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Transcript of Multiuser LAB
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MULTI -USER LABORATORIES FOR COMPLEXITY
SCIENCE e-LEARNING
Florin Munteanu1 Constantin Udriste2, Dorel Zugravescu11UNESCO Chair in Geodynamics - Romania
2
University Politehnica of Bucharest2
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract:Usually, e-learning is centered on a discipline without laboratories. Our intention is toextend this point of view to multi-user laboratories in the Complexity Science context. The Complexity
Science is a framework joined and combined with those resulting from C&IT methodology. In this paper
we formulate our concepts and results, looking for coworkers in a NEXUS EUROPEAN PROGRAM.
Keywords: complexity science, e-learning, e-content, knowledge generation, remote on-
line laboratories, continues learning, personal laboratory, learning by discovery.
1. IntroductionThe Informational society has more and
more participation all around the world and the
effect felt by the population is nothing more
than a forerunner of a socio-cultural and
economic metamorphosis that has not been
known before in human history. Developed on
a global scale and integrating different cultures,
the metamorphosis takes place under the
pressure of continuous acceleration of processes
of all kinds, acceleration imposed by the very
intimate nature of an ordinary artifact: thecomputer and the IT&C development.
Not so long ago a persons main concern
was to pile up material products and to build
tangible objects that would last. The
appearance of the electronic Memory and the
Processor gave him the possibility to store and
creatively amplify the results of the brightest
Mind. He could adapt and simulate reality in a
more precise way and he gave a differentmeaning to the word Information. Becoming
the main power and value resource, the
information enabled Virtual Prototyping, theconstruction ofVirtual Instruments, basically
a product-dematerialization process a good
thing from an ecological perspective, but at the
same time leading to the need of important
social changes. Many trades are no longer
required, there is a continuous spring of new
trades, and therefore there is an acute need of
adapting an individuals knowledge to the
market demand that is continuouslychanging. Everything is being sped up since we
can communicate, simulate, project in teams
spread all over the world (teleworking), we
can manage an enterprise from a distance,
we can control an entire technological flux
using only a few people, we can, we can To
use in practice this enormous potentiality, we
need to educate people to understand and use,
in a creative and innovative way, the new
resource and opportunity in the 3rd
Millennium: Information.
The increase of the ability to process
information associated with the
specialization and growing complexity of
certain biochemical structures physical
support of processing can be considered a
profound characteristic of the universe we
inhabit. From the simple amoeba to the multi-
cellular systems that have the capacity to
interact more and more efficiently and
intelligently with the environment, we reached
the human being and its capacity to reflect
Reality through calculus and formal models. In
this evolution process we can see a permanent
restructuring of the substratum, restructuring
that takes place under the information
processing pressure, substratum that becomes
more and more sensitive, reactive, intelligent
and efficient in relation with the environment.
This observation can be also extended to thelevel of artifact evolution. The appearance of
the computer and the use of intelligent
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programs for the design of integrated circuits
enabled a drastic reduction of used space
(miniaturization), led to reduced energy
consumption, basically leading to an increase of
computing power, of energetic density in less
material quantity. The very act of processing
seems to be the cause able to modify both thecontext and the substratum, thus contributing
to the acceleration and development of
everything that surrounds it or that it comes into
contact with. The continuous increase of the
processing capacity seems therefore to be a
universal process, independent from material
and unlimited in time. [1].
However, carefully analyzing history, and
especially the crisis in the IT industry
development, we can notice that nothing could
change the exponential character of Moores
law [2], neither the world economic crises, thewars (Vietnam, Gulf), the economic conflicts
between the great powers, nor the technical or
technological barriers. In other words, we can
suppose that if nothing could change this
development so far, this tendency would stay
the same, the crisis being outweighed by the
occurrence of an event with major significance
for humanity: a discovery that would mark
an epoch, a paradigm change with
unexpected consequences. A change of
substratum, of computing concept, a
discovery regarding light or some materialintelligence characteristics will be able to
form a new approach that would take
Moores law further. What this
metamorphosis of the human being capable
to use coherently such a technology would looklike, how it would fit in a social life, and which
its cultural products would be, are all important
subjects that require setting up institutes for
prospective science and futurism, institutes
that would benefit both the public and theprivate sector. From this perspective we can say
that the public-private partnership becomesessential for defining and delimiting future
problems that can and have to be solved for
good for the human beings benefit. Finally,
we consider that the crucial problem that we
have now, in order to find solutions for
sustainable development in this turbulent socio-
economical environment, is to redesign the
educational system in such a manner to be able
to enhance the awareness of the population
about the core of the changes generated by the
new paradigm of Complexity. This new
conceptual frame (concepts, theories, models,
methods, technologies etc.) and the power of
international, interdisciplinary networks of
scientist and engineers to generate knowledge,could be the basis for the new social structure,
known as the Knowledge base Society.
2. About a science of ComplexityThe Science of Complexity appeared due to
the joint merger of various new fields that they
have been born from new breakthrough in
various areas: fractal geometry, the general
theory of dissipative systems, Chaos Theory,
synergetic sciences, cellular automata, genetic
algorithms, intelligent agents, artificial life. A
turning point also proved to be the foundationof the Institute for the Science of Complexity in
Santa Fe by a group of physicists, among which
were George Cowan, David Pines, Stirling
Colgate, Murray Gell-Mann, Nick Metropolis.
Thereafter, the rather loose collection of
previous theories and models have become
more coherent and organized in a certain
structure that became known as the Science of
Complexity, and which soon found numerous
practical applications. The Science of
Complexity changes drastically the approach of
studying the reality and the surroundingenvironment: instead of using a reductionist and
linear approach that provides analytical
solutions, it introduced a holistic and nonlinear
approach which could be modeled using
cellular automata, neural networks or intelligent
agents.In 1976 Ilya Prigogine, Nobel prize laureate
for Chemistry in 1977, elaborated The Theory
of Dissipative Systems, with which he became
one of the pioneers in the field of self-
organization studies [3]. The theory stipulates
that order will appear spontaneously in systemsthat evolve far from thermodynamic
equilibrium. This order appears as a result of a
self-organization process that is strongly
dependent on the energy fluxes present in thedomain where this order, or structure, appears.
This new entity acquires new and specific
physical and behavioral properties. Thus,
besides the link between energy and matter
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established previously by Einstein, Prigogines
theory makes a new and more subtle connection
between energy and structure. Tree-like
ramified structures, as well as self-similar and
fractal objects found in Nature are examples of
practical manifestations illustrating the dynamic
interaction between energy and matter [4].Bejans constructalist theory [5] formalized the
relation between structure and the energy flux
that keeps the dissipative system far from
thermodynamic equilibrium, defining several
notable laws regarding alometry [6], with a
high degree of universality [7]. The structure of
such a system is conserved for as long as the
energy flow is maintained within certain
operational limits. Exceedingly large variations
above or under this operational range trigger
specific restructuring mechanisms (phase
transitions, bifurcations), which can be carriedout in a very fast and abrupt discharge, or
slowly, during a time interval. Since 1990, the
geodynamic events in general and the seismic
ones in particular have been analyzed from this
new perspective. This new approach requires
the modern researchers to understand the
intrinsic interactive dynamics among the
various blocks and sub-blocks that form the
Earths crust in a seismically active region.
Furthermore, it is also necessary to recognize
and comprehend the very mechanisms of
genesis and the long-term stability of thiscellular structure capable to dissipate energy
from a concentrated point-like source (focal
point) to a much larger volume of matter. In
this respect, this proposed project desires to
explore the manner in which the specificapproach of studying (from the perspective of
the Science of Complexity) a geodynamical
active region evolving far from thermodynamic
equilibrium will influence its subsequent
modeling, and consequently the choice ofgeophysical sensors used in that region to study
it and their location.In 1987 Per Bak, Chao Tang si Kurt
Wiesenfeld (the so-called BTW trio) discovered
and formulated the Principle of Self-Organized
Criticality, which highlighted another essential
property ofcomplex systems: their behaviour
was extremely sensitive to the initial
conditions and the history of the system, i.e.
the succession of events to which it has been
subjected along its evolution since its
appearance. A strictly deterministic and causal
approach, as had been used classically in many
physical sciences, is no longer efficient or
suitable in these circumstances since the
transfer function of the system is constantly
changing and evolving together with, and as aresult of, the interactions between the system
and other external surrounding systems, at thesame hierarchical level or situated above and
under it, respectively. A part of the energy flux
received by the system is retained in its
substantial-radiative structure, gradually
contributing to its cumulative storage until acritical state is reached, when a sudden energy
discharge takes places. The alternation of
numerous charge-discharge cycles of this type
maintains the system in a state that is always
relatively close to the critical point (i.e. it canbe said that the critical state is very robust). In
the immediate vicinity of a critical state, the
systems sensitivity even to infinitesimal
accidental fluctuations increases exponentially,
which makes possible that utterly small
variations of collateral factors could easily
trigger large-scale energetic discharge
processes that irreversibly modify the structure
and behavior of the entire system. Such a
behavior outlines once again the acute necessity
to extend the study based on the Science of
Complexity so that it would also examine thetriggering factors of such catastrophic events.
Moreover, it also clearly suggests once again
the essential need of breaking with the classical
approaches that are utterly incapable of
analyzing such concepts and of grasping even
the basic principles of such phenomena.
Instead, this proposed project suggests the
implementation of an entirely novel approach:building an original monitoring system and
its corresponding data analysis &
interpretation model, that are both capable to
evolve in time together with, and in responseto, the monitored Reality.
The studies carried out by per Bak [8], and
especially the generalization made by Wolfram
[9], in the field of cellular automata has led to
new applications: genetic algorithms, neural
networks, intelligent agents, artificial life. All
these disciplines coagulated into a new
computational science whose main aim is to re-
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create the genesis and the evolutionary
dynamics of a real system in a virtual
environment, in which other methods and tools
are defined for investigation, monitoring and
visualization than in the case of monitoring a
real system. This enabled the scientists to
replace the previous static modeling ofdynamic systems using differential equations
and systems of differential equations, i.e. using
the so-called rigid models, with stable
solutions expressed by continuous functions,
that may be arbitrarily elasticized by adding
stochastic terms that could extend the validity
of the solutions in cases when the modeled
system undergoes various fluctuations in its
parameters. Thus, the modern trend is based on
a deep understanding and application of the
Science of Complexity and requesting an
intelligent-evolutionary approach, in whichthe system is virtually generated within the
model, starting from local interaction rules and
going up the hierarchy, so that it can encompass
all possible interactions. The end result is a
conceptual leap forward, from the formal,
mathematic, description with a limited
predictability, to the intrinsic simulation of the
system which can evolve in a virtual
environment in a manner similar to that of the
modeled reality.
In 1975 Feigenbaum has made another
major breakthrough that consolidated thecreation of the Science of Complexity: the
scenario of transition to chaos through
successive bifurcations. Structuring a general
deterministic Chaos Theory was also
accelerated by other important contributions,such as the discovery of the two fundamental
universal constants by Feigenbaum, the
development and application of computational
sciences for solving nonlinear systems of
equations, understanding the behavior of anonlinear system by analyzing its dynamics in
the phase space, the discovery of fractalattractors and the generalization of bifurcation
theory. According to the Chaos Theory, a
chaotic system inherently exhibits sensitivity
to initial conditions. In other words, two
initially identical trajectories originating from a
given point will grow apart with an exponential
divergence if an infinitesimal variation exists
between their initial trajectories. This fact is a
fundamental limit for the predictability of such
systems beyond a certain limited time interval
(temporal horizon). Chaos Theory has also been
applied in electronic circuits, leading to the
realization of chaotic oscillators Chuas
circuit- [10] and enabling to formulate the
concepts of chaotic resonance [11] and ofsynchronization using chaotic oscillators [12].
All these models and theories assert that achaotic system always exhibits a few general
common features:
-There always is a clear rule, or pattern, for
the process in which the system loses its
stability;-The loss of stability can be studied separately
and classified using specific evaluation
methods and representation systems (the
Lyapunov exponent, logistic maps, the phase
space, attractors, strange attractors);-One can identify certain values for the initial
condition(s) that are guaranteed precursors for
the bifurcation points [13], thus defining (i.e.
enabling to predict) the evolution towards a
critical state of a chaotic system (generalizing
this statement we may be able to tell whether a
precursor is expected or not to appear in a
chaotic systems behavior during its dynamic
evolution);
- By applying non-periodic perturbations of
small magnitude one can, under certain
circumstances, permanently maintain a chaoticsystem in a stable state, although dynamically it
is situated in an unstable region of behavior.
This control technique radically challenges and
changes the entire concept of noise, as well as
its role in identifying and maintaining the
stability of a system;
-The analog, or informational, inter-
connection of more chaotic oscillators with
each other can, in special conditions, lead to the
synchronization of all the oscillations. This is a
key effect with crucial implications in
understanding the coupling between complexnonlinear systems and the variability in their
behavior predictability, with tremendous
valuable potential applications for social,
financial, economical, and other type of
systems, and which is also employed in the so-
called chaos communication [14].
We find to be necessary to insert in this
paper a short review of the principal moments
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in the aggregations of concepts and theories
in what it is know today as Complexity Science
just to point out the major difficulty in
understanding those new concepts, the
correlations between them, the differences
between the classical, Newtonian approach and
this nonlinear one. We entirely agree with EveMittleton-Kelly form London School of
Economics: Complexity is not a methodology
or a set of tools (although it does provide both).
It certenly is not a management fad. The
Science of Complexity provide a conceptual
framework, a way of thinking, a way of seeing
the World. To prepare the society and of
course the new generation of scientists and
researchers to be capable to understand this new
way of seeing the World and to act creative in
this new conceptual frame, we need new
educational technologies, more close to:learning by discovering, learning by direct
implications in real projects (experiments) in
interdisciplinary teems, near senior researchers
and professors from Universities , self-
education in e-communities, based on e-
learning processes, using what we have define
to be a Personal laboratory [15] . To act
concrete in this direction, we start in 1998 an
educational program labeled as NEXUS [15].
An important step in this program is the
design and the implementation of so called
multi-user laboratories for Complexity Sciencee-learning.
3. The NEXUS programThe NEXUS project starts from the premise
that a well-asked question can initiate a
specific cognitive process, able to arouseinterest and curiosity and to motivate the effort
of accumulating knowledge. For this reason, the
program was conceived to stimulate young
peoples ability to generate pertinent questions
in the field of Complexity Science and also to
find their answers through a process largelybased on self-instruction, experimental research
and communication with other students and
researchers/instructors interested in the same
topic.
The novel and innovatively creative
contributions brought by the NEXUS program
are configured in a multi-component ensemble
formed of:
o The NEXUS room: a space dedicated and
equipped especially for lab experiments,
documentation, courses, multidisciplinarydialogue and consulting, etc. (it is an
interface between the students from a
high school or an university and the teem of
mentors, that guide the research activities inthe NEXUS network) The activity in the
room is carried out in groups based of
affinity for a subject and not by age, (it is
acceptable to be included in the group
students for an other school or even master
degree level ; in this way, we find out that
the activity is more coherent, more project
orientated, every age level having
something to learn from the others and to
give to the others). The main program is
structured around various subjects chosen
according to the local interests from theOpen Projects database ( a list of annual
themes proposed by the Scientific Council
of the NEXUS program);
Foto 1The Nexus environment a complex place
dedicated to reveal the beauty of science
o The complex teaching object (CTO) is a
hardware/software synthesis that allows
experimental multidisciplinary exploration
of the processes and phenomena of interest,
according to the topics selected from anOpen Project. The CTO was designed in
such a way that it specifically enables and
stimulates creativity and formation of new
abilities: attention, ability to correlate the
knowledge gained during the course,
initiative, collaboration, and
communication within interdisciplinary
teams, etc; This CTO is designed and
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produced by a private Romanian company
ASTech solutions ltd. (www.astceh.ro)
under the supervision of the Scientific
Council of the NEXUS program. In this
way, everyone can see the entire cycle,
form the need to the idea and the product,
fact that contribute to a betterunderstanding of the application of science
in real live. More than that, some of the
devices, verified to be useful for scientific
education in a broader sense, became parts
of some new scientific Kits of
CONNECTUS class (a Personal
Laboratory). These products are put on the
market, creating so added value to the
educational Nexus program.
Foto 2
The Connectus Personal lab
o Teacher Up-grade: This is a part of the
NEXUS program, designed to help teachers
to up-date the knowledge according to the
new subjects involved in a concrete OpenProject. It consists mainly of intensive
courses (including e-learning) for
assimilating concepts and notions necessary
for the use of the infrastructure and the
software that accompanies a CTO, for
completing the curriculum with novelties
(especially from the Complexity science),
and for correlating the various primary
knowledge elements through an integrating
and multidisciplinary approach.The NEXUS room, specially designed and
equipped for the message which the NEXUS
program wants to deliver, enables:
o Scientific documentation through the
Internet network and through the NEXUS
library for the major specialty topic of the
school: biology, physics, informatics, etc.
The NEXUS library holds magazines,
books and electronic books. It becomes
richer through donations, book purchases
and especially through the enlargement of
an Internet-acquired database. Thisdatabase is filtered according to the
schools specialty topic and is translated
and multiplied locally (For this purpose a
group of young participants enrolled in
advanced English courses; the teaching
activity acquires thus an objective of
immediate general usefulness);
o Experimental research thattakes place in
specially designed area, each comprising an
experimental setup adapted to the topics
chosen in the structuring stage of the
NEXUS program. The computationalsystem, part of the experimental setup, is
able to ensure data processing, modeling of
the studied phenomena, internet connection
for data-sharing;
o Meetings and discussions within theformed study groups, work meetings for
elaborating projects concerning the high
school, projects that would be submitted for
financing (Ministry of Education,
educational departments, City halls,sponsors, etc.);
o Meeting personalities activating and well-known in a field identical or similar to the
schools specialty topic;
o Conducting micro-courses for those who
approached (or want to get involved in) a
specific research topic, using also the
video-conferences to involve professors
form different countries.
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In this framework, starting from 2002
[16,17], we have developed activities around
topics such as: The heart: is it a chaotic
oscillator?, Can stress be diagnosed by
monitoring the neuro-muscular electric
activity? Are plants biological sensors?,
Technical diagnosis and the noise , Themeteo-sensitivity and the neuronal calculator.
Because of the multi-age structure of the Nexus
teem, we had very good results, in spite of the
complexity of the subject. More than that, we
found out that, the fact that not even the
researcher knew the answer, was the key factor
of the coagulation of the theme around the
topic, and in the same time, a very important
motivational feature, with benefic influence in
the teem building.
4. Multi-user laboratory forComplexity Science e-learning
It is a known fact the Romania has aunique geodynamical active aria: The Vrancea
zone. The strong earthquakes having the
epicenter in a very narrow aria, close to
Focsani, the presence of some mud volcanoes,
strong geological accidents easy to be seen at
the surface, make this specific place a natural
laboratory, good for experimental research in
so called: the GAIA theory [18]. In the same
time, it is already accepted that all
geodynamical phenomena are complex, so itseem to be natural to use this place for a multi-
user laboratory in geodynamics using the
Complexity Science approach and the e-
learning process. As researchers in an academic
research institute we try to understand the
geophysical phenomena linked to the
accumulations of mechanical stress and of the
mechanisms that are responsible for an
earthquake. Generally speaking, as a
pragmatically objective, we try to improve the
evaluation of the seismic risk of a certain
geographical region. Such studies have had anew impetus due to the application of a very
new set of theories and models that are all
known as the Science of Complexity. After
Mandelbrots introduction of the fractal
geometry and the subsequent appearance and
affirmation of the Chaos Theory and the
Catastrophes Theory, seismic events have been
reinterpreted as typical examples of
manifestations for the dynamics of nonlinear
systems. Self-organization has quickly become
the most important and often used concept in
modeling earthquakes. Other studies, made
using large databases that included any seismic
events of magnitudes larger than 2 on the
Richter scale, highlighted variations betweenintervals with acceptable or high predictability
of the seismic events, and those in which such
events seemed to have occurred randomly. This
observation led to the conclusion that the
degree of predictability itself for seismic events
is a variable that changes in time. From this
point of view, the earthquake was re-interpreted
as an expression of the geocomplexity, and
this new point of view reoriented the research
in this area towards understanding complex
phenomena. Specifically, this marked the
beginning of a new stage in geosciences ingeneral, and in seismologic research in
particular, especially regarding the practical
application of the main concepts, models,
theories and methods provided by the new
paradigm of Complexity. If one assimilates a
seismically active region with a nonlinear
complex and hierarchically structured system,
then the following features can be deduced or
assumed as characterizing this system:
a) Each seismic event modifies irreversibly
the systems structure, and for this reason a new
re-assessment of the situation and re-adaptationof the analytical model has to be carried out
permanently;
b) Each seismic event discharges a specific
amount of energy (recorded in earthquakes as
the magnitude, e.g. on the Richter scale), and
this energetic variation modifies the internal
state of the system and provides totally new and
different initial conditions for the newly started
phase of charging. The immediate result of such
a behavior is a much reduced predictability, yet
not impossible;
c) The energy discharged by each seismicevent that 'resets' the local system is
radiated/transferred to neighboring systems of
equal or inferior hierarchical position. For this
reason the accurate understanding of theevolution in time of a seismic region cannot be
carried out without an initial thorough and
multidimensional monitoring (at the same or
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from a higher hierarchical level) using a
network of various types of sensors;
d) When the system is in the critical state
preceding the seismic discharge, the triggering
factors can alternate or combine with inhibiting
ones, resulting in a reduced classic predicta-
bility of the seismic event. At the same time,this also highlights two necessary purposes (or
requirements) for which a sensor network
intended to monitor a seismically active region
must be designed and set up: - capable to
evaluate objectively when the monitored system
(i.e. the seismic region) evolves in a critical
state, and -closely monitor the low intensity
processes that are resonant with the epicenter,
and that could thus bring valuable information
about how the triggering signal appears;
e) The monitored seismic region is just
another element of a larger and alsohierarchically organized system (Gaia) [18],
being coupled and interdependent on the
interaction with other similar systems in this
super-system. This means that other important
data can be obtained by monitoring the energy
exchange, and other types of exchanges,
between adjacent and subordinated systems,
both living or not;
f) The changes in the structure of the system
will always take place as a function of the
variations in the fluxes of energy, information
and matter. As such, these changes will obeyuniversally valid laws (pattern, alometric
constants) which can also be used in our
analytical model that controls the system in
order to characterize in real-time the evolution
and behavior of the observed region.According to these observations, we can
conclude that, monitoring this seismic zone
with a complex network of sensors of different
kind, we can collect and store real data, from a
real complex system that evolves in time. So,designing a complex multi-user laboratory and
put it in place in the epicenter of this uniquegeodynamic aria could be a very good
opportunity for improving education in natural
sciences (the entire Nexus network became
capable to use real and in real time data to
verify theoretical models or to bring some new
experimental devices in this laboratory, to let it
there for a time, to verify the capability of the
device to work accordingly to the purpose/
design).
5. ConclusionIn order to motivate the interest of the
society and especially that of the youth in
education, specifically in science & technology,
is a difficult problem. The process of "lock-in"
(which will also be referred to later)
characteristic to a market economy has
stabilized several careers that are nowadays
considered financially attractive: show
business and entertainment, advertising, sports,
management, law school, all of them being
characterized (or considered) as fast & certain
carriers towards quick achievement of fame and
fortune, generally based on native qualities ofthe person involved.
The continuous long lasting effort, as well
as the necessity to operate in an abstract
framework on the basis of a formal language,
leads to a dramatic decrease of the interest in
scientific or engineering-related careers. This
situation is even absurdly paradoxical given the
more and more highly technologically oriented
outline of nowadays world. Some of the causes
responsible of this situation are:
- The lack of recognition of the social
importance of engineers and researchers &scientists in general,
- The absence of efficient popularization of
the satisfactions and results offered by such
careers;
- The contrast between the rewards imparted
by Society, on one hand, to an innovator, or
a scientist with two university degrees or a
Ph.D. or other merits, and, on the other
hand, to a soccer player, a movie star, a TV
presenter, or even a simple participant to
quasi-intellectual contests like The Wheel
of Fortune or How to BecomeMillionaire, not to mention of those
without even such pretensions, like
Survivor.
As a consequence, the difficulty to identify,
educate and propel youngsters with the
necessary skills and knowledge for a
subsequent integration in our research activity
in Complexity Science has intrigued us and
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consequently motivated us to conceive and start
the NEXUS program, dedicated to the
identification and formation of youngsters with
native skills for scientific research. Because of
the vary good results in this program, we decide
to design and implement in the Vrancea zone
a geodynamic active aria in Romania a multi-user laboratory for helping the educational
process in natural sciences in general and in
Complexity Science in particular, using the e-
learning technology. Because of the potential of
this multi-user laboratory (research in astro-bio-
geodynamic, environment, quality of life,
biorhythms, interactions between living and
nonliving systems etc. ) we hope to brink near
us others researcher, professors or business
orientated people, to develop an international,
interdisciplinary multi-user laboratory dedica-
ted to the studies of the Life in a Naturalenvironment, using the Complexity paradigm.
6. References1. http://www.racai.ro/~dragam
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores_law
3. Prigogine, I., Dewel, G., Kondepudi, D.,
Chemistry Far from Equilibrium:
Thermodynamics, Order and Chaos, Cambridge
University Press, 2001
4. Lovejoy S., Schertzer, D., Scaling and
multifractal fields in the solid earth and
topography, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 14, 465
502, 2007
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