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![Page 1: Multi-spacecraft study of the 21 January 2005 ICME Claire Foullon MSSL, University College London, UK In collaboration with: Christopher J. Owen Sergio.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649efd5503460f94c11282/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Multi-spacecraft study of the 21 January 2005 ICME
Claire Foullon MSSL, University College London, UK
In collaboration with:Christopher J. Owen Sergio Dasso Lucie M. GreenIannis DandourasHeather A. Elliott Andrew N. FazakerleyYulia V. BogdanovaNancy U. Crooker
With thanks to: PIs from Wind, ACE, Cluster, Geotail and Ulysses
MSSLIAFE, Argentina
MSSLCESR/CNRS, France
SwRI, TX USAMSSLMSSL
Boston Univ., MA USA
UCL DEPARTMENT OF SPACE AND CLIMATE PHYSICSMULLARD SPACE SCIENCE LABORATORY
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Introduction
ambient solar wind shocked accelerated particles
solar eruption
Sun
shock front
compressed solar wind
ejecta
EARTH
ICMEs
• Shock
• Sheath (draping of IMF)
• Ejecta
Magnetic clouds (MCs): subset of ICMEs
• Ejecta: flux rope
• Large scale topology from large and coherent rotation of the B-field vector
Possibly all ICMEs contain flux ropes
but s/c skims the flanks azimuthal field lines, rounding the flux rope axis [Marubashi, 1997]
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Intense Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) event of 20 January 2005
What happens further out?
• Global geometry of associated ICME?
• Specific properties useful for model development?
Exceptional characteristics
• High energy particles: rapid arrival, intensity and energy spectra
• High speed of the associated CME
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Global Geometry
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Pro
ton
β
Event on 21- 22 Jan 2005Magnetic cloud-like structure
(MCL)
ACE
18:20 UT26.6 hours21:20 UT
Linked to intense Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) event of 20 Jan 2005
Ejecta : 0.5 AU
MCL : 0.39 AU
EARTH
Sheath
φG
SE(°
) θ
GS
E(°
) |B
| (nT
)E
W
SA Shock, SB Ejecta Front, CA-CB MCL
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Bn/
|B| B
t/|B
| Br/
|B|
|B| (
nT)
MCL-MC connection: Flux rope of type ENWUlysses, 5.3AU, 17° south of the ecliptic,
27° from the Sun-Earth line to the west
ICME in the heliosphere
MC
E
W
N
ULYSSES
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Bn/
|B| B
t/|B
| Br/
|B|
|B| (
nT)
MCL-MC connection: Flux rope of type ENWUlysses, 5.3AU, 17° south of the ecliptic,
27° from the Sun-Earth line to the west
Looking towards the Sun
ICME in the heliosphere
MC
E
W
NE W
N
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ICME near EarthMCL: Outskirts of a MC in strong
expansion
ACE
18:20 UT26.6 hours21:20 UT
Linked to intense Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) event of 20 Jan 2005
Ejecta : 0.5 AU
MCL : 0.39 AU
EARTH
Sheath
Leading edge
Counter-streaming e-
Sideway (E-S) expansion
φG
SE(°
) θ
GS
E(°
) |B
| (nT
)
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z
x
x
y
EarthSun
WINDACE
C3
4 RE
28 RE
22 RE
19 RE
GEOTAIL
North
South
Dawn / West
Dusk / East
Upstream near L1
• Wind North-dawn
• ACE North-dawn
Nearer the Earth
• Cluster South-dusk
• Geotail North-dawn
Near-Earth multi-spacecraft observations
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Study of magnetic discontinuities
Different scales
• Large-scale phenomena: observed by all s/c.
• Substructure: differences between s/c.
Different methods
• Discontinuity normals and velocities from 4-s/c discontinuity analysis on timing difference between C1,C2,C3,C4
• Discontinuity normals only from MVA on single s/c: C3, Wind and ACE
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Two distinct thermal structuresWIND, ACE, C3, Geotail
H+ (SWEPAM), ion (HIA/CIS), H+ (SWA/CPI)
Sheath NCDE (He-rich)
Magnetic and plasma in-situ observations
• Shock SA: ICME shock arrival at ACE– time series shifted with SA.
• From SA: Hot pile-up i.e. the sheath
• Front SB: discontinuity – well synchronised.
• From SB: Colder, denser pile-up, known as Non-Compressive Density Enhancement (NCDE)
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WIND, ACE, C3, Geotail
Sheath
Outward IMF
NCDE
657 RE
196 RE
Magnetic discontinuities
• SB1-SB2: discontinuity layer (outward and northward IMF), while IMF turns duskward.
• SC1-SC2: magnetic layer discontinuity (outward IMF)
- observed by ACE, WIND and GEOTAIL - but not C3.- nested time intervals on dawn side- ΔP on GEOTAIL
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Ambient SW
SB2z
x
SASB1
SheathNCDE
x
y
38.4 RE
EarthSun
Normals SA, SB along Sun-Earth line but slight differences
Normal to magnetic discontinuity
Out of scale (shrinking with time).
Geometry of discontinuities
• Agreement between MVA and 4 s/c timing
• Quasi-perpendicular upstream B-field with respect to normals
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Ambient SW
SB2z
x
SASB1
SC1SC2
SheathNCDE
x
y
38.4 RE
657 RE
196 RE
EarthSun
SC1-SC2 form tilted, curved current sheet
Centre of curvature in the north-west
Normal to magnetic discontinuity
IMF
Out of scale (shrinking with time).
Geometry of discontinuities
• Agreement between MVA and 4 s/c timing
• Quasi-perpendicular upstream B-field with respect to normals
Normals SA, SB along Sun-Earth line but slight differences
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Ambient SW
SB2z
x
SASB1
SC1SC2
SheathNCDE
x
y
38.4 RE
657 RE
196 RE
11,860 RE
EarthSun
[Gopalswamy et al. 2005]
• Tilted current sheet draped within overlying cloud canopy
• Bulk of cloud in N-W sector (primary direction of travel of the fast halo CME)
• Axis perpendicular to shock and ejecta normals: cloud driving the shock
• But difference: ejecta front SB due to expansion of cloud (towards E-S), while fast driven shock SA maintains N-W orientation.
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Specific Properties
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CIS-CODIF Cluster-4 SBSA
H+
He2+
H+ He2+ O+ He+
Sheath NCDE (He-rich)
1. NCDE and helium enhancements
At Cluster, ‘ion data’ contaminated by He ions. Likely also at ACE (‘proton measurements’).
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EjectaSheath
EjectaSheath
ACE
Cluster-4 (scaled down
by 5)
Ulysses
Large spatial variations in helium enhancements
non-homegeneous ‘raisin pudding’ or lumpy distribution [Bame et al. 1979]
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NCDE generally associated with low-helium region of the streamer belt [Gosling et al. 1981]
Helium enrichment may be attributed to the arrival of flare driver gas [Hirshberg et al. 1972; Bame et al. 1979]
EIT 284 A 2005/01/12 01:06
VSL Solar and Heliospheric Weather model
Position near streamer belt of the flaring Active Region NOAA 10720 associated with the CME (N14 W67 at time of event).
HCS
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ULYSSES
1400 km/s
1200 km/s
?
Solar corona20 Jan 6 UT
2500-3700 km/s [Gopaswalmy et al. 2005; Tylka 2006]
EarthAt Cluster, 21 Jan, 4 s/c timing analysis
Net shock 930 km/s (relative to upstream SW: 374 km/s, MA=5.9, β=1.7)
Ejecta 798-837 km/s
Transit speedsAt ACE, 21 Jan 18:20 UT 1200 km/s: slow down
At Ulysses, 26 Jan 19 UT 1400 km/s: closer to the primary direction of travel.
2. Speeds and expansion
?
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• IP Scintillation suggests ICME reached 3000 km/s• Other possible investigations at Mars (MExpress, MGS) and at Saturn (Cassini, shock front particles).
ULYSSES
1400 km/s
1200 km/s
?
Transit speedsAt ACE, 21 Jan 18:20 UT 1200 km/s: slow down
At Ulysses, 26 Jan 19 UT 1400 km/s: closer to the primary direction of travel.
2. Speeds and expansion
?
[Pohjolainen et al. 2007]
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[Rust et al. 2006]
Sideway expansion
Ejecta front: overlying canopy of field lines from background corona – connected to flow deflections.
Swept up into motion by rising flux rope – primary direction of the cloud.
Corroborates differences in acceleration between overlying loops and flux ropes [Rust et al. 2006; Illing & Hundhausen, 1985]
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BBSO Halpha 2005/01/19 17:45
TRACE 1600 A 2005/01/20 ~07:00
[Forbes 2000]
Filament
Two-ribbon flare
Reverse ‘S’ shape
3. Flux rope and overlying loops
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[Zhang, 2007]
N
S
• Predominant bipolar fields connected to inward/outward IMF
• Filament along curved neutral line (E-W, 10±15°)
Two inconsistencies between solar and IP observations:
• Ejecta southern flank with inward IMF
• Large difference in flux rope orientation
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[Zhang, 2007]
N
SHelical kink instability
Direction of rotation depends on the sign of magnetic helicity (sense of twist in flux rope)
Left-handed (-) counter-clockwise
Right-handed (+) clockwise
Two inconsistencies between solar and IP observations:
• Ejecta southern flank with inward IMF
• Large difference in flux rope orientation
Negative magnetic helicity • From magnetograms: Hm~ -2 x1043 Mx2 [12-18 January, Zhang, 2007]
• Reverse ‘S’ shape in EUV ribbons [Titov & Démoulin, 1999]
Same left-handed chirality as IP flux rope, consistent with helicity conservation.
Flux rope directed towards west counter-clockwise rotation of 80°
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Ejective eruption of a kink-unstable flux rope [Török and Kliem, 2005]
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Conclusions: main features Rare identification of a MC on its
flank (longitudinal half-extent~67°) Differences between the shock and
ejecta front normals expansion of the cloud on its flank
NCDE caused by enrichment in helium at the ejecta front
Current sheet substructure dragged along between the cloud core (flux rope) and the overlying cloud canopy.
Large (~80°) rotation of the flux rope and overlying arcade (cloud canopy) flux rope being subject to the helical kink instability at the Sun.
Foullon et al. 2007, Solar Physics, ‘Sun-Earth Events’ Topical Issue, in press