Multitester,Wire resistivity
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Transcript of Multitester,Wire resistivity
![Page 1: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Performing Mensuration and
Calculation
![Page 2: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Hail Mary
Teacher:Hail Mary, full of grace.Our Lord is with you.Blessed are you among women,and blessed is the fruit of your womb,Jesus.Students:Holy Mary, Mother of God,pray for us sinners,now and at the hour of our death..
![Page 3: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Multimeter
• Are very useful test instruments..
• By operating a multi-position switch on the meter they can be quickly and easy to set to be a voltmeter, an ammeter or an ohmmeter.
![Page 4: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2 Types of Multimeter
![Page 5: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Analog Multitester
• It can be used for testing a number of components electronic and parameters such as resistance, voltage and current
![Page 6: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
We have a lot model of of analog multitester
![Page 7: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The analog multitester have
many parts.
![Page 8: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• The portion of the multitester where the actual reading is being multiplied
Range Multiplier
![Page 9: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• It is the portion of the ohmmeter where it is adjusted when the pointer of the ohmmeter fails to point to zero.
Zero ohm adjustment
![Page 10: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Serves as the input portion of the multimeter.
• Red test probe become positive in some instances, while the black one is negative.
Test Probe
![Page 11: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Part of the multimeter that indicates the value of electrical quantity that has been measured.
Pointer
![Page 12: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Battery• It serves as the
energy source of the Multitester.
![Page 13: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• It is provided to help protect the meter movement.
Fuse
![Page 14: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pointer
Negative Terminal
Positive Terminal
Zero Ohm Adjustment
Range multiplier
Indicator Scale
![Page 15: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• have a numeric display, and may also show a graphical bar representing the measured value. Digital multimeters are now far more common due to their cost and precision.
Digital multimeter
![Page 16: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Digital multi meter have also parts like Analog
Type
![Page 17: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
These are the parts of a Digital multimeter
![Page 18: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
How to read Multimeter scale?
![Page 19: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• For resistance use the upper scale, note that it reads backwards and is not linear (Evenly Spaced)
Resistance Analog Scale
![Page 20: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Resistance Scale
![Page 21: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Things to remember in proper caring of
multitester
![Page 23: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Don’t select the resistance scale if you are going to
measure the voltage !
![Page 24: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
While using the Multitester hold it carefully !
![Page 25: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Switch off the multitester when not in use.
![Page 26: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
First everyone must know the range multiplier.
Ohm multiplier
How to read the resistance (Ohm)
scale ?
![Page 27: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
I will present to all of you the Division of resistance scale
and it’s value
![Page 28: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• 0-2 DIV = 0.2• 2-10 DIV = 0.5• 10-20 DIV = 1• 20-50 DIV = 2• 50-100 DIV = 5
• 100-200 DIV = 20• 200-500 DIV = 75• 500-1k DIV = 500• 1k – 2k DIV = 1k• Infinity
![Page 29: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
These are the examples of
getting the value of resistance
![Page 30: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
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How do we understand the
resistance?
![Page 35: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Why do we need to restrict the current in a circuit?
• Because there are circuits that doesn’t need too much current.
• There are components that needs an accurate current to make it more functionable .
![Page 37: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Reading AC Volt
![Page 38: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Reading DC Volt
![Page 41: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Reading mA
![Page 45: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
0.25mA
![Page 46: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Let’s Solve
• If the maximum value of mA is 0.25• Then the minor division lines is 50• 0.25/50 = 0.005 each lines• Each major lines has 0.05*4 major lines =
0.2• 0.005*7lines = 0.035• Then 0.2+0.035 = 0.235mA
![Page 47: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
25mA
![Page 48: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Let’s Solve
• If the maximum value of mA is 25• Then the minor division lines is 50• 25/50 = 0.5 each lines• Each major lines has 5*1 major lines = 5• 0.5*8lines = 4• Then 5+4 = 9 mA
![Page 49: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Let’s have a quizPlease prepare 1/4
sheet of paper
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Any kind of cheating are not allowed if I caught
you cheating -2 on your score(maximum of 2
attempts)
![Page 51: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Talking to your seatmates and
classmates is not allowed during
quiz
![Page 52: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Let’s start the quiz and god
bless
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1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
X1K
![Page 62: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
10
X10
![Page 63: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
11
X1
![Page 64: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
12
0.25mA
![Page 65: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
13
25mA
![Page 66: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
14
• How can I good take of the Analog or Digital Multi meters ? Explain your answer?
![Page 67: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
15 Bonus
• What is your dream profession or workfield?
![Page 68: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Pass your papers in the front and
exchange we will check your work
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1
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250 Range
50 + 3 Minor DivisionsEach division is equivalent to 5Therefore :50 + ( 3*5 )50 + 15 = 65 ACV
![Page 71: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
2
![Page 72: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
10 Range
6 + 5 Minor DivisionsEach minor division is equivalent to 0.2Therefore :6 + ( 0.2*5 )6 + 1 = 7 ACV
![Page 73: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
3
![Page 74: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
50 Range
10 + 3 Minor DivisionsEach minor division is equivalent to 1Therefore :10 + ( 1*3 )10 + 3 = 13 ACV
![Page 75: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
4
![Page 76: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
1000 Range
400 + 8 Minor DivisionsEach minor division is equivalent to 20 Therefore :400 + ( 8*20 )400 + 160 = 560 ACV
![Page 77: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
5
![Page 78: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
0.1 Range
0.06 + 1 Minor DivisionsEach minor division is equivalent to 0.002 Therefore :0.06 + ( 0.002*1 )0.06 + 0.002 = 0.062 DCV
![Page 79: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
6
![Page 80: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
0.25 Range
0.05 + 7 Minor DivisionsEach minor division is equivalent to 0.005 Therefore :0.05 + ( 0.005*7 )0.05 + 0.035 = 0.085 DCV
![Page 81: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
7
![Page 82: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
2.5 Range
2 + 4 Minor DivisionsEach minor division is equivalent to 0.05 Therefore :2+ ( 0.05*4 )2 + 0.2 = 2.2 DCV
![Page 83: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
8
![Page 84: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
X10k Multiplier
The pointer is located at 10 – 20 DIV = 110 + 1 DIVTherefore:10 + 1 DIV*1 (10,000)10 + 1 (10,000) 11*10,000 = 110,000 OHMS
![Page 85: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
9
![Page 86: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
X1k Multiplier
The pointer is located at 20 – 50 DIV = 230 + 2 DIVTherefore:30 + 2 DIV * 2 (1,000)30 + 4 (1,000) 34*1,000 = 34,000 OHMS
![Page 87: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
10
![Page 88: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
X10 Multiplier
The pointer is located at 100 – 200 DIV = 20100 + 2 DIVTherefore:100 + 2 DIV * 20 (10)100 + 40 (10) 140*10 = 1,400 OHMS
![Page 89: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
11
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X1 Multiplier
The pointer is located at 1000 – 2000 DIV = 10001000 + 1 DIVTherefore:1000 + 1 DIV * 1000 (10)1000+ 1000 (1) 2000*1 = 2000 OHMS
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12
![Page 92: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
0.25mA
• If the maximum value of mA is 0.25• Then the minor division lines is 50• 0.25/50 = 0.005 each lines• Each major lines has 0.05*1 major lines =
0.05• 0.005*2lines = 0.01• Then 0.05+0.01 = 0.06 mA
![Page 93: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
13
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25mA
• If the maximum value of mA is 25• Then the minor division lines is 50• 25/50 = 0.5 each lines• Each major lines has 5*4 major lines = 20• 0.5*2lines = 1• Then 20+1 = 21 mA
![Page 95: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Understanding the volt, current and the resistance
![Page 96: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Volt
• is the unit of electric potential difference, or the size of the force that sends the electrons through a circuit.
![Page 97: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Current (Ampere)
• is the unit used to measure electric current. Current is a count of the number of electrons flowing through a circuit.
![Page 98: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
![Page 99: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Resistance
• is the hindrance to the flow of charge or to restrict the over flow of current.
![Page 100: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
![Page 101: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Basic formula
• Wherein:
• E = Volts• I = Current• R = Resistance
E
I R
![Page 102: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Derived Formula
• Solving for Volts• E = IR, E = I*R, E = IxR, E = (I)(R)• Example :
![Page 103: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Let’s try to compute
• Given :• I = 2A• R = 7 ohms• E = ?• Solution:• E = 2*7• E = 14 volts
![Page 104: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Derived Formula
• Solving for Volts• I = E/R• Example :
12 V
?
![Page 105: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Let’s try to compute
• Given :• I = ?• R = 7 ohms• E = 12 volts• Solution:• I = 12*7• I = 1.71 A
12 V
?
![Page 106: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Derived Formula
• Solving for Volts• R = E/I• Example :
10 V ?
![Page 107: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Let’s try to compute
• Given :• I = 2 A• R = ?• E = 10 volts• Solution:• R = 10/2• R = 5 ohms
10 V ?
![Page 108: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Resistivity of wire
![Page 109: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Did you know that……..• We have a various kinds of wire?
![Page 110: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
• To have an accurate measurement of the Resistance, Volt, and Current we must also compute the resistance of the wire that we used in wiring our circuit.
![Page 111: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Formula for computing the wire resistance
• R = (p) L/A• Wherein :• R = Resistance• P = Material Resistivity• L = Length of the wire• A = Cross Sectional Area or simply the
diameter of the wire
![Page 112: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Let’s try to compute
![Page 113: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
• What is the resistance of a silver wire 10m long if its diameter is 0.8 mm?
• First, the standard unit for this formula is meter..
• Let’s convert the 0.8 mm to m• 0.8 x 1000 = 0.0008 m
![Page 114: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
• Second, after converting look for the resistivity of the material because it has a standard measurement.
![Page 115: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
![Page 116: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
• Third, Solve for the cross sectional area.• A = pi*rWherein:A= Cross sectional areaPi= mechanical constant of circle
circumference value = 3.1416R= Radius
2
![Page 117: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
• Since, that the given is 0.0008m and the desired in the formula is radius. We must divide it into 2.
• The answer is 0.0004 m
![Page 118: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
• A = 3.1416m * 0.0004mA = 5.026X10 or 0.0000005026 m
After getting the cross sectional are we can proceed in getting the resistance of the wire.
-7 2
![Page 119: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
• Given :• P = 1.6 X 10 or 0.000000016 ohms.m• L = 10 m• A = 5.026X10 or 0.0000005026 m• R = ?
-8
-7 2
![Page 120: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
• R = (0.000000016 ohms.m)(10 m )0.0000005026 m
• Cancel the meters the ohms will remain in the cancelation method of the units.
• Times the 0.000000016 to 10 and divide it to 0.0000005026
2
![Page 121: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
• And the answer is R = 0.318 or 0.32 ohms
![Page 122: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Try it
• What is the resistance of a copper wire 10m long if its diameter is 0.0008 m?
![Page 123: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
![Page 124: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
• Third, Solve for the cross sectional area.• A = pi*rWherein:A= Cross sectional areaPi= mechanical constant of circle
circumference value = 3.1416R= Radius
2
![Page 125: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
• Since, that the given is 0.0008m and the desired in the formula is radius. We must divide it into 2.
• The answer is 0.0004 m
![Page 126: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
• A = 3.1416m * 0.0004mA = 5.026X10 or 0.0000005026 m
After getting the cross sectional are we can proceed in getting the resistance of the wire.
-7 2
![Page 127: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
• Given :• P = 1.7 X 10 or 0.000000017 ohms.m• L = 10 m• A = 5.026X10 or 0.0000005026 m• R = ?
-8
-7 2
![Page 128: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
• R = (0.000000017 ohms.m)(10 m )0.0000005026 m
• Cancel the meters the ohms will remain in the cancelation method of the units.
• Times the 0.000000017 to 10 and divide it to 0.0000005026
2
![Page 129: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
• And the answer is R = 0.338 or 0.34 ohms
![Page 130: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Assignment
• What is the resistance of a Tungsten wire 20m long if its diameter is 0.8 mm?
![Page 131: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Factors of affecting wire resistance
Electrical resistance of conducting wire depends on 4 factors •Length of the conducting wire•Diameter of the wire•Nature of the materialWe can see these factors in R = p L/A
![Page 132: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
• Last factor is the temperature of the wireWe can see this factor in R = R ref [1 + (T-
T ref)].
![Page 133: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
• We must know on how the temperature effects in the wire and it’s behavior in the volts, resistance and ampere.
![Page 134: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Sample Circuit
![Page 135: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
• Normally, we compute this circuit by using the formula for Volt, Ampere and Resistance.
• Sometimes, we disregard the environment’s temperature.
![Page 136: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Solve for Ampere
• Solve for the Ampere of the whole circuit• I= E/R• I = 14 Volts/280 Resistance = 0.05
Ampere
![Page 137: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Solve for Volts
• Solve for the resistor in Wire 1 and 2• E = IR• E = 0.05*15ohms• E = 0.75 volts wire 1 (Same as wire 2)
![Page 138: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Solve for Volts
• Solve for the volts in resistor• E = IR• E = 0.05*250ohms• E = 12.5 Volts
![Page 139: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
![Page 140: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
• But the temperature is a factor in earth like gravity the theory of Sir Isaac Newton.
• Example theory of the law of gravity• What goes up must go down and etc.
![Page 141: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
• In the theory of temperature and resistance.
• The higher temperature resulting in a higher resistance
![Page 142: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Why does the temperature effects the resistance?
In cold wire, he wire is cold the protons are not vibrating much so the electrons
can run between them fairly rapidly.
![Page 143: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
When the wire heats up, the protons start vibrating and moving slightly out of position. As their motion becomes more erratic they are more likely to get in
the way and disrupt the flow of the electrons.
![Page 144: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
• Since the circuit has a given temperature of 35 Celsius, we can now compare the result of normal computing in precise computing of resistance.
35
![Page 145: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
• We will use this formula for determining the resistance of a wire R = R ref [1 + (T -T ref)].
• Where in :• R ref is the resistance initial or reference• Temperature Coefficient of resistance
for the conductor material• T is the given temperature• T ref is temperature initial or reference
![Page 146: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
• Step 1 : gather the given value in the circuit R = R ref [1 + (T -T ref)].
• Wire 1 is 15 ohms (Material: copper)• Wire 2 is 15 ohms• T is 35 Celsius• R load 250 ohms• V 14volts• = 0.004041
35
![Page 147: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
![Page 148: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
• Step 2 Solve each resistance to see the effect of the temperature.
• Solving for wire 1 and 2• R = R ref [1 + (T -T ref)].• R = 15 ohms [1+0.004041(35 Celsius – 20
Celsius)]
![Page 149: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Calculation
• R = 15 ohms [1+0.004041(35 Celsius – 20 Celsius)]
• R= 15 ohms [1+0.004041(15Celsius)]• R = 15 ohms [1+0.060615]• R = 15 ohms*1.060615• R = 15.909 ohms
![Page 150: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Calculation
• Wire 1 15.909 ohms• Wire 2 15.909 ohms• Rload 250 ohms• We will add the total ohms to get the value
of ampere.• Which is I=E/R
![Page 151: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Solving for Current
• 15.909 ohms + 15.909 ohms + 250 ohms = 281.818 ohms
• After getting the total ohms• We will solve the current• V = 14 volts• R = 281.818 ohms• I = ?
![Page 152: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Solving for Current
• I = E/R• 14 volts/281.818 ohms• = 0.0496 Ampere or 49.6 mA• And then we will try to compute the
voltage of the circuit for wire 1, 2 and Resistor
• E = IR
![Page 153: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Solving for Volts
• Wherein • V= ?• I = 0.0496 A• R = 15.909 ohms• V = 0.0496 A *15.909 ohms• =0.79 volts in wire 1 and 2
![Page 154: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Solving for Volts
• Wherein • V= ?• I = 0.0496 A• R = 250 ohms• V = 0.0496 A *250 ohms• =12.4 volts in the resistor
![Page 155: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Let’s compare the results
Normal Computation
Temperature computation
![Page 156: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Activity
• Material : Gold
30
30
200
![Page 157: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Solve for Ampere
• Solve for the Ampere of the whole circuit• I= E/R• I = 14 Volts/245 Resistance = 0.057
Ampere
![Page 158: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Solve for Volts
Solve for the resistor in Wire 1•E = IR•E = 0.057*30ohms•E = 1.71 volts wire 1
![Page 159: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Solve for Volts
Solve for the resistor in Wire 2•E = IR•E = 0.057*15ohms•E = 0.86 volts wire 2
![Page 160: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Solve for Volts
• Solve for the volts in resistor• E = IR• E = 0.057*200ohms• E = 11.4 Volts
![Page 161: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
• We will use this formula for determining the resistance of a wire R = R ref [1 + (T -T ref)].
• Where in :• R ref is the resistance initial or reference• Temperature Coefficient of resistance
for the conductor material• T is the given temperature• T ref is temperature initial or reference
![Page 162: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
• Step 1 : gather the given value in the circuit R = R ref [1 + (T -T ref)].
• Wire 1 is 30 ohms (Material: Gold)• Wire 2 is 15 ohms• T is 30 Celsius• R load 200 ohms• V 14volts• = 0.003715
![Page 163: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
![Page 164: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
• Step 2 Solve each resistance to see the effect of the temperature.
• Solving for wire 1• R = R ref [1 + (T -T ref)].• R = 30 ohms [1+0.003715(30 Celsius – 20
Celsius)]
![Page 165: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Calculation
• R = 30 ohms [1+0.003715 (30 Celsius – 20 Celsius)]
• R= 30 ohms [1+0.003715 (10Celsius)]• R = 30 ohms [1+0.03715]• R = 30 ohms*1.03715• R = 31.11 ohms wire 1
![Page 166: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
• Step 2 Solve each resistance to see the effect of the temperature.
• Solving for wire 2• R = R ref [1 + (T -T ref)].• R = 15 ohms [1+0.003715(30 Celsius – 20
Celsius)]
![Page 167: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Calculation
• R = 15 ohms [1+0.003715(30 Celsius – 20 Celsius)]
• R= 15 ohms [1+0.003715(10Celsius)]• R = 15 ohms [1+0.03715]• R = 15 ohms*1.03715• R = 15.56 ohms wire 2
![Page 168: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
Calculation
• Wire 1 31.11 ohms• Wire 2 15.56 ohms• Rload 200 ohms• We will add the total ohms to get the value
of ampere.• Which is I=E/R
![Page 169: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
Solving the Current
• 15.56 ohms + 31.11 ohms + 200 ohms = 246.67 ohms
• After getting the total ohms• We will solve the current• V = 14 volts• R = 246.67 ohms• I = ?
![Page 170: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
Solving the Current
• I = E/R• 14 volts/246.67 ohms• = 0.0567 Ampere or 56.7 mA• And then we will try to compute the
voltage of the circuit for wire 1, 2 and Resistor
• E = IR
![Page 171: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
Solving the volts in wire 1
• Wherein • V= ?• I = 0.0567 A• R = 31.11 ohms• V = 0.0567 A *31.11 ohms• =1.7639 volts in wire 1
![Page 172: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
Solving the volts in wire 2
• Wherein • V= ?• I = 0.0567 A• R = 15.56 ohms• V = 0.0567 A *15.56 ohms• =0.8822 volts in wire 2
![Page 173: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
Solving the volts in resistor
• Wherein • V= ?• I = 0.0567 A• R = 200 ohms• V = 0.0567 A *200 ohms• =11.34 volts in the resistor
![Page 174: Multitester,Wire resistivity](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062523/588a76571a28ab336f8b7065/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
Compare
Table 2Wire 1 Wire 2 R Load Total
Current 0.0567 0.0567 0.0567 0.0567
Resistance 31.11 15.56 200 246.67
Volt 1.7639 0.8822 11.34 13.98 or 14V
Table 1Wire 1 Wire 2 R Load Total
Current 0.057 0.057 0.057 0.057
Resistance 30 15 200 245
Volt 1.71 0.86 11.4 13.97 or 14V