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MultimediaIntroductory Course in Electric Energy Systems

Michigan Tech University

Leonard BohmannBruce MorkNoel Schulz

Dennis Wiitanen

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Part 1

What worksWhat doesn’t

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Objectives of The New Core Course

Broader Scopeelectric energy production,

transmission and distribution, and utilization

Multidisciplinarymechanical engineering, chemistry,

business

Societal Issueseconomic, regulatory, and

environmental issues

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Michigan Tech Test Bed(quarters)

Intro to Energy Conversion

Intro to Power Sys

Electric Machines

Power Sys II

Power Sys I

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Goals

1) Provide an Exciting Introduction to Energy Systems for all students

2) Serve as a Feeder Course for Students interested in Power

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What Doesn’t Work

Broad Survey Course

Goal 2Feeder

Goal 1Introduction

Broad Survey Course

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What Does Work

Focused Survey Course

Goal 2Feeder

Goal 1Introduction

Focused Survey Course

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Why?

Retention in Follow-On Courses

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What Students Like

• Practical Material– relate material to them

• Non-technical Aspects– relate technical to business and

economic aspects

• Exciting Lectures

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Topical Outline• Background material

– ac steady state circuits, ac power, three-phase circuits

• Sources of Electrical Energy– PV, batteries, thermal central station,

renewables, distributed generation, economic/environmental costs

• Transformers– single phase equivalent circuit, qualitative

discussion otherwise

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Topical Outline (continued)

• Fundamentals of Electromechanical Energy Conversion– forces on conductors, induced voltages

on conductors, motivated by ideal linear motor

• Fundamentals of Power Electronics– ideal switches, buck converter,3 phase

bridge inverter, power supplies

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Topical Outline (continued)

• Synchronous Machines– qualitative description, round rotor

equivalent circuit with reactance, power/angle relations

• Coal Fired Power Plant– coal handling to electricity out– economics and environmental

regulations

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Topical Outline (continued)• Power System Overview

– central station, distributed generation,

• Electrical Faults and Protection– Single Phase or 3 to ground, sectionalizers,

reclosers, fuses

• Distribution Systems– layout, equipment, operations

• Loads– system loads variation, induction machines,

speed control

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Continuing Development

Right Mix of TopicsInstructional Aids

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Part 2

Instructional Material

Web Development

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Electrical Energy Conversion

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General Overview

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Green House Effect

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Coal

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Fuel Cell

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Wind

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Solar

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Animations

Aids Visualization and Understanding

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1 Armature Reaction

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3 Armature Reaction

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Transient Stability

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Lead Acid Battery

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PN Junction

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PV Effect

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Case StudyAn Introduction to Photovoltaics

• Solar power applications: spacecraft, calculators, solarfarms (on-grid), remote sites (off-grid).

• Solar Farms– Austin Power & Light (300 MW)– 3M Research, Austin (300 KW concentrator)– SMUD (2.4 MW)

• An Off-Grid Application– Mt. Baldy Mobile Radio Repeater Site, Utah

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• Used as lead-in example

– Photovoltaic generation

– Battery storage

• Practical Design and Performance Issues– Limited winter sunlight

– Temperature Extremes

– On 9050-ft Mountain

– Reliability is crucial

Mount Baldy Solar-PoweredCommunications Installation

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• AM0 = 1367 mW

per sq cm (space)• AM1 = 1000 mW

per sq cm (direct overhead sunlight)

• Sun’s inclination angle further reduces available energy.

Output Characteristics vs.Incident Solar Energy

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Temperature Effects• Voltage output increases

at lower temperatures. • Batteries can be charged

to higher voltage and operate more efficiently when cold.

• Equipment may be damaged by overvoltage, so may need to be protected by VR.

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Battery Selection, Factors

• Ni-Cad vs. lead-acid• Sedimentation• Stratification of

electrolyte.• Memory effects• Deep cycling• Temperature Effects• Specific gravity of

electrolyte, freezing

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• System operates at higher voltage in cold - can store more energy.

• Alarms and equipment disconnect if batteries discharge too far.

• Arrays, batteries, loads must be coordinated!

Coordination of SolarArray and BatteryCharging System

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System Configuration

• Dual arrays and regulators for reliability

• Alarms transmitted for low voltage

• Even lower voltage: disconnect equip.

• Fuses for short-circuit protection

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Photovoltaic Experiment

• Inexpensive to buy and implement– $20 solar cell– 120-volt spot lamp– Light meter

• Fundamental concepts emphasized– Luminous flux (lumens) vs. radiant flux (watts) – Maximum power point – I-V curves vs. light level– Theoretical and observed behaviors match

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Photovoltaic Lab Setup

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Output CharacteristicsVoltage vs Current for the Photovoltaic Cell with

varying Light intensity

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 2 4 6

Voltage (V)

Cu

rren

t (m

A)

82 ft. Candles

30 ft. Candles

16 ft. Candles

Educational Case Study on Power System Blackout

Restoration

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What is a case study? Why should we develop them for power engineering?

• Educational tool used by business for many years.• Students read about problem, solutions to other

similar problems and then tackle their own problem.

• Case study library very old without many problems in EE or power

• Research related case studies on too high a level for introduction to power course.

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Purpose of Case Study

• Application-oriented examples of real life scenarios to help motivate students

• Create modern educational tools of our field

• Stimulates interest in Power Engineering

• Combines education with fun for students

• Expands students knowledge about power systems and a specific topic

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Goals

• Completion of open-ended exercises to see how the student can immediately apply their newly acquired knowledge

• Introduction to advanced power system subjects

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Case Study LayoutIntroduction

Module 1All About Blackouts

Module 2General Guidelines on

Power Restoration

Module 3Description of the ToolsUsed to Restore Power

Module 4Appendix on Specific

Restoration Terms

Module 5A list of Related Papersfor Furthur Information

Module 6Example Case

Supplemental WebPages

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Supplemental Web Pages

CascadingFailuresLinks on

BlackoutExamples

Steady StateOverloads

Large StandingPhase Angles

FrequencyExcursions

Example Pictures of:-Circuit Breakers

-Sectionalizers-RTU's

Islands

Syncronization

Backbones

CaseStudy

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Implementation• Part of EE 380- Introduction

to Power Systems Class

• Fall Quarter 1998 – Done as Extra Credit

• Winter Quarter 1998-99 – Project in class with 72 students

• Spring and Summer– Modifications and Improvements

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Case Study Assignment

• WWW case study

• Questions

• Problems with Power World

• Report

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Assessment

• 85% of students said the case study project was very useful or somewhat useful

• In final evaluations students asked for more problems like case study. Many mentioned it as best part of class.

• Students’ overall impression of power engineering went up after class with case study.

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Challenges with Case Study

• WWW projects mean WWW access- slow near end of term and down time.

• Software compatibility and size issues.

• Some students want to be spoon fed.

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Future Work

• The case study will be continuously updated with student and faculty feedback.

• Additional case studies for college and K-12 students are currently being developed.

• Encourage other faculty to create case studies on power engineering topics.

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References• PowerWorld Corporation, 2004 South Wright Street,

Suite 100,Urbana, IL 61801 – 9503, www.powerworld.com

• R. Billinton et. al, " A Reliability Test System for Educational Purposes- Basic Data," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, ol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1238-1244, August 1989

• C.Middlebrook, V. Ranganathan and N. Schulz, “A Case Study on Blackout Restoration as an Educational Tool,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, under review.

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Acknowledgements

• Chris Middlebrook and Viswajit Ranganathan

• Siemens and Northern States Power Company for their contributions to the case study.

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Power Engineering Videos• IEEE PES Power Engineering Education

Committee trying to help promote power engineering

• Video #1: High School/ Early College Available• Video #2: Junior/Senior College in Development

– Need suggestions on type of companies to videotape

– Need reviewers for script and pre-production

Other Initiatives

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Other InitiativesListservers

US-POWER-FACULTY-L@MTU.EDUUS-POWER-GRAD-L@MTU.EDUUS-POWER-UGRAD-L@MTU.EDU (Summer 99)

Web Pageswww.ee.mtu.edu/us_pen (links to Educational Initiatives Schools)PES / PEEC Instructional Courseware (Summer 99)

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Other InitiativesSummer PES Meeting Panel

Session (Edmonton, July)Frontiers in Education Session

(San Juan, November)Teaching Effectiveness

Workshop (before PES SM 2000, Seattle, July ‘00)