Biology (CP) Study GuideSecond Trimester Exam on March 14

The Exam will ask 120 questions from chapters 7 thru 10. Questions will be based on this study guide.

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Who used a compound microscope to see chambers within cork and named them “cells”?a. Anton van Leeuwenhoekb. Robert Hookec. Matthias Schleidend. Rudolf Virchow

____ 2. The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying thata. all plants are made of cells.b. all animals are made of cells.c. plants and animals have specialized cells.d. all plants and animals are made of cells.

____ 3. The cell theory does NOT apply toa. bacteria.b. plants and animals.c. multicellular organisms.d. rocks and soil.

____ 4. Electron microscopes can reveal detailsa. only in specimens that are still alive.b. about the different colors of cell structures.c. of cell structures only once they are stained.d. 1000 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes.

____ 5. Which type of microscope can produce three-dimensional images of a cell’s surface?a. transmission electron microscopeb. scanning electron microscopec. simple light microscoped. compound light microscope

____ 6. Colors seen in images made from electron microscopes area. true to life.b. the colors of electrons.c. added to make certain structures easier to see.d. added so scientists can trace living cells through the body.

____ 7. Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know?a. The cell lacks cytoplasm.b. The cell lacks a cell membrane.c. The cell lacks a nucleus.d. The cell lacks genetic material.

____ 8. Which of the following enclose their DNA in a nucleus?a. prokaryotesb. bacteriac. eukaryotesd. viruses

____ 9. Prokaryotes usually havea. a nucleus.b. specialized organelles.c. genetic material.d. many cells.

____ 10. Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes?a. plantsb. animalsc. bacteriad. fungi

Figure 7–1

____ 11.Which of the following conclusions could you draw about the cell shown in Figure 7–1?

a. The cell is eukaryotic because it has a nucleus.b. The cell is prokaryotic because it has a nucleus.c. The cell is eukaryotic because it does not have a nucleus.d. The cell is prokaryotic because it does not have a nucleus.

____ 12. Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus?a. mitochondriab. nucleolusc. chromatind. DNA

____ 13. Which of the following statements about the nucleus is NOT true?a. The nucleus stores the coded instructions for making the cell’s proteins.b. The nucleus usually contains a nucleolus region which is where ribosome assembly

begins.c. The nucleus is the site of protein assembly.d. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that lets materials in and out.

____ 14. Which organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful?a. Golgi apparatusb. lysosomec. endoplasmic reticulumd. mitochondrion

____ 15. Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?a. helps a cell keep its shapeb. contains DNAc. surrounds the celld. helps make proteins

____ 16. Which structures are involved in cell movement?a. cytoplasm and ribosomesb. nucleolus and nucleusc. microtubules and microfilamentsd. chromosomes

Figure 7–2

____ 17. Which structure in the cell shown in Figure 7–2 above stores materials, such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates?

a. structure Ab. structure Bc. structure Cd. structure D

____ 18. Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus?a. Golgi apparatusb. mitochondrionc. vacuoled. ribosome

____ 19. Which sequence correctly traces the path of a protein in the cell?a. ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatusb. ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplastc. endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi apparatusd. ribosome, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum

Figure 7–3

____ 20. Which structure in the cell shown in Figure 7–3 above modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage or release from the cell?

a. structure Ab. structure Bc. structure Cd. structure D

____ 21. Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?a. chloroplastb. Golgi apparatusc. endoplasmic reticulumd. mitochondrion

____ 22. Which organelles are involved in energy conversion?a. mitochondria and chloroplastsb. mitochondria and ribosomesc. smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulumd. Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts

____ 23. Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?a. mitochondrionb. ribosomec. chloroplastd. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

____ 24. The primary function of the cell wall is toa. support and protect the cell.b. store DNA.c. direct the activities of the cell.d. help the cell move.

____ 25. You will NOT find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms?a. plantsb. animalsc. fungid. bacteria

____ 26. Which of the following structures serves as the cell’s boundary from its environment?a. mitochondrionb. cell membranec. chloroplastd. channel protein

____ 27. Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?a. breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from foodsb. stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydratesc. keeps the cell wall in placed. regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell

____ 28. The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What are these channels and pumps made of?a. carbohydratesb. lipidsc. bilipidsd. proteins

____ 29. Diffusion occurs becausea. molecules are attracted to one another.b. molecules constantly move and collide with each other.c. cellular energy forces molecules to collide with each other.d. cellular energy pumps molecules across the cell membrane.

____ 30. During diffusion, when the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules willa. move across the membrane to the outside of the cell.b. stop moving across the membrane.c. continue to move across the membrane in both directions.d. move across the membrane to the inside of the cell.

____ 31. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is calleda. osmotic pressure.b. osmosis.c. pinocytosis.d. active transport.

____ 32. An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causesa. water to move into the cell.b. water to move out of the cell.c. solutes to move into the cell.d. solutes to move out of the cell.

____ 33. Which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell?a. diffusionb. osmosisc. facilitated diffusiond. active transport

Figure 7–5

____ 34. Which means of particle transport is shown in Figure 7–5 above?a. endocytosisb. exocytosisc. facilitated diffusiond. protein pump

____ 35. Which of the following activities is NOT a way that unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis?a. reproductionb. growthc. cell specializationd. response to the environment

____ 36. Which term describes the relatively constant internal physical conditions of an organism?a. cell specializationb. homeostasisc. organ systemd. unicellularity

____ 37. The cells of unicellular organisms area. specialized to perform different tasks.b. larger than those of multicellular organisms.c. able to carry out all of the functions necessary for life.d. unable to respond to changes in their environment.

____ 38. Which of the following is an example of an organ?a. heartb. epithelial tissuec. digestive systemd. nerve cell

____ 39. A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is calleda. an organ.b. an organ system.c. a tissue.d. a division of labor.

____ 40. An organ system is a group of organs thata. are made up of similar cells.b. are made up of similar tissues.c. work together to perform a specific function.d. work together to perform all the functions in a multicellular organism.

____ 41. Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level?a. cell, tissue, organ system, organb. organ system, organ, tissue, cellc. tissue, organ, organ system, celld. cell, tissue, organ, organ system

____ 42. What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?a. adenine, thylakoid, and a phosphate groupb. stroma, grana, and chlorophyllc. adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groupsd. NADH, NADPH, and FADH2

____ 43. Which of the following is NOT a part of an ATP molecule?a. adenineb. ribosec. chlorophylld. phosphate

____ 44. Energy is released from ATP whena. a phosphate group is added.b. adenine bonds to ribose.c. ATP is exposed to sunlight.d. a phosphate group is removed.

____ 45. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about ATP?a. ATP consists of ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups.b. ADP is produced when ATP releases energy.c. ATP provides energy for the mechanical functions of cells.d. Used ATP is discarded by the cell as waste.

Figure 8–1

____ 46. Look at Figure 8–1. All of the following are parts of an ADP molecule EXCEPTa. structure A.b. structure B.c. structure C.d. structure D.

____ 47. Which structures shown in Figure 8–1 make up an ATP molecule?a. A and Bb. A, B, and Cc. A, B, C, and Dd. C and D

____ 48. In Figure 8–1, between which parts of the molecule must the bonds be broken to form an ADP molecule?a. A and Bb. A and Cc. B and Cd. C and D

____ 49. Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are calleda. autotrophs.b. heterotrophs.c. thylakoids.d. pigments.

____ 50. Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from external sources are calleda. autotrophs.b. heterotrophs.c. thylakoids.d. plants.

____ 51. Which of the following organisms makes its own food using light energy from the sun?a. mushroomb. amoebac. leopardd. oak

____ 52. Which of the following organisms is a heterotroph?a. mushroomb. algac. wheatd. sunflower

____ 53. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules calleda. pigments.b. thylakoids.c. chloroplasts.d. glucose.

____ 54. Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis by absorbinga. high-energy sugars.b. chlorophyll a.c. chlorophyll b.d. sunlight.

____ 55. Most plants appear green because chlorophylla. absorbs green light.b. absorbs violet light.c. does not absorb green light.d. does not absorb violet light.

Figure 8–2

____ 56. Which structure in Figure 8–2 represents a single thylakoid?a. structure Ab. structure Bc. structure Cd. structure D

____ 57. A granum is aa. stack of chloroplasts.b. stack of thylakoids.c. membrane enclosing a thylakoid.d. photosynthetic pigment molecule.

____ 58. The stroma is the region outside thea. thylakoids.b. chloroplasts.c. plant cells.d. all of the above

____ 59. Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found?a. in the ATPb. in the stromac. in the thylakoid membraned. in the thylakoid space

____ 60. Which of the following is FALSE?a. A chloroplast contains stroma.b. A stroma contains a thylakoid.c. A granum contains several thylakoids.d. A thylakoid contains chlorophyll.

____ 61. What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?a. electron carrierb. high-energy sugarc. photosystemd. pigment

Figure 8–3

____ 62. Which chemical shown in Figure 8–3 is an electron carrier molecule?a. H2Ob. carbon dioxidec. NADP+

d. oxygen____ 63. When NADP+ accepts and holds two high-energy electrons, what else gets bonded to the molecule as part of

the reaction?a. a hydrogen ionb. a water moleculec. a phosphate groupd. a glucose molecule

____ 64. Why are electron carriers needed for transporting electrons from one part of the chloroplast to another?a. High-energy electrons would be destroyed.b. High-energy electrons are highly reactive.c. High-energy electrons are not soluble in cytoplasm.d. High-energy electrons get their energy from electron carriers.

____ 65. A student is collecting the gas given off from a plant in bright sunlight at a temperature of 27°C. The gas being collected is probablya. oxygen.b. carbon dioxide.c. ATP.d. glucose.

____ 66. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide intoa. oxygen and carbon.b. high-energy sugars and proteins.c. ATP and oxygen.d. oxygen and high-energy sugars.

____ 67. Which of the following is NOT found in the overall reaction for photosynthesis?a. carbon dioxideb. waterc. lightd. nitrogen

____ 68. In the overall equation for photosynthesis, six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water result in a molecule of sugar and six molecules ofa. glucose.b. water.c. oxygen.d. ATP.

____ 69. Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?a. in the stroma of the chloroplastb. within the mitochondria membranesc. within the thylakoid membranesd. in the outer membrane of the chloroplasts

____ 70. What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?a. oxygen gas and glucoseb. ATP, NADPH, and oxygen gasc. ATP, carbon dioxide gas, and NADPHd. carbon dioxide gas, oxygen gas, and NADPH

____ 71. Which of the following is NOT a step in the light-dependent reactions?a. High-energy electrons move through the electron transport chain.b. Pigments in photosystem II absorb light.c. ATP synthase allows H+ ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane.d. ATP and NADPH are used to produce high-energy sugars.

____ 72. What action contributes to the inside of the thylakoid membrane becoming positively charged during the light-dependent reactions?a. H+ ions are released as water splits.b. ATP synthase allows H+ ions to pass through the membrane.c. ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP.d. Carbon dioxide builds up in the stroma.

____ 73. Where are photosystems I and II found?a. in the stromab. in the thylakoid membranec. in the Calvin cycled. in the cell membrane

____ 74. Which of the following activities happens within the stroma?a. Photosystem I absorbs light.b. ATP synthase produces ATP.c. The Calvin cycle produces sugars.d. Electrons move through the electron transport chain.

____ 75. Which pathway represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?a. H2O Photosystem I Photosystem IIb. O2 ADP Calvin cyclec. Photosystem I Calvin cycle NADP+

d. H2O NADP+ Calvin cycle____ 76. The Calvin cycle is another name for the

a. light-independent reactions.b. light-dependent reactions.c. photosynthesis reaction.d. electron transport chain.

____ 77. The Calvin cycle takes place in thea. stroma.b. photosystems.c. thylakoid membranes.d. chlorophyll molecules.

____ 78. What is a product of the Calvin cycle?a. oxygen gasb. ATPc. high-energy sugarsd. carbon dioxide gas

____ 79. How does the Calvin cycle differ from the light-dependent reactions?a. It takes place in the stroma.b. It takes place in chloroplasts.c. It requires light.d. It requires water.

____ 80. If carbon dioxide is completely removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to the plant’s production of high-energy sugars?a. More sugars will be produced.b. No sugars will be produced.c. The same number of sugars will be produced but without carbon dioxide.d. Fewer sugars will be produced at first, but then the plant will recover.

____ 81. If you continue to increase the intensity of light that a plant receives, what happens?a. The rate of photosynthesis increases indefinitely with light intensity.b. The rate of photosynthesis decreases indefinitely with light intensity.c. The rate of photosynthesis increases and then levels off.d. The rate of photosynthesis does not change.

Figure 8–5

____ 82. In which experimental setup shown above would you expect the Elodea plant to produce the LEAST amount of oxygen?a. Ab. Bc. Cd. D

Figure 8–6

____ 83. Imagine that y-axis of each graph in Figure 8–6 describes the rate of photosynthesis. Which of the graphs represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis?a. Ab. Bc. Cd. D

____ 84. Imagine that y-axis of each graph in Figure 8–6 describes the rate of photosynthesis. Which of the graphs represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?a. Ab. Bc. Cd. D

____ 85. How do organisms get the energy they need?a. by burning food molecules and releasing their energy as heatb. by breathing oxygen into the lungs and combining it with carbon dioxidec. by breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energyd. by using the sun’s energy to break down food molecules and form chemicals

____ 86. Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?a. fermentationb. electron transportc. glycolysisd. Krebs cycle

____ 87. What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?a. 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energyb. 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy 6CO2 + 6H2Oc. 6CO2 + 6H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energyd. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy 6O2 + C6H12O6

____ 88. Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking downa. food molecules.b. ATP.c. carbon dioxide.d. water.

____ 89. What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?a. oxygen and lactic acidb. carbon dioxide and waterc. glucose and oxygend. water and glucose

____ 90. Which of these is a product of cellular respiration?a. oxygenb. waterc. glucosed. lactic acid

____ 91. Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requiresa. light.b. exercise.c. oxygen.d. glucose.

____ 92. Which organism is NOT likely to carry out cellular respiration?a. cypress treeb. button mushroomc. anaerobic bacteriumd. Siberian tiger

Figure 9–1

____ 93. Using Figure 9–1, which pairing matches the structures shown in the cell diagrams with the processes that take place within those structures?

a. A: photosynthesis; B: cellular respirationb. C: photosynthesis; D: cellular respirationc. D: photosynthesis; E: cellular respirationd. E: photosynthesis; D: cellular respiration

____ 94. Which process does NOT release energy from glucose?a. glycolysisb. photosynthesisc. fermentationd. cellular respiration

____ 95. Which of the following is one of the ways that cellular respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes?a. Photosynthesis releases energy, and cellular respiration stores energy.b. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts

it back.c. Photosynthesis removes oxygen from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back.d. Photosynthesis consumes glucose, and cellular respiration produces glucose.

____ 96. Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is toa. chloroplasts.b. cytoplasm.c. mitochondria.d. nuclei.

____ 97. Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs ina. animal cells only.b. plant cells only.c. prokaryotic cells only.d. all eukaryotic cells.

____ 98. Plants cannot release energy from glucose usinga. glycolysis.b. photosynthesis.c. the Krebs cycle.d. cellular respiration.

____ 99. The products of photosynthesis are thea. products of cellular respiration.b. reactants of cellular respiration.c. products of glycolysis.d. reactants of fermentation.

____ 100. Which of these processes takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?a. glycolysisb. electron transportc. Krebs cycled. photosynthesis

____ 101. Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain ofa. 2 ATP molecules.b. 4 ATP molecules.c. 18 ATP molecules.d. 36 ATP molecules.

____ 102. Glycolysis requiresa. ATP.b. oxygen.c. sunlight.d. NADP+.

____ 103. Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?a. NADHb. pyruvic acidc. ATPd. glucose

____ 104. Which of the following is an electron carrier that plays a role in cellular respiration?a. NAD+

b. pyruvic acidc. NADP+

d. ATP____ 105. The starting molecule for the Krebs cycle is

a. glucose.b. NADH.c. pyruvic acid.d. coenzyme A.

____ 106. The Krebs cycle does NOT occur ifa. oxygen is present.b. oxygen is not present.c. glycolysis occurs.d. carbon dioxide is present.

____ 107. The Krebs cycle producesa. oxygen.b. lactic acid.c. carbon dioxide.d. glucose.

____ 108. The Krebs cycle starts witha. lactic acid and yields carbon dioxide.b. glucose and yields ATP.c. pyruvic acid and yields lactic acid.d. pyruvic acid and yields carbon dioxide.

____ 109. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed bya. lactic acid fermentation.b. alcoholic fermentation.c. photosynthesis.d. the Krebs cycle.

____ 110. In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in thea. inner mitochondrial membrane.b. nucleus.c. cell membrane.d. cytoplasm.

____ 111. Which of the following pass high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain?a. NADH and FADH2

b. ATP and ADPc. citric acidd. acetyl–CoA

____ 112. High-energy electrons that move down the electron transport chain ultimately provide the energy needed to a. transport water molecules across the membrane.b. convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules.c. convert carbon dioxide into water molecules.d. break down glucose into pyruvic acid molecules.

____ 113. The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is directly used toa. make lactic acid.b. make citric acid.c. transport H+ ions.d. split water molecules.

____ 114. Cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce approximatelya. 2 ATP molecules.b. 4 ATP molecules.c. 32 ATP molecules.d. 36 ATP molecules.

____ 115. Lactic acid fermentation occurs ina. bread dough.b. any environment containing oxygen.c. muscle cells.d. mitochondria.

____ 116. The two main types of fermentation are calleda. alcoholic and aerobic.b. aerobic and anaerobic.c. alcoholic and lactic acid.d. lactic acid and anaerobic.

____ 117. The air bubbles and spongy texture of bread are due to which process?a. lactic acid fermentationb. glycolysisc. alcoholic fermentationd. the Krebs cycle

____ 118. When microorganisms in milk produce acid under certain conditions, yogurt results. Which of these processes would you expect to be key in the production of yogurt?a. the Krebs cycleb. photosynthesisc. alcoholic fermentationd. lactic acid fermentation

____ 119. During fermentation,a. NAD+ is regenerated, allowing glycolysis to continue.b. glucose is split into 3 pyruvic acid molecules.c. oxygen is required.d. carbon dioxide is produced.

____ 120. The conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid requiresa. alcohol.b. oxygen.c. ATP.d. NADH.

____ 121. Breathing heavily after running a race is your body’s way ofa. making more citric acid.b. repaying an oxygen debt.c. restarting glycolysis.d. stopping the electron transport chain.

____ 122. When the body needs to exercise for longer than 90 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying outa. lactic acid fermentation.b. alcoholic fermentation.c. cellular respiration.d. glycolysis.

____ 123. If you want to control your weight, how long should you exercise aerobically each time that you exercise?a. at least 90 secondsb. less than 15 minutesc. 15 to 20 minutesd. more than 20 minutes

____ 124. The energy needed to win a 1-minute footrace is produced mostly bya. lactic acid fermentation.b. cellular respiration.c. using up stores of ATP.d. breaking down fats.

____ 125. Which statement mainly explains why even well-conditioned athletes have to pace themselves for athletic events that last several hours?a. Lactic acid fermentation can cause muscle soreness.b. Heavy breathing is needed to get rid of lactic acid.c. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation does.d. Alcoholic fermentation produces carbon dioxide.

____ 126. All of the following are sources of energy for humans during exercise EXCEPTa. stored ATP.b. alcoholic fermentation.c. lactic acid fermentation.d. cellular respiration.

____ 127. As a cell becomes larger, itsa. volume increases faster than its surface area.b. surface area increases faster than its volume.c. volume increases, but its surface area stays the same.d. surface area stays the same, but its volume increases.

____ 128. If the surface area of a cell that is shaped like a cube increases 100 times, its volume increases abouta. 5 times.b. 10 times.c. 100 times.d. 1000 times.

____ 129. The rate at which wastes are produced by a cell partially depends on the cell’s a. ratio of surface area to volume.b. type of membrane.c. volume.d. surface area.

____ 130. All of the following are problems that growth causes for cells EXCEPTa. more demands on DNA.b. excess oxygen.c. obtaining enough food.d. expelling wastes.

____ 131. Compared to small cells, large cells have more troublea. dividing.b. producing daughter cells.c. storing needed materials and waste products.d. moving needed materials in and waste products out.

____ 132. After cell division, each daughter cell hasa. a lower surface area/volume ratio than the parent cell.b. a higher surface area/volume ratio than the parent cell.c. more DNA in its nucleus than the parent cell.d. less DNA in its nucleus than the parent cell.

____ 133. Which of the following happens when a cell divides?a. The cell’s volume increases.b. It becomes more difficult for the cell to get get rid of wastes.c. Each daughter cell receives its own copy of the parent cell’s DNA.d. It becomes more difficult for the cell to get enough oxygen and nutrients.

____ 134. The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is calleda. cell division.b. metaphase.c. interphase.d. mitosis.

____ 135. An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction a. takes less timeb. requires more timec. provides genetic diversityd. produces identical offspring

____ 136. Which of the following lists structures from smallest to largest?a. chromosome, supercoil, coil, nucleosome, double helixb. chromosome, coil, double helix, nucleosome, supercoilc. double helix, nucleosome, coil, supercoil, chromosomed. nucleosome, coil, double helix, chromosome, supercoil

Figure 10–2

____ 137. A multicellular organism begins life as a single cell—a fertilized egg with a complete set of chromosomes. The picture in Figure 10–2 above shows how the cell divides to become two cells, then four cells, eight cells, and so on. Which of the following statements best describes what happens during this process?a. Chromosomes are duplicated before cell division so that each new daughter cell has a

complete set.b. Chromosomes are divided evenly during cell division so that each new daughter cell has

an equal share of the original set.c. Chromosomes are stored in the original cell to direct the division of all daughter cells,

which do not have their own chromosomes.d. Chromosomes are randomly distributed during cell division so that some new cells have

partial sets while others have complete sets.____ 138. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?

a. only during interphaseb. only when they are being replicatedc. only during cell divisiond. only during the G1 phase

____ 139. During which phase in the cell cycle does mitosis happen?a. G1 phaseb. G2 phasec. M phased. S phase

____ 140. Which pair includes a phase of the cell cycle and a cellular process that occurs during that phase?a. G1 phase, DNA replicationb. G2 phase, preparation for mitosisc. S phase, cell divisiond. M phase, cell growth

____ 141. When during the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated?a. G1 phaseb. G2 phasec. S phased. M phase

____ 142. Which event occurs during interphase?a. The cytoplasm divides.b. Centrioles duplicate.c. Spindle fibers begin to form.d. Centromeres divide.

____ 143. Which of the following is a correct statement about the events of the cell cycle?a. Little happens during the G1 and G2 phases.b. DNA replicates during cytokinesis.c. The M phase is usually the longest phase.d. Interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases.

Figure 10–3

____ 144. Cell division is represented in Figure 10–3 by the lettera. A.b. B.c. C.d. D.

Animal Cell

Figure 10–4

____ 145. In Figure 10–4, what role does structure A play in mitosis?a. replicate DNAb. increase cell volumec. connect to spindle fibersd. dissolve nuclear envelope

Figure 10–5

____ 146. The structure labeled A in Figure 10–5 is called thea. centromere.b. centriole.c. sister chromatid.d. spindle.

____ 147. The structures labeled B in Figure 10–5 are calleda. centromeres.b. centrioles.c. sister chromatids.d. spindles.

____ 148. During which phase(s) of mitosis are structures like the one shown in Figure 10–5 visible?a. anaphase onlyb. prophase, metaphase, and anaphasec. metaphase onlyd. anaphase and interphase

____ 149. Which of the following is a phase of mitosis?a. cytokinesisb. interphasec. prophased. S phase

____ 150. The first phase of mitosis is calleda. prophase.b. anaphase.c. metaphase.d. interphase.

____ 151. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?a. prophaseb. telophasec. metaphased. anaphase

____ 152. Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence?a. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophaseb. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophasec. interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophased. prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase

____ 153. What is the role of the spindle fibers during mitosis?a. They help separate the chromosomes.b. They break down the nuclear membrane.c. They duplicate the DNA.d. They make the chromosomes visible.

____ 154. The two main stages of cell division are calleda. mitosis and interphase.b. synthesis and cytokinesis.c. the M phase and the S phase.d. mitosis and cytokinesis.

____ 155. During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell that has four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containinga. two chromosomes.b. four chromosomes.c. eight chromosomes.d. sixteen chromosomes.

____ 156. One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells havea. centrioles.b. centromeres.c. a cell plate.d. chromatin.

Figure 10–6

____ 157. Some cells form a cell plate during cytokinesis. Which of the following is true of the cells in Figure 10–6 above?a. Both cells form cell plates during cytokinesis.b. Neither cell forms a cell plate during cytokinesis.c. Only cell A forms a cell plate during cytokinesis.d. Only cell B forms a cell plate during cytokinesis.

____ 158. When cells are grown in a laboratory, which of the following is a factor that can stop normal cells from dividing?a. contact with other cellsb. growth factorsc. a cut in the skind. injection of cyclin

____ 159. Cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. If cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open space will begin dividing until they have filled the empty space. What does this experiment show?a. Cell division is a completely random process.b. Once cells divide, they can never divide again.c. The controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and off.d. There is only a limited amount of DNA available to a given group of cells.

____ 160. Which of the following explains why normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered the bottom of the dish?a. The cells lack cyclin.b. The petri dish inhibits cell growth.c. Contact with other cells stops cell growth.d. Most cells grown in petri dishes have a defective p53.

____ 161. In eukaryotic cells, the timing of the cell cycle is regulated bya. centrioles.b. cyclins.c. spindle fibers.d. the nuclear envelope.

____ 162. Cyclins are a family of closely related proteins thata. regulate the cell cycle.b. produce p53.c. cause cancer.d. work to heal wounds.

____ 163. Which of the following are external regulators of the cell cycle?a. cyclinsb. growth factorsc. mitotic spindlesd. cancer cells

____ 164. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control theira. size.b. spindle fibers.c. growth rate.d. surface area.

____ 165. Cancer cells form masses of cells calleda. tumors.b. cyclins.c. growth factors.d. p53.

____ 166. A cell with a defective p53 gene is likely toa. stop responding to growth regulators.b. stop dividing to produce daughter cells.c. generate hormones that combat tumors.d. produce cells without a defective p53 gene.

____ 167. Cancer affectsa. humans only.b. unicellular organisms only.c. multicellular organisms only.d. multicellular and unicellular organisms.

____ 168. During early development, all cells in the embryo of a multicellular organism are identical. Later on in development, the cells will become specialized through a process calleda. apoptosis.b. cytokinesis.c. differentiation.d. interphase.

____ 169. Why are stem cells important?a. They have specialized DNA.b. They are incapable of becoming cancer cells.c. They have the potential to undergo cell division.d. They have the potential to develop into other cell types.

____ 170. Which of the following is a possible future benefit of stem cell research?a. developing a vaccine for cancerb. reversing damage from a heart attackc. generating embryos from nonliving tissued. increasing a person’s intelligence quotient

Modified True/FalseIndicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

____ 171. The cell theory states that all things are made up of cells. _________________________

____ 172. If a cell contains a nucleus, it must be a prokaryote. _________________________

____ 173. The assembly of ribosomes begins in a small dense structure called the chromatin. _________________________

____ 174. Cilia and flagella are made of protein filaments called endoplasmic reticulum. _________________________

____ 175. Ribosomes that synthesize proteins are found on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. _________________________

____ 176. Plant cells have chloroplasts but not mitochondria. _________________________

____ 177. Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and some other substances can pass through the cell wall. _________________________

____ 178. Once equilibrium is reached, roughly equal numbers of molecules move in either direction across a semipermeable membrane, and there is no further change in concentration on either side of the membrane. _________________________

____ 179. Moving materials from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration requires active transport. _________________________

____ 180. A cell in a multicellular organism must be able to carry out all of the functions necessary for life in order for the organism to survive. _________________________

____ 181. There is a division of labor among the cells of multicellular organisms. _________________________

Figure 8–1

____ 182. The substance represented in Figure 8–1 is called ATP. _________________________

____ 183. Ultimately, the energy that a carnivore, such as a wolf, uses comes from sunlight. _________________________

____ 184. If you grind up the chloroplasts found in spinach leaves into a liquid solution, the solution will have a green color. _________________________

Figure 8–7

____ 185. If you were to isolate the organelle shown in Figure 8–7, it would appear green. _________________________

____ 186. The light-dependent reactions involve adding a hydrogen ion and two high-energy electrons to NADPH. _________________________

____ 187. If a plant and a burning candle are placed under a bell jar, the candle will burn because the plant gives off carbon dioxide. _________________________

____ 188. ATP synthase changes ADP to ATP when light energy passes through it. _________________________

____ 189. The light-dependent reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO2 and ATP. _________________________

____ 190. During the light-dependent reactions, plants use the energy in ATP and NADPH to build high-energy sugars. _________________________

____ 191. If a plant is placed in a greenhouse held at 40°C, the plant will probably increase its normal rate of photosynthesis. _________________________

Figure 8–8

____ 192. According to the graph in Figure 8–8, the rate of photosynthesis in shade and sun plants decreases and then levels off as light intensity increases. _________________________

____ 193. A Calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. _________________________

____ 194. Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of carbon dioxide. _________________________

____ 195. The reactants of photosynthesis are the same as the reactants of cellular respiration. _________________________

____ 196. The net products of glycolysis are 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvic acid molecules. _________________________

____ 197. In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. _________________________

____ 198. Without the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain cannot function. _________________________

Figure 9–4

____ 199. If carbon dioxide is not present, the pathway labeled C in Figure 9–4 usually will not occur. _________________________

____ 200. The first few seconds of intense exercise use up the cell’s stores of fat. _________________________

____ 201. During the course of a long race, a person’s muscle cells will use both cellular respiration and lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP. _________________________

____ 202. As a cell’s size increases, its ratio of surface area to volume increases. _________________________

____ 203. An imaginary cubic cell with a side length of 10 mm would have a ratio of surface area to volume of 6 : 10. _________________________

____ 204. Mitosis is a form of sexual reproduction, because the daughter cells that form are identical to the parent cell. _________________________

____ 205. In eukarotes, the spindle breaks down during prophase and re-forms during telophase. _________________________

Figure 10–7

____ 206. The cell shown in step E in Figure 10-7 above is undergoing telophase. _________________________

____ 207. During cytokinesis, a cell undergoing cell division finally splits into two daughter cells. _________________________

____ 208. Proteins called cyclins help regulate the cell cycle. _________________________

____ 209. Nerve cells are cells that have not yet undergone differentiation. _________________________

____ 210. Stem cells taken from embryos are totipotent. _________________________

CompletionComplete each statement.

211. Depending on whether they have a ____________________, unicellular organisms are classified as either eukaryotes or prokaryotes.

Figure 7–6

212. The storage structure indicated in Figure 7–6 by the letter F is a(an) ____________________ .

213. Unlike smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum has ____________________ attached to it.

214. In plants, ____________________ capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy, whereas ____________________ convert chemical energy into compounds that are convenient for the cell to use.

215. The cell takes in food and water and eliminates wastes through its selectively permeable _________________________.

216. Large molecules, such as glucose, that cannot cross the lipid bilayer can still move across the membrane through a type of passive transport called _________________________.

217. The cells in a multicellular organism have specific jobs. This is called cell _________________________.

218. The levels of organization in a multicellular organism listed from simplest to most complicated are ____________________, tissues, ____________________, and organ systems.

219. Cells keep only a small amount of ____________________ on hand and regenerate it as needed using energy stored in carbohydrates and other molecules.

220. Photosynthesis requires light, water, carbon dioxide, and light absorbing ____________________.

221. If you separate the pigments found in a typical plant cell’s chloroplasts, you will find ____________________, orange, and red pigments.

222. ____________________ are saclike photosynthetic membranes inside chloroplasts.

223. Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as ____________________.

224. Thylakoids are a ____________________ color because they contain chlorophyll.

Figure 8–7

225. Photosystems I and II are found in the structure labeled ____________________ in Figure 8–7.

226. The electron carrier _________________________ is converted to NADPH during the light-dependent reactions.

227. Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and _________________________.

228. A membrane protein called _____________________ allows H+ ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane and into the stroma.

229. The electrons that chlorophyll loses to the electron transport chain are replenished by ____________________ molecules.

230. In many plants, the rate of photosynthesis ____________________ when the weather becomes very cold.

Figure 9–5

231. Figure 9–5 shows that the original source of energy for all organisms in an ocean food chain is ____________________.

232. The three main stages of cellular respiration are _____________________, the Krebs cycle, and ________________________.

233. Cellular respiration in nearly all organisms depends on autotrophs performing the process of _________________________.

234. Photosynthesis occurs only in plants, algae, and some bacteria. In contrast, ______________________________ occurs in all eukaryotic cells.

235. Glycolysis rearranges a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of _________________________.

236. The _____________________________ is a series of carrier proteins that use high-energy electrons to create a buildup of H+ ions on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Figure 9–4

237. The pathway labeled B in Figure 9–4 is called ____________________ fermentation.

238. Based on Figure 9–4, ____________________ ATP molecules per glucose molecule are generated through fermentation.

239. In Figure 9–4, only the pathway labeled ____________________ requires oxygen.

240. A high level of lactic acid in the body is a sign that ______________________________ fermentation has occurred.

241. A person who regularly does aerobic exercise probably takes in ____________________ oxygen than a sedentary person.

242. The larger a cell becomes, the ____________________ efficiently it is able to function.

243. During ____________________ reproduction, cells can produce genetically different offspring, whereas during ____________________ reproduction, cells produce genetically identical offspring.

244. Together, the G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase are called ____________________.

245. A cell that has 5 chromosomes in the G1 phase will have ____________________ chromatids in the G2 phase.

Figure 10–7

246. The phase of mitosis shown in step C in the Figure 10–7 above is called ____________________.

Figure 10–8

247. The process shown in Figure 10–8 occurs only in ____________________ cells that are going through cytokinesis.

248. During normal development, the cells between toes and fingers die by ____________________, a process of programmed cell death.

249. In all forms of ____________________, the diseased cells fail to respond to the signals that regulate growth and the cell cycle.

250. Embryonic stem cells gathered from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst are called ____________________ because they can develop into most, but not all human cell types.