist- would maybe be your abdominal muscles because they hold everything together.

Fixator muscles are the muscles which stabilise the origin of the agonist muscles

How muscles create movement:Muscles are attached to the bone and held together by thick sheaths called tendons, they are attached at both ends of the bone, and this is known as the origin and insertion.

The Insertion:Is where the muscle is attached to the moving bone, so where the muscle is basically inserted hence it being an insertion, so during flexion of the elbow the bicep is the agonist and the radius is the insertion, so when the bicep pulls on the radius muscle it moves up

The Origin:This is the opposite end of the bone, where it doesn’t move so it does the opposite to the insertion this is just where the bone is held so for the bicep it would be the scapula.

Concentric contraction- This is when the muscle contracts, the contracting muscle is commonly known as the agonist, for instance when the bicep curls and flexes in the upwards phase.

Eccentric contraction- Muscle lengthens and when the muscle is contracting it acts as a brake, this is usually known as the antagonist, when the biceps are in the downwards phase of a bicep curl.

Isometric contraction- Is when the muscle tenses although the shape and size of the muscle remains the same; this happens most commonly in fixator muscles, so when doing the bicep curl the deltoid would be the fixator.

CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION

ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION:

Concentric muscle could curl upwards when doing weights; so when going to lift the weight the muscle that contracts would be the bicep.

Eccentric muscle would extend outwards and be known as extension, this could happen to your triceps when doing weights or doing a bicep curl.

Isometric muscle in a weightlifting circumstance would be your sternum because that would be a fixator muscle so when lifting or putting own then it helps you keep your balance.

WHEN SPORTING EXAMPLES OCCUR WITHIN CONCENTRIC

ECCENTRIC AND ISOMETRIC MUSCLES

Epimysium the thick layer that covers the entire muscle. Fasciculi is a bundle of muscle fibresPerimysium is what protects the perimysium, this prevents friction upon the fasciculi.Muscle fibres are what run the entire length of the muscle containing the muscle cells.Endomysium is what surrounds each single muscle fibre.Myofibril is contained in each muscle fibre.Sacromere this is the individual muscle cell, they are lined up side to side myofibril.