Muscle Lecture #10 Ch 10 Muscle Muse 10/31/12. An Introduction to Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue A...

Muscle

Lecture #10 Ch 10 Muscle

Muse 10/31/12

An Introduction to Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue

A primary tissue type, divided into

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Functions of Skeletal Muscles

Produce skeletal movement

Maintain body position

Support soft tissues

Guard openings

Maintain body temperature

Store nutrient reserves

Skeletal Muscle Structures

Muscle tissue (muscle cells or fibers)

Connective tissues

Nerves

Blood vessels


Organization of Connective Tissues Muscles have three layers of connective tissues

Epimysium:– exterior collagen layer

– connected to deep fascia

– Separates muscle from surrounding tissues

Perimysium: (not to be confused with paramecium)– surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles)

– contains blood vessel and nerve supply to fascicles

Endomysium:– surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)

– contains capillaries and nerve fibers contacting muscle cells

– contains myosatellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage


Figure 10–1 The Organization of Skeletal Muscles.

Figure 9.1

Bone

Perimysium

Endomysium(between individualmuscle fibers)

Muscle fiber

Fascicle(wrapped by perimysium)

Epimysium

Tendon

Epimysium

Muscle fiberin middle ofa fascicle

Blood vessel

Perimysium

Endomysium

Fascicle(a)

(b)


Organization of Connective Tissues

Muscle attachments

Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium come

together:

– at ends of muscles

– to form connective tissue attachment to bone matrix

– i.e., tendon (bundle) or aponeurosis (sheet)


Nerves

Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, controlled by

nerves of the central nervous system (brain and

spinal cord)

Blood Vessels

Muscles have extensive vascular systems that

Supply large amounts of oxygen

Supply nutrients

Carry away wastes

Skeletal Muscle: Attachments

Muscles attach: Directly—epimysium of muscle is fused to the

periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage

Indirectly—connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle as a ropelike tendon or sheetlike aponeurosis

Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Are very long

Develop through fusion of mesodermal

cells (myoblasts)

Become very large

Contain hundreds of nuclei


Figure 10–2 The Formation of a Multinucleate Skeletal Muscle Fiber.


Figure 10–2a The Formation of a Multinucleate Skeletal Muscle Fiber.


Figure 10–2b The Formation of a Multinucleate Skeletal Muscle Fiber.


Internal Organization of Muscle Fibers

The sarcolemma

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber (cell)

Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of muscle

fiber)

A change in transmembrane potential begins

contractions

NucleusLight I bandDark A band

Sarcolemma

Mitochondrion

(b) Diagram of part of a muscle fiber showing the myofibrils. Onemyofibril is extended afrom the cut end of the fiber.

Myofibril



Transverse tubules (T tubules)

Transmit action potential through cell

Allow entire muscle fiber to contract

simultaneously

Have same properties as sarcolemma


Internal Organization of Muscle Fibers Myofibrils

Lengthwise subdivisions within muscle fiber Made up of bundles of protein filaments

(myofilaments) Myofilaments are responsible for muscle

contraction Types of myofilaments:

– thin filaments: » made of the protein actin

– thick filaments: » made of the protein myosin


Internal Organization of Muscle Fibers Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A membranous structure surrounding each

myofibril

Helps transmit action potential to myofibril

Similar in structure to smooth endoplasmic

reticulum

Forms chambers (terminal cisternae) attached to

T tubules



Triad

Is formed by one T tubule and two terminal

cisternae

Cisternae:

– concentrate Ca2+ (via ion pumps)

– release Ca2+ into sarcomeres to begin muscle

contraction


Figure 10–3 The Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber.

Show video excitation coupling



Sarcomeres

The contractile units of muscle

Structural units of myofibrils

Form visible patterns within myofibrils

Muscle striations

A striped or striated pattern within myofibrils:

– alternating dark, thick filaments (A bands) and light, thin

filaments (I bands)

Sarcomere

Smallest contractile unit (functional unit) of a muscle fiber

The region of a myofibril between two successive Z discs

Composed of thick and thin myofilaments made of contractile proteins


Internal Organization of Muscle Fibers Sarcomeres

M Lines and Z Lines:– M line:

» the center of the A band

» at midline of sarcomere

– Z lines:

» the centers of the I bands

» at two ends of sarcomere

I band I bandA bandSarcomere

H zone

Thin (actin)filament

Thick (myosin)filament

Z disc Z disc

M line

(c) Small part of one myofibril enlarged to show the myofilamentsresponsible for the banding pattern. Each sarcomere extends fromone Z disc to the next.

Z disc Z discM line

Sarcomere

Thin (actin)filament

Thick(myosin)filament

Elastic (titin)filaments

(d) Enlargement of one sarcomere (sectioned lengthwise). Notice the myosin heads on the thick filaments.


Internal Organization of Muscle Fibers Sarcomeres

Zone of overlap:– the densest, darkest area on a light micrograph

– where thick and thin filaments overlap

The H Band:– the area around the M line

– has thick filaments but no thin filaments



Sarcomeres

Titin:

– are strands of protein- quite elastic, like

springs

– reach from tips of thick filaments to the Z line

– stabilize the filaments


Figure 10–4a Sarcomere Structure.


Figure 10–4b Sarcomere Structure.


Figure 10–5 Sarcomere Structure.


Figure 10–6 Levels of Functional Organization in a Skeletal Muscle.


Sarcomere Function

Transverse tubules encircle the sarcomere

near zones of overlap

Ca2+ released by SR causes thin and thick

filaments to interact


Muscle Contraction

Is caused by interactions of thick and thin

filaments

Structures of protein molecules determine

interactions


Four Thin Filament Proteins F-actin (Filamentous actin)

Is two twisted rows of globular G-actin The active sites on G-actin strands bind to myosin

Nebulin Holds F-actin strands together

Tropomyosin Is a double strand Prevents actin–myosin interaction

Troponin A globular protein Binds tropomyosin to G-actin Controlled by Ca2+


Figure 10–7a, b Thick and Thin Filaments.


Initiating Contraction

Ca2+ binds to receptor on troponin molecule

Troponin–tropomyosin complex changes

Exposes active site of F-actin


Thick Filaments Contain twisted myosin subunits Contain titin strands that recoil after

stretching The mysosin molecule

Tail:– binds to other myosin molecules

Head:– made of two globular protein subunits

– reaches the nearest thin filament


Figure 10–7c, d Thick and Thin Filaments.


Myosin Action

During contraction, myosin heads

Interact with actin filaments, forming cross-bridges

Pivot, producing motion


Skeletal Muscle Contraction

Sliding filament theory Thin filaments of sarcomere slide toward M line,

alongside thick filaments

The width of A zone stays the same

Z lines move closer together


Figure 10–8a Changes in the Appearance of a Sarcomere during the Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber.


Figure 10–8b Changes in the Appearance of a Sarcomere during the Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber.


Skeletal Muscle Contraction

The process of contraction

Neural stimulation of sarcolemma:

– causes excitation–contraction coupling

Cisternae of SR release Ca2+:

– which triggers interaction of thick and thin filaments

– consuming ATP and producing tension

The Neuromuscular Junction

Is the location of neural stimulation

Action potential (electrical signal)

Travels along nerve axon

Ends at synaptic terminal

Synaptic terminal:

– releases neurotransmitter (acetylcholine or

ACh)

– into the synaptic cleft (gap between synaptic

terminal and motor end plate)


Figure 10–10a, b Skeletal Muscle Innervation.


Figure 10–10c Skeletal Muscle Innervation.


The Neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine or ACh

Travels across the synaptic cleft

Binds to membrane receptors on sarcolemma

(motor end plate)

Causes sodium–ion rush into sarcoplasm

Is quickly broken down by enzyme

(acetylcholinesterase or AChE)


Figure 10–10c Skeletal Muscle Innervation.


Action Potential Generated by increase in sodium ions in

sarcolemma Travels along the T tubules Leads to excitation–contraction coupling

Excitation–contraction coupling:– action potential reaches a triad:

» releasing Ca2+

» triggering contraction – requires myosin heads to be in “cocked” position:

» loaded by ATP energy

Show video neuromuscular junction


Figure 10–11 The Exposure of Active Sites.

The Contraction Cycle

Five Steps of the Contraction Cycle

Exposure of active sites

Formation of cross-bridges

Pivoting of myosin heads

Detachment of cross-bridges

Reactivation of myosin


Figure 10–12 The Contraction Cycle.


[INSERT FIG. 10.12, step 1]



Fiber Shortening

As sarcomeres shorten, muscle pulls together,

producing tension

Contraction Duration

Depends on

Duration of neural stimulus

Number of free calcium ions in sarcoplasm

Availability of ATP


Figure 10–13 Shortening during a Contraction.


Relaxation Ca2+ concentrations fall

Ca2+ detaches from troponin

Active sites are re-covered by tropomyosin

Sarcomeres remain contracted

Rigor Mortis A fixed muscular contraction after death

Caused when Ion pumps cease to function; ran out of ATP

Calcium builds up in the sarcoplasm

Tension Production

The all–or–none principle As a whole, a muscle fiber is either contracted or

relaxed

Tension of a Single Muscle Fiber Depends on

The number of pivoting cross-bridges

The fiber’s resting length at the time of stimulation

The frequency of stimulation

Need more force? Recruit more fibers

Tension Production

Tension of a Single Muscle Fiber

Length–tension relationship

Number of pivoting cross-bridges depends on:

– amount of overlap between thick and thin fibers

Optimum overlap produces greatest amount of tension:

– too much or too little reduces efficiency

Normal resting sarcomere length:

– is 75% to 130% of optimal length

Tension Production

Figure 10–14 The Effect of Sarcomere Length on Active Tension.

Tension Production


Frequency of stimulation

A single neural stimulation produces:

– a single contraction or twitch

– which lasts about 7–100 msec.

Sustained muscular contractions:

– require many repeated stimuli

Tension Production

Three Phases of Twitch Latent period before contraction

The action potential moves through sarcolemma

Causing Ca2+ release

Contraction phase Calcium ions bind

Tension builds to peak

Relaxation phase Ca2+ levels fall

Active sites are covered

Tension falls to resting levels

Control of Muscle Tension

Tension Production

Figure 10–15 The Development of Tension in a Twitch.

Tension Production

Treppe

A stair-step increase in twitch tension

Repeated stimulations immediately after relaxation

phase

Stimulus frequency <50/second

Causes a series of contractions with increasing

tension

Tension Production


Wave summation

Increasing tension or summation of twitches

Repeated stimulations before the end of relaxation

phase:

– stimulus frequency >50/second

Causes increasing tension or summation of

twitches

Tension Production

Tension of a Single Muscle Fiber Incomplete tetanus

Twitches reach maximum tension

If rapid stimulation continues and muscle is not allowed to relax, twitches reach maximum level of tension

Complete Tetanus If stimulation frequency is high enough, muscle

never begins to relax, and is in continuous contraction

Tension Production

Figure 10–16 Effects of Repeated Stimulations.

Tension Production

Tension Produced by Whole Skeletal

Muscles Depends on

Internal tension produced by muscle fibers

External tension exerted by muscle fibers on

elastic extracellular fibers

Total number of muscle fibers stimulated

Tension Production

Tension Produced by Whole Skeletal Muscles

Motor units in a skeletal muscle

Contain hundreds of muscle fibers

That contract at the same time

Controlled by a single motor neuron

Tension Production


Recruitment (multiple motor unit summation)

In a whole muscle or group of muscles, smooth motion and

increasing tension are produced by slowly increasing the size or

number of motor units stimulated

Maximum tension

Achieved when all motor units reach tetanus

Can be sustained only a very short time

Tension Production

Figure 10–17 The Arrangement and Activity of Motor Units in a Skeletal Muscle.

Tension Production


Sustained tension

Less than maximum tension

Allows motor units rest in rotation

Muscle tone

The normal tension and firmness of a muscle at rest

Muscle units actively maintain body position, without motion

Increasing muscle tone increases metabolic energy used,

even at rest

Tension Production

Two Types of Skeletal Muscle Tension

Isotonic contraction

Isometric contraction

Tension Production


Isotonic Contraction

Skeletal muscle changes length:

– resulting in motion

If muscle tension > load (resistance):

– muscle shortens (concentric contraction)

If muscle tension < load (resistance):

– muscle lengthens (eccentric contraction)

Tension Production


Isometric contraction Skeletal muscle develops tension, but is prevented

from changing length

Note: iso- = same, metric = measure

Tension Production

Figure 10–18a, b Isotonic and Isometric Contractions.

Tension Production

Figure 10–18c, d Isotonic and Isometric Contractions.

Tension Production

Resistance and Speed of Contraction Are inversely related

The heavier the load (resistance) on a muscle The longer it takes for shortening to begin

And the less the muscle will shorten

Muscle Relaxation After contraction, a muscle fiber returns to resting

length by Elastic forces

Opposing muscle contractions

Gravity

Tension Production

Figure 10–19 Load and Speed of Contraction.

Tension Production

Elastic Forces

The pull of elastic elements (tendons and ligaments)

Expands the sarcomeres to resting length

Opposing Muscle Contractions

Reverse the direction of the original motion

Are the work of opposing skeletal muscle pairs

Tension Production

Gravity

Can take the place of opposing muscle

contraction to return a muscle to its resting

state

ATP and Muscle Contraction

Sustained muscle contraction uses a lot of

ATP energy

Muscles store enough energy to start

contraction

Muscle fibers must manufacture more ATP

as needed


ATP and CP Reserves Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

The active energy molecule

Creatine phosphate (CP) The storage molecule for excess ATP energy in resting muscle

Energy recharges ADP to ATP Using the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK or

CK)

When CP is used up, other mechanisms generate ATP


Energy Use and Muscle Activity

At peak exertion

Muscles lack oxygen to support mitochondria

Muscles rely on glycolysis for ATP

Pyruvic acid builds up, is converted to lactic acid


Figure 10–20 Muscle Metabolism.


Figure 10–20a Muscle Metabolism.


Figure 10–20c Muscle Metabolism.


Muscle Fatigue

When muscles can no longer perform a required

activity, they are fatigued

Results of Muscle Fatigue

Depletion of metabolic reserves

Damage to sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum

Low pH (lactic acid)

Muscle exhaustion and pain


The Cori Cycle The removal and recycling of lactic acid by the liver

Liver converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid

Glucose is released to recharge muscle glycogen reserves

Oxygen Debt After exercise or other exertion

The body needs more oxygen than usual to normalize metabolic activities

Resulting in heavy breathing


Skeletal muscles at rest metabolize fatty acids

and store glycogen

During light activity, muscles generate ATP

through anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates,

lipids, or amino acids

At peak activity, energy is provided by anaerobic

reactions that generate lactic acid as a

byproduct


Muscle Performance

Power The maximum amount of tension produced

Endurance The amount of time an activity can be sustained

Power and endurance depend on The types of muscle fibers

Physical conditioning

Muscle Fiber Types

Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Fast fibers

Slow fibers

Intermediate fibers

Muscle Fiber Types


Fast fibers

Contract very quickly

Have large diameter, large glycogen reserves, few

mitochondria

Have strong contractions, fatigue quickly

Muscle Fiber Types


Slow fibers

Are slow to contract, slow to fatigue

Have small diameter, more mitochondria

Have high oxygen supply

Contain myoglobin (red pigment, binds oxygen)

Muscle Fiber Types


Intermediate fibers

Are mid-sized

Have low myoglobin

Have more capillaries than fast fibers, slower to

fatigue

Muscle Fiber Types

Figure 10–21 Fast versus Slow Fibers.

Muscle Fiber Types

Muscles and Fiber Types White muscle

Mostly fast fibers (aka Fast twitch) Pale (e.g., chicken breast)

Red muscle Mostly slow fibers (aka slow twitch) Dark (e.g., chicken legs)

Most human muscles Mixed fibers (General proportions determined by genetics)

Pink

Muscle Fiber Types

Muscle Hypertrophy Muscle growth from heavy training

Increases diameter of muscle fibers

Increases number of myofibrils

Increases mitochondria, glycogen reserves

Muscle Atrophy Lack of muscle activity

Reduces muscle size, tone, and power

Muscle Fiber Types

What you don’t use, you lose

Muscle tone indicates base activity in motor units of skeletal muscles

Muscles become flaccid when inactive for days or weeks

Muscle fibers break down proteins, become smaller and weaker

With prolonged inactivity, fibrous tissue may replace muscle fibers

Muscle Lecture #10 Ch 10 Muscle Muse 10/31/12. An Introduction to Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue A...

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