T I O NEnql i shGrafimarin UseAselt-studyreference andpractice book forintermediatestudentsrTirrTfrrri-{iFrRaymondMurphySECONDEDI TI ONCAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESSThe ?itt Buildins,nunpingtoo Stred,Cinbridse CB2lR!Uniled KingdomThe EdirburghBdlding, canbridse C322RU, Unned Kingdom40 ' Ves 20thStreer,Ne' York,NY1001l- 421I, UsAl0Stanford Road,Oaldeigh,Melboulne3166,Aunralia@ C,nbridge UniversityPrss1985,1994This book is in copydsh!.Subjec!to$aororyexceptionandro the provisjoos of relev' ntcollectivelicensingtgeemenB,no reprcductionofany pan nay Bke plae wnfiouttbevriGnp*nission of cambridseUniv$ityPe$.Founh prinring(vith mendmens) 1936Twentyjir$ p.inling 1993hntdinGreatBliBin b/ScotprinrLtd, Muselbuqh, Scotlaadtarzla$eard fo, th;s booAn aoaitable lnn the BitishLibnlISBN 0 52143680X (' nhtnssertISBN 0 521436818 (vnhoutansve*)coilrEl{TsTo tbe studentTo the teacher ix1Presenrconrinuous (I am doing)2Presentsimple (I do)3Presentcontinuousand presentsimple (1) (I am doing and I do)4Presentcontinuousand presentsimple (2) (I am doing and I do)5Pastsimple (I did)5Pastcontinuous (I was doing)Prcseht Perfect and Past7Presentperfct 11) (I havedone)8Present perfecr(2) (I havedone)9Present perfectcontinuous (I havebeendoing)10Present prfctcontinuousand simple (I havebeendoing and I havedone)11How long have you (been)...?12When.,.?and How long..,?Forandsinc13Present perfectand past (1)(I havedoneand I did)14Presentperfectand past (2)(I havdoneand I did)15Pasrperfect (I had done)16Pasrperfectcontinuous (I had beendoing)17Have and havegot18Usedto (do)19Presenrrenses (I am doing / I do) for the future20 (I'm)going to (do)21wilYshall (1)22wilVshall (2)23I will and I'n going to24Will be doing and will havedone25when I do / When I've doneWhenandifModals26Cad, could and (be)ableto27Could (do) and could have (done)28Must and can't29May and misht (1)30May and migbt (2)31Must and haveto32Mustmustntneedn't33Should (1)34Should (2)l35Had betterIt's time,..35Can / Could / Would you..,l etc. (Requests, offers,permissionand invitations)Conditionalsand' wish'37I f I do. . , and I f I di d. . .38IfIknew...I wish I knew...39Iflhad known...I wish I had known..40WouldI wish...would41Passive (1)(is done/was done)42Passive (2)(bebeen/treing done)43Passive(3)44kis saidthat,.,He is saidto... (be) supposedto...45Have somethingdone46Reportedspeech (1) (He saidthat...)47Reportedspeech (2)Questions and auxiliaryuerbs48 Quest i ons (1)49 Questions (2) (Do you know where...?/ Sheaskedne where...)50Auxiliary verbs(hav/do/anetc.)I think so / I hopeso etc.51 Question tags (do you?isn't itlerc.)-irrg and the infinitiue52Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.)53Verb + to... (decide to do / forgetto do etc.)54Vcrb + (object)+ to... (l want (you)to do etc.)55Vrb + -ing or to,,, (1 ) (rmember/resret etc. )55Verb r -ing or to,,. (2) (trylneed/help)57Verb + -ins or to...(3) (like/wouldlike etc.)58Preferand would rather59Preposition(inlfor/aboutetc.)+ -ing50Be/getusedto something (l'm usedto...)51Verb + preposition+ -ing (suceedin -ing / accusesomebodyof -ing etc.)62Expressions+ -ins53To,.., for... and so that... (purpose)54Adjedive + to,,,65To... (afraid to do) and preposition+ -ing (afraid of-ing)ooSeesomebodydo and seesomebodydoing67 -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed early.)Articbs and nouns58Countableand uncountablenouns(1)69Countableand uncountablenouns (2)70Countablenounswith a/a;rand some71A"/anand the72The \ 1)73The \2) (school / the school)74The (3)(Childrn/ the children)75The (4)(The giraffe/ the telephone/ the piano etc.;the + adjective)76Nameswith and without the (1)77Nameswith and wiihout the (2)78Singularand plural79Noun + noun (a tennisball / a headacheetc.)80 rs lth Sirlt nane) and of... (the nameof the book)Pronounsand determiners81A friend of mineMy own houseOn my own / by myself82Myself/yourself/themselvesetc.83There. . . andi t . . .84Someand any85No/non/any86Much, many, littl, few, a lot, plenty87All/all ofrnost/ most ofno / noneof etc.88Both / both ofneither/ neitherofeither/ eitherof89All, everyand whole90Eachand every91Relativeclauses (1) - clauseswith who/that/which92Relativeclauses(2) - clauseswith or without who/that/which93Relativeclauses(3) - whose/whom/where94Relativeclauses(4) -'extra information'clauses (1)95Relativeclauses(5)-'extrainformarion'clauses (2)95 -ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking to Torn, the boy iniurdin the accident)Adlectiuesadaduetbs97Adjectivesendingin -ing and -ed (boring/boredetc.)98Adjectives:word order (a nicenew house)Adjectivesafter verbs (You looktired)99Adjectivesand adverbs (1) (quicVquickly)100 Adjectivesand adverbs (2) (wlvfasi4ate, hard/hardly)101 So and such102 Enoughand too103 Quite and rather104 Comparison (1) - chaper,more xpensiveerc.105 Cornparison (2)106 Compadson(3) - as...as/ than107 superladves - th longest/ the most enioyableetc.108 Word ordr (1) - verb + object;placeand time109 Vordorder (2)- adverbswith the verb110Still, yer and alreadyAny more/ any longr/ no longr111 EvenCaniunctiofis afid p/ ePositions112 Although/ tholgh / eventhoughtn spiteofldespite113 I n cas114 UnlessAs lons as and provided/providing115 As (reasonandt ' me)116 Li keandas117 As i f118 For, during and while119 By and untilBy the time.,.120 At/on/in (rime)121 ontime / in timeAt the end/ in the end122 In/atlon (place)(1)123 l0/atlon (place)(2)124 In/atlon (place)(3)125To/atlir/into126 Or/irvar (otheruses)127 By128 Noun + preposition(reasonfor, causeo{ etc.)129 Adjective+ preposirion(1)130 Adjecrive+ preposition(2)131 Verb + preposirion(1) at and to132 Verb + preposition 12) abottlfoofJaftel133 Verb + preposition(3) about and of134 Verb + preposition(4) otfor{ron/on135 Verb + preposition(5) iMnto/with/tolon136 Phrasalverbs(gtup / brakdown / fill in etc.)Appendix 1Regularand irregularverbs274Appendix2Presentand pasttenses276Appendix3The future277Appendix4Modal verbs (can/could/wilVwould etc.)278Appendix5Short forms (I'm,/you'vddidn'tetc.)279Appendix5Spelling280Appendix 7AmericanEnglish282Additionalexercises 284Srudyguide301Key to Exrcises 310Key to Additional exercises 340Key to Srudyguide343Index344IHAI{KSI would like to thank all the studentsand teacherswho usedthe materialthatnade up the originaleditionofthis book.In parricular,I am gratefulto myformercolleaguesat the SwanSchoolof English,Oxford, for alltheir interesrand encouragement.I would alsolike to thank Adrian du Plessis,Alison Baxter,BarbaraThomasand Michael Swan{or their help with the originaledition.Rgardinsthis new edirion,I would like to expressmy thanksto:Jeanne McCartenfor her help and advicerhroughoutthe preparationof thprojectAlison Silvr,GeraldineMark, PeterDonovan,Ruth Carim and NickNewton of CambridgeUniversityPressGerryAbbot, RichardFay, Claft Wesrand PamMurphy for rheir commentson rne man'rscf'prSuAndr6 and PaulHeacockfor their helpwith the appendixon AmericanEnglishAmandaMacPhailfor the illustrationsTOIHESTUIIEI{TThis book is ior studentsrvho rvanrhclp ivith English tramrnar. h is Nritten for you to useThe book will be usefulfor 1ou if yoLrarenot sureof the answersro questionslikc thcsc:r Vhatis rhe diiferenceberweel I did and I hayedonel. \vhen do rveuse ptll for the futurc?. What is rhe srrucrureafrer i rlisr?. When do we sayasadto do and rvhendo rves^y usedto doingl. \flhen do we uscfre). What is the differencebenveen1itreand as?Theseand many other points of Englishgrammarare explainedin the book and therc'rrcexcrci seson edchpoi Dt .LevelThe book is inrcndedmaiilyfor internedidtesurdents (students who havealreadystudiedrhebasicgrammarof English).It concentrateson thosestructuresrvhichintermediatestudentsrvantto usebut whicL ofrcn causedifficulry.Sone advancedsrudenrswho haveproblemswnhgrammarrvill also find the book useful.The book is rotsuitablefor elementarylearners.How thc book is organisedThereare136uni t si n t he book. Eachuni t coDcent rareson a parri cul arpoi nrofgrammar. Someproblems(for cxamplc,the presenrperfecror rhe useof tle) arecoveredin more than one unir.lora lisr of units,seethe Corl???tsar the beginningof the book.Eachunit coDsistsof two facingpages.On the lefr thereareexplanationsand examples;ondre right rhereareexercises.At rhe back of rhe bc,okthereis a Ke1for you to checkyouraDswersro t heexerci ses (page 310).Thefeare aho sevenApp?rdl.esat thc backof thc book (pases27,1-283).Theseincludeirregularverbs,summariesof verb forns, spellingrnd Anerican Enslisb.Finally,thereis a detailedlnde:at the backof the book (page 3,14).How to usethe bookThe unitsare ,otin order of difficulty, so ir is ,o/iDtendedthar you work rhroughthe bookfrom begiDninsto end.Everyleamerhasdifferentproblemsand you shouldLrsedris book tohelp you rvith the gramnar that 1oa find difficult. h is suggesredthrt yorrwork in this way:. Userhe Correntsand/or hdexto find $,hichunit dealswirh the point you are inreresredin.. If you are not surewhich units you needto snrdy,Lrsethc Studl A,td? on page30 1.. Studythe explanationsand exampleson the left-handpageof rhe unir you havechosen.. Do the exerciseson the righFhandpage.r C|eck yoLrranswersrvith rhe Kry.. If your ansrversare not correct,studythe left-handpageaganrto seervhatwenlvrorg.You can oicourse usethe book simplvas a referencebook wirhout dohg dreexercises.Additional exercisesAt the backof thc book thercarc Additianalexe,..ter (pages284-300).Theseexercisesbrilrgtogethersone of rhe grammarpoints from a numberof differenrunits. Forexample,Exercise14bringstogethergrammarpoinrsfrom Units 26-40. You can usetheseexercisesfor extra pracnceafter you hrve studiedand pracised the gramDrar in the unirsconcerned.vlTOIHEIEACHEREnglishCrdmnhUr,r waswritten as a self-snrdygramnar book but teachersmay alsofind u usefulas additionalcoursematerialin casesrvherefurther work on grammarisThe book w;11probablybe most useful.rr niddle- and Lrpper-internediatelevels 1lvhere atlor nearlyall of rhe marerialwill be rclevant),and can serveboth as a basisfor revisionandas a meansfor practisingnew structures.lr will alsobe usefulfor somemoreadvancedstudertsrvho haveproblemsrvith grammarand needa book for rcferenceand practice.Thebook is not intendedro be usedby elemenrarylearners.The unirsare organisedin grammaricalcaregories lPresent dfld past,Atticlesand nouns,P/rpositiorserc.).They are not orderedaccordingto levelof difficuhy,so the book shouldllof be lvorkedthfough from beginningto end. It shouldbe usedselectivelyand flexibly inaccordancewith rlre grammarsyllabusbeingusedand the difliculticsstudentsare having.The book can be usedfor immediareconsolidationor for larcr fevisionor remedialwork.It nrightbe usedby rhewhole classor by nrdividualstudentsneedingextra help.The lefr-hand pages(explanarions and examples)arervrittenfor the studentro useindivictuallybtrtthey may of coursebe usedby the reacheras a soLrrceof ideasand informationon rvhichtobasea lesson.The srudenrthen hasthc left-handpageas a recordof rvhathasbecnraughtand crn referro ir in rhe fLrture.The exercisescan be donenrdividually,;n classor ashomework.Alternatively (and additionally),hdividLralstudentscan be directedro studycerrainunitsof the book by themselvesifthey haveparticulardifficuhiesnot sharedby otherst udent si n t hei rcl ass.This nerveditn,nof EnglishCnmmutin Usecon:da.Dsa setof Additiondl Jr?rcbrs (pases284 300). Theseexerci ses pf ovi de' mi xed' pract i cebri rgi Dgt oget her grammarpoi nt sf rom anumberof differentunits.A 'classroom edition' of EnglishGrannarinUse is alsoavailable.h containsno key andsonretcachersmieht thereforeorefer ir for uscwith their students.ixEnglishGrammarinUseSecondEditionWhile this is a complerelynew editionof ErglsD Grummarift Use,the Sene:dalstructureand characterof the original book remainthe same.The mainchangesfrom the originalare:. Therearenew units on compoundnouns (Unir 79), thele ^nd n \Unit 83),eachandeuery lUnir 90) and &r (Unir 127). Someunits havebeenredesigned,for exampleUnit73lschoolorthe school)and Unir 94 (relative clauses4).. Someofthe materialhasbeenreorganised.For example,Units 3 4 (presenrcontinuousand presentsimple)and Units 68-59 lcountable anduncountablenouns)correspondto singleunits in the o.;ginaiedition Themarerialin Units 131-135 (verb+ preposirion)hasbeencomplerelyrearranged.. Someof rhe units havebeenreorderedalld nearlyall unirshavea differentnumberfrom the originaledition.A few unirshavebeenmovedto differentpartsof the book. For example,Unit 35 lrad 6"tter ^nd it's time...) is thenew rewrirrenversionof the original Unit 65.. On the left-handpages,many ofthe explanationshavebeenrewrittenandmanyolrheex: mpl e. hat ebeen. hanged. Many of the originalexerciseshavebeeneithermodifiedor completelyreplacedwirh new exercises.. Thereis a new sectionof Additianal ere/.isesat the backof the book (seeTo the student).. In the editionwirh answersthereis a new strd) g'tde to help srudenrsdecidewhich unirsto srrdy lsee To the student).The Stuldy guide sonly inthe editionwith answers.. Thereare two new appendiceson future forms and modal verbs.The otherappendiceshavebeenrevised.trIEtr[EUEEgStudythis examplesituation:Ann is in her car. Sheis on her way ro work.Sbeis driving to rvork.This means:sheis driving rou,at the time ofspeaking.The acion is not finished.Am/is/are -ing is the p/csentcontinuous,Ian (= I'n)drivinghe/she/it is (= he'setc.)workingwe/you/rhey are (= we'reetc.)doing etc.doi ng) Preseni cont i nuous (lamI am doing something = I'm in the middleof doing somerhin$I've starreddoing it and I havenlfinishedyet.Often the action is happeniDgat the time of speaking:r Pleasedon't makeso much noise.I'm working. ('ior'l work')|' Where' s Margaret ?'' She\havi nga bat h. ' (not ' shehasa bat h' ). LeCsgo out now. kisn't raining any more. (r7o, 'it cloesnlrain ).(dt a pty)Hello, Jan. Are you enjoyingthe party?("or 'do you eniov'). I'm rired.I'm coing to bed now. Goodnighr!But the actionis not necessarilyhappeningat rhetime of speaking.For example:Sone moreexamples:. Carherinewantsro work in haly, so sheis learningItalian. (but perhapssheisn\learningItalian exactlyat the time of speaking)o Somefriendsof minearebuilding their owll house.They hopeit will be finishedbeforenext summer.We usethe presenrconrinuouswhen we talk about thingshappeniDgin a period aroundnow(for example,today / this week/ this eveningetc.):. 'You're workinChard today.' 'Yes, I havea lot to do.' (ror'you work hard today'). 'ls Susanworking this week?' 'No, she'son holiday.''!le usethe presenrcontinuouswhen we talk about changeshappeningaround now:. The populationof the world is rising very fast. (ror 'rises'). Is your Enclish getting better? (rot'does your Englishget better')Tur" ard A-n : re rrl ki ngrn a , . rf e. Toa (a) ' ,Tom is ,otreadingthe book at the rime of speaking.He meansthat he hasstarredit but not finishedir yet.He is in rherniddleof readinsit.I'nredingan interestingbook .trhemonent.I'11lend ,r ro you when I'vc finishedit.Prosenrcontinuousand presenl simple - @EPrcsenrconrinuousrortheiutu - @guhlEXERCTSES 11.1Conpletethe selltenes&)ithone of the faLlaltuq rcrbs in the correct fatm:gthappenlookmakestartstaytry*erk1 'You :r.e.werkiro.hard today.' 'Yes, I havea lor ro do.'2L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f or Chr i sr i ne. Do youknowwher eshei sl3k. . . dark. Shal l Inrrnon t hel i ght ?4Theyhaven' t goranyrvherero l i vear t hemonenr. They.. . . . . . . . .. ... . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . rvi t hfriendsunril they find somewhcrc.5 ' Are youready, Ann?'' Yes,L.o H : v e y o u g o r r n r mb r e l l a ? l r . . . . . . . . r o r a r n .7Yot . .. . . . . . . . . a l otofnoi se. Coul d you bequi et er?L.. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .t o concent rat e.8\ ( r hyar eal l t hesepeopl eher e) \ f l hat . . . . . .. . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . ?1.2Usethe words in brdcketsto completethe questions.'| ' le Qatl1v!e*i!14. this week?' 'No, he\on holiday.' (Colir/work)2Why.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ar mel i ker har : whar ' st hemat t er ? ( you/ l ook)3 ' Jenny i s a srudenra!uni versi l y. '' l s she?what . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ?'(sheArudy)4.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ro t heradi oor canIt unr i r of f l(anybody/ l i st en)5How h your English?..better? (i/ger)1.3Put the uerbiflto the cottect form. Sonetimes you needthe negatiue (l'm not doing et..).1I'm rired.Llal4sing (go) to bed now. Goodnighr!2We can go our now. It . .hn:9.r41ntt^.. (rain) any more.3 ' How i s yoLl rnew j ob?'' Notsogooda!t hemomenr. I .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .(enj oy) i tvery mucn.4Cat heri nephonedme l ast ni ght . She' son hol i dayi n Ft . ance. She. . . . . . . . . .(have) a greattime and doesn\ want to comeback.5I wanr to loseweight,so this week L(ead lunch.6Angel ahas j ustst art edeveni ngcl asses. She. . . . ..(l earn) German.7It hi nkPaul andAnn havehadanargumenr. Th"y- -. . . . ..(speak) t o each'1,4 ReadtbtsconuersationbetweenBriaft dnd Sarcb.Pt the uelbsinto the correct farmSARAI I : Bri anl Hol v ni cet o seeyoul \ l vhatl rt. . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . (youi do)t hesedayslBRI AN: I12) . . . . . ..(t rai n) ro bea supermarket manager.SARAH:Really?\hais it like? l.r) .. .. . (you/enjoy)it?BRIAN:It's all right. Whal about youls,rt,ru: Well, actuallyI 1 . .. .. lnot/work) at the noment.Ii 5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( t r y)t o f i nda j ob but i t ' snot easy.Bur I'm very busy.I rer . (decorare)my flat.BRI AN:t 7t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( you/ do) i tal one?SARAH: No,somef ri endsofmi ne t s) . ... . . . ..(hel p) me.1.5Completetbe sentencesusingone of theseuerbs: set changrisefallincreasYau don't haueto usealLthe uetbsandyorcan asea uerbmore than once.1The populationof the rvorld . jp riciug.. very fast.2Keni sst i l l i l lbutbe. . . . berrersl owl y.3Theworl d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .Thi ngsneversrayt hesame.4The cost of living. . Everyyearthingsare moreexpensive.5Theeconomi csi ruari oni saheadyverybadandi r . . . . ... . . . . . .Srudythis examplesituation:Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep.So:He isot driving a bus. (He is asleep.)&,rtHe drivesa bus. (He is a bus driver.)) o' i ' et . ri *orkt st / do(est erc.' rhe prescnt' i npl p:IIr^--1,^-/rlavA.n"l-^.Lld^ pr.Vwe/vor.r/thevdrive/worli./doerc.he/she/itdrives/works/doesetc.Presentsi mpl e (ldo)We userhepresenrsimpleto talk abourthingsin generalWe arenot thinking only about nowWe useit to saythat somethinghappensall the rime or repeatedly,or that somethingis true ingeneral.It is not importantwhetherrheaction is happeningat ihe time of speaking:oNurseslook after patientsin hospitals.oI usually go away ar weekends.rThe earth goesround the sun.Rememberthat we say:he/she/it -s. Don't forgetthe s:oI work... 6*t He works...They teach . bar My sisterteaches..For spellinC (-sor -es), seeAppendix6.\ve u'e do/doesro maLe que*ion' and negat ive .enrence.:. Iwork)doVwe/YoLVtheY'comeidoeshe/she/itrI comefrorn Canada.Wheredo you comfron?o '\fould you like a cigareftei' 'No, thanks.I don't smoke.'owhatdoesthis word mean? (rot'what meansthis wordl').Ricedoesnl grow in cold climaresIn the following examplesdo is alsothe main verb:. 'Whar do you dol'(= WhaCsyour job?) 'l work in a shop '.He's so lazy.He doesn'tdo anythingto helpme (tot 'He doesn'tanything')weusethe presentsimplewhen we sayhow oftenwe do things:.I get up at 8 o'clockeverymorning. (/,ot'l'mgertirg')oHow often do you go to the dentistl (ttot'How often are you going?').Ann doesn'tdrink tea very often..In summer John uslally playsrennisonceor twice a weekI promise/ I apologiseetc.Sometimeswe do thingsby sayingsomethingFor example,when you pronteto do something,you can say 'l promise...';when you suggestsomethinS,you can say 'I suggest...'.\teusethepresentsimple (prornise/suggestetc.)in sentnceslike this:.I promiseI wontbe late. (aor'I'm promising')o 'What do you suggestI dol' 'I suggestthat you. 'I nr hesamewaywesay: l apol ogi se. . . / I advi se. . . / I i nsi st . . / I agr ee. . / l r ef use. . . er cVwe/you/theydonthe/she/irdoesn'rPresentsimpLeand presentconlinLrous , NEPreseitsimpe forthelulure' MEEXERCISES2.1Complete the sentencesusing one of the fo olring:cause(s) closG)drink(s)live(s)open(s)speok+)take(s)place1Ann ...ePeekg...Germanverywell.4Baddriving .. .. ....................many accidents.2Inever. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cof f ee. 5My parent s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i n a very3The swimmingpool ...............................atsmallflat.9 o' cl ockand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at18. 305TheOl ympi cGames.UI{IT22.2Put tbe verb into tbe coftect foffi.1 Jane ...49.e2n94in!-'.. lnot/drink) tea very often.2What time .............................(the banks/ close)in Britain?3 'Where .............................(Maniri/come) from?' 'He's Scottish.'4 'What................... .. .. ... (yor:,rdo)?' 'I'm an electricalengineer.'5I t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (t ake)mean hourt o get t o work.How l ong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ri drake)you?5I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (pl ay)t hepi anobutL.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .(not t pl ay)verywel l .7I don't understandthis sentence.What .............................. (thisword/mean)?2,3Useone of the following uetus to complete tbesesentences.Sometimesyou need tbe negatiue:believeeatflowgegre*,makerisetelltranslate1The earth..sQ.e.e..round th sun.7An interpreter......... ......... .. .........from one2Rice...dqe.s..r.t'tsr,o.ry....in Britain. languageinto another.3Thesun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i n t heeast ,8A l i ari ssomeonewho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Bees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h3""y. t herut h.5Vegerarians.................meat.9TheRiverAmazon................................ into6An atheist.......................................in God.theAtlanticOcean.2.4AskLiz Etestiohs about herselfand her family.1YouknowrharLiz plays rennis.You wantto knowhowoJten.Askher.How often...dp- yp..q.pj?y..!9. nnl9.?-..2PerhapsLiz'ssisterplays tennistoo.Youwanrro know.AskLiz.your. i srer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .3You knowthatLiz readsa newspapereveryday.You wantto knowwhichone.Askher.4You know rhat Liz's brotherworks. You want to know what he does.Ask Liz.5You knowthat Liz eoesto the cinema a lot.You want toknow how often. Ask her.6You don't know wherLiz's mother lives.Ask Liz.2.5Conpleteusitrsoneof the fonouing:I apologiseI insistI promise I recommendlcugg$*1lt's a niceday. ...!.-6.!.!49-e.et...we go out for a walk.2I won'r tell anybodywhat you said.3 (in a restaurant) You must let me pay forthe meal.4....................... ..... for what I saidabout you. It wasn't true and I shouldn'thavesaidit.5The new restauJantin HillStreetis very good. ................................it.Studythe explanationsand comparethe examplesrL'esentrctiilluous lI am doinglUserhecontinuousfor sonerhingthat ishappeni ngator aroundt heri meof speaki ng.The adion is not finished.Presentsimple lI do)Userhesimpleior thingsin gcneralor thingsrhat happenrepeatedly.I d opast lururtrThe i,arer is boiling. Can you turn it off?.Lisrento thosepeople.whatIanguagearthey speaking?.Leis go our. h isn't raining now.. 'Don't disrurbme. I'm busy.' 'Why?\flhat are you doing?'.I'm goingto bednow. Goodnight!.Maria is it1Brirainar the monenr. She'slarninsEnslish.Usethe conrinuousfor a remPorz4,rl'm living rvith somefrields until I find aflat.r 'You're working hard roday.' 'Yes, I'veSeeUnit 1 for more informarion.oWat erboi l sat100degreescel si us..Excusen1e,do you speakEnglish?oIt doesn'train verr much nr summer.oWhat do you Lrsual l l do ar weckends?e\ (hatdo youdo? (= Vhacs Your j ob?)rIal ways go t o bedbef oremi dni ght ..Most peoplelearnto ssim rvher rhel arechi l dren.Usethe simplefor a perrdrertsiruarion:.My parenrslive in London.They haveli'rdthereall their lives.r John isn,t lazy.He works very hard mostSeeUnit 2 for rnoreintormation.Presentconti nuousand si mpl e ( 1)(lamdoi ngandI do)t alwaysdo and I'm alwaysdoingUsual l ywe say' lal waysdo somerhi ng' (=Ido i teveryt i me):rI alwaysgo to work by car. (/,ot'l'm ahvays going')You can alsosay 'l'm alwaysdoing something',but this hasa differenrmeaning For example:'l'm alwayslosingthings'doesrotmeanihat I losethingseveryrime.It meansthat I loserhingsloo ofier,more often than nonnal.'You're always -ing' meansthat you do somerhingverlof rc". rore of i ent hanrhe . peaker rh' nk. i .normal or reasonable.rYou're alwayswatchingtelevision.You shoulddo somerhingmore active.r John i .never. ztrf i ed.He s al waysconpl ; i ni ng.Psenlconliiuousandsnrple (2) ' @presenrPr esenr r ensesf or l hel ul ur e @UNI TEXERCISES?3.1 Are the undetLi,eduerbs/igbt ot ta)rcng?Cotte.t the uerbsthat arc tulons.IWater bqils at 100 degreescelsius.. KIOIJL2The water hei.b. Can you turn it off?. WfONgi.ib.ojlir.6...3Look! That man rrie! ro openthe door of your car.4Can you hearthosepeople?What dq they ealk about?5Thc rnoonggs! round the earth.6I musrgo now. It 99l!late.7I usuallygs to work by car.8 'Hurry up! It's rime ro leave.' 'OK, I eomc.'9I hearyou'vegot a ne$' job. How d9 you g9! on?3,2Put the uefu ln tbe correct fan1|,Prcsent .ontinuousor presentsimPle.iLefs go our. lt..ler':1.!4iri.r4..(norirain)now.2 Julia is vcry good nt languages.She. .e?eake.. (speak) four lansuasesvery lvell.3Hurry 'rpl Everybody.(wan) for you.4 '. . .. . . . . . . . .(you/ l i st en)t o rheradi ol '' No,youcanrurni r of f . '5 '.. . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . ..(you/ l i st en) t o rheradi oeverydayl '' No,i ustoccrsi onal l y'6TheRi verNi l e. . . . . . . . .(f l ort ' )i nt ot heMedi t erranean.7Look at the river. It .. .. ....... .. .. .. (flow) very fast today - much fasterthan8veusually. .. (grow)vegehblesin our gardenbut this yearwe(novgrow)anY.9 ' How i syourEnsl i sh?'' Notbad. I t . .(i mprove)dowl y. '10 Roni si n Londonat r hemoment . He. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( sr ay)at t hePar kHor el . He(always/sray)therewher hetin London.11 Canwe sropwal ki ngsoon?I . . . . . . . . . . . . .(st art )t o f eel t i red.12 ' Can youdr i vel ' { . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( l ear n) . My f at her . . . . .(reach)me. '13 Normal l yL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(f i ni sh)work at5. 00, butt hi sweekI. . . ... . . . . . . . (work)unl i l 5. 00t o earna bi tnore money.14My parenrs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(l i ve) i n Bri srol . Theywerebornt hereancl baveneverl i vedanyrvhereel se. l vhere. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(yourparent s/ l i ve)?15 Soni a. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (l ook)f or a pl acero l i ve. She(sray) with her sisteruntil shefinds somervhere.16 ' whar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .... . .(yourf at her/ do): '' He' s anarchi t ect buthelnot/work) at the moment.'17 lat a pdrty)Usffi|ly L. (enjoy)partiesbur L.. ........ .. . .(not/enjoy)rhis one very much.18 Thet rai ni s neverl at e. I t . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ahvays/ l eave)on t i me.19 Ji m i sveryunt i dy. He . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . (ahvays/ l eave)hi st hi ngsal lovert he pl ace.3.3 Fn*hB'ssentences.Usealw^ys -ins (see SectioftB).1A: l'tn afraid I've lost my key again.B: Notagain! 'la!: p 4\t!ey9.le?ir's y99! f;ey,.2A: The car hasbrokendown again.r: Ihar. ar r'usel essl I L .3A: Look! You'vemadethe samemhrakeagain.B: Oh no. nor r gr i nl L... ..4A: oh,I've left rhe lighrson again.B:Iyp. . al : YouSeeWePresentconti nuousand present si mpl e (2)(lamdoi ngandI do)We usecontinuouslensesonly for actionsand happenings (theyareeating/ it is rainingetc ).Someverbs(for example,know and like) arerotactionverbs.You cannotsay 'l am knowing' orthey are liking'; you can only say 'l know','they like'.The following verbsare not normally usedin contrnuoustenses:likelovehatewantkrowrealisesupposebelongcontainconsistneed preferunderstanddependbelieveremember. I'm hungry.I want somethingro eat. (t ot 'l'm wanling'). Do you understandwhat I mean?. Ann doesn'tseemvery happyat the moment.\ (rhent hi nkmeansbel i eve ,do r, , tu*et hecont r-uou' :. whatdo you think (= believe)will happen? (aot'what are you thinking')bri r YoLrlook serious.whatare you thinking about? (= whar is going on in vour mindl). I'm thinking ofgiving up my job. (= I am considering)When havemeans 'possess' etc.,do nor usethe continuous (see Unit 17):. r0re're enjoyinsour holiday.We havea niceroom in the hotel. ('?of'we'rehavins')b, r .We reerj o)i rs our hol i day. l Vc. rehavi nga great t i mehearsmelltastenormallyusethe presentsimple (,ot continuous)with theseverbs:. Do you seethat man over therel (rlot 'are you seeing'). This room smells.Lertopena window.We often use can + see/hear/smelVtaste:. LisrenlCan you hearsomething?But you can usethe continuouswith see (I'm seeing)when rhemeaningis'having a meetingu, r h ' e' pecr al l y r nr hef ur ur e - seeUn: rl eA) :. I'm seeingthe managcrtomorrow mornmg.He is selfishand He is beingselfishTbe presenrcontinuousolbeis I am being/ he is being/ you arbeingetc.I'm beins = 'I'm behaving/ I'm acting' Compare:. I can,t understandwhy het beingso selfish.He isn't usuallylike that.(being selfish = behavingselfishlyst the moment),rf . He neverrhinksabout other people.He is very selfish (zor 'he is being')(-he is selfishgenerally,not only at the momentWe useam/is/arebeingro sayhow somebodyis behaving.It is not usually possiblein other. It's hot today. (rot'itis beinghoC)o Sarahh verytired. (rot 'is beinstired')Lookand feelYou can usethe presentsimpleor continuouswhen you sayhow somebodylooks or feelsnow:r You look weil today. orYou're looking well today.. How do you feelnow? orHow are you feelingnow?,lrt . I usuallyfeelrired in the morning. ( ot'I'rnusuallyfeeling')Pfeseilconlinuousandsimple (1) ' @ ttave- E@ presert lenseslorttrelulure - MEEXERCISES4.1Ale thendeined uerbsright or wrong?Correctthe onesthat ate tu/o119.uNt t41I'!q-!ggi!gthe manager tomorrowmorning.2I'lI'belilghungry. Is there anything to eat?3 Alc vou bslievilg illGod?4This sauceis great.It's tastingreally good.5l:albiaLilgthis is your key. Am I rightl4.2Look at the pictqles.Usetbe aords in brackets3 beforeyou do this exercise.). .Ktg.t--tilto makesentences. (vou sbo ld alsostudy Unit4,3 Pt tbe uefi into the correct foftr1,Yese"t cot'tinuousor prcse t sinple,1Are you hungry?...Po.you.raht.. somethingto eat? (you/wano2 Jill is interestedin politicsbut she.................to a poliricalparry.(not/belong)3Donl lputt hedi ct i on^ry^way. |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i t .(use)4Don' tputt hedi ct i onaryaway. I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i r.(need)5who i s t hat manl \ Uhat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) (he/ want )6\ rho i srharman?Why . . . . . . . . . . . . .- - - - -- -. . . . . . . . atus?(he/ l ook)7Georgesayshe' s80 yearsol d butnobody. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hi m. (bel i ev)8Shet ol d me hernamebutL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i tnow.(nori remembr)91. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of sel l i ngmycar. (t hi nk)Woul dyoubei nt erest edi n buyi ngi t ?10 L. . .. . . . . . . . . . youshoul dsel l yourcar. (t hi nk)You .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .it very often. (not/use)11I usedto drink a lor of coffeebut thesedaysL....tea. (prefer)12 Ai r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mai nl yofni t rogenando*ygen.(consi st )4.4Completetbe sentencesusi"g the lnost sitable fom ofbe. Sometimesyou mrst asethe sinple(^rnlislarc) and soffietirltes the continuous is more suitable l^nJis/^re beiag).1I can\ unde$randwhy..h.e.:9:.h91i0...so selfish.He isn't usuallylike that.2 Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . veryni cet o meatt hemoment . Iwonderwhy.3You' l l l i keJi l l whenyou meet her. She. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1veryni ce.4Normally you areverysensible,so why ........................................ .. ...so silly aboutthis mattrl5\ vhy i sn' t Sarahatwork t odayl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i l l lPastsi mpl e (ldi d)Studythis example:WolfgangAmadeusMozart was an Austrianmusicianand composer.He lived from 1756to 1791.He startedcomposingat the ageoff re andurot e morerhan600prece. ofmu. , . .He was only 35 yearsold when he died.Lived/started/wrot/wasldiede all past simple.#;$*','i5j,RVery often the past simpleendsin -ed (regzlarverost:.I work in a travel agencynow. Beforethat I worked in a shop..We invitedthem ro our party but they dcidednor to come..The policestoppedme on my way homelasrnight.rShepassedher examinationbecauseshestudiedvery hard.For speiling(stopped,studiedetc.),seeAppendix6.Bur many verbsare ;/d8zlar. The pasrsimpledoes,olend in -d. For xample:For a list of irregularverbs,seeAppendix 1.In questionsand negariveswe usedid/didn't + ialinitiue (enjoylseelgoetc.)loMozarr wrote morethan 500 piecesof music.. We sawRosein town a few daysago..I went to the cinemathreerimeslast week..Ir was cold, so I shutthe window.Ienioyshedi dn' t seerhey goshut -r shutIenjoyed youenioy?di dshesee?theygo?o,l:Did you go out last night?B:Yes,I wnt to the cinemabut I didn't enioythe film much.. '\i/hen did MrThomasdiel' 'Abour renyearsago.. They didnlinvite her to rheparty, so shedidn't go..Didyou havetime to write the lener?' 'No,I didnl.'Becarefulwhen do is the main verb in the sentence'o\0hat did you do at the weekend? (zot'vhatdid you at the weekend')r I didn't do anything. (zot'ldidntanyrhing')The past of be (amlis/are)is was/were:wasI/he/she/it?werewe/you/rhey?Note that we do rorusedid in negativesand questionswirh was/wer:rI wasangry becauserheywereIate.owas the wearhergood when you wereon ho.liday?. They werent ableto come becausetheyritreso busy.oDid you go out Iastnight or weryou too tired?Yhelshe/ir ]vas/wasn'ttty.,/t6.y"'-"/",'"r*-Petsmpe andpastcontinuous ' E@ Paslsmploand presenipedect ' @EEXERCISESReadubat Sbaronsaysabout a typiulworking day:uNrl55. 1Yesteftlq wasa typicaluotklng day fot Sharon.Wtite ubat sherlid ol didn't do yesterday.1. s-he-set ! p. a1. 7. -o-' . c. \ o-e\ , . . 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at5 o' cl ock.2 Sh e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ab i g b r e a k f a s t . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . t i r e d wh e n ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . h o me .3She. . . . . . . 9. . . . . . .. a meal yest erdayereni ng4l t .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . t o get t o r vor k. 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ouryest er dayeveni ng5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . at8. 45. 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ar11o' cl ock.5. . . . . . . . . . . . l unch.12.. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . wel l l ast ni ght .5,2 Pttone of theseuetbsin eacbsentence:buycatchcostdrinkfallhr:rtsellspendtachthrowwin .'v+ite1Moz,n...w!91p..morethan 500 piecesof music.2 'How did you learnto drive?' 'My fatherIwe coJl dn\af f o, dro keepour. ar."o rvei r.4I wasvery thirsry.I....... the water very quickly.5Paul andIpl ayedt enni syest erday. He' smuchbet t ert hanme, sohe .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .easi l y.5Don.. . . . . . . . . . .downt hesrai rst hi smorni ngand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . hi sl eg.7 l i m .. . . .. .t hebal l t oSue, who. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i t .8Ann .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a l ot of money yest er day. She. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a dr esswhi ch.' . '.' ,' , ' , ' , ' ' ,{ 100'5,3A ftiend has iust cone back flon holiday. vou dskhim about it. wite roar qrestio s.1(where/go)):llhqeiiave.u.se?...//a'NN(r' .J/D.-{}--5 (how/rravel?)2 (go alone?).. .. ...7(thewearher/ fine?)sf ood/ good?,4 (how long / stayrherel) 8 (lvhat / do in rhe evenings?)I usuallygt up at 7 o'clockand havea big breakfast.I rvalk ro work,which takesme about half an hour. I siart work at 8.45.I neverhavelunch.I finish work at 5 o'clock.I1n alwaysti.ed when I ser home.Iusuallycook a rnealin theevenins.I ddn'r usuallygo out. I go to bedar abour llo'.lock. I ahrar-ssleepwell.5(st ay/ar a horel ?)q (meer anl bodyi nreresri ng?)5.4 Campletetbe senteftces.Ptttbe uerbinto tbe correct form, pasitiue olnegattue.ih was warm, so L. t99.k..off my coar. (take)2The film wasnl very good.I . .did!1''e!!pv . it very much. (enjoy)3IknewSarahwasverybusy, soL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . her. (di st urb)4Iwasver yt i r ed, soL. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r o bedear l y.( go)5The bedwasveryuncomf ort abl e. L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .verywel l .(deep)5Suewasn' r hungr y, soshe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anyr hi ng.( eat )7We wenrt o Kare\housebutshe .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . athome. (be)8I t wasa f unnysi t uat i onbut nobody. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( l augh)9Thewi ndowrvasopenanda bnd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . i nrot heroom. (f l y)10 The hot el wasn' rveryexpensi ve. l t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . verymuch. (cosr)11 Iwasi n a hurry, soL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. t i met o phoneyou. (hane)12kvas hard work carryinsrhe bass.They. . .. very heavy. (be)1 1Pastcontinuous (l wasdoing)wusethe pastcontinuousto saythat somebodywasin tlemiddleof doing sQmethingar acertaintime.The actionor situationhad alreadvstartedbeforethis time but had not finished:I srarteddoingtI was doins/ r iI finisheddoingtSt udyt hi sexampl esi ruat i on:YesterdayKarenandJim playedtennis.They beganat10 o'clockand finishedat 11.30.So,at 10.30they wreplayingtnnis.They wereplaying= 'they werein the middleofplaying'.They had not finishedplaying.Was/wre -ing is th p"st colttifiuous:vhe^he/itwas]lllvrncwy'you/they weredoingpastp4str This time last yearI wasliving in Brazil.. What were you doing at 10 o'clocklast night?r I wavedto her but shewasn'tlooking.Compareth pastcontinuous(I wasdoing) and pastsimple (l did):Pastcofltinuous lin the middleof an action). I waswalkrnghomewhenI merDave.(= in themiddleofwalkinghome). Ann waswatchingrelevisionwhenthephonerang.Past sinple \complete action)r I walked home after the party last night.(= all the way, completely). Ann watched relevision a lotwhen shewas ill lastyear.weoften usethe pastsimpleand the pastcontinuoustogetherto saythat somethinghappenedinthe middleof somethingelse:. Tom bumt his hand when he was cookingthe dinner.. I sarvyou in the park yesterday.You weresittingon the grassand readinga book.. While I was workingin the garden, I hurtmy back.But we use the past sirrlple tosay that one thing happenedafter ar.othet:. I was walkingalong the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat.Compar:WhenKarenarrived,w werehavingdinner.(=we hadalreadysiarteddinnerbeforeKarenatived.)'When Karenarrived,wehaddinner.(= First Karenarrivedand then we haddinner.)Thre are some verbs (for example, knowant/believe) that are not normally used in thecontinuousiseeUnit 4A):. 10e were good friends. 'We knew each other well, (rot 'we were knowing'). I wasnioyingthe party but Chrisv{antedto go home.(ro, 'was wanting')6.1UTI TEXEBCTSES 6Vhat wereyo"cloi g at the fo o)ing times?Vrite ofle sentefl.eas in the examples.The past contitluoltsis tlot aluays necessary (see the secondexample).1(ar 8 o'clock yesrerdayevening)...ll,'v?e..ha{inodl\r'et.wtth?g.qsli.e]4q'..2 (ai 5 o'clock lastSarudayJ ..1.w49.9n.a.7lai!.9.r'..|lty.!!4v.t9..L9!tl9!1...I(rr l 0. l{ yesrerdd)morni ns)!{ dr 4. J0r hi smor n; ng, . . . . .\(f l . 4Sye, rerdaye! enrng'o t hal fan hourago'Use yoar own ideasto co,npletetbesesenten.es.Usethe pastcontilltlo s1Torn burnt his handrvhilehe .. .r@9.pea\lr'4l.hs|irner.2Thedoorbel l rang $hi l eIJve' : wan a. crdenrul -rl erveaMan f eIasl eepwh, l eshe. . .....s The rel errNote that we say 'lt's the first time somethinghashaPPened' lpresent perfett) For example:Don is havinga driving lesson.He is very nervousand unsurebecauseit is his first lesson..It's the tust time he hasdrivena car. (zot 'drives')orHe hasneverdriven a car bfore.oLinda haslost her passportagain.It's rhe seconddmethis hashappened. (/,ot'happens')eThis is a lovelymeal.It's rhe first good mealI'v hadfor ages. (tot 'I have')eBill is phoninghis girlfriendasain.That's the rhird timehe's phonedher this evening.Presenr pedect ' @ Presnt pedct+ folslnce ' @IEgArnericanEnslish ' E@eresent peneo aro past @E[u]utEXERCISESt81 You areashin| somebody questionsaboattbingshe or shebasdone,Make questions fron tbeuordsin brackets.1 (ever/ ride / horse?)...Hare.v9.ueyet..ttA&n.a.bpr?-e?2 i ever /be/Cal i f orni a?r4rerer ispeak /f amous per\ on))...5l arwrys/I i ! e /i n rhrst own: ).6 (mostbeautiful place/ ever/ visitl)Whar ........ .8.2Coftplete B'sansuefi. Somesentenesdle positiuedd sarnenegatiue.bebeeathappenhaveneetplayreadseeUsed uerb ftom thislist:I've no idea....|:.v.e.nsv.9r.n9!. her.I don't know. L.. .. .. .. ........... ... her recenrly.Yes, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mucht oday.Yes, but. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f or ages.Yes,it's the bestholidayfor a long time.I don't know.Notagai n! That ' srhesecondt i me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . - . - - . . .r h i s we e k .Agai n?He . . . . .everyday this week.rt,fAlYn12345678whats ueorges srst errKeiHow is Amy thesedays?Are You hungry?Can you play chess?Did you enjoy your holiday?What's thar book like?hBrusselsan interesting place)Mike was late for work againtoday.Do you like caviar?The car brokedown again yesterday.who's that woman by the door?9101 18.38.4Complete these senteftcesusing today I this yeax/ this term et..1I sawTom yesterdaybtut....1.bflp!1:t 5-e?t!.hin.wAer'...2t reada newspaperyesterdaybur L....... .......... . . . .. . today3Last yearthe companymadea profit but this year '........aTracyworkedhardar ' chool l artt ermbur. . .5l rsnowedal or l as' wi nt er bur6ourfootball teamwon a lot of gameslast seasonbut we . . . . . . .Read the situations and uritesentel1cesas sbounin tbe aramples.1 Jack is driving a car but hetvery nervousand not surewhat to doYou ask:.. tisv.cygq.Cfl!/.91:t.4.-aA..U?f-o-r.9.1..He says:.. ..N.*.thleie.th?.1t-6-!..!.14!e.l:.ue.4.t!'!3tt.e.a?r.,...2Len is playingtennis.He's not very good and he doesn'tknow the mlesl ouask: HaveHe ' ay' :No.rhi \i \t hef i r\ r3Sueis riding a horse.Shedoesn'tlook veryconfidentor comforrable.you a, k: . . . .Shesay. : . . . . . .4Maria is in London. Shehas just arrivedand it's very nw for her.5he. a) . :1 7khasbeenraining.Srudythis examplesiruationlI s i trai nrrg?No, but the ground is wet.It hasben.ainins.Havc/ ha\ becn -i ng F rhe pt cscnt pcrf ert conrnuous.I/we^hey/youhave {= I've erc.)heAhe/ithas 1= he'setc.)domgbeenwaitingplayrngetc.Present perfect conti nu0us (lhauebeendoi ng)weusethe presentperfectcontinuousfor an activiryrhat hasrecentlystoppedor just stopped.Thereis a conncciionwith ,o/:. You're our of breath.Have you benrunning) (you'reout of breatb,7o/). Paulis vefy tired. He'sbeenworking very hard. (he'stired zor). \flhy are your clothesso dirty? \Vhat haveyou beendoingl. I've beentalking to Carol about the problemand shcthinks thtt.It hasbenraining for two hours,Srudythis examplesituarion:ltis raining now. Ir beganrainingnvo hoursago and it isst i l l rai ni ng.How long hasit beenraining?h hasbeenrainingfor two hours.We often usethe presen!perfectcontinuousin this way,especiallywith how long, for... and since.... The activiryisstill happening (as in this example)or has just stopped.. How long haveyou beenlearningEnglish? (you're still learningEnglish). Tim is still warchingtelevision.He's beenwatchingtelevisionall day.o Wherehave you been?I've beenlooking for you for the last half hour.. Gcorgehasn'tbeenfeelingwell recently.You can userhepresenrperfectcontinuousfor aclionsfePearedover a periodof time:. Debbieis a very good tennisplayer.She\ beenplayins sinceshewaseisht.o Everymorningthey meerin the samecaf6 They'vebeen going rherefor yearsCompareI am doing (seeUnir 1) and I havebeendoing:Don't disturb me now. I'm workingx(reneedan umbrella.It's raining.Hurry up! \ve're waiting.I havebenrese11t P ell ect conttnuoasI've beenworking hard, so now I'ngoingThe ground is wet. Ir's beenraining.We'vebeenwaiting for an hour.Presenr pried simpleandconrinuous'6E[eresenr pertea*rorsince '@l!!lEXERCISES9. 1TrP,havebeenshoooina.9.39.4ll-l),E\r0 t)T h e y . . . . . . . . . . . He9,2 Wite a qestion for ed.h situation.1Johnl ookssunbur nr . Youask: ( you/ si t i nt hcsr n?) . H7uevgt t bePr ' gi t t i l Ti nl . he?! - 7?2You have jusi .rrrivedro meera friend$,ho is rvaitingfor you. You ask: (you / wair / loDgl)3You meera friend in the street.His faceand handsarevery dirty. You ask: (whar / you / dol)4A friend of yo'rrsis now living in BakerStreet.You want to know ' Horv l ong. . . ?' Youask:(hol v l onsiyou/l i ve/i n BakerSt reer?)5A f ri endt el l syou about hi s j ob hesel l scompurers. Youwant t o know' Fl owl ons. . . ?' Youa, k:'ho$ l ong /) ou / . el l,compure' ' )tRedrltbe situatioftsaftd cotnfletethe sentellces.1The fain srartedrwo hoursago.It's still raininBnow. k..hap.bee4.r.?ini4o.tor rlvo hours.2\ve startedwaiting for rhe bus20 minutes!go. we're still waiting now.We.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f or 20 mi i ut . s.3I starrcdSpanishclassesin Deccmber.I'n1still jearning Spanishnorv.1.. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .sinceDecenrber.4Anrbeganlooking for a job six monthsago.She'sstill lookingnor'.. t or srxmont hs.5Mary startedworkins in London on i8 January. She\ still working therenorv.5;;;;;;;;;;,;.;.;;;;i;;;;; ;;;i;;,1. i;;";'ii;;;;.'l:::;llilf il*'n, ...".Y/ e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .t o r y e a r s .Put t heuerbi nt ot hepresent col l t i , ausl l am-i nget . . )orpl esent perf e. t . ont i nuoLt s\ l h^vebeen -ing et .).1\ at I Jl ab beent eari i ng , ' ednlf I Bh, L f ur rwo yc; r\i0r\--*f tr.rchryeringh\"fL >UNI TEXERGTSES 20m,lArltwerthe q estioxs. You are going to da all tbese things but yorhaten'tdone tben yet.Use Eoine to and the tuo/d(s) in blackets.Have you cleanedthe car?Have you phonedSally?Have you done the shopping?Have you readthe paper?Have you had dinner?12J4520.2Witea questionuithgoinigto for eacbsituation.1Your friend haswon somemoney.You ask:(what / do with it?) ...!{.ha!.arc.ya!!.s9.hs.!p.Ao-.'t!1tb.1fr...2Your friendis going toa party tonight.You ask:(whar/wear?)3Your friend has iust boughta new table.You askl(where /pur i r)). . . . . . . . . .4Yourfriend has decided to have a party.You ask:(who / invi(e?)20.3Read the situations ad complete tbe dialogtas.Usegoing to.1You have decided to writsom letters this evening,FRTEND:Are you going out this evenin8? you: No, ...1.m.49144.t9..tYt1t4.?.rl?.hfr9l.o.:...2You are a smoker but you have decided to give itup soon.rnteND:Smokingis very bad for you.YoU:t know.3You have been o{fered a iob but you have decided not totake it.FRIEND:I hearvou've beenoffereda iob.YourThat's ri8ht,but4You are in a rstaurant. The food is arvful and vou've decided to comolain.IREND:This food is awful, isn't it?YoU:Yes.it's disgusring.20,4Ulhat is going to happeft ifithesesituatiotts? Use the uordsinbrockets.1Therearea lot of black cloudsin the sky. G^in) ...U..egelruIp.-ll.'...2It is 8.30. Jack is leavinghis house.He hasto be at work at 8.45 but the ioumey takes30mi nur es. t l ar elHe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3There is a hole in the bottom of the boat, A lotof water is coming in through the hole.l si nk)Theboar. . . . . . . .4Emma is driving.There is very littlepetrol left in the tank. The nearestpetrolshtionis a longwayaway.(runou! She. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20,5Col'pletethe sentenceswitbwaslwerc Artutgto + one of these verbs:gwe uphavephoneplay*ard1we...vv-e-l939llls!4-.tmv.ql..by trainbut thelr we decided to go by car iostead.2we.....-..-..-..............---..............................-....tennisyesterdaybut it rainedall day,31.....-. . - ..- - . ............................. Jim, but I decidedto write him a letterinstead,4Vhen I last sawTim, he .................-.............-..-.............his job but in the end he decidednot to.5We ......................-.....-....................................-.a otr!last week but mme of our friendscouldn'tcome,so we cancelledit.41WillAhall (1)I0e useI'll (= I will) whenwe decideto do somethintat the time of spaking:oOh, lveleft the door opn.I'llgo and shut it.o 'Vhet would you lite to drinft?' 'I'll havcan orange juice, pleqse.ro 'Did you phoneRuthl' 'Oh no,IforgotI'llphoneher now.'You cannotusethc prcsezt sinpre (I do / I go etc.)in t[ese sentences:.I'll go and shut the door. (not'Igo and shud)Ifcoften uscI *i ( m...and I don't Sinklll...:oI feel a bit hun6ry.I think l'llhavesomethingto eato I dol'ttlinklll go out tonight. fmtoo tircd.Io qtokm n.glish the negativeof will is usuallywon't (= will not):.I car sar you'& bu!y, so I wmtstry long.Do rolusewill to relt about what you havealreadydecidedor arrangedto do (seeUnits19-20):oPm g*. q=Fli,"iHJ:,fl'ldh,:ii't".b..rh. i fffl L/ AilLn i-i1-{ I t lK6Georgehad to go out. He thought it wasgoingto rain, so he decidedto tak theumbrella.But it didn\rain, so the umbrellawas notHe needn't have taken the umbrella.'He needn'thavetakenthe umbrella' = He took the umbrellabut this was not necessary.Ofcourse,he didn't know this when he went out.EXEHGN$I:S32.iCottpletetbe senten.es siflg needn't+ one of theseverbs:askcomeexplainlee+etellwalk1We've got plentyof t;me We .. ne-e.44:!l-e?v,gyet2Icanmanaget heshoppi ngal oneYou. . .. . . . . .. ..wi t h me3we. . . . . . al lt hewayhome. we canget a t axi .4 Just helpyourselfif you'd like somethingro ea!.You. . ... .. .first5We can keepthis a secretbetweenourselves.w. .. .anvbodyelse.6I understandrhesituation perfecrly.You . .further'32"i:.Complete the senten.eswithm'ust,m\stn'to/needn't.1\Ye haven'rgot much time.V/e!1u9! . hurry2ire've got plentyoftime. we ....n-e..el!l:i-.hurry.3We haveenoughfood at homeso we .......go shoppingrodav4 Ji m gaveme a l ert erro post . L. . . . . .. ... rememberro post l t5 Jim gaveme a letterto post.L....... . .lorgetto post Lt5There' s pl ent yofri mef or yout o makeup yourmi nd. You. . . . . . . . deci denow.7You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .washt hoset omat oesThey' veal readvbeenwashed8Thi si s a val uabl ebook. You. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . l ookaf t eri tcaref ul l yand vou . . . .. .. .loseir.9 '\0hat sorr of housedo you want to buyl Somethingbig?' 'Well, it..'be big-t haf s nori mport anr. But i t . . . . . . . havea ni cegarden - t haf sessent i ' l''12.3 Readthe situdtiansand makesentenceswittneedn'thave.1Georgewent out. He took an umbrellabecausehe thought it rvasgoing to rainBut it didn'rnin. . .Her' .edr':t.ha'!et4kQu."r!)r'.Utell4,.2Ann boughtsomeeggswhen shervenrshopping.Vhen she gor home,shefound that sheaLreadyhad plentyof eggs.She.3A friend gor angrywith you and shouredat yoLr'You think rhis ivasunnecessary'Later vousayto him/her:You . .4Brian had no money,so he sold his car. A few dayslater he won somemonvin a lottery'5When we went on holiday,we took the camerawith us but we didn't useit in the end-6I thought I was goingto missmy train so I rushedto the station But the train was lateand int heendIhadt o wai r20 mi nut s. . . .32.4V itetuosentekces fot each sit atioLUse needt'thavein the firct sentencedltd conld h^ve i'ltbe second (as in tbe exanple).Fotcoddharcsee Unit 27.1!(/hy did you rush?\fhydidn'r you take your time?f ov r,-e.eArl.hAv.e..ru2heA..-\.I!.ae!t)A h p.ra\9-\ vqj{{.lme. ..2whydid you walk homel whydidn't vou take a raxi?3Why did you stayar a hotell \flhy didn't you slay with us?4Why did she phoneme in rhemiddle of rhe nightl Why didn'r shephoneme in the morring?! i ii ; _6:)ai:)o,.5Why did you leavewithout sayinganythingl Why didn't you saygoodbyeto me?Shoul d (1)You shoulddo something = it is a good thing to do or the right thing to do. You can useshouldto give adviceor to givean opinion:' You look tired.You shouldgo to bed.' The government should do more to help homelesspeople.' 'Should we invite Susanto the party)' 'Yes, I think we should.'!0e oftenuseshouldwith I think / I don't rhink / Do you think...i:. I think the government shoulddo more to help homeless people.' I don't think you shouldwork so hard.. 'Do you think I shouldapply for this job?' 'Yes, I think you should.''You shouldn'tdo somerhing' = ir isnla goodthing ro do:. You shouldn'tbelieveeverghingyou readin the newspape.s.Shouldis not as strongas must:. You shouldapologise. (= it would be a good thing to do). You must apologise. (= you haveno alternative)'We alsouseshouldwhen somethingis not right or what we expect.For example:. I wonderwherI iz is. Sherhould be herebynow. (= sheisnt hereyet, and this is not normal). The price on this packet is rrong.It should bef,1.20,not i1.50.. Thoseboysshouldn'tbe playingfootball atthis time.They shouldbe at school.We useshouldto saythat we expectsomethingto happen:. She'sbeenstudyinghard for the exam,so sheshouldpass.(= I expecther to pass). Thereareplentyofhotels in the town. It shouldn'tbe difficult to find somewhereto stay.(= I don'texpectthat it will be difficult)'You should have done something' = you didn'tdo itbut itwouldhave been th rightthing todo:. lt was a greatpany last night. You shouldhavecome.Why didn't you?(= you didn'tcomebut it would havebeen good to come). I'mfeeling sick. I shouldnlhave eaten so much chocolate. (= I ate too rnuch chocolate). I wonder why they're so late. They should have been here an hour ago.. Sheshouldn't have beetr listeng to our conversarion.Itwas private.Compareshould(do)and shouldhave(done):. You look tired. You should go to bednow.. You went to bedvery late lastnight. You shouldhave gone to bed earlier.ought to...You can use ought to instead ofshould in the sentenceson this page. Note that we say 'ought todo. . . '(wi t h t ol :. Do you think I oughtto apply for rhis job? (= Do you think I shouldapply...?). Jack ought Dot to go ro bed so late.(= Jack shouldn't go...). It was a great party last night. You ought to have come.. She'sbeen studying hard forthe exam, so she ought topass.shourd(2) - @ shourdandh.d bngl' @ElUI{ITEXERGISES39.1 Foreachsit ationwriteasente.ewithshouldotshouldn't+oreofthefollouing:E-*ot46+e**{ot go ro bed so latelook{or amtheciobput some piclueson the $,allstake a Photograph us her cal so muchrifiz nFF.t.,.h.neer1he 6hoda 4a ?!ay f9t3.feq^?ye. .2 {My sal aryi sveryl ow. lYou . .. . . . . . -. -. ---3 (Jack always has difficulty gefting up.) H4 (Whata beauri f ulvi ewl lYou. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5(Suedriveseverywhere.She rcygr walks.)She336 (Bi l l ' s roomi sn\veryi nt erest i ng. ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.2 Read the situdtions antLwitesentencesuirlI think/ I dorlthink..should'...1Peter and Judy ar planning to get married. You thinkit'sa bad idea.(get manied)...J.lc.dt-.1.h\nk.Lltsv.evH.^ct. m4rrl.e*..2You don't tike smoking,especiallyin restaurants.{bebanned)It hi nk3I have a very bad cold but I plan togo out this evening' You don'tthinkthis is a good idea.You sayto me: lgo out)4You are fed up withthe government. You thinkthey have made too many mistakes.( r esi gn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.3 Cotnplete the sentenceswitbshotid llavel + the uefiin brackets.1M.arErct ....e.he9lC.P.a-6-e...th xam.She'sbeenstudyingvery hard. (pass)2You missed a great panylast night. You ...eheq.!4.h4.v:?,99.s1?.., lcomel3W don'asee you enough.You...................................... ..... .and seeus more often. (come)4l'm in a difficult position.What do you think I .,...................................... . .. . l (do)5I'm sorry that I didn't take your advice.L..... hat you said, (do)6I'm playingtenniswith Jill tomorow.She...... sh'smuch bettertMnm. (wir)7welost the match but we ...........-............................r........... \Y werthe befterteam. (wir)8 'Is John hereyetl' 'Not yet, but he ..................................................heresoon.' 1be)9I postedthe lefterthreedaysago,so it -..-....-............................-..-..........by now. (arriv)33.4 Read the situations and lrtitesente .es uithshould/shouldtr't. Sorre o/the senten es lre pastand some are present.1I'mIeeling sick. I ate too much. ...1.eh9!rldr:!.hnv33?te!!.P9.m\t?h,...2That man on th motorbikeisn't wearing a helmet. That's dangerous.He ... p.iee]1..r.e. v..e.e.t6.e.he.hL9....3Whenwe got to the restaurant,therewereno freetables.We hadn't reservedone4The noticesaysthat the shopis of,eneveryday from 8.30: It is 9 o'clock now but the shoplsnt oPen yet.5The speedlimit is 30 milesan hour, but Catherineis doing 50.She. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5I wert to Paris.A ftiend o{ minelivesin Parisbut I didn't go to seehim while I wasttrere.WhenI sawhim later,hesaid:You .......................Tl was driving behindanothercat. Suddenly,the driver in fronl stoppedwithout warning andI droveinto thebackof hiscar. Jt wasnl my fault...................1..... .8I walkedinto a wall. I wasn't looking whereI was going.67Shoul d (2)You can useshouldafter a numberof verbs,especially:suggestproposerecornmendiasistdemandoThey insisted that we should have dinner withthem.oI demandedthat he shouldapologlse.. at do you suggesrI shoulddo?In the sameway, you can use should after suggestion/proposaVrecommendationetc.:oWhat do you think ofJanetsuggestionthat I shouldbuy a car?and also after 'it's important/vitaynecessary/essentialthat...':r[r's essentialthat you shouldbe hereon time.You can alsoleaveout shouldin all the sentencesin SectionA:.It's essentialthat yolr b hereon time. (= that you shouldbe here)oI demandedthat he apologise..What do you suggestI do?This form(you be / he apologtueetc.) is sometimes called the subiktlcttue,You can alsousenormal presentand pasttenses:.It's essentialthat you are here on time.oI demandedthat he apologised.Becarefulwith suggest.Youcannotuseto... ('to do / to buy'etc.)aftersuggest:oWhat do you suggestwe shoulddolorat do you suggestwe do? (but not'Whatdo you suggestusto do?'). Jane suggestedthatI (should)buy a car.or Jane suggestedthatI bottghta c. lht not'lanesuggestedmeto buy')Forsuggest -ing, seeUnit 52.You canuseshouldaftra numberofadiectives,especially:shangeoddfunny qpical naturalinterestingsurprised. It's stratrgethat he shouldbe late. Hetusuallyon time.o I wassurprisedthatsheshouldsaysucha thing.surpnsmgIf,..should,..You can say'Ifsomethingshouldhappen...'.For example:.If Tom should phorc while I'm out, tell him I'll phonehim back later.'If Tom should phore'is similar to 'If Tom phones'. Withshould, the speakerfeels that thepossibilityis smaller.Another example:.I've left the washing outside. Ifitshould rain, can you bring itin IYou can alsoput shouldat the beginningof thesesentences (Shouldsomethinghappen...):. ShouldTom phone,can you tell him I'll phonehim backlater?You can useI should.,./ I shouliln't... to give somebodyadvice.For example:r 'Shall I leavenow?' 'No, I shouldwait a bit longer.'Here, 'I should wait' = 'l wouldwaitifI were you, I advise you to wait'.Twomore examples:.It's very cold this morning. I should wear a coat when you go out..I shouldn'tstayup too late.You'll be tired tomorrow.should (1)' @ AmeicanEnslish ' @ul{ttEXERCISES 34Uj Wlitea sentence(begiflnihg inthe uaysboufl)that meansthe sane as the fist sentence.1 'l think it would be a good ideato sea specialist,'the doctor saidto me.The doctor recommended that ...1.,a-h9uH.e9.L a.e W. -a-kll?:t,..2 'You really must staya little longer,'shsaidto me.Sheinsisredthat3 'Why don't you visit the museumafter lunch?'I saidto them.I suggestedthat .4 'You must pay the rent by Friday,' rhelandlordsaidto us.I hel andl or ddemandedt hat. . .. . . - . - . - . - . . . . . . . . . . ...5 'Why don't you go away for a few daysi' Jack saidto me.Jack suggesredthatU.2 Are thesese tencesrightor utotlg?Tom suggestedthat I shouldlook for another iob....KIQHI..Tom suggestedthat I look for another iob.Tom suggestdthat I lookedfor another job.Tom suggestedme to look for anothr job.Wheredo you suggestI go for my holiday?Wheredo you suggestme to go for my holiday?Wheredo you suggestI should go for my holidaylU3 Complete the sentences stng should + one of theseuerbs:askbeleavelistensayv{orryIlcs strangethat sheeh.quld..b.s...lare.She'susuallyon rime.2htfunny that you ..... that. I wasgoing to saythe s3mthing3It's only natural that parents.................-.................................about their children.4Isn't it typicalof Ron that he ................-...........................without saying goodbyeto anybody?5I wassurprisedthat h.....me for advice.What advicecould I givehim?6It's very important that everybody....................-..-........................... very carefully.A.4 Complete thesesettences usil1gil-.shovld....1 (It's possiblethat you'll seeTom this evening.)...ll.yeta..eh9.ul4.9-ee..!.em.v.hleete.nlno.. , can yo:o ask him tophone me?2(Ittpossiblethat Ann will affive beforeI get home.)If ...................... .................. . . . . , can vou look after her until I come?3 (Perhapsther willbe some lefters forme whil I'maway.)............ , can you sendthem on to this address?4 (I don't suppose you'll needhelp but you migit.)**"";,;;,-;;;",;;")ili,,i,,,i"oili-ii"r;il;. --5 l J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,can yousendt hemon t o t hi saddrcss?6( t . . . . . .U,5 (SecnoflE) Com,letetbe sehtencesusinglshotld+ one oftheseurbs:buykeepphone{,6i.leavenow?' 'No,...!.e..hcu!C.mlt... a bit longer.'throwthesethingsawayl' 'No, ..............................................them.You mayneedthem.'goandseePaul l '' Yes,but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hi mf i rst . '1 ab1 'Shall2 'Shall3 'Shall4 'Do you think it's wonh repairingthis TV setl' 'No, ............................69Hadbettet It'stime...Had better (I'd better / you'd better etc,)I'd betterdo something = it is advisableto do it.IfI don't, therewillbea problemor a danger:o I haveto meetAnn in ten minutes.I'd better go now or I'llbe late.o 'Shall I take an umbrella?' 'Yes, you'd bener.It might rain.'o We'd betterstop for petrol soorl The tar*is almostempty.The negative is I'dbetter not (= I had befter not):. A: Are you going out tonight?B: I'dbetter not. I've got a lotof worktodo.1 You don't look verywell. You'd betternot go to work today.You can usehad betterwhen you warn somebodythat they must do something:. You'd betterbe on tirne./You'dbenernot be late. (or I'll be very angry)Note that:The form is'had bener'(usually't'd bener/you'd bener'etc.in spokenEnglish):r I'd betterphoneCarol,hadn't IlHad is a past form,but in this xpression the meaning is present or future, rotpast:. I'dbetter go tothe bank nodtomorrow.1Pesay 'l'd benerdo,,.' (rot 'to do'):. It might rain. We'd benertake an umbrella. (rot 'we'd betterto take')Had better and shouldHad better is similar to should (seeUnit334)but not exectly the same.'We usehad beter only for a particular situation (not for thingsin general).You can useshouldin all typesof situationto give an opinion or to giveadvice:. lt's cold today. You'd betterwear a coat when you go out. (a particularsituation)o I think all driversshouldwear seatbelts.(in general - zor 'had benerwear')Also, withhad better, there is always a danger or a problem ifyou don'tIollowthe advice.Shouldonly means 'it is a good thing to do'. Compare:. It's a great film. You should go and seeit. (but no denger,no problemif yor: don't). Th film startsat 8.30.You'd better go now or you'll be lare.It's time...You can say 'It's time (for somebody)to do something':. Itttime to go home, / h's time forus to go home.You can alsosay:. lt'slat. It's tim we lvent home.Here we use the past (went) but th meaning is present or future, not past:r lt's 10 o'clockand h'sstill in bed.It's time h got up. (zot'It's time he gtsup')It'stime you did something = 'you should have done italready or started it'.We often us thisstructure to criticise or tocomplain:r lt'stime the children were in bed, h'slong after their bedtime.o The windowsare very dirty.I thin-k it'stifiew cleaned thm.You can alsosay:It's abourtime... / It's high time,., . This makesthe criticismstronger:1Jack is a great talker. But it'saboui time he did something instead of just talking,r You're very seliish. It's high time you realised that you're not the most important personin the world.EXERCISES35.1 Completethe sentefl.es.Sametimesyou needoflb one word, sanetimestuo1aI needsomemoney.I'd betrer..s9.. to the bank.b John is expecring you to phonehim. You . .. .. .. . ........ .. betterdo ir now.c ' Shal l Il eaverhewi ndowopenl '' No,you' dbener. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i t 'd\ Ue' dbert erl eaveassoonaspossi bl e, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..we?2aIt's time the government. .. ...... . .somethingaboutthe problem.bI t ' st i mesomet hi ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . about t heprobl emcI think it's about time you ... ..... .. ...abourme insteadof only thinking aboutyourself.35.2 Readtbe sitaationsand write sentenceswithad better.Usethe words ix btackets.1You're going out for a walk with Tom. It mighrrain. You sayto Tom:(an umbrella) ..W.e:d.bellet74k?.?1unw.e)|a,..2 Jack has jLrst cut himsell lt's quite a bad cur. You sayro him:r dpu( er ). .3You and Ann plan to go to a restauranrthis evening.h's a vefy popularrestaurantYou sayro Ann:(reserve\ we4 Jill doesn\ look verywell - nor well enoughro go to work. You sayto her:l s orl '5You receivedyour phonebill four weeksago but you haven't paid it yet. lf vou don't payvery soon,you could be in rrouble.You sayto yourself:(pay)6You want to go out but you're expectingan important phonecallYou sayto yow friend:/ go our)I7You and Fionaaregoing to the theatre.You'vemissedthe busand you donlwant lo be late.You' r y r oFi ond:( a l . r t i l .. . . ....35.3 PLttuh^dbetterorshodd. Sometimeseither is possible1I bavean appoinrrnenrin ten minutes.I 14hstter.. go now or I'll b late.2lr's a greatfilm. You. .piqqld.. go and seeit. You'll really like it.3L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . get up earl yt omorrow. I ' ve 8ota l otro do.4\{rhenpeoplearedriving,they . . .. .. .. ......................keeptheir eyeson th road5Thank you for comingto seeus.YoLr.. comemore often.6She'llbe upsetif we don't invite her to th wedding,sowe..........invite her.7Thesebi scui rsaredel i ci ous. You. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . t ry one.8It h; nkeverybody. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . l earna f orei gnl anguage35,4 Reddthe situdtiotlsand write sentencestuit, It's time (somebodydid something).1You think the childrenshouldbe in bed.k's already11 o'clock..!t:e.lt.ne th p.p.hit4rer vtet.e.in.bc4.. .2You havenl had a holiday for a very long time.You needone nowl r ' ' t i me l. . . . . . . . .3You'r wairing for Mary. Sheis lare.Why isn't shehereyet?k ' r i m e s h e . . . . . . . . .4You're sittingon a rrsin waiting for it ro leavethe sradon.It's alreadyfive minuteslateUNI T355You enjoyhavingparties.You havenl had one for a long time5The companyyou work for is badly run. You think rhereshouldbe somechanges71Can / Gould / Would you...? etc.(Requests, offers, permission andinvitations)Asking people to do things (rcryests)weoften use can or could toask people todo things:.Catryou wait a moment,plase?otCould you waita moment, please?.Liz,can you do me a favour?rExcuseme, could you tell me how to gelto the station?oI wonder i{ you could help me.Note that we say'Do you think (you) could...l (notusually'can'):oDo you think you could lend rne somemoney untilnext week?'We also use willand wouldtoask people todo things (but canlcould are more usual):.Liz, will you do me a favourlrWould you please be quiet? I'mtryingtoconcentrate.Ask;ng fot thingsTo ask for somethingwe useCan I have,..i or Could I have...?:.(in a shop) C^alh^vethese postcards, please?.(dutiftg a tteallCoald I have the salt, please?May I have...? is alsopossible(but lessusual):.MayIheve these postcards, pleaselAskhs fot and siuit's pennksionToask forpermission todo soinething, we use cal,could or may:.(on the pbone) Hello,c.nI speak toTom, please?o 'Could I useyour phone?' 'Yes, of course.'rDo you thinkIcould borow your bile?. 'May I comeinl' 'Yes, please do,'To give permission, we use can or may.oYou can use the phone.orYoumay use the phone.Mayis formaland lessusual than can or could.Offerinsto do thi,rgsTooffer todo something we sometimesuse Caa I. . . l:o' Canl get youacupof cof f ee?'' Yes,t hat woul dbeveryni ce. 'r 'Can I helpyoul' 'No, it's all right. I can manage.'You can alsouseI'11...to offer to do things (seeUnit 21C):eYou looktired.I'llget you a cup of coffee.Offennsad inritinsTo offer or to invite we useWould you like...? (zor'do you like'). 'Would you likea cup of coffeel' 'Yes, please.'o 'would you liketo come to dinne! tomofiowevening?' 'Yes, I'dlove to.'I'dlite.. . is a polite way of saying what you want:.(at a toristinfomationoffiee) I'dlikesone informationabout hotels, please..(in a shop) I'dhketotryon this jacket, please.ul{ltExERclsEs 3636.1Read the situations and wte questions beginning Car...orCottld,,.,1You're carrying a loto{ things. You cantopen the door yourself. There's a man standingnear the door. You say tohif.E:...C.9-vld.!pv.-o-Pen..r.!.tp.499-t,'?.l2e9a?...2You phone Annbut somebody elseanswers.Annisn't there, You want toleave a messageforher. You say: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3You are a tourist. You wantto go to the station but you don'tknow where itis. You ask atyour horel.You say:4You are in a clothes shop. You seesome trousers you lilte and you want to trythem on. Yousayro the shopassis(anr5You have a car. You have to go to the same place as Johq whohasn't got a car. You want togive him a lifr. You sayro John: ......36.2Reed tbe situations and ttlite qlestiorls beginflinS Do you think. . . .1You want toborrow your fiiend'scamera. Whatdo you say tohim?Do you thinL...1.-c. g.!.!ld..ho-trcv.y 9 9l. qanqe?...2Youare at a friend's house and you want touse her phone. \nhatdo you say?You've written a letter in English.Beforeyou sendit, you want an Englishfriend to checktt.\ 0hat do you askhi ml .You waDtto leavework early because you havesomethingsto do, What do you ask yourboss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The woman in the next room is playingmusic.It's very loud, You want her to tum it down.whar do you sayro herlYou are phoningthe ownerof a flat wluch was advertisedin a newspaper.You are interestedin the flat and you want to comeand seeit today.at do you sayto the ownerl363whatu,ould you saliflthese sitlrdtiorrsa1 John has come toseyou in your flat.You offer him something to eat,YOU:Jorr,r: No, thank you. I'm not hungry.You need help to change the filmin your camera. Youask Ann.you: Ann, I don'tknowhow to change the film.ANN: Sure. It'seesy.All you have todo is this.You're on a train.The woman next toyou has finished reading her newspaper.Nowyouwantto have a lookat it.You ask her.\ouiExcuseme,.\toMAN: Yes, o{ course. I've finished withit.You're on a bus, You have a seat but an elderly man is standing. You offer him youtseat.YOU:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .uer:Oh, that's very khdof you. Thanlc you very much.You're the passengerin a car. Yourfriend is drivingvery fast. Youask her toslow do$,n.YoL: You' remaki ngmverynervous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D!,nERr Oh, l'msorry. I didn'tralise I was going so fast.You've finished your meal ira restaurant and now you want th bill.Youask the waitet:rqAIIER:Rkht. I'll get it for you now.A friend of yoursis interestdin onof your books.You invite him to borowit.rrreND: This book looks very interesting.You:Yes,it's very good73Compare these examples:(1)Suehaslost her watch.Shethinks it may be at Ann's house.suE:I thinkI left my watch at your house. Have you seenit?ANN:No, but I'llhavea look when I get home.IfIfind it,I'lltellyou.In this example, Ann feels there is a real possibility that she willfindthe warch. So she says:If I fisd...,r[....(2) Annsays: IfI found a walletin the street, I'dtake itto tle polic.This is a differerttype of situation. Her, Ann is not thinkingabout a real possibility; she isirnagining the sitttion^nd doesn't expect tofind a walletin the street. So she says:If I found..., I'd {= I would)... (rot 'If I find..., I'11...').l f I do...andl t I di d...'When you imaginesomethinglike this, you useif + past(if I tound / if you were/ if we dida't etc.). But themeanlngLorpaseoWhat would you do if you won a million poundsl(we don't really expectthis to happen)oI don't really want to go to their party, but I probablywill go. They'dbe offendedif I didnt go.rSerahhesdecidednot to applyfor the job. Sheisn'treally qualifiedfor it, so sheprobablywouldnt getit if sheapplied.Vedo not normally usewould in the if-part of the sentence:oI'dbe very frightened ifsomebody pointed a gun at me. (zor 'if somebodywouldpoinC)oIf I didn'tgo to their party, they'd be offended. (ro, 'If I wouldn't go')But itis possible tosay 'if... would'when you ask somebody to do something:o (ftom a fotmal lenet) I wouldbe grateful ifyou wouldsend me your brochure as soon asPossible.o 'Shall I closethe doorl' 'Yes, please,ifyouwould.'Inthe other part of the sentence(not the iflart)we use would ('d) / woulln't:oIf you tookmore exercise,you'd(= you *ould) probably {eel healthier,oWouldyou nindi{ I used you!phone?.I'mnot tired enough to go tobed yet. I wouldn'tsleep (if I went to bed now).Could and might are also possible:r[f you tookmore exercise, you might fel healthier. (= itis possible that you wouldfeelhealthier).tf itstopped raining, we could go out. (= we wouldbe able to go out)Do not use when in sentenceslike those on this page;rThey wouldbe offended ifwe didn'taccept their invitation. (rot 'when we didn't')oVhatwouldyou do ifyou were bitten by a snake) (flot 'when you were bitten')For ifand when seealso Unit25C.ftt*;;^ti;llpvle::)ffirlknew...- @ lrlhad known...- @g would r @UNI TExERcrsEs 3737,1 Pdthe uetu intothe coffict fom.1They would be rather offendedif L..C.'?r:P.4c...to seethm. (not/go)2If you took more exercise, you ...w-p..uld.f.?e!...bener. (feel)3I fIwasof f eredt he i ob,It hi nkL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i t .Gake)4l'msure Amy willlend you the money. I'dbe very surprised ifshe ... .(refuse)5IfIsold my car, L......uch moneylor it. (not/gt)5A lot of peoplewould be out of work if the factory ........-.-----,.-.--................ (close down)7lghat would happenif L....................................-.............that red button? (Press)8Liz gaveme this ring. She...................................................very upsetif I lost it. (be)9Ma*and Carol are expecting us. They wouldbe disappointed ifwe''''.. (not/ come)10Would Tim mind if L.....his bicyclewithout askinshim? (boffow)11I{ somebody....... .........................................in herewith a gun,I'd bevely frightend. (walk)12I'm sureSue..............................................-.... ifyouexplainedthe situationto her. (unde$tand)37'2 ys4 a"p o 7i"n4nuestions. UseWhallwo.uJ'd you do if...?1 (Maybe one day your ftiendwillwina lotof money.)...J{hs.t,wesLd.y.o..u,.d9.if-y,o!rr! e.4.4..1-o-.t.d..nprer:?...2 (Your friend'scar hasneverbeenstolenbut Perhaps one day it will be.)Whrt .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 (Perhapsone day your friend willlose his/her passport.)4 (There hasneverbeena fire in the building.)37'3 Answer the 4restions in the uayshown,1A: Shallwe catchthe 10.30train?B: No. iarrive / too early)..t.tte.94!tsh9..thp'1Q,8QjIelrl!.-e:d4rfu9-lp9zerlv'2A: Is Keo going totake the examination?B:No.(f ai l )t f he3lwhydon'twe stay at a hotel?B: No. (cost too much money)If4,r: Is Sally going to apply for the job?B: No.(not/getit)If5A: Let's tell them th tfuth.o: No. (not/ believeus)If6A: Why don't we invite Bill tothe party?B: No. {have to invite his ftiendstoo)lll,4rJse"tour own ideas to .ofibletethesesentences.1If vou took more exense, ...v9.u'.d!-e-2,U*.l?!,..2l ' df eel veryangryi f3IfI didn't go to worktomorrow4\Uould you go to the pany if5If you boughrsomenewclothes,....lf I knew... l wi shI knew...Studythis examplesituation:Suewants to phonePaul but shecan't do this becauseshedoesn'tknow his number.Shesays:IfI knew his number, I would phone him.Suesays:If I knw his number... . This tellsus thatsheloesz'r know his number.Sheis imagini-ngthesituation.The rer, situationis that shedoesn'tknowhis number.- - Fr;;_lI h16nu6beL.. IWhen you inaginea situation like this, you useiI+ p4"(if I knes,/ifyou were / ifwe didnlerc.).But the meaningis present,not past:. Tom would readmore if he had more time. (but he doesn'thavemuch time). IfI didtr'twant to go to the pany,I wouldn't go. (but I want to go)o lfewouldn'thave any money ifwe didn'twork. (but we work). If you werein my position, what would you do?. It'sa pityyou can't drive. It wouldbe useful ifyou could.wuse the past in the same way alierwish (I wish I knew / I wish you were etc.). weusewish tosay that we regret something, that something is not as we wouldlikeittobe:. I wishI knewPaul'sphonenumber.(= I donl knowit andI regretthis)r Do youeverwishyoucouldfly?lyou can\ fly). It rainsa lot her.I wishit didn'trair soolten.. It's very crowdedhere.I wish there{,eren't so many people.(but therearea lot of people). I wish I didn't haveto work. (but I haveAfterifand wish, you can use were instead of was (ifI were / I wish itwere etc.). So you can say:o If I wereyou, I wouldn't buy that coat.orIflwasyou.... I'd go out iIitweretr't raining.o I wish it were possible.o/...if it wasn't raining.orI wish it was possible.We do not normallyuse wouldin the if-panof the sentenceor after wish:o ff I were rich, I wouldhave a yacht. (ror 'lI I wouldbe rich'). I wish I had somethingto read.(zor 'I wish I would have')Sometimeswish...would is possible('I wish you would listen').SeeUnit 40C,Notethat could sometimesmeans 'would be able to'and sometimes 'was/were able to':o You could get a job more easily(you could get = you would be ableto Bet)if you could speak a foreign language. (you could speak = you were able tospeak)/ /,,,/I ttl6h I haa an unb6la,l;t,'/iIlf ldolf ldld... - @U Ilhadtnownlwlshlhad known... ' @g wFh...would - @UN| rExERcrsEs 3838,'lPt the !e/bintothe cotrect fotln,1If l.!Ipry-..his number,I would phonehim. (know)2L...r.1,o.qldr:!.!..vJ...that coat i{Iwereyou. (not/buy)3L........ . .............you iflcould, but I'm afraidI can't. (help)4We woul dneeda cari fwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i n t hecoun$y.(l i ve)5I{ we had the choice,w........in the country (live)5This soup isn't very good.It ...................... . .......................betteriI it wasn't so salty. (taste)7I wouldn't mind living in Englandif the weathe........better.(be)8I f I wereyou,L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(not / wai t ).L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . now.(go)9You're alwaystired. If you ...................................................to bed so late everynight, youwouldn't be tired all the time. (nougo)10I think thereartoo many cars.If there..................................................so many cars lnor/be),t here. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . somuchpol l ut i on. (not / be)38.2Write a sentencewithLt... for eacb situation.1We don't visit you very often because you live so fat away....l!.y ,4!d.r:-t-.lqe.-s-e.kr..arvav,.w8'.4.1?-t9.v9!1.ne!"dk!.*...2He doesn'tspeakvery clearly - that'swhy peopledon't understandhim.3That book is too expensive,so I'm not going to buy it.4We don't go out very often becausewe can\affordit.5h's raining,so we can't havelunch in the garden.5I haveto work tomorrow eveninBso I can't meetyou.38,3Writesettencesbegihninglwish....1I don'tknowmany people(and I'm lonely)....!:tt.19.l.l.kr.'9w.trqlP.Peo.rw...2Idonthavea key (and Ineedone).Iwi sh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Ann isn't here (andI needto seeher).4lt's cold (and I hatecold weather).5I live in a big city (andI don't lik it).5[ car't go ro the party (and t'd like to).7I haveto work tomoffow (but I'd like to stayin bed).II donlknow an)'thingaboutcars (and my car has just broken down).9I'm not lying on a beautifulsunnybeach (andthat's a pity).38,4Wnte your oun settencesb?Bmn;zglwirh... .I wish Iherevou'd like to be now-on the beach,in New York, in bed etc.)2 (somethingyou'd like to have - a computer,a iob, lots of moneyetc.)3 lsomething you'dliketo beableto do - sing,speaka language,fly etc.)4 (somethingyou'dliketo be - beautiful,strong,richetc,)fflf I hadknown... I wishI hadknown...Srudythisexamplesiruation:Last month Gary wasin hospitalfor an operation.Liz didn't know this, so shedidn't go tovisit him. They mer a few daysago.Liz said:If I had known you werein hospital,I would have gone to visit you.Liz said:If I had brown you were in hospital.... The /eal situationwasthat sheddn 't knowhe was in hospital.when you aretalking aboutthe past,you useif + had ('d).. . (if I had known/treen /done etc. ):o I didnlseeyou when you passedme in the street.Ifl'dseenyou, ofcourseI would havesaidhello. (but I didn't seeyou). I decidedto stayat homelast night.I would have gone out if I hadn't beer so tired. (butI was tired). IJ he had beenlooking wherehe was going,he wouldn't havewalked into the wall. (bDthe wasnt looking). The view was wonderful.If I'd had a camera,Iwould havetaken somephotographs.{but I didn't havea camera)Compare:. I'mnot hung.ry.IJ I was hungry, I wouldeat somerhin9. (now). I wasn't hungry. IJ I had been hungry, I wouldhave eaten something. fpast)Do not usewould in the if-part of the sentence.We usewould in the other part of the sentence:. IfIhad seen you,I would havesaidhello. (zor'IfI would haveseenyou')Note that 'd can be would or had:. I f I ' dseenyou,(l'd seer = I had seen)I'd havesaidhello. (I'd havesaid = I would havesaid)We usehad (done)in the sameway after wish. I wish somethinghad happened = [ am sorry thatit didn't happen:. I n ish I'd known that Gary was ill. I would havegoneto seehim. (but I didn't know). I feelsick.I wish I hadn't eatenso much cake. (I ate too much cake). Do you wish you had studid scienceinstead of languages? (you didn'tstudy science). The weather was cold whilewe were away. I wish it had been warmer.Do not usewould have.. . after wish in thesesentences:. I wish it had beenwarmer. (zol 'I wish it would havebeen')Comparewould (do) and would have (done)o If I had gone to the pany last night, I would be tired row. (I am not tircd now - present). I{ I had goneto the party last night,I would havemet lots ofpeopl. (I didn't metlotsof people - pdst)Compare wouldhave, could have and might have:I we wouldhave gone out.we could have gone out.. If the weatherhadn't beenso bad, { (= we would havebeenablto go out)we might hav gotr out.1 (= perhapswe would havegoneout)Haddons-@Errdo, t f l drd. . .- M[| f l knewnw| shl knew. . .- Ml lEXERGISES39.1 P& the uerb it to the conect fom.1I didn't know you were in hospital.If ...lid.lttcv-J'r... (Vknow), ..!.we!''-]lh".e set!-e. lllaol tovisit you.2Kengot t ot hest at i oni nt i met ocat chhi st r ai n. I f . . . . . .. . . .ut{tr393It's good that you remindedme aboutAnn's birthday.(Vforgeqi{ ........................ . (you/not/remind)me.4Unfortunately, I didn't havemy addressbook with m whenI was in Nw Yotk. ff(Ysend)you a postcard.5A: How was yourholidaylDid you havea nicetime?3: lt wasoK, bu1........... ... . . . (we/entoy)it moreif5I tooka taxitothe hotel but the traIficwas verv bad.(it/be)quickerif.............. .......... (vwalk).7I'm not tiftd.If .......... .................... (I/be)tired, I'd go homenow.8I wasn' t t i redl ast ni ght . I f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(L' t e)i i red, I woul dhavegone home earliei.39.2 Wiua sentencewith{ for edch sitaatiot,1I wasn't hungry, so I didn'teat anything....tf-[C.f.ecn.h.'ristv..l.!'[.?u..ld.h?:te.e F'-o-n.eQn4.!!!13,...2The accident happened becausethe driver in frontstopped so suddenlyIf thedriverin front.........3l di dnl knowthat Georgehad to get up early,so I didn't wakehim up.I fL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4I was able tobuy the car only because Jim lent me the money.5Margaret wasn't injured in the crash becauseshe was wearing a seat belt5You didn't haveany breakfast - that's why you'rc hungrynow.7I didn't get a taxibecauseIdidn'thave any money on me.39.3 Imagine tbat you &einthesesitttatiorls. For each sit,'ation, u'rite a sentencewitblwish. . . .1You've eaten too much and now you feel sick.You say: ...lrvle..h.!.h.adri.l-9*et1.?.9..rr]J9h....2There was a iob advertised in the newspeper. Youdecided not toapply forit. Now you thinkthet your decision ltaswrong.3When you were younger, you didn'tlearn to play a musical instrument. Now you regiet this.You say: . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4You've painted the gate red. Now you thinkthat itdoesn't lookvery nice5You are walkingin the country. You wouldlike to tAke some photogtaphs but you didn'tbring your camera.You say:...........................-... .. ..6You have some unexpected Suests. They didn'ttell you they were coming. You are very busyand you ate not prepard forthemYou say (to yourself):....79Would l wi sh. . . woul dWe usewould ('d)when we imaginea situationor acnon:o It would be niceto havea holiday but we can't afford it.oI'm not going to bedyet. ['m not tired and I wouldn't sleep.lfeusewould have(done)when we imaginesituationsor actionsin the past:o They helpedme a lot. I don't know what I would havedonewithout their help. I didn't go to bed.I wasn't tired, so I wouldn't havslpt.For would in sentenceswirh if seeUnits 37-39.Comparewill ('ll) and would ('d):. I'll staya bit longer.I've got plenty of time.o I'd staya bit longerbut I really haveto go now. (so I can't staylonger)Sometimeswould/wouldn't is the past of wilvwon't. Compare:o rov:I'll phoneyou on Sunday.. ANN:I promiseI won'tbe late.. LE:Damn! The car won't stan.Iwi sh. . . l voul d. . .Studythis xamplesituation:It is raining. Jill wantsto go out, but not in the rain. Shesays:I wish it would stop raining.This meansthat Jill is complainingabout the rain and wants itWe useIwi sh. . . woul d. . . whenwe $rnr somerhi nBrohappenor when we want somebodyto do something.Thespeakeris not happywith the presentsituation.r The phonehasbeenringing for five minutes.I wish somebodyn ould answerit.. I wish you would do somethinginsteadof just sitting and doing nothing.You can useI wih...wou1dn't... to complainaboutthingspeopledo repeatdly:.I wish you wouldtr't keepinterruptingme.weuseI wish...would... for actionsand changes,,otsituations.Compare:r I wish Sarahwould come. (= I want her to come)but . I wish Sarahwere (o/ was) herenow. (ttor't wish Sarahwould be..,')rI wish somebody wouldbuy me a car.6rt .I wish I had a car. (zot'I wish I would have...')For'Iwi$h...}i,reihad{etc.)'seeUnits 388 and 39C.You can alsousewould when you talk about thingsthat happenedregularlyin the past:oVhen we werechildren,we lived by the sea.In summer,iftheweatherwas fine, wewould all get up earlyand go for a swim. (= we did this regularly). whenever Arthuwas angry, he wouldwalkout of th room.'With this meaniog,would is similar to usedto (see Unit 18 ):. '!0henever Arthurwas angry, he used to walkout of the room.-. Tom saidhe'd phoneme on Sunday..- . Ann promisedthat shewouldn't be late.-. Liz was angry becausethe car wouldntstan.wourd you {like)? - ldfE wl6h ' @!Eg wouldtlkeflove/preGr/rathot ' NEu! JN! TEXERCISES40.1Co'npletethe sentencesusingwo]uld+ one of the folloLlins uerbsift the correct totn:bedeenjoyenioy phonestopIThey helpedme a lot. I don't know what L!t?ul.d..h4!edzr'|e without their help2You ' houl dgo ano . ee r5enl m You i t3lr's a pity you couldn't cometo the party lastnighr.You .it4| . . . . . . . . ... .... . .youl ast ni ghrbutIdi dnthave vour number.5Why don't yor: go and seeClare?She.. verv pleasedto see vou'5I was in a hurry when I sawyou. OtherwiseI ro tark40.2write sentencesust'?g prornisd.1I wonder why she'slate..9.he.?remi6-e4ehew.epvr:!.rel4te-,2I wonderwhy Tom hasn\ writento me. He promised.. .3I'm surprisedthey didn't wair for us. They. .4\(hydid you tell JilL what I said?You .. ....4t.3what da you sayin thesesitudtionsawtite sentences4)ithl\|i