Multiple Exemplar Training and Derived Stimulus Relations in ......transfer in young chimps with...

MARK GALIZIO

UNC WILMINGTON

NCABAWINSTON-SALEM, NCFEBRUARY 20, 2019

These projects were supported in part by NIH grant DA29252

Multiple Exemplar Training and Derived Stimulus Relations in Animals and People

WHERE DO NOVEL STIMULUS RELATIONS COME FROM?

• How can we account for the fact that a stimulus will sometimes evoke a reaction to which it has never beenconditioned?

Hull (1939)


• How can we account for the fact that a stimulus will sometimes evoke a reaction to which it has never beenconditioned?

Hull (1939)

• “Something clearly connects the dissimilar stimuli, andthe nature of this connection, which may be referredto as a stimulus relation, is one of Holy Grails of psychological inquiry.”

Critchfield, Barnes-Holmes & Dougher (2018) Editorial: Special Issue onEmergent Relations, Perspectives on Behavior Science, 41, 9-32.


• Sidman & Tailby (1982) demonstrated emergence of reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity relations in children

Sidman & Tailby (1982). Conditional discrimination vs matching to sample: an expansion of the testing paradigm. JEAB, 37, 5-22.

STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE: BASIC PROPERTIES

Symmetry BA, CBTrain AB

Train BC

Reflexivity AA, BB, CC

Transitivity/Equivalence AC/CA

Emergent RelationsArbitrary Conditional Discrimination Training

STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE: BASIC PROPERTIES

Symmetry If A=B; B=A

?

?

Arbitrary Conditional Discrimination Training

“Verde”

“Green”

“Blue”

“Azul”

Reflexivity A=A

“Green”

“Verde” ?Transitivity If A=B & B=C; A=C

“Green”

“Blue”

Emergent Relations

STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE AND THE SEARCH FOR SYMMETRY

• Sidman et al. (1982) replicated emergent symmetry in children, but not in monkeys or baboons

• Sidman, Rauzin, Lazar, Cunningham, Tailby & Carrigan (1982). A search for symmetry in the conditional discriminations of rhesus monkeys, baboons, and children. JEAB, 37, 23-44.

UNIQUELY HUMAN?

• Tool use• Language• Tabasco?

AFTER SIDMAN & TAILBY (1982)

• Explosion of basic human research

• New theoretical approaches to complex emergent relations• Sidman---Classes include all elements

of reinforcement contingencies• Hayes—Relational Frame Theory—Arbitrarily

Applicable Relational Responding as a higher order operant developed by multiple exemplar training

APPLICATIONS

• Numerous educational applications from the college classroom to teaching basic verbal relations in non-verbal clients

• Brodsky & Fienup (2018). Sidman goes to college: A meta-analysis of equivalence based instruction in higher education. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 41, 95-120.

• Dixon et al. (2017). An internal and critical review of the PEAK relational training system for children with autism and related intellectual disabilities. The Behavior Analyst, 40, 493-521.

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE SEARCH FOR EMERGENT RELATIONS IN NON-HUMANS?

• Some demonstrations of transitivity, but symmetry? Not so much…• Lionello-DeNolf (2009) reviewed 24 studies in non-humans—

only two showed consistent evidence of symmetry

• Galizio & Bruce (2018)—dozen more studies, but still only two successful procedures…

Lionello-DeNolf, K. (2009) The search for symmetry: 25 years in review. Learning and Behavior, 37, 188-203.

Galizio, M. & Bruce, K. E. (2018). Abstraction, multiple exemplar training and the search for derived stimulus relations in animals. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 41, 45-67.

TWO SUCCESSES IN NON-HUMANS

• Urcuioli (2008) Pigeons• Schusterman & Kastak (1993) Sea Lions

• Schusterman, R. J., & Kastak, D. (1993). A California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) is capable of forming equivalence relations. The Psychological Record, 43, 823-829.

• Urcuioli, P. J. (2008). Associative symmetry, antisymmetry, and a theory of pigeon’s equivalence class formation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 90, 257-282.

•

URCUIOLI (2008)

• Urcuioli (2008) Pigeons• Go, No-Go (successive discrimination)—all responses on a single

key

• Trained identity relations for the stimuli used in the arbitrary conditional discrimination

• Generality across species

PRICHARD ET AL. (2015) SYMMETRY INRODENTS? REPLICATION OF URCUIOLI (2008)

• Trained arbitrary “go, no-go” conditional discriminations in rats along with identity relations

• Symmetry probe tests following Urcuioli

• No evidence of symmetry in any of 7 animals tested

• Replicated in a recent MA (Dyer, 2017) and no evidence of symmetry in 5 rats—we’re now 0 for 12!

• Cross-species generality is open to question

Prichard, A., Panoz-Brown, D., Bruce, K., & Galizio, M. (2015). Emergent identity but not symmetry following successive olfactory discrimination training in rats. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 104, 133–145.

SEA LIONS & MULTIPLE EXEMPLAR TRAINING(SCHUSTERMAN & KASTAK, 1993)

• Success with multiple exemplar training

• 30 AB relations trained

• No symmetry obtained until MET with 6 pairs:AB, BA both trained

• Perhaps a history of MET is what’s missing in animals?

MULTIPLE EXEMPLAR TRAINING

• But multiple exemplar training with symmetry has notbeen successful in most other studies with

• Pigeons—(Velasco et al. 2010)• Capuchins (Brino et al. 2014)• Or rats–MA theses: Katie Dyer; Tiffany Phassukan

• Acquisition of symmetrical relation was slower than initial relation!

HAYES & SANFORD (2014)

• But evolution science itself suggests that human symbolic behavior has unique properties… No nonhuman animal has yet shown the defining features of relational framing, and the centrality of relational framing to complex human behavior is very evident…p. 125.

• (unlike Tabasco sauce…)

• Hayes, S. C. & Sanford, B. T. (2014). Cooperation came first: Evolution and human cognition. JEAB, 101, 112-129.

HAYES (2016)

• “Animal laboratories were immediately less important”? • Hayes (2016, p. 14)

• But can the origins of derived stimulus relations be discerned in humans?• Pelaez et al. (2000), Barnes-Holmes et al. (2004), Luciano et al.

(2007) trained such relations through multiple exemplar training in young (but verbal) children

• Animals can learn Non-Arbitrarily Applicable Relations (NAARR)--presumptively the prerequisite process for AARR in RFT

GENERALIZED MTS AND MULTIPLE EXEMPLAR TRAINING

• Set size expansion studies across several species (Katz & Wright; 2006) • Training begins with few exemplars; number of exemplars

expanded after each transfer test

• Training with many stimulus examples is generally required to produce generalized identity matching in monkeys and pigeons

• Katz & Wright (2006) Same-different abstract concept learning in pigeons. JEP:ABP, 32, 80-86.

Katz & Wright (2006) Same-different abstract concept learning in pigeons. JEP:ABP, 32, 80-86.

GENERALIZED MTS AND MULTIPLE EXEMPLAR TRAINING

• Set Size Expansion: A model paradigm for studying multiple exemplar training and relational responding?

• Katz , Wright and colleagues results consistent with RFT

• Premack and colleagues (1988) found above chance transfer in young chimps with only 2 exemplars.

• Oden, Thompson & Premack (1988). JEP:ABP, 14, 140-145.

GENERALIZED MATCHING IN RODENTS?

• Stimulus control literature largely based on pigeons and monkeys

• Previous studies with traditional modalities have often been discouraging (e.g., Iversen, 1993; 1997).

EMERGENT RELATIONS IN RODENTS

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=icP4kljFZdRNQM&tbnid=DqjbPbPiaKUP0M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthtap.com%2Fuser_questions%2F356484-what-can-cause-nerve-on-nose-to-twitch-allergies-anxiety&ei=MoN6U7PNBIWKqga4y4GIAw&bvm=bv.66917471,d.b2k&psig=AFQjCNE0TbZJOR8bRQbDGd2CRmFDo8dARQ&ust=1400624252497811https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=icP4kljFZdRNQM&tbnid=DqjbPbPiaKUP0M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthtap.com%2Fuser_questions%2F356484-what-can-cause-nerve-on-nose-to-twitch-allergies-anxiety&ei=MoN6U7PNBIWKqga4y4GIAw&bvm=bv.66917471,d.b2k&psig=AFQjCNE0TbZJOR8bRQbDGd2CRmFDo8dARQ&ust=1400624252497811

MULTIPLE EXEMPLAR TRAINING AND GENERALIZED IDENTITY IN RATS

• Prichard et al. (2015) failed to show symmetry using Urcuioli procedure with olfactory stimuli in rats

• But, followed up with a second experiment to assess transfer of identity matching using similar training and testing procedures

Prichard, A., Panoz-Brown, D., Bruce, K., & Galizio, M. (2015). Emergent identity but not symmetry following successive olfactory discrimination training in rats. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 104, 133–145.

PRICHARD, PANOZ-BROWN, BRUCE & GALIZIO (2015). JEAB, 104, 133-145.

Automated Olfactometer

PRICHARD ET AL (2015)

• Houselight and centerport light on• Observing response initiates sample odor• Sample Odor: FI 5 s, 1 s blackout • Comparison Odor:

• S+ FI 5 s sugar pellet; S- 5 s response period

• 30 s ITI with blackoutSample(FI5s)

Comparison(FI5s) 30s ITI

PRICHARD ET AL. (2015) EXP 2

• Identity matching with 4 odor stimuli

TRAINING CRITERION

• Discrimination Ratio (DR) >.8 on all trial types for 2 consecutive sessions

DR = RR matching (positive)/RR matching (positive) + non-matching (negative) trial types

IDENTITY PROBE DESIGN

• When criterion was met, (DR = .80 on each trial type)—probe sessions were conducted

• On probe sessions, 4 matching (positive) and 4 non-matching (negative) probe trials with novel (Set 2) odors (all unreinforced) were interspersed with 40 Set 1 BL trials

• 8 generalized identity probe sessions (as per Urcuioli, 2008)

• Baseline sessions followed each probe sessions until criterion was met again

Set 1Cinnamon, Apricot,

Bubblegum, Root Beer

Set 2Brandy, Vanilla Butternut,

Almond, Licorice

0

0.5

1

1.5

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Nos

epok

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sec

Trial Type

H5

Baseline

Prichard et al. (2015) Exp 2

SUMMARY/FOLLOW-UP

• Evidence for generalized MTS in 5/6 rats

• Bruce et al (2018) replicated with non-matching task

• Generalized matching/non-matching obtained after training with only four exemplars!

Bruce, Dyer, Mathews, Nealley, Prichard, Phassukan & Galizio (2018). Successive Odor Matching- and Non-Matching-to-Sample in Rats: A Reversal Design. Behavioural Processes. 155, 26-32

ARE TWO EXEMPLARS ENOUGH FOR RATS?

• Train with just two odors

• Test with 4 novel odors

Set 1Cinnamon, Apricot


Almond, Licorice

Galizio et al. (2018). Generalized identity in a successive matching-to-sample procedure in rats: Effects of number of exemplars and a masking stimulus, JEAB, 110, 336-379.

ARE TWO EXEMPLARS ENOUGH FOR RATS?

•NO (mostly)!

RE

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ARE FOUR EXEMPLARS ENOUGH?

• Train with four odors (add two more)

• Test with 4 novel odors

Set 1Cinnamon, Apricot, Bubblegum,

Root Beer


Almond, Licorice

Galizio et al. (2018). Generalized identity in successive matching-to-sample procedure in rats: Effects of number of exemplars and a masking stimulus. JEAB, 110, 366-379—Exp 1

FOUR ARE ENOUGH!

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FOUR ARE (MORE OR LESS) ENOUGH……

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FOUR ARE (MORE OR LESS) ENOUGH……

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4 Exemplar Training

ARE RATS THAT SMART?

• Rats appear to show generalized identity matching after training with only 4 exemplars—compared to the 30-60that appear to be required in pigeons and monkeys

• Note that successive discrimination used with rats—simultaneous with most other studies

• Are they cheating? Might something other than identity be controlling responding?

IDENTITY OR STIMULUS CHANGE?

• The possibility of temporal control—stimulus change, not identity

• Long duration odor signals reinforcement; odor change after 5 s signals non-reinforcement

Sample (5s) ISI(1s)Comparison

(5s) 30 s ITI

Galizio et al. (2018). Generalized identity in successive matching-to-sample procedure in rats: Effects of number of exemplars and a masking stimulus. JEAB, 110, 366-379—Exp 2


• The possibility of temporal control—stimulus change, not identity

• Masking odor-stimulus change on matching AND non-matching trials

• 5 rats; 4 from previous study and 1 new

Sample (5s) Mask(1s)Comparison

(5s) 30 s ITI


• Masking odor:(e.g., pistachio)

Sample (5s) Mask(1s)Comparison

(5s) 30 s ITI

Apple, Grass, Coconut, Sandalwood

Clove, Honey, Blueberry, Geraniol

New Stimulus Sets for ID training and probes:

IDENTITY OR STIMULUS CHANGE? R

ES

PO

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A BIT OF BOTH?R

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GENERALIZED IDENTITY EMERGED DESPITE LOWER RESPONSE RATES

• Mask reduced response rates to novel stimuli relative to baseline

• Still, significantly more responding on matching than non-matching probe trials—evidence for generalized identity

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With 1-s Mask

GENERALIZED IDENTITY EMERGED DESPITE LOWER RESPONSE RATES

• Mask reduced response rates to novel stimuli relative to baseline

• Still, significantly more responding on matching than non-matching probe trials—evidence for generalized identity

• Why lower rates? • Competing control by

mask may require moreexemplar training…..

Dis

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io

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With 1-s Mask

SET SIZE EXPANSION IN RATS WITH A MASKING STIMULUS

• Rats trained on go, no-go MTS procedure as before with 1-sec neutral odor (mask) between sample offset and comparison onset

• Initial training with two exemplar odors (2EX) followed by probe test with four novel odors

• Addition of two more exemplar odors (4EX), transfer test

• Addition of four more exemplar odors (8EX), transfer test

• Galizio, Dyer, Wagner, Westrick, Shaw, Guidone, Lowe & Bruce (in progress)

Full transfer after training with eight exemplars

RESP

ONS

ES P

ER S

1

2

3

ProbeBL

2 EX 4 EX 8 EX8EX

Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative

Trial Type (Positive = Matching)

RAT V3

V4 2 Exemplar

Nearly full transfer with 1-s mask after training with only two exemplars

Chart1

PositivePositive

NegativeNegative

Baseline

Probe

Nosepokes/second

1.5196428571

1.0642857143

0.3738095238

0.3285714286

V1

SubjectStartDateWEIGHTGoal WeightStartTimeExperimentGroupBoxSessionTotal Left PokeTotal Right PokeTotal Center PokeSession TimerA1-A2+B1-B2+A1-B2-B1-A2-TOTAL RESPOVERALL DRA1-A2B1-B2Trials CompletedA1-A2 SAMPLE 1A1-A2 COMP 1A1-A2 SAMPLE 2A1-A2 COMP 2A1-A2 SAMPLE 3A1-A2 COMP 3A1-A2 SAMPLE 4A1-A2 COMP 4A1-A2 SAMPLE 5A1-A2 COMP 5A1-A2 SAMPLE 6A1-A2 COMP 6A1-A2 SAMPLE 7A1-A2 COMP 7A1-A2 SAMPLE 8A1-A2 COMP 8A1-A2 SAMPLE 9A1-A2 COMP 9A1-A2 SAMPLE 10A1-A2 COMP 10A1-A2 SAMPLE 11A1-A2 COMP 11A1-A2 SAMPLE 12A1-A2 COMP 12B1-B2 SAMPLE 1B1-B2 COMP 1B1-B2 SAMPLE 2B1-B2 COMP 2B1-B2 SAMPLE 3B1-B2 COMP 3B1-B2 SAMPLE 4B1-B2 COMP 4B1-B2 SAMPLE 5B1-B2 COMP 5B1-B2 SAMPLE 6B1-B2 COMP 6B1-B2 SAMPLE 7B1-B2 COMP 8B1-B2 SAMPLE 9B1-B2 COMP 8B1-B2 SAMPLE 9B1-B2 COMP 9B1-B2 SAMPLE 10B1-B2 COMP 10B1-B2 SAMPLE 11B1-B2 COMP 11B1-B2 SAMPLE 12B1-B2 COMP 12A1-B2 SAMPLE 1A1-B2 COMP 1A1-B2 SAMPLE 2A1-B2 COMP 2A1-B2 SAMPLE 3A1-B2 COMP 3A1-B2 SAMPLE 4A1-B2 COMP 4A1-B2 SAMPLE 5A1-B2 COMP 5A1-B2 SAMPLE 6A1-B2 COMP 6A1-B2 SAMPLE 7A1-B2 COMP 7A1-B2 SAMPLE 8A1-B2 COMP 8A1-B2 SAMPLE 9A1-B2 COMP 9A1-B2 SAMPLE 10A1-B2 COMP 10A1-B2 SAMPLE 11A1-B2 COMP 11A1-B2 SAMPLE 12A1-B2 COMP 12B1-A2 SAMPLE 1B1-A2 COMP 1B1-A2 SAMPLE 2B1-A2 COMP 2B1-A2 SAMPLE 3B1-A2 COMP 3B1-A2 SAMPLE 4B1-A2 COMP 4B1-A2 SAMPLE 5B1-A2 COMP 5B1-A2 SAMPLE 6B1-A2 COMP 6B1-A2 SAMPLE 7B1-A2 COMP 7B1-A2 SAMPLE 8B1-A2 COMP 8B1-A2 SAMPLE 9B1-A2 COMP 9B1-A2 SAMPLE 10B1-A2 COMP 10B1-A2 SAMPLE 11B1-A2 COMP 11B1-A2 SAMPLE 12B1-A2 COMP 12OLF 2 Scents

FREE FEED WEIGHT=360

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V18/23/1734033012:01:02FR1NOSCENTSA178190E(0)E(1)E(2)E(3)E(4)E(5)E(6)E(7)E(8)E(9)E(10)E(11)E(12)E(13)E(14)E(15)E(16)E(17)E(18)E(19)E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)F(0)F(1)F(2)F(3)F(4)F(5)F(6)F(7)F(8)F(9)F(10)F(11)F(12)F(13)F(14)F(15)F(16)F(17)F(18)F(19)F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)P(5)P(6)P(7)P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)Q(0)Q(1)Q(2)Q(3)Q(4)Q(5)Q(6)Q(7)Q(8)Q(9)Q(10)Q(11)Q(12)Q(13)Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V18/24/1733533012:07:562SCENTFRISA1670225611111111111110000000E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)11111111111111000000F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)P(5)P(6)P(7)P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)Q(0)Q(1)Q(2)Q(3)Q(4)Q(5)Q(6)Q(7)Q(8)Q(9)Q(10)Q(11)Q(12)Q(13)Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V18/25/1732533012:31:332SCENTSFISA1814135258411111112121213111000E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)11111111121111110000F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)P(5)P(6)P(7)P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)Q(0)Q(1)Q(2)Q(3)Q(4)Q(5)Q(6)Q(7)Q(8)Q(9)Q(10)Q(11)Q(12)Q(13)Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V18/28/1733033012:04:042SCENT3SFISA1623211284223333312642212111000E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)11311221442221110000F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)P(5)P(6)P(7)P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)Q(0)Q(1)Q(2)Q(3)Q(4)Q(5)Q(6)Q(7)Q(8)Q(9)Q(10)Q(11)Q(12)Q(13)Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)




BEGIN 2 EXEMPLAR TRAINING, SET D (Clove, Honey, Blueberry, Peach, Marshmallow)

V19/1/1730034012:09:542EXEMPLARMASK1DSA1111363892794475228171440.68750.62666666670.75362318844521131125111518452525732553633134133646551126435F(22)F(23)3023101045641461432345P(22)P(23)2031201110602342133483Q(22)Q(23)

V19/5/1733534011:59:252EXEMPLARMASK2DSA1214827442714675850592340.53418803420.57264957260.49572649574411311169798242258143516111221052182112833722119736F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)60102615345181135390914611P(22)P(23)5247383515681797941115Q(22)Q(23)

V19/6/1734034012:12:392EXEMPLARMASK3DSA1330669783003919363543010.61129568110.59090909090.632653061248556818107122456487797128577910557119671771584555163658441494286523647446835979647271114711222235715481116107

V19/7/1734034012:04:332EXEMPLARMASK4DSA141256104127047111354733110.59163987140.5680.607526881745111314667796222258941058E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)891114991051387105121213136181184106118781664543146125493794P(22)P(23)89859138255439622898461147

V19/8/1734034012:04:442EXEMPLARMASK5DSA1531188802736719759682950.56949152540.54615384620.5878787879431032545856524101137710416E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)6105610939665116711114757886612159799577295142554631P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)1531310376658752866361514Q(22)Q(23)

V19/11/1735034012:01:022EXEMPLARMASK6DSA16289012482770109187126935150.57475728160.46382978720.667857142946222814331314941231337121529618E(22)E(23)9851491611531561971513226181216917512121665913410510515351013820691110P(22)P(23)52111777101412171581122322611101215

V19/12/1734534011:55:172EXEMPLARMASK7DSA171473111127321411351111435300.5207547170.55952380950.485611510844331175145598611515515417816620E(22)E(23)7821012137136178818515812919912F(22)F(23)518121295531576102311233938P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)301014101468108162101117922412713719


V19/14/1734534011:59:332EXEMPLARMASK9DSA19956164127812052251571887750.55483870970.56629834250.544794188947615162361519177151419926910151102291920237121112524716819621516518720318827182244815924147518217979151215101910111015411813151731531562161613127241221623Q(22)Q(23)










V19/28/1736035512:07:442EXEMPLARMASK7SA11923416792752248241100766650.73533834590.71264367820.7602523659465241625925132221182209241221521827421E(22)E(23)316112652982412231122132741310175241420F(22)F(23)13714712567107191217151114781311113104163932062431662275131851964886610







V110/13/1735533512:17:032EXEMPLAR_MASK_6DHK1250151318245121821672445500.78909090910.75172413790.8307692308481217122014191317121962382092011161112420101511951412161023516181314151020142191910231017163689797941310117125109116184924011411515392105143739696123114







Probe 110/24/17340SET A (cinn, apr, bbgum, rootbeer, coffee)32






V111/1/1735034012:22:122EXEMPLARMASK1DHK1383131492367619718064554960.76008064520.7547892720.765957446848923121981971181113128141020121912191115131581410891912168138159121115122210191616511727331011110310694141088841429111371510939116592124114133137106133







V111/10/1733534012:19:292EXEMPLARMASK3SA145121143277818415649464350.78160919540.78969957080.7722772277489187235991712156191116613131091581612131017613101261149814914101281251711147115334961626674681236214313414143547212284528410810210411576















V112/6/1735535012:18:482EXEMPLAR_MASK_3DSA160211110264217318060724850.72783505150.74248927040.7142857143488177148212131019511110511131631341141751471612136186169185123178163177139105367957595777384125259774912984595655624485844104123

V112/7/1736035011:42:502EXEMPLARMASK1DNW161141177215815119054464410.77324263040.73658536590.8050847458488135101118121461881871329371210685137191616615612111621691412179157131520417752654104457293175888312455145754554837310387939193104



V112/12/1736535011:44:122EXEMPLARMASK8DBW164031017260815015453554120.73786407770.73891625620.73684210534816981710921161381461111681561331161115199185194911011557411612612895136575135948495238554376452103104957254876234106272764


Probe 212/14/17350SET A66


winter break

V11/11/1838035012:03:552EXEMMASK1DSN16802811470614014060513910.7161125320.70.732984293248710686116144147186111011213196851369719410414997122141011693891451143346953105545455576418641433548256327234653211314

V11/12/1838035012:04:032EXEMMASK2SN169411076291915216357634350.7241379310.72727272730.721238938148617131110814116127201316689155116111212421112010197115121614137101197204108123755452414655468108220753213121210610011683737131146310674

V11/16/1836535012:20:582EXEMMASK3DSN170111076292613713761473820.71727748690.69191919190.74456521744899910416899107118155106147106131110661413151110135125158138157758515491339176106910797654537387538354885492457011461943755

V11/17/1835535011:58:292EXEMPLARMASK4DNW171011122239514412647343510.76923076920.75392670160.787548201371351389475125144118111213613415891011111512136667776711165991341365851313412564734079946394641148291738262411347532114

V11/18/1836535012:12:432EXEMMASK5DSN172001033272015614560594200.71666666670.72222222220.71078431374861814141195131016616713812413610161313910961110176781761271439111131151461313610455643614644878455365312712873943311613555746411585

V11/19/1837035012:09:472EXEMPLARMASK6DSN17322911306017112382744500.65333333330.67588932810.624365482248624812121671151431751861291051877412514682118981161036674123124109134765684766453837411372784141155114445646526881468110


V11/23/1836035012:05:192EXEMMASK15SN175111000250612312930413230.78018575850.80392156860.7588235294488211016512693107667771093122668101613188167166106858654991087769524818453611261163171814446438382441124655531211

V11/24/1836035012:09:412EXEMPMASK14DNW176031155248412813146573620.71546961330.73563218390.6968085106484789986136871110145125145961361031015117141091412159713891216582115911297115956363555242645147147964563126125957435133553

V11/25/1835535012:00:302EXEMMASK13DSN17700874293510010738502950.70169491530.72463768120.68152866244812116126175121186946576446235551661313103743113885776310510341024515154461634454316331679547547752946451311434

V11/26/1835535012:01:482EXEMMASK12DSN17800950292011311246353060.73529411760.71069182390.76190476194829612765156178741353684779178858274711771171181266910412713541153443517452363892153842553102448234833233306433


V11/30/1834535012:04:382EXEMMASK10SN180018432717938330182240.78571428570.7560975610.821782178248215611121069486649555722548771081365771010465533145665491339344964222308210413350311149163814360302131423082

V11/31/1834535012:07:402EXEMPMASK1DNW181017623383868828242260.76991150440.75438596490.785714285748127310489736853416211664729382134214105845285556969651154553121242041746233833033337251505195621713044112


V12/2/1834535012:12:092EXEMMASK3DSN18300873263510911325252720.81617647060.81343283580.8188405797482103936274146891071235364941331021029913861010562491057418710441453437342206081406590363646223171106050939070

Probe 335084

V12/6/1835535012:01:392EXEMMASK4SN185116032932818521282150.77209302330.79411764710.75221238944875584433781103731054957812941118488651435432953552647641361514231524272921051675272534130425331124352

V12/7/1835535511:52:072EXEMPMASK5DNW186205413010918618262210.80090497740.83486238530.7678571429484103106929264986754647273765293103381044387849361529525163322121304224112160743211324124312281621214

Probe 435587

V1- didn’t finish!2/9/1836535512:03:372EXEMMASK6SN1880426627783831610850.81176470590.86363636360.7560975612357657566467356E(14)E(15)E(16)E(17)E(18)E(19)E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)61177431684F(10)F(11)F(12)F(13)F(14)F(15)F(16)F(17)F(18)F(19)F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)93816062P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)83215361603092Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V12/12/1837535511:44:232EXMASK7DTW189315322583888418262160.79629629630.83018867920.7636363636485104941047173747263123335651351461041137483725328427264264513133223130324040327107552123031627060314271

Probe 538590

V12/14/1839035512:00:162EXMASK1DNW19110697267010612154523330.68168168170.66250.6994219653483179363436615394134143113104847484115529694114137841441041641226347534224164586276P(22)P(23)446265253851768573517874

V12/15/1839535512:04:472EXEMMASK2DSN192115943315959513192220.85585585590.87962962960.833333333348773658414586103555363891167295311929514365536475578414317340513231512030204232543113427261303042513142

V12/16/1839535512:00:542EXEMMASK3DSN19310823281410211025202570.82490272370.80314960630.84615384624851064576487693106135956671016454968510911751012613412565810117241608061102635244534384466110252609280804290112133

Probe 641594

V12/20/1842535512:12:142EXEMMASK4SN19501928228711213127242940.82653061220.80575539570.84516129034846810796791061187766159971241091061096101381071211109116123861181851939110130734153624882421057271821101105451120925572

V12/21/1844035511:54:472EXMASK5DNW19621887275014312631303300.81515151520.82183908050.807692307748813817810613612638126156971191111177114137877613611910101178812785146360453171756310572627381535890529452726183807273

retired

V1

Tumor Related Weight Gain

V1 2 Ex Probes

SubjectStartDateWEIGHTGoal WeightStartTimeExperimentGroupBoxSessionTotal Left PokeTotal Right PokeTotal Center PokeSession TimerA1-A2+B1-B2+E1-E2+F1-F2+G1-G2+H1-H2+A1-B2-B1-A2-E1-G2-F1-H2-G1-E2-H1-F2-TOTAL RESPOVERALL DRA1-A2B1-B2E1-E2F1-F2G1-G2H1-H2A1-A2 SAMPLE 1A1-A2 COMP 1A1-A2 SAMPLE 2A1-A2 COMP 2A1-A2 SAMPLE 3A1-A2 COMP 3A1-A2 SAMPLE 4A1-A2 COMP 4A1-A2 SAMPLE 5A1-A2 COMP 5A1-A2 SAMPLE 6A1-A2 COMP 6A1-A2 SAMPLE 7A1-A2 COMP 7A1-A2 SAMPLE 8A1-A2 COMP 8B1-B2 SAMPLE 1B1-B2 COMP 1B1-B2 SAMPLE 2B1-B2 COMP 2B1-B2 SAMPLE 3B1-B2 COMP 3B1-B2 SAMPLE 4B1-B2 COMP 4B1-B2 SAMPLE 5B1-B2 COMP 5B1-B2 SAMPLE 6B1-B2 COMP 6B1-B2 SAMPLE 7B1-B2 COMP 8B1-B2 SAMPLE 9B1-B2 COMP 8A1-B2 SAMPLE 1A1-B2 COMP 1A1-B2 SAMPLE 2A1-B2 COMP 2A1-B2 SAMPLE 3A1-B2 COMP 3A1-B2 SAMPLE 4A1-B2 COMP 4A1-B2 SAMPLE 5A1-B2 COMP 5A1-B2 SAMPLE 6A1-B2 COMP 6B1-A2 SAMPLE 1B1-A2 COMP 1B1-A2 SAMPLE 2B1-A2 COMP 2B1-A2 SAMPLE 3B1-A2 COMP 3B1-A2 SAMPLE 4B1-A2 COMP 4B1-A2 SAMPLE 5B1-A2 COMP 5B1-A2 SAMPLE 6B1-A2 COMP 6E1E2 SAMP PE1E2 COMP PF1F2 SAMP PF1F2 COMP PG1G2 SAMP PG1G2 COMP PH1H2 SAMP PH1H2 COMP PE1G2 SAMP PE1G2 COM PF1H2 SAMP PF1H2 COMP PG1E2 SAMP PG1E2 COMP PH1F2 SAMP PH1F2 COMP P

V110/24/1734034011:59:36PROBE42EXEMPLARDSA132014105819371571731941733329116354600.84183673470.82631578950.85643564360.63333333330.40.850.37562082816221026614916141441714251217914426162810228211420127108748674114371029964437451944111783611665385

V112/14/1736035011:28:31PROBE3-2EXEMPLARDBW166018682032101977131643531639113330.750.74264705880.75781250.53846153850.81250.640.2666666667614913108915111481191381368161271668812413614414115741310968446108656324188357413101674361389511

V12/5/1835035012:27:02PROBE2EXEMPLARDBW18401505196956509242232142111750.70666666670.70886075950.70422535210.69230769230.50.80.66666666670735062128125774330122513663813372624613267108514654422462336932542224726141

V12/8/1835535511:59:11PROBE1.2EXEMSN18730392289151211303211740111230.65454545450.70833333330.55263157890.2100.752706210482759440046164475000000003234341288413357544300002103001344103121

V12/13/1838535512:11:47PROBE42EXEMSN19012468317743346353141411601300.73333333330.75438596490.70833333330.85714285710.750.45454545451244626361845163264744148655433453085354043816752012232201623254321222600

V12/19/1841535512:05:15PROBE2-2EXEMPLARDBW19400566312167722274111422321880.84756097560.8589743590.83720930230.50.50.70.666666666725567102101288751110106441378611661184135910481428143007360615344530262173432221312

Nosepokes/second

Nosepokes/secondPositiveNegative

PositiveNegativeProbe 12.151.25

Baseline2.3050.8766666667Probe 221.45

Probe1.390.86Probe 30.850.4

Probe 40.350.3

Probe 50.850.4

Probe 60.750.45

Probe 7

Probe 8

Total Baseline Responses

PositiveNegative

Probe 12020

Probe 262

Probe 332

Probe 486

Probe 5115

Probe 600

Probe 700

Probe 800

V1 2 Ex Probes

Baseline

Probe

Nosepokes/Second

V3

Positive

Negative

V3 stats

SubjectStartDateWEIGHTGoal WeightStartTimeExperimentGroupBoxSessionTotal Left PokeTotal Right PokeTotal Center PokeSession TimerA1-A2+B1-B2+A1-B2-B1-A2-TOTAL RESPOVERALL DRA1-A2B1-B2Trials CompletedA1-A2 SAMPLE 1A1-A2 COMP 1A1-A2 SAMPLE 2A1-A2 COMP 2A1-A2 SAMPLE 3A1-A2 COMP 3A1-A2 SAMPLE 4A1-A2 COMP 4A1-A2 SAMPLE 5A1-A2 COMP 5A1-A2 SAMPLE 6A1-A2 COMP 6A1-A2 SAMPLE 7A1-A2 COMP 7A1-A2 SAMPLE 8A1-A2 COMP 8A1-A2 SAMPLE 9A1-A2 COMP 9A1-A2 SAMPLE 10A1-A2 COMP 10A1-A2 SAMPLE 11A1-A2 COMP 11A1-A2 SAMPLE 12A1-A2 COMP 12B1-B2 SAMPLE 1B1-B2 COMP 1B1-B2 SAMPLE 2B1-B2 COMP 2B1-B2 SAMPLE 3B1-B2 COMP 3B1-B2 SAMPLE 4B1-B2 COMP 4B1-B2 SAMPLE 5B1-B2 COMP 5B1-B2 SAMPLE 6B1-B2 COMP 6B1-B2 SAMPLE 7B1-B2 COMP 8B1-B2 SAMPLE 9B1-B2 COMP 8B1-B2 SAMPLE 9B1-B2 COMP 9B1-B2 SAMPLE 10B1-B2 COMP 10B1-B2 SAMPLE 11B1-B2 COMP 11B1-B2 SAMPLE 12B1-B2 COMP 12A1-B2 SAMPLE 1A1-B2 COMP 1A1-B2 SAMPLE 2A1-B2 COMP 2A1-B2 SAMPLE 3A1-B2 COMP 3A1-B2 SAMPLE 4A1-B2 COMP 4A1-B2 SAMPLE 5A1-B2 COMP 5A1-B2 SAMPLE 6A1-B2 COMP 6A1-B2 SAMPLE 7A1-B2 COMP 7A1-B2 SAMPLE 8A1-B2 COMP 8A1-B2 SAMPLE 9A1-B2 COMP 9A1-B2 SAMPLE 10A1-B2 COMP 10A1-B2 SAMPLE 11A1-B2 COMP 11A1-B2 SAMPLE 12A1-B2 COMP 12B1-A2 SAMPLE 1B1-A2 COMP 1B1-A2 SAMPLE 2B1-A2 COMP 2B1-A2 SAMPLE 3B1-A2 COMP 3B1-A2 SAMPLE 4B1-A2 COMP 4B1-A2 SAMPLE 5B1-A2 COMP 5B1-A2 SAMPLE 6B1-A2 COMP 6B1-A2 SAMPLE 7B1-A2 COMP 7B1-A2 SAMPLE 8B1-A2 COMP 8B1-A2 SAMPLE 9B1-A2 COMP 9B1-A2 SAMPLE 10B1-A2 COMP 10B1-A2 SAMPLE 11B1-A2 COMP 11B1-A2 SAMPLE 12B1-A2 COMP 12OLF 2 Scents

FREE FEED WEIGHT=380

V38/21/1736034014:02:4530MINMAGSN177181799E(0)E(1)E(2)E(3)E(4)E(5)E(6)E(7)E(8)E(9)E(10)E(11)E(12)E(13)E(14)E(15)E(16)E(17)E(18)E(19)E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)F(0)F(1)F(2)F(3)F(4)F(5)F(6)F(7)F(8)F(9)F(10)F(11)F(12)F(13)F(14)F(15)F(16)F(17)F(18)F(19)F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)P(5)P(6)P(7)P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)Q(0)Q(1)Q(2)Q(3)Q(4)Q(5)Q(6)Q(7)Q(8)Q(9)Q(10)Q(11)Q(12)Q(13)Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V38/22/1734034013:48:3730MINMAGSN1103151799E(0)E(1)E(2)E(3)E(4)E(5)E(6)E(7)E(8)E(9)E(10)E(11)E(12)E(13)E(14)E(15)E(16)E(17)E(18)E(19)E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)F(0)F(1)F(2)F(3)F(4)F(5)F(6)F(7)F(8)F(9)F(10)F(11)F(12)F(13)F(14)F(15)F(16)F(17)F(18)F(19)F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)P(5)P(6)P(7)P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)Q(0)Q(1)Q(2)Q(3)Q(4)Q(5)Q(6)Q(7)Q(8)Q(9)Q(10)Q(11)Q(12)Q(13)Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V38/23/1733534014:24:29FR1_NOSCENTSHK11314200E(0)E(1)E(2)E(3)E(4)E(5)E(6)E(7)E(8)E(9)E(10)E(11)E(12)E(13)E(14)E(15)E(16)E(17)E(18)E(19)E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)F(0)F(1)F(2)F(3)F(4)F(5)F(6)F(7)F(8)F(9)F(10)F(11)F(12)F(13)F(14)F(15)F(16)F(17)F(18)F(19)F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)P(5)P(6)P(7)P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)Q(0)Q(1)Q(2)Q(3)Q(4)Q(5)Q(6)Q(7)Q(8)Q(9)Q(10)Q(11)Q(12)Q(13)Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V38/24/1733034014:20:352SCCENTDFR1SHAPSN19140257611111111111111111000E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)11111111111111110000F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)P(5)P(6)P(7)P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)Q(0)Q(1)Q(2)Q(3)Q(4)Q(5)Q(6)Q(7)Q(8)Q(9)Q(10)Q(11)Q(12)Q(13)Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V38/25/1733534014:26:062SCENT2SFRSN13152174254411111121111121210000E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)13112111121221110000F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)P(5)P(6)P(7)P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)Q(0)Q(1)Q(2)Q(3)Q(4)Q(5)Q(6)Q(7)Q(8)Q(9)Q(10)Q(11)Q(12)Q(13)Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V38/28/1732534014:08:512SCENT3SFISN11459240296511212111111163211000E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)22111112341141130000F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)P(5)P(6)P(7)P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)Q(0)Q(1)Q(2)Q(3)Q(4)Q(5)Q(6)Q(7)Q(8)Q(9)Q(10)Q(11)Q(12)Q(13)Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V38/29/1733034014:06:352SCENT4SFISN1744472291644141413555489339000E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)31584633382675210000F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)P(5)P(6)P(7)P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)Q(0)Q(1)Q(2)Q(3)Q(4)Q(5)Q(6)Q(7)Q(8)Q(9)Q(10)Q(11)Q(12)Q(13)Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V38/30/1734034014:20:542SCENT5SF1SN1374989328405107127101212108191077178000E(20)E(21)E(22)E(23)11366111149128102915780000F(20)F(21)F(22)F(23)P(0)P(1)P(2)P(3)P(4)P(5)P(6)P(7)P(8)P(9)P(10)P(11)P(12)P(13)P(14)P(15)P(16)P(17)P(18)P(19)P(20)P(21)P(22)P(23)Q(0)Q(1)Q(2)Q(3)Q(4)Q(5)Q(6)Q(7)Q(8)Q(9)Q(10)Q(11)Q(12)Q(13)Q(14)Q(15)Q(16)Q(17)Q(18)Q(19)Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

BEGIN 2 EXEMPLAR TRAINING, SET D (Clove, Honey, Blueberry, Peach, Marshmallow)

V38/31/1734034014:28:102EXEMPLAR1DSN1123339552829926677873220.49068322980.54437869820.431372549484975731241094811129145510961064121510767113613719576594286109118503171412169326258554769711131211636651254594475141241

V39/1/1734034014:03:112EXEMPLARMASK2DSN12263913073055124111116964470.52572706940.51666666670.536231884148288109121512519141089810894841136812912811510151210634141168456109101314159141091159871071314108135510712466111181061041051210161110928149119

V39/5/1733534014:16:382EXEMPLARMASK3DSN13231290128189110562933510.55840455840.59477124180.53030303034419121391496112728697356673634713192051379424939566931015F(22)F(23)169521010498486578105332100P(22)P(23)20151117111414146755269126033Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V39/6/1734534014:19:062EXMASK4DSN14233276427881079542863300.61212121210.71812080540.52486187854898610696656464144137461369591071013783104934386691424362622147344285333374854112141171410776107761275432466669

V39/7/1734534014:14:192EXEMMASK5SN1514289002789150145661034640.63577586210.69444444440.584677419446714999107118137176134123157174851167611998108135124114185127116184137736377624575813123937P(22)P(23)22111176613684651241641244813Q(22)Q(23)

V39/8/1734534014:09:532EXEMMASK6SN1611277772862107128531003880.60567010310.668750.5614035088478811127146841467783124731156E(22)E(23)1012126412713374841151338311316311912553533243148324161030125326822591197341358365341058

V39/11/1735535013:52:222EXEMMASK7SN171534754318012011842713510.67806267810.74074074070.62433862434824586142137137127123621048314563171410106104154103135451331437577454956412813696241414120131010911574558443577433424

V39/12/1735535013:55:112EXEMMASK8SN181737685288411912142483300.72727272730.73913043480.715976331445610131929410691115941031249311E(22)E(23)228175105126105111831145513511611231041110427432603646635161666162374435464232451Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V39/13/1735035014:06:002EXEMMASK9SN191015852283617114170364180.74641148330.70954356850.79661016954671441641149511411415317515320515417514121141721141371596414815512413F(22)F(23)56114612747549465855461174104453271435170959210835Q(22)Q(23)

V39/14/1735035013:56:072EXEMMASK10SN110822894277815819723544320.82175925930.87292817680.78486055784832516617151541331631641131491221321371691441661341761241481831511712182415296628230931006320843140912924466103112511111146346910

V39/15/1735035014:01:132EXEMMASK11SN111515914280917319221194050.90123456790.89175257730.90995260664691671351751261241351661791751212148147189217112136147111414513414521122631651329511352111130709310270629111280446211410633152Q(20)Q(21)Q(22)Q(23)

V39/18/1736536514:11:492EXEMMASK12SN11227855281415718121414000.8450.88202247190.815315315348141513313101371591610171012412618610414817111491282461531841778710318615213143119352917163424231416114664107892125304063603142

Probe 19/19/17SET A (cinn, apr, bbg, rb, coff)13

V39/20/1736536514:03:522EXEMMASK13SN11448976269018019419294220.88625592420.90452261310.869955157482151018820101831371761299316412111331712181221111872271726919318314416111251312133613241926442601001224133214514210483726232438172

V39/21/1735536514:06:392EXEMMASK14SN115571154265319916921384270.86182669790.90454545450.81642512084861611186172171219108111517141412821919112351641691591013137112167131011161321141621881517213191825113010011110034124441031761226010012411117014282

Probe 29/22/17SET A16

V39/25/1737536514:11:552EXEMMASK1SN117221045294321119116124300.93488372090.92951541850.94088669954812207238181321616611412101710219177161219613122110219121014717911101791810113201016907161707580701249240111921326082617290120121725050102

V39/26/1736536513:52:402EXEMMASK2SN118351063319620420114174360.92889908260.93577981650.9220183486489191521722615511819817413111712169131521716141411191016101611208205133178161015111916712012021501116261401019111041102171115130508043112625180


V39/28/1736536514:04:582EXEMMASK3SN120621155275120317215224120.91019417480.93119266060.88659793814814201022714141412157141116161992281214159202155161113121412161212416141312161013131271690112100143103103140821409012112170928210119060901147364151115

V39/29/1737036514:18:132EXEMMASK4SN12124131241312420121923224650.90322580650.89732142860.908713692948918161517269159171116111871572015149149131116141812181415162313171215112017206201221141632132131113123741214272131112100153140122115183212921121119150121

V310/2/1737036513:52:532EXEMMASK5SN12227111209268120618637254540.86343612330.84773662550.881516587748142391112161313131813251222714171611181513817121715131115111513181818141214158141120917912111831441228108371101105831001144111111291132171175818210410382


V310/10/1738034513:54:202EXEMMASK6SN124961156301515816033614120.77184466020.82722513090.72398190054815181315151881191395101313179121114148111471015116161113891114121312141019161912111111214141931189281142163132115111101121211161711195549392113127121105

V310/11/1737034514:00:082EXEMMASK7SN1251341252275416816141324020.81840796020.80382775120.8341968912481411141210191219171718179171014121317111271211813181591214171181614131613131218141515101210141134202133134106124127131153154132113155172163143144124101141142152162

V310/12/1736534514:03:572EXEMMASK9SN126711138247415316430333800.83421052630.83606557380.83248730964714131412916131019151211121481713121012910121111161214101010131115121913141115101412111210111332143153123134130124941821331021301171631321221121459090121144107Q(22)Q(23)


V310/16/1736534513:49:242EXEMMASK15SN1281491368291820220147244740.85021097050.81124497990.89333333334812131615111814914221314152413181417151816191715815121111141214141591415131522202412131525192115313314213413417615415613518312312416212114191152150163122160152146204

V310/17/1736036513:40:102EXEMMASK4SN129541367274719018334324390.84965831440.84821428570.8511627907481811131417161116151916191919161113171412132115151091118181117181217111912161318121414131110132010620317015318115219017511215416513315291164163193142135160133123193193


V310/19/1736036513:51:012EXEMMASK11SN1311061453228423021242645480.80656934310.84558823530.7681159424817161820192112161715151819211823151611201224122011117121418121518161213182313211419142414201220611221451811841321441551661031351541051241351971931761791687496103124

V310/20/1735536514:02:002EXEMMASK6SN132821364252622917723384670.8693790150.90873015870.823255814481617192115191520122018201714131414231618112210211414202012142117141215141312111811141611614171717316520014419014010011182101134931331831711641931221731664314484102


Probe 710/24/17365SET A34

V310/25/1736036514:29:192EXEMMASK2SN13510101272215517819357564840.76652892560.75744680850.775100401648161814131416161514161013101412138141315814111712201114181413151118101513169151212121491810221951361291379411312395641641341031251151539512410615610414666123123

V310/26/1736036514:09:462EXEMMASK12SN1361631239225916618341404300.8116279070.80193236710.82062780274811148151014151213161718121115159121514161114141216152191510141017131691413121315131413119181351361041441339311314314311112311310213410419514412212210313312493154

V310/27/1736036514:09:392EXEMMASK10SN1371841157218218617233294200.85238095240.84931506850.8557213934841516131217131815151211102013181216915101451412181315121510131114814812141510151411131313179111210316314311313510273831331127313210115311375811031228210282

V310/30/1737036514:02:402EXEMMASK5SN138861061288816117125413980.83417085430.86559139780.8066037736481514131613131015121681689101091081315161213811141491010148118161313917916122012135165241112536281938410211391131212112101931069210212213273113113

V310/31/1736514:06:042EXEMMASK1SN13922101142275416216723373890.84575835480.87567567570.81862745148141510151218139811111481111812161017161410149171314131615119129131012121311181111716111411191821021131238115211412281101122931051421521437311415461124104

Probe 811/1/17365SET A40

V311/2/1737036514:12:472EXEMMASK3DSN1411141079251718718022294180.87799043060.89473684210.86124401914812161216815121811191191016714121713138141120131315161418101281611191413114141471351761512210211211212410110216113292517114110310213113311211294726292115

V311/3/1737536513:58:152EXEMMASK8SN14287989347519917628204230.88652482270.87665198240.897959183748719720101413168171116111610171297181218819515918614920717116111410198114118177141139113284911538362511055110211313172731019281111102529161

V311/6/1737536514:03:192EXEMMASK9SN143951103251920319521264450.89438202250.906250.88235294121617161871814136111220415101513131021102491851413159141316914161771471911131416922142143151112911021111219114392103111510911011349111112115411111171Q(22)Q(23)

Move to 4 Exemplar

SubjectStartDateWEIGHTGoal WeightStartTimeExperimentGroupBoxSessionTotal Left PokeTotal Right PokeTotal Center PokeSession TimerA1-A2+B1-B2+C1-C2+D1-D2+A1-C2-B1-D2-C1-A2-D1-B2-TOTAL RESPOVERALL DRA1-A2B1-B2C1-C2D1-D2Trials CompletedA1-A2 SAMPLE 1A1-A2 COMP 1A1-A2 SAMPLE 2A1-A2 COMP 2A1-A2 SAMPLE 3A1-A2 COMP 3A1-A2 SAMPLE 4A1-A2 COMP 4A1-A2 SAMPLE 5A1-A2 COMP 5A1-A2 SAMPLE 6A1-A2 COMP 6B1-B2 SAMP 1B1-B2 COMP1B1-B2 SAMP2B1-B2 COMP2B1-B2 SAMP 3B1-B2 COMP3B1-B2 SAMP 4B1-B2 COMP 4B1-B2 SAMP 5B1-B2 COMP 5B1-B2 SAMP 6B1-B2 COMP 6C1-C2 SAMP 1C1-C2 COMP1C1-C2 SAMP 2C1-C2 COMP2C1-C2 SAMP3C1-C2 COMP3C1-C2 SAMP4C1-C2 COMP4C1-C2 SAMP5C1-C2 COMP5C1-C2 SAMP6C1-C2 COMP6D1-D2 SAMP1D1-D2 COMP1D1-D2 SAMP2D1-D2 COMP2D1-D2 SAMP3D1-D2 COMP3D1-D2 SAMP4D1-D2 COMP4D1-D2 SAMP 5D1-D2 COMP5D1-D2 SAMP 6D1-D2 COMP6A1-C2 SAMPLE 1A1-C2 COMP 1A1-C2 SAMPLE 2A1-C2 COMP 2A1-C2 SAMPLE 3A1-C2 COMP 3A1-C2 SAMPLE 4A1-C2 COMP 4A1-C2 SAMPLE 5A1-C2 COMP 5A1-C2 SAMP6A1-C2 COMP6B1-D2 SAMPLE 1B1-D2 COMP 1B1-D2 SAMPLE 2B1-D2 COMP 2B1-D2 SAMPLE 3B1-D2 COMP 3B1-D2 SAMPLE 4B1-D2 COMP 4B1-D2 SAMPLE 5B1-D2 COMP 5B1-D2 SAMP6B1-D2 COMP6C1-A2 SAMPLE 1C1-A2 COMP 1C1-A2 SAMPLE 2C1-A2 COMP 2C1-A2 SAMPLE 3C1-A2 COMP 3C1-A2 SAMPLE 4C1-A2 COMP 4C1-A2 SAMPLE 5C1-A2 COMP 5C1-A2 SAMP6C1-A2 COMP6D1-B2 SAMPLE 1D1-B2 COMP 1D1-B2 SAMPLE 2D1-B2 COMP 2D1-B2 SAMPLE 3D1-B2 COMP 3D1-B2 SAMPLE 4D1-B2 COMP 4D1-B2 SAMPLE 5D1-B2 COMP 5D1-B2 SAMP6D1-B2 COMP6

V311/7/1737036513:53:094EXEMMASK1SN1441381104292410110710792221819184840.84090909090.82113821140.8560.84920634920.836363636448716111671811161019111681791710161217112062061513191321718717131791581312128201016816969110561841258264928463103104152133826395911026472116103

V311/8/1737536514:05:434EXEMMASK2SN145101211002595959711689351214184760.83403361340.73076923080.88990825690.89230769230.83177570094881410181318910816121981371691682010171015821916617924922516614111791411196148119313278838171228212182112111134133831011121237292941121037176

V311/9/1737036514:01:484EXEMMASK3SN146851023237394889693181716124340.85483870970.83928571430.83809523810.85714285710.885714285748820141661611148149141117514816121651211137168156176149186167129238188119135161341028516481821039384948210111212362847382831021021124142

V311/10/1737036514:13:184EXEMMASK4SN1471713106321621021101091019911134640.90948275860.91891891890.92436974790.90833333330.885964912348111571613191018111771761892161772514168137171615624718621614813918101714158153231011111027281829391121152714194112919181112619473918282

V311/13/1737537013:49:344EXEMMASK5SN1481381201275412510510310716815225010.8782435130.88652482270.92920353980.87288135590.82945736434811201120111911248267161022614921101213179198179171017914820718816121911211018817716941011449411291161101102811025191123641159116162911014918292

Probe 111/14/17375SET C (apple, grass, coconut, sandalwood, caramel)49

V311/15/1737537513:49:454EXEMMASK6SN1501371067332699102106971798144520.89380530970.85344827590.91891891890.92982456140.87387387394812181117191971791391510218191112121651362192172261561671661661361011187177189218171123115949310191616381521611118162511021021117410314183

V311/16/1737537513:46:094EXEMMASK7SN151121117323811061071148618138104620.89393939390.85483870970.89166666670.93442622950.895833333348714818719101713192195191214718920102215141320822101921171417121981513138161115181511121628395105141152151811441011049273711011011011311429292141112131

Probe 211/17/17375SET C52

V311/20/1738037513:55:584EXEMMASK15SN1531171104239289928983181731264450.7932584270.83177570090.84403669720.74166666670.761467889948141511197161012911716121561210118247118191318111781412137131014517913131213141218119143628211313286631128383103103101012374107945363861261249374

V311/21/1738037514:03:134EXEMMASK14SN154109114521659710610895171314134630.87688984880.8508771930.89075630250.88524590160.879629629648817111811151015616101681392012161020101914181224121615176147208171217916722111311158121121728511310313282133921021027212211213294921421029114274141163

V311/27/1738038013:59:214EXEMMASK13SN15518410682295109100947513815124260.88732394370.8934426230.92592592590.86238532110.86206896554815131122520121971816176149139211812920920714111371871751571711141314121062718111762101711058272721011029151511061019351838110311115171102134

V311/28/1737538013:59:074EXEMMASK12SN15613171119223299979910811910184510.89356984480.90.91509433960.90825688070.8571428571481120817516917121391612167169156169161718917142481671161461751519161020819620518111173621221327112210118381101111811131511136181921469285111102

V311/29/1738038014:20:034EXMARKPROBE3SN1571071046253096928479111219184110.85401459850.89719626170.88461538460.81553398060.814432989748102112188111218815413516915919101471281681791810157107912151113715111615146185311415161112916281102101839312293721321268284731331221036473

Probe 311/30/17380SET C58

V312/1/1738539014:21:534EXEMMASK10SN1597310222388941049684111418144350.86896551720.89523809520.88135593220.84210526320.85714285714861561810147159181214717716102110181015717101691661861481851489515913614817131692521116281735593938181811021237310393641036452926281

V312/4/1739039014:03:534EXEMMASK8SN1607510272420831048592101322124210.8646080760.89247311830.88888888890.79439252340.88461538464811171021101569811910716101210209191518111910181112101391161791410161015151810118157171411619211382101519210184846111972122123938314172929273102

Probe 412/5/17390SET C61

V312/6/1738039014:04:534EXEMPLARMASK1DSN16210710392421101949681171717154380.84931506850.85593220340.84684684680.84955752210.843754810207177158173181014818914915921714612101561662010197147125109149121218916911769310183101639356102821117311353113438212353102103725372

V312/7/1738539013:37:234EXEMPLARMASK2DSN16310398628369392868013108113930.8931297710.87735849060.90196078430.9148936170.8791208791489161014101471571710179156155229177111012912614514820710716911916512111991271075721011219381133621229161131102102411218111183102721028171

Probe 512/8/17390SET C64

V312/11/1738539014:23:454EXEMPLARMASK4DNW165401094238387891068511231294220.86966824640.8877551020.79464285710.89830508470.904255319148810815151510139191715111412171318141311119161318112061541581682210171014101110151011111710412191111921027711368931019112311271122937112111161102101153


Probe 612/13/17390SET C67

V312/14/1739039013:37:244EXEMMASK6SN168461039278996105928818179134380.86986301370.84210526320.86065573770.91089108910.87128712874882310169125196125149241320718717615101111187163137189139149131314820715811915146103917410310173645152719610210262711111118413171849192

V312/15/1739039013:31:304EXEMMASK11SN16993103222038493918514111193980.88693467340.85714285710.89423076920.89215686270.9042553191488151713613131511178118151016121613141117101591481414151018101871281371311159148189125513212210213210172621331011018293821011018110310281818112292

winter break


V31/16/1835537014:22:254EXEMPLAR_MASK_3DHK171291045219192988572242918194370.79405034320.79310344830.77165354330.82524271840.79120879124812991781752010145159201216132071461311157171316714912812814512119121361513109139410611362762397104114846644112114547093105132144164633264



Probe 71/19/18370SET C74



Probe 81/24/18380SET C77



move to 8 exemplar: Set D (clove, honey, blueberry, peach, marshmallow) and Set A (cinnamon, apricot, bubblegum, rootbeer)

SubjectStartDateWEIGHTGoal WeightStartTimeExperimentGroupBoxSessionTotal Left PokeTotal Right PokeTotal Center PokeSession TimerA1-A2+B1-B2+C1-C2+D1-D2+A1-C2-B1-D2-C1-A2-D1-B2-TOTAL RESPOVERALL DRA1-A2B1-B2C1-C2D1-D2Trials CompletedA1-A2 SAMPLE 1A1-A2 COMP 1A1-A2 SAMPLE 2A1-A2 COMP 2A1-A2 SAMPLE 3A1-A2 COMP 3A1-A2 SAMPLE 4A1-A2 COMP 4A1-A2 SAMPLE 5A1-A2 COMP 5A1-A2 SAMPLE 6A1-A2 COMP 6B1-B2 SAMP 1B1-B2 COMP1B1-B2 SAMP2B1-B2 COMP2B1-B2 SAMP 3B1-B2 COMP3B1-B2 SAMP 4B1-B2 COMP 4B1-B2 SAMP 5B1-B2 COMP 5B1-B2 SAMP 6B1-B2 COMP 6C1-C2 SAMP 1C1-C2 COMP1C1-C2 SAMP 2C1-C2 COMP2C1-C2 SAMP3C1-C2 COMP3C1-C2 SAMP4C1-C2 COMP4C1-C2 SAMP5C1-C2 COMP5C1-C2 SAMP6C1-C2 COMP6D1-D2 SAMP1D1-D2 COMP1D1-D2 SAMP2D1-D2 COMP2D1-D2 SAMP3D1-D2 COMP3D1-D2 SAMP4D1-D2 COMP4D1-D2 SAMP 5D1-D2 COMP5D1-D2 SAMP 6D1-D2 COMP6A1-C2 SAMPLE 1A1-C2 COMP 1A1-C2 SAMPLE 2A1-C2 COMP 2A1-C2 SAMPLE 3A1-C2 COMP 3A1-C2 SAMPLE 4A1-C2 COMP 4A1-C2 SAMPLE 5A1-C2 COMP 5A1-C2 SAMP6A1-C2 COMP6B1-D2 SAMPLE 1B1-D2 COMP 1B1-D2 SAMPLE 2B1-D2 COMP 2B1-D2 SAMPLE 3B1-D2 COMP 3B1-D2 SAMPLE 4B1-D2 COMP 4B1-D2 SAMPLE 5B1-D2 COMP 5B1-D2 SAMP6B1-D2 COMP6C1-A2 SAMPLE 1C1-A2 COMP 1C1-A2 SAMPLE 2C1-A2 COMP 2C1-A2 SAMPLE 3C1-A2 COMP 3C1-A2 SAMPLE 4C1-A2 COMP 4C1-A2 SAMPLE 5C1-A2 COMP 5C1-A2 SAMP6C1-A2 COMP6D1-B2 SAMPLE 1D1-B2 COMP 1D1-B2 SAMPLE 2D1-B2 COMP 2D1-B2 SAMPLE 3D1-B2 COMP 3D1-B2 SAMPLE 4D1-B2 COMP 4D1-B2 SAMPLE 5D1-B2 COMP 5D1-B2 SAMP6D1-B2 COMP6


V31/30/1838038014:03:22ASET_4EXEMPLARMASK_2HK18149875250662697674183425283860.72797927460.7750.66990291260.75247524750.72549019614851058912711121191037411316101551139488121015101511164104839611719913614651111594112515721117947342387923738181648356589463

V31/31/1838038013:56:28ASET_4EXEMPLAR_MASK_3HK1821701035256386868188254623254600.74130434780.77477477480.65151515150.77884615380.77876106194810188161014141111147138171114812714716813516101313146141014710516618711914219101056135811136456697176393781265261064838173758688938182

V32/1/1838038014:15:384EXEMPLARMASK4DHK18346988230678788988141619113930.84732824430.8478260870.8297872340.82407407410.8888888889481114913711513814513131413137168761491481691491681171412181116715914716917910969274130917168711328173911309291192736194821111028191


V32/5/1838038013:35:20ASET4EXEM6SN1857221059271469737477252018363920.74744897960.73404255320.78494623660.80434782610.681415929248672138122141371116588146121312712121591911811126107135128129157128157101213885011212210687999116416410110194103122211059391691093714294



V32/8/1838538513:53:53ASET_4EXEMPLAR_MASK_11HK18806611332376829366941791093800.88157894740.82828282830.91176470590.86842105260.9126213592481071014161451881641371291731961011211114512121111111214981510710522616913161971487811541311416314116112216282519117112113491152102131521407183

V32/9/1838038513:58:434EXEMMASK8DSN18913181156226980968391171517244230.82742316780.8247422680.86486486490.830.79130434784851111159161615151214114188117206161210122171511128131115101310151114121615169159161314656312413211115263911231421239384103123931325275831421027676





V32/16/1838538513:50:214EXEMMASK1SN19491910402422879092907916104010.89526184540.92553191490.90909090910.85185185190.9487158136135155125191418111610189155151087101014121822291731159519111314161517131611210072801226174328112113110010177721121421321831317141142112

V32/19/183903858:53:35ASET4EX2KHD1952121077218277688475222333284100.74146341460.77777777780.74725274730.71794871790.72815533984821171591691161391116146128651261212121118201621144121516148844141213101818156111065426411384513684166132725364914147112754112562891065294

Probe 1Set B (brandy, vanilla butternut, almond, strawberry, pistachio)96

V32/21/183903859:01:56ASET4EX4KHD1972799124927375838391413103600.87222222220.89024390240.84269662920.86458333330.892473118348910811121261681131368271012131711161115411121310181213131381561351011141315111961262831619110113146131917293611721011041339261907291956191

V32/22/183853858:55:39ASET4EX6KHD19813141037362775948687121110143890.87917737790.86206896550.89523809520.89583333330.8613861386482891215159131115101252217221114141312118125229131213710131571310161217131371241581411610291411019182111819362728215271112917243121431236381


V32/26/183903859:02:174EX3DKHD11006121109270287988179221522174210.81947743470.79816513760.86725663720.7864077670.82291666674811186138158208131087184151318161491810157168155129128131013912715151531281213134957111915311110186113102911021221181631161211226596939112181

V32/27/183903858:54:494EXMASK5DKHD110106942214275678566513893280.89329268290.93750.83750.91397849460.884810151315911111371310881377121569121459920101291361361410134118151698105149730816111151811621216192713671171131112101721011211216110451


V33/1/183853859:03:044EXMASK7DKHD11031111010212874808270131316153630.84297520660.85057471260.86021505380.83673469390.823529411848111516141211613612796121216111281581510109191317141171011151110888161181817129612102751121026181927210210362122751231327491511421321427552102

V33/2/183853859:07:094EXMASK15DKHD11048593127516367808320711123430.85422740520.75903614460.90540540540.87912087910.8736842105487128118159881374167101061181613105139151213910712819811314515814121231391576958111281756211181151319144929210110171911021225210154

V33/5/183853858:28:58ASET4EX14KHD1105121089927296375855613915153310.84290030210.82894736840.89285714290.850.78873239444861491158101019121161498101898815111251111201114111410149128711128101515757782717363631218241152112111714612414181916238527111171102


V33/7/183853858:45:414EXMASK13DKHD110758906268068736074132314183430.80174927110.83950617280.76041666670.81081081080.80434782614851331210910168108851115127198101110711412412681197991013149108136151084147375111217111285104817484651021143311210182937362677271

V33/8/183803858:53:18ASET4EX12KHD110813971252779667092161719183770.81432360740.83157894740.79518072290.78651685390.8363636364488159109171413121191311111214101191377510381113714810812111361410206121112101510198211243747352641731038323411041248391124133104921019413493


V33/12/183903858:56:064EXMASK11DKHD1110361026265064696955161923153300.77878787880.80.78409090910.750.7857142857481215151161013111489971213119121114101228913111216141610127171361269147811131114546427392131624313512391828510610591114163849314210215212393

V33/13/183953858:54:57ASET4EX10KHD1111210112925557177806416811133400.85882352940.8160919540.90588235290.87912087910.83116883124818981861015121471115141813181710111116101610121721201313111491254610871412169141371392851261411111618118118215152913416110313115111114215215111311283


V33/16/183903858:51:484EXMASK8DKHD1113312951248874716971172016233610.78947368420.81318681320.78021978020.81176470590.7553191489488131013714812799136171113101110712161077131013915111198691013710111412991571073551121221049110462629284467410312372428271112116626587

V33/19/183853858:52:58ASET4EXMASK1KHD111444955258060466065151418172950.78305084750.80.76666666670.76923076920.792682926848811610131017812841399131014271098673111181313910878117613135167133109795821426210210282185132921421211035310384848110213693824381

V33/20/183903858:51:53ASET4EXMASK2KHD11151387221816968686416186133220.83540372670.81176470590.79069767440.91891891890.8311688312485661241581281261281011111481011101512138126146671110121135127131117814991137801031145171554282744382611121221308111085111739313081

V33/21/183853859:00:364EXMASK3KHD111624979259568566070211512153170.80126182970.76404494380.78873239440.83333333330.82352941184872010131111145788119778615101211310112711691316810121014101114111312131491211104710512382113121102112937113483729113174132112829311473140143


V33/23/183853858:52:59ASET4EXMASK4KHD111834963266163696358211828333530.7167138810.750.79310344830.69230769230.6373626374487147117102105108841651710107129876614101010127109914851011991271010948115184124103741012772101828353781351231247276557711710372119

V33/26/183853859:13:394EXMASK5DKHD11196111029234774696270211933413890.7069408740.77894736840.78409090910.65263157890.630630630641014681481810143121014131281313131694881388911778111112568179131117510157626811113663711037481828310661812410495131717111110125856763


finished

Run probes when criterion met for both sets within past 5 sessions (including probe days)--but at least two sessions between probes

V3 2 Ex Probes

V3 2-Exemplar DataV3 4-Exemplar Data

ProbesMeanStd devstd errProbesMeanStd devstd err

Positive0.480.380.14Positive0.850.460.16

Negative0.260.160.06Negative0.450.150.05

ProbestdfpProbestdfp

t-test1.7870.12t-test2.6270.04

BaselineMeanStd devstd errBaselineMeanStd devstd err

Positive2.940.390.14Positive2.890.410.14

Negative0.460.170.06Negative0.740.390.14

BaselinetdfpBaselinetdfp

t-test18.717

SUMMARY

• Most rats show above chance MTS or NMTS with novel stimuli after training with as few as 4-8 exemplars—but in some cases 2 exemplars were sufficient

• Masking studies suggests transfer is based on generalized identity, not change detection or temporal control

CONCLUSIONS

• Findings from our laboratory and others confirm that MET enhances (but perhaps surprisingly) may not always be necessary for, relational responding in non-humans

• Origins of relational responding remain poorly understood and very difficult to study in humans (although research with non-verbal clients could make a very significant contribution!!!)

• Research with both animals and humans is needed and can play an important role in the understanding and application of complex stimulus relations

THANKS!

Special thanks to Co-PI Kate Bruce--and wonderful students: Katie Dyer, Genny Guidone, Haily Kelliher, Kelly Lowe, Maddy Mason, Tiffany Phassukan, Jonathan Shaw, T. J. Wagner, Nicole Westrick, & Bobbie Wolff

Mark Galizio��UNC Wilmington��NCABA�Winston-Salem, NC�February 20, 2019�Where do novel stimulus relations come from? Where do novel stimulus relations come from? Where do novel stimulus relations come from? Stimulus Equivalence: Basic PropertiesStimulus Equivalence: Basic PropertiesStimulus equivalence and the search for symmetryUniquely human?After Sidman & Tailby (1982)ApplicationsWhat happened to the search for emergent relations in non-humans?Two Successes in non-humansUrcuioli (2008)Prichard et al. (2015) Symmetry in Rodents? Replication of Urcuioli (2008)Sea Lions & Multiple exemplar training (Schusterman & Kastak, 1993) �Multiple exemplar trainingHayes & Sanford (2014)Hayes (2016)Generalized MTS and multiple exemplar trainingSlide Number 20Generalized MTS and multiple exemplar trainingGeneralized matching in rodents?Emergent relations in rodentsMultiple exemplar training and generalized identity in ratsSlide Number 25Slide Number 26Prichard et al (2015)Prichard et al. (2015) Exp 2Training Criterion Identity Probe Design �Slide Number 31Slide Number 32Slide Number 33Slide Number 34Summary/Follow-upAre two exemplars enough for rats?Are two Exemplars enough For rats?Are four exemplars enough?four are enough!Four are (more or less) enough……Four are (more or less) enough……Are Rats that smart?Identity or stimulus change?Identity or stimulus change?Identity or stimulus change? Identity or stimulus change? A BIT OF BOTH?Generalized Identity emerged despite lower response ratesGeneralized Identity emerged despite lower response ratesSet Size expansion in rats with a masking stimulusSlide Number 51Slide Number 52SummaryConclusionsThanks!

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