Multination States in Asia - Cambridge University...

Multination States in Asia

As countries in Asia try to create unified polities, many face challenges within their own borders from minority groups seeking independence. This book brings together international experts on countries in all regions of Asia to debate how differently they have responded to this problem. Why have some Asian countries, for example, clamped down on their national minorities in favor of homogeneity, where as others have been willing to accommodate statehood or at least some form of political autonomy? Together these experts point out broad patterns and explanatory factors that are rooted in the domestic arena, includ-ing state structure and regime type, as well as historical trajectories. In particular, they find that both the paths to independence and the cultural elements that have been used to define post-colonial identi-ties have decisively influenced state strategies. This is a global phenom-enon – and this book explains the broader theoretical and political implications – but violence and ethnic unrest have been particularly prevalent in Asia. This is as true of China in its relationship to Tibet as it is of Burma and Sri Lanka in relation to their national minorities. As the first book to analyze this phenomenon across Asia, Multination States in Asia will attract a readership of students and scholars across a broad range of disciplines.

Jacques Bertrand is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Toronto. He is the author of Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia (Cambridge University Press, 2004).

André Laliberté is Associate Professor in the School of Political Studies at the University of Ottawa. He is the author of The Politics of Buddhist Organizations in Taiwan, 1989–2003 (2004) and has edited, with Marc Lanteigne, The Chinese Party-State at the Turn of the Millennium: Legitimacy and Adaptation (2008).

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Multination States in Asia

Accommodation or Resistance

Edited by

JACQUES BERTRANDUniversity of Toronto

ANDRÉ LALIBERTÉUniversity of Ottawa






CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

Cambridge University Press32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521143639

© Cambridge University Press 2010

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2010

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Multination states in Asia : accommodation or resistance / [edited by] Jacques Bertrand, André Laliberté. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-19434-1 (hardback) 1. Multinational states – Asia. 2. Asia – Politics and government – 1945– I. Bertrand, Jacques, 1965– II. Laliberté, André, 1959– III. Title. jq24.m85 2010 320.95–dc22 2010005653

isbn 978-0-521-19434-1 Hardbackisbn 978-0-521-14363-9 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






v

Contents

List of Tables and Figures page vii

List of Maps ix

List of Contributors xi

Acknowledgments xiii

1 Introduction 1Jacques Bertrand and André Laliberté

2 Revolutionary State Formation and the Unitary Republic of Indonesia 29Anthony Reid

3 The Crisis of Border States in India 51Rajeev Bhargava

4 Pakistan: Neither State nor Nation 81Sumit Ganguly

5 Constitutional Politics and Crisis in Sri Lanka 103Sujit Choudhry

6 The Dilemmas of Burma’s Multinational Society 136Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung

7 The Double-Edged Sword of Autonomy in Indonesia and the Philippines 164Jacques Bertrand

8 China and the Virtual Taiwan Nation 196André Laliberté

9 The Failure of Ideologies in China’s Relations with Tibetans 219Gray Tuttle






vi Contents

10 Leninism’s Long Shadow in Central Asia 244Edward Schatz

11 Conclusion 263Jacques Bertrand and André Laliberté

References 287

Index 309






vii

Tables

1.1 Proportion of sub-state national groups per region page 10

1.2 Sub-state national groups by region 11

3.1 Population by religion (India) 60

3.2 Population by major language group (India) 61

3.3 States and union territories by population size (India) 62

figures

1.1 Proportion of sub-state national groups per region 12

9.1 Tibetan autonomous units of government in the People’s Republic of China 220

List of Tables and Figures






ix

1 Pakistan, Northern India, and Bangladesh page xv

2 Southern India and Sri Lanka xvi

3 Burma (Myanmar) xvii

4 China xviii

5 Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines xix

6 Central Asia xx

List of Maps






xi

Jacques Bertrand is Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Toronto. He is the author of Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia (Cambridge University Press, 2004).

Rajeev Bhargava is Senior Fellow and Director of the Programme of Social and Political Theory, Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi. His publications include Individualism in Social Science (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), Secularism and Its Critics (Oxford University Press, 1998), Multiculturalism, Liberalism and Democracy (ed. with A. Bagchi and R. Sudarshan, Oxford University Press, 1999), Transforming India (ed. with Francine Frankel et al., Oxford University Press, 2000).

Sujit Choudhry holds the Scholl Chair at the Faculty of Law, University of Toronto. He is the editor of Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation (Oxford University Press, 2009) and of the Migration of Constitutional Ideas (Cambridge University Press, 2007). Professor Choudhry is currently working on a book, Rethinking Comparative Constitutional Law: Multinational Democracies, Constitutional Amendment and Secession.

Sumit Ganguly is Rabindranath Tagore Chair in Indian Cultures and Civilizations, University of Indiana at Bloomington. He is the author and editor of several books, including Fearful Symmetry: India and Pakistan Under the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons (co-authored with Devin Hagerty), jointly published by Oxford University Press and the University of Washington Press; The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hopes of Peace (Cambridge University Press and the Woodrow Wilson

Contributors






xii List of Contributors

Center Press, 1997); and Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific (ed. with Michael E. Brown, MIT Press, 1997).

André Laliberté is Associate Professor in the School of Political Studies at the University of Ottawa. He is the author of The Politics of Buddhist Organizations in Taiwan, 1989–2003 (RoutledgeCurzon, 2004) and has edited, with Marc Lanteigne, The Chinese Party-State at the Turn of the Millennium: Legitimacy and Adaptation (RoutledgeCurzon, 2008).

Anthony Reid is Professor Emeritus in the College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University. He is the author of The Blood of the People: Revolution and the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra (Oxford University Press, 1979); the magisterial Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680, Vol I: The Lands below the Winds (1988) and Vol II: Expansion and Crisis (1993), pub-lished by Yale University Press; Indonesian Frontier: Acehnese and Other Histories of Sumatra (Singapore University Press, 2004); and Imperial Alchemy: Nationalism and Political Identity in Southeast Asia (Cambridge University Press, 2009).

Edward Schatz is Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Toronto. He is the author of Modern Clan Politics: The Power of “Blood” in Kazakhstan and Beyond (University of Washington Press, 2004).

Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung is Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Massachussetts at Lowell. She is the author of The Karen Revolution in Burma: Diverse Voices, Uncertain Ends (East-West Center, 2008) and of Behind the Teak Curtain: Authoritarianism, Agricultural Policies and Political Legitimacy in Rural Burma (Kegan Paul, 2004)

Gray Tuttle is Leila Hadley Luce Assistant Professor of Modern Tibetan Studies, Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Department of History, Columbia University. He is the author of Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China (Columbia University Press, 2005).






xiii

This book has its origins in a workshop held at the University of Toronto in September 2007 on “Multination States: East and West.” It first posed as an empirical puzzle a contrast between European and North American experiences in the recognition and accommodation of sub-state nations, and Asian ones, which are deemed far less responsive to these groups. It soon became clear that such a contrast was exaggerated, if not altogether wrong. Variance within Asia seemed just as large as between some of its counterparts in Europe and North America. If fact, this variance became the new question that our book addresses. Rich discussions at this work-shop provided the stimulus for this volume, and we are very grateful for the inspiring quality of those exchanges. We would like to thank those who provided formal comments on those initial papers, including Tutku Aydin, Bruce Berman, Joe Carens, Marijo Demers, Susan Henders, Rafael Iacovino, Sanjay Jeram, Elisabeth King, Marie-Eve Reny, Richard Simeon, Arjun Tremblay, Phil Triadafilopoulos, and Luc Turgeon. Of course, this book relies on the contributions from our authors, who have been exem-plary in their dedication to this project. Ardeth Thawnghmung and Gray Tuttle deserve our particular gratitude for having stepped in late, long after the workshop, and enriched our comparative analysis by adding further cases.

The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, through the Ethnicity and Democratic Governance (EDG) project, provided generous funding for the workshop from which this book originated. The EDG is a major collaborative research initiative, an inter-national project studying one of the most complex and challenging issues of the world today – governing ethnic diversity. The foundational query

Acknowledgments






xiv Acknowledgments

of the EDG project is to explore the ways in which societies respond to the opportunities and challenges raised by ethnic, linguistic, religious, and cultural differences, and to do so in ways that promote democracy, social justice, peace, and stability. The EDG team strives to produce a “toolbox of conceptual and practical options” reflected both in innova-tive academic analysis and in an array of strategies available to citizens and governments working through their own ethno-cultural conflicts, tensions, and opportunities. It is our hope that readers will discover embedded within this book – and in other EDG outputs – new under-standings of previously neglected or understudied aspects of the nature of ethnic- identity formation, the causes of ethnic conflict, and the relation-ship between ethnic conflict and democratic governance.

Several individuals deserve our special gratitude for making this book possible. We owe many thanks to Isabelle Côté, Sanjay Jeram, and Jing Feng for helping to prepare the manuscript for publication. Jennifer Clark and Anne Linscott, from the EDG project office, provided invaluable sup-port leading up to and following the workshop. We are very grateful to Marigold Acland, from Cambridge University Press, for supporting and guiding this project toward publication. We would also like to thank our two anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticism of an earlier draft of the book. Finally, we thank our families for their unwavering support of our scholarship.

Jacques Bertrand and André Laliberté






xv

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

BANGLADESH

BURMA

NEPAL

CHINA

INDIA

Azad Kashmir

Jammu andKashmir

Nagaland

Punjab

Sindh

0 200 400 KM

Baluchistan

Arabian Sea

Bay of Bengal

Map 1. Pakistan, Northern India, and Bangladesh.

Maps






xvi Maps

Arabian Sea

Bay of Bengal

SRI LANKA

0 100 200 KM

INDIA

Tamil Eelam

Map 2. Southern India and Sri Lanka.






xviiMaps

INDIAKachin

Shan

LAOS

Chin

Arakan

0 100 200 KM

BURMA

Kayin

Karen

Mon THAILAND

Indian Ocean

CHINA

Map 3. Burma (Myanmar).






xviii Maps

INDIA

MONGOLIA

RUSSIA

KAZAKHSTAN

Taiwan.(REPUBLIC OF CHINA)

Xinjiang Autonomous Region

Qinghai

Tibet Autonomous Region Sichuan

0 400 800 KM

Gansu

Yunnan

PEOPLE’S

REPUBLIC

OF CHINA

Map 4. China.






xixMaps

CHINA

BURMA

Cordillera

South China Sea

Philippine Sea

PHILIPPINES

Mindanao

Papua

INDONESIA

Indian Ocean

MALAYSIA

0 400 800 KM

Aceh

Map 5. Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines.






xx Maps

IRAN

TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

KYRGYZATANCHINA

KAZAKHASTAN

RUSSIA

0 200 400 KM

Map 6. Central Asia.






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