Mus 100 3 terms barq
Transcript of Mus 100 3 terms barq
Symbols called sharps #, or flats♭placed in front of letter named tones, determine the direction, either up or down of half-steps.
Sharps = up ↑
Flats = down ↓
• Keys next to one another, either up or down or black or white, are referred to has half-steps.
↑↑ ↑↑Half steps
Materials of MusicTerms
• Transposition – shifting an entire piece of music from one key to another
–This is done often for singers
• Modulation – changing from one key to other keys within one piece of music
• Baroque style adopted a highly dramatic type of expression rather than the classical ideals of the Renaissance.
• Art, architecture, dress and music becomes extreme, grandiose and highly emotional.
The Baroque Era• The term Baroque means odd, irregular,
rough and uneven and refers to the elaborate quality of the Baroque style.– It was originally a negative term
• Sacred and secular culture was even more equal in this style period than the past.
The Baroque Era• A time of contrasts:
– Science and Religion– Knowledge and faith– Poverty and opulence
ReligionMany Religious Wars between Protestants
and Catholics.Puritans, Separatists and Quakers leave
England seeking religious freedom.
The Baroque EraPainting
Painters were fascinated with the effects of light.
Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens
Baroque Music• First Opera house constructed• First public concerts• The rise of instrumental music• Explorations in dynamics (contrast)• Establishment of movements
occurs during this time.
Baroque MusicMovements
• Individual sections of a larger piece of music– The sections often contrast each other
French Suite, No. 1, D minor BWV 812 Johann Sebastian Bach AllemandeCouranteSarabandeMenuetGigue
Baroque Music• Movements act much like acts of a play or
chapters of a book. They are a portion of the whole.
Examples of multi-movement works:– Chamber Music– Sonata– Concerto– Symphony– Dance Suite
Baroque Music• The tonal system we use today,
with major and minor scales, was put into wide use during this time.
• The triad became a significant element to harmonic writing.
The Doctrine of the Affections• One mood or affection per
movement or piece of music–This arose out of the union of text
and music• The rise of the virtuoso
–Performers with exceptional ability or skill
Women in Baroque Music• Women continue to advance in Baroque music as
singers, instrumentalists and composers
– Francesca Caccini (1587-1638)• Singer and first woman to compose an opera
– Barbara Strozzi (1619-1677)• Singer and composer
– Elisabeth-Jacquet de la Guerre (c. 1666-1729)• French harpsichord player in Louis XIV’s
court and composer
Francesca Caccini (1587-1641)• Italian composer, singer, lutenist, poet,
and music teacher• Sang at the wedding of Henry IV to
Maria de Medici• Hired as a musician at the very
influential Medici court• Her stage work, La liberazione di
Ruggiero, has been widely considered the first opera by a woman composer.
Elisabeth Claude Jacquet de La Guerre(1665-1729)
• French composer & harpsichordist• One of the only women musicians at the
court of Louis XIV• After leaving court she was an
influential musicians at the French salons
Elisabeth Claude Jacquet de La Guerre(1665-1729)
• Suite No. 1, 2nd Gigue, from Pieces for Harpsichord
• C’en est fait, le repos – from Judith
17th-century Italy• Italy in the seventeenth century was very
different from the unified country we know today. Cities like Florence, Venice, Genoa, Bologna, and Naples formed small individual states with distinct local customs, traditions, dialects, and even artistic traditions.
• Home of the Florentine Camerata – A group of intellectuals who discussed and
initiated artistic style changes
Florence, Italy
• They wanted to express words in vocal music as clearly as possible– Polyphonic textures were avoided
• This type of new solo singing style is called monody– Songs were accompanied by
simple chords that supported the vocal line
• Monody influences the creation of opera
Florentine Camerata
Opera• An opera is a musical drama that is
entirely sung.
• Opera is an excellent example of the exaggerated drama of the Baroque era.
Opera• The written story or text of an opera is
called:– The Libretto.
• The libretto is then set to music by a composer.– Librettos were highly sought after by
Baroque opera attendees.
Sections of the Opera: Recitative & Aria
• Recitative – a style of singing closely related to speech. – They provide the story and dramatic action
to an opera.• Their melodies follow the natural
inflections of speech.• Their primary purpose is to clearly
express the text.
OperaAria
• An aria expresses the emotions of an opera, and the reflection of the characters.
• The text is often less complicated than recitatives– Arias may contain extensive vocal display.
Sections of Opera• The Recitatives and Arias• Can be considered the body and soul of
opera.– Body – Structure, foundation– Soul – Emotion, passion
Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)• Choir master at St. Mark’s in Venice.
– Monteverdi successfully incorporated the clear vocal line from Florence - Monody
• Monteverdi’s L’Orfeo of 1607 is considered the first opera.
Opera in France & England• King Louis XIV of France established
French national ballet and French national opera– Tragédie lyrique – French opera– Jean-Baptiste Lully – composer of
French opera
Opera in France & England• English puritans banned theater during
the early Baroque period• Henry Purcell – England’s first opera
composer. Wrote Dido and Aeneas– Page 141, 142 Recitative and Aria
Opera Singers• Some of the most famous and sought after
singers of opera were male singers, even for woman’s roles.– An interest in women’s voices was still
developing during this time• Castrati were boys who were castrated before
reaching maturity in order to preserve the quality of their voices.– Castrati were eventually outlawed in most
countries. The French particularly disliked the sound of the castrati voice.
Allesandro Moreschi
The Last Living Castrati
• Alessandro Moreschi (1858-1922)
• A member of the Pope’s choir–Made the only known
recording of a castrato–Made in Rome in
1903/04–In his mid 40s
Barbara Strozzi and the Italian Secular Cantata
• Cantata (Italian “to sing”) • Vocal genre for solo
singers and instrumental accompaniment
• Based on lyric, dramatic, or narrative poetry
Barbara Strozzi (1619–1677) • Italian singer and composer
• Educated in Venice
• Worked in a male-dominated field
• Prolific composer of madrigals, arias, cantatas, and sacred motets
Strozzi: Begli occhi (Beautiful Eyes) • Short secular cantata
• Two sopranos and basso continuo
• Abrupt tempo and mood changes
• Text speaks of unrequited love
• Dissonances emphasize bitterness
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)• An organist. From a musical family of over 200
years of musicians• Never left Germany. Worked in many cities within
his own country• Married twice
– First wife Maria Barbara died young – Anna Magdalena was his 2nd wife – He had a total of 20 children between two wives
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
• Reputation– One of the hardest working musicians
in music history.– He is considered the greatest
composer of polyphonic music in the history of western music
– His music contributions are so important that the end of the Baroque period is also the year he died - 1750
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
• Bach was a devout Lutheran.
• He refined the sacred cantata to provide for the heavy demand for vocal music for Sunday church services and special holidays.
• Cantata – a musical piece that is sung.
Bach’s Cantatas• Early Lutheran church services were often 4
hours long. • Bach wrote over 300 cantatas for these types of
services.• Cantata No. 80, A Mighty Fortress is Our God
George Frederic Handel (1685-1759)
• German born• Trained in Italy• Traveled throughout Europe• Spent a large part of his life in
England.• Organist, harpsichordist, composer.• Adopted the dramatic opera style of
Italy to his music.
George Frideric Handel (1685–1759)• International career• Wrote:• Italian opera seria • oratorios • Instrumental music
– Music for the Royal Fireworks
– Water Music
Handel and the Oratorio• Oratorio
– Performed by solo voices, chorus, orchestra
• Vocal dramas like opera but on a sacred subject and they are not costumed or staged.
– Sacred entertainment
• His oratorios appealed to the people of England.– Handel’s oratorios contain extensive use of
choruses.
Handel: Messiah • Premiered in Dublin in 1742• Written in 24 days• Libretto: compilation of Old and
New Testament
•“Hallelujah! Hallelujah!” homophonic
•“For the Lord God reigneth” monophonic
•“The Kingdom for this world is become” homophonic
•“And He shall reign for ever and ever” polyphonic
•“King of Kings and Lord of Lords” homophonic
Hallelujah Chorus: contrasting textures
Hallelujah Chorus• Tradition states the George II was so
moved that he rose to his feet in admiration• This tradition still goes on today.