MULTI-SECTOR GROUND TRUTH ASSESSMENT/BASELINE REPORT

SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY,

DIYALA GOVERNORATE-IRAQ

Jan, 2021

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Contents II:LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... 5

III: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS .................................................................................................... 7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 8

1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 13

1.1 Diyala Governorate- Context Information ...................................................................................... 14

1.2 Brief Introduction of the Project...................................................................................................... 15

1.3 Objectives of the Multi-sector Ground Truth Assessment/Base line study ................................... 16

2: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 16

2.1 Assessment/Baseline Study Purpose .............................................................................................. 16

2.2 Sampling Framework and Questionnaire Development. .............................................................. 16

2.3 Data Collection Methods ................................................................................................................ 18

2.4 Data Analysis and Reporting ............................................................................................................ 18

2.5 Data Triangulation ............................................................................................................................ 19

2.6 Ethical Considerations ...................................................................................................................... 19

3: DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS .................................................................................. 20

Section 01: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) ............................................................................. 24

Section 02: Food Security ....................................................................................................................... 31

Section 03: Livelihoods ........................................................................................................................... 36

Section 04: Social Cohesion.................................................................................................................... 41

Section 05: Protection ............................................................................................................................ 42

Section 06. Household Documentation ................................................................................................. 45

Section 07: House, Land and Property (Displacement Situation) ......................................................... 46

Section 08: Shelter ................................................................................................................................. 48

Section 09: Movement Intention ........................................................................................................... 52

Section 10: Electricity ............................................................................................................................. 52

Section 11: Education ............................................................................................................................. 53

Section 12:Health Care ........................................................................................................................... 56

Section 13: Assistance ............................................................................................................................ 59

Section 14: Information Needs .............................................................................................................. 62

Section 15: Contact................................................................................................................................. 65

Section 16: Household Decision Making ............................................................................................... 66

4:PROJECT MEAL PLAN WIH UPDATED BASELINE ..................................................................................... 68

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5: RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................................................... 69

6: LIST OF ANNEXURES ............................................................................................................................... 72

Annex A- WASH: T-tests analysis ........................................................................................................................ 72 Annex B- Food Security: T-tests analysis ............................................................................................................. 73 Annex C- Livelihood: T-tests analysis .................................................................................................................. 74 Annex D- Social Cohesion : T-tests analysis ......................................................................................................... 77 Annex E- HH Documentation: T-tests analysis .................................................................................................... 77 Annex F- HLP(DS): T-tests analysis ...................................................................................................................... 78 Annex G- Shelter: T-tests analysis ....................................................................................................................... 78 Annex H-TORs for Multi-sector Ground Truth Assessment Report...................................................................... 80 Annex I - Quantitative Tool-Individual Respondent Questionnaire ..................................................................... 80 Annex J- Qualitative Tool-RGA FGDs tool. ........................................................................................................... 80 Annex K-Qualitative Tool- KII Tool ...................................................................................................................... 80

PHOTO ON COVER Meeting with man for Individual Respondent Tool at Jumaila, District Jalawala. Dated: 12,Dec,2020.

This report was produced under the United Nations Development Programme’s Iraq Crisis Response and

Resilience Programme (ICRRP) with the generous funding from the German Federal Ministry for Economic

Cooperation and Development (BMZ), provided through KfW Development Bank. The study/assessment was

commissioned to Ms Irnum Malik through a partnership with Oxfam Iraq. The views expressed in this

publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including

UNDP and the UN Member States.

Copyright © 2020 UNDP. All rights reserved.

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I: LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 HHs Interviews Sample Size(District and Gender wise) ............................................................................................. 17

Table 2 Sample Size for FGDs(District and Gender wise) ........................................................................................................... 17

Table 3 Sample Size- Key Informant Interviews (District and Department wise) ........................................................... 17

Table 4 District and gender wise age details of respondents .................................................................................................... 20

Table 5 Reasons for not accessing the health services ................................................................................................................. 21

Table 6 Reasons for not attending formal education. ................................................................................................................... 22

Table 7 Obstacles faced in finding work ............................................................................................................................................. 23

Table 8 Methods of treating water before consumption ............................................................................................................. 26

Table 9 Hand washing behaviors and habits(gender wise) ....................................................................................................... 27

Table 10 Reasons for not accessing safe place ................................................................................................................................. 27

Table 11 Water drainage sources at household level ................................................................................................................... 31

Table 12 Man source of food in past 07 days .................................................................................................................................... 34

Table 13 Details of the separated family members ...................................................................................................................... 42

Table 14 Reasons for non- replacement of documents ................................................................................................................ 45

Table 15 Immediate issues faced in current shelter...................................................................................................................... 49

Table 16 Priority concerns to make current shelter ..................................................................................................................... 50

Table 17 Signs of distress or behavior changes in children ....................................................................................................... 57

Table 18 Ability of accessing assistance ............................................................................................................................................. 59

Table 19 Reasons for non-satisfaction in last 30 days.................................................................................................................. 61

Table 20 Means of information ............................................................................................................................................................... 63

Table 21 HHs preference to receive additional information from aid providers ............................................................. 65

Table 22 Main barriers in accessing information from aid providers ................................................................................... 65

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II:LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Humanitarian Needs Profile-Iraq ....................................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 2: Humanitarian Need Profile (Gender, Age and Population wise) .......................................................................... 13

Figure 3: Map of Diyala Governorate-Iraq(INSO) .......................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 4 People in Need- Diyala Governorate .................................................................................................................................. 14

Figure 5 Gender and age wise details of respondents .................................................................................................................. 20

Figure 6 Households with Pregnant and lactating mothers ....................................................................................................... 20

Figure 7 Details of damaged documents ............................................................................................................................................. 21

Figure 8 Physiological difficulties faced by respondents ............................................................................................................ 22

Figure 9 Respondents income sources and work before Covid-19 ........................................................................................ 23

Figure 10 Obstacles faced by women in finding work. ................................................................................................................. 24

Figure 11 Primary source of drinking water .................................................................................................................................... 24

Figure 12 Time spend in collecting water .......................................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 13 Coping strategy for accessing water point .................................................................................................................... 26

Figure 15 Household Hygiene needs .................................................................................................................................................... 27

Figure 15 Women menstrual hygiene needs .................................................................................................................................... 27

Figure 18 Responsibility of filling water tank .................................................................................................................................. 28

Figure 18 Primary source of water for HHs chores ....................................................................................................................... 28

Figure 18 Hours/week spend on HHs Chores( gender wise) .................................................................................................... 28

Figure 19 Male FGD Shaq-Al-Raq/Sidor/Moqdadiyah ................................................................................................................. 29

Figure 21 Male FGDs Jazira Al-Aula/Sinsil/Moqdadiyah ............................................................................................................ 29

Figure 21 Female FGD Chimirkhi/Sinsil/Moqdadiyah ................................................................................................................. 29

Figure 22 Main methods of household waste disposal ................................................................................................................ 30

Figure 23 Types of toilets available for surveyed population ................................................................................................... 30

Figure 24 HHs food items consumption in last 07 days .............................................................................................................. 32

Figure 25 Consumption of food items in last 07 days(gender wise) ..................................................................................... 32

Figure 26HHs behavior due to lack of food or money .................................................................................................................. 33

Figure 27 Access to PDS system ............................................................................................................................................................. 35

Figure 28 HHs access to functional market ....................................................................................................................................... 35

Figure 29 Items included in recent PDS distribution .................................................................................................................... 35

Figure 30 Farmer showing remains of burnt wheat near Mousal, Iraq Reuters, com.................................................... 36

Figure 31 Household incomes sources ................................................................................................................................................ 36

Figure 32 Male FGD-Al-Ali Village/Sinsil/Moqdadiyah ............................................................................................................... 37

Figure 33 Wheat field in smoke and fire- East Mousal, Iraq Reuters.com ........................................................................... 37

Figure 34 Status of debt ............................................................................................................................................................................. 38

Figure 35 Household Expenditure ......................................................................................................................................................... 38

Figure 36 Reasons for taking debt ......................................................................................................................................................... 38

Figure 37 Sources of borrowing money .............................................................................................................................................. 39

Figure 38 Main Livelihood Assets .......................................................................................................................................................... 39

Figure 39 HHs Need of livelihood support ......................................................................................................................................... 40

Figure 40 Male FGD Nofal/Sinsil/Moqdadiyah ................................................................................................................................ 40

Figure 41 Respondents access to local community leader ......................................................................................................... 41

Figure 43 Stigmatization/ discrimination faced by community .............................................................................................. 43

Figure 43 Help for violence incidence ................................................................................................................................................. 43

Figure 44 Strategies to reduce or address protection risks ....................................................................................................... 44

Figure 45 Status of HHs documentation ............................................................................................................................................ 45

Figure 46 HHs applied for compensation ........................................................................................................................................... 46

Figure 47 Picture depicting completely destroyed house (NRC+IFRC) Report ................................................................ 48

Figure 48 Current shelter type ................................................................................................................................................................ 48

Figure 49 Current accommodation arrangement ........................................................................................................................... 48

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Figure 50 Reasons of fear of eviction ................................................................................................................................................... 49

Figure 51Current shelter is cleared from explosive hazards .................................................................................................... 49

Figure 52 NFI Priority needs of Households ..................................................................................................................................... 50

Figure 53 HHs intention to move in next 06 months .................................................................................................................... 52

Figure 54 Electricity(hours) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 52

Figure 55 Children attending school before and after crisis...................................................................................................... 53

Figure 57 Reasons for not attending school(boys) ........................................................................................................................ 54

Figure 57 Reasons for not attending school(girls) ......................................................................................................................... 54

Figure 58 Trained and certified teachers at Primary and Secondary Schools ................................................................... 55

Figure 59 HHs access to functional clinic ........................................................................................................................................... 56

Figure 60 HHs access to functional hospital ..................................................................................................................................... 56

Figure 61 Types of assistance received by HHs(last 6 months) ............................................................................................... 59

Figure 62 Source of getting assistance ................................................................................................................................................ 60

Figure 63 Source of getting services ..................................................................................................................................................... 60

Figure 64 Satisfaction with received aid ............................................................................................................................................. 61

Figure 65 Top three priority needs ...................................................................................................................................................... 62

Figure 66 Type of information received. ............................................................................................................................................ 63

Figure 67 Satisfaction with the information content .................................................................................................................... 63

Figure 68 Male FGD, Abo Dehan/Sinsil/Moqdadiyah ................................................................................................................... 64

Figure 69 Type of information HHs like to receive from aid providers ................................................................................ 64

Figure 70 Level of decision making....................................................................................................................................................... 66

Figure 71 Community level decision making(after crisis) .......................................................................................................... 66

Figure 72 Decision regarding spending of money .......................................................................................................................... 67

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T OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS

III: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS CHS Core Humanitarian Standards. DoH Department of Health.

DoW Department of Water.

EFSVL Emergency Food Security and Vulnerable Livelihoods

FGD Focus Group Discussion.

GBV Gender Based Violence.

GoI Government of Iraq.

HHs Households. HLP(DS) House, Land and Property (Displacement Solutions)

IDPs Internally Displaced Persons.

IEC Information, Education and Communication.

INGO International Non-Government Organization

IQD Iraqi Dinar KII Key Informant Interviews.

Km Kilometer.

KV Kilo Volts.

L Liter.

min Minutes

MSNA Multi-Sector Need Assessment.

NFI Non-Food Items

OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs PDS Public Distribution System

PPE Personal Protective Equipment.

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

WASH Water , Sanitation and Hygiene.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In Partnership with UNDP and funding support from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and

Development (BMZ), provided through KFW Development Bank” Oxfam Iraq implements a ‘’Sustainable Livelihoods & Economic Recovery in Diyala’’ Project in Iraq 2020-2021(17months). The project intend to create longer term livelihood opportunities for internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees and host communities, with a focus on youth and women in selected areas of Khanaqin and Al Muqdadiya districts, Diyala . The project aims to target 613 (minimum) individuals for the temporary employment placement activity, 100 for vocational training and 90 for asset replacement and business grants.

To assess the existing humanitarian needs of the returnee families of the District Khanaqin and Al Muqdadiya Oxfam Iraq conducted Multi-sector Ground Truth Assessment /baseline study in Nov-Dec 2020. The assessment focused on the key sectors i.e. WASH, Food Security, Livelihoods, Social Cohesion, Protection, Household documentation, HLPs, Shelter, Movement interventions, electricity, education, health care, assistance, and information need. Team followed the participatory approach to ensure the ownership of the study by all the stakeholders. For this purpose, assessment team conducted 144(64M;80F) quantitative interviews with the returnee of District Moqdadiyah and Khanaqin. For qualitative information Oxfam conducted 20 FGDs(10M;10F) with 295(150M; 145F) and 21 interviews(21M;01F) with the key officials of the Education, Health, Electricity, Water, Livelihoods, Legal and Solid Waste Department.

WASH: . Findings shows that a substantial number of respondents i.e. 40HHs(28%) have access to piped water for drinking purposes. Whereas,53%HHs reliance on open, unprotected or unimproved water sources, which are contaminated and put them at the high risks of diseases outbreaks and other related illnesses. More than 90% respondents and FGDs participants expressed their concerns regarding the water quality as water has unpleasant smell, taste and has particles. There were more than 60% of surveyed population who don’t treat water at all. Furthermore, only 39HHs(27%) have access to piped water supply for HHs chores that includes cleaning, cooking and washing whereas, 99HHs(69%) relay on dug well, river or spring and waterpoint as a primary source for household chores. Analysis shows that more than 15% of the individuals were sharing water tank with 5-9 persons while only few almost 1% of the respondents were sharing with 17, 18, 22 and 26 persons. This shows that affected population is still in need of sustained, equitable access to safe and appropriate water sources for drinking and HHs chores.

Findings shows that 80%HHs possessed private latrines , 27HHs(18.8%) have access to the communal latrines. Only 4HHs(2.8%) uses the public latrines. There were 83% HHs who said that their hygiene needs are met. however, analysis shows that there is need in the improvement of handwashing practices. Surveyed community was also found to be need in of awareness raising for the adoption of healthy WASH practices. For instance: awareness about drinking water treatment and management, storage practices, handwashing, maintenance of personal hygiene, safe disposal of wastewater from household and safe solid waste management practices. So, they can avoid outbreaks of waterborne diseases and illness. There is also a need of rehabilitation of damaged and dysfunctional water infrastructure especially in those areas or locations where there is more scarcity of water.

Solid waste management department/ authority was also found to be in need of support that includes rental of machinery for solid waste collection, hiring of workers, waste bins, cleaning equipment, maintenance kits, fuel, oil engine and spare parts. Key informants from solid waste department expressed the needs of support in rental of machinery, in hiring of workers and equipping them with cleaning equipment, maintenance kits, fuel, oil engine and spare parts. Key informants further emphasized on the need of awareness raising campaigns/sessions for the communities to aware them about the safe solid waste management practices, so environment can be protected from the adverse impact of unsafe waste disposal practices.

FOOD SECURITY: As per gathered information HHs were found to be in more use of those food items in routine that were less nutritious and less expensive(i.e. Cereals grains, Vegetables, Fruits and Sugar) as compared to the nutritious food items that were expensive and unaffordable but more desirable. for instance: milk, fruits, cheese, meat, eggs and other dairy products including canned tuna and or other seafood eggs. This coping strategy may lead to the malnourishment and related body illnesses.

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To meet the food security needs at the HHs level; assessment team found that the respondents adopted different negative/unhealthy behaviors which includes: increase in debts, liquidation of productive and non-productive assets, early child marriages, child labor etc. These strategies can temporarily address the food security needs but can be reason of higher food insecurity and risks in the coming time. Data shows that 89HHs(62%)borrowed money from a friend or relatives, 77HHs(53.5%) reduced expenses on health including drugs and education whereas, 66HHs (45.8%) had to spent savings. There were 39(27%) respondents who sent their households members to eat elsewhere and 10HHs(7%) sent their household members for begging to decrease number of people in food sharing as a coping strategy. A lot of respondents i.e. 60% respondents sold their household goods, house, land to fulfill the food needs of their household as irreversible, undesirable coping strategy. Data findings shows that 97%HHs received food aid from PDS once in a month that helped in fulfilling food needs at the HHs level. Men and women during the FGDs informed the team that due to the loss of livelihood resources and inflation people have to reduce the quantity and also have to compromise on the quality of food to save money for the purchase of essential NFI’s and the rehabilitation of their damaged houses.

LIVELIHOODS: As per assessment findings only 6%HHs were gaining income through employment in last 07 days; rest 94%HHs were sustaining their livelihoods either through loans, from pension or saving. During the need assessment 99%HHs who expressed that they are in severe need for the livelihood support due to the loss of livelihood sources and increase in the prices of basic items as compare to their income as reported by70% respondents. A big majority i.e. 104(72.2%) people were actively looking for work.

The tendency of taking debts was high as reported by 66% HHs. Affected community members took debt for the maintenance of shelter, for food and education and fulfilling basic household expenditures(rent, utilities), clothing or NFIs. There were 52%HHs who were found to be borrowing money from their friends or relatives and 16% borrow money from the shops; this shows that the returnee access to the formal financial was very limited which can erupt the protection and safeguarding issues especially for the female headed HHs and children.

Affected population identified agriculture as their main assets and source of livelihoods too as it gives them agriculture products and also help them in rearing livestock. Before the crisis, women used to go in fields and remained involved in the agriculture and livestock management activities but aftermath of crisis they are confined in their homes due to security and protection conditions. FGDs discussions also revealed that businesses were extremely damaged, shops were burnt or looted, money was stolen and misplaced. There is no one to do business with and no one wants to take services as buying capacity of customers has also reduced. More than 60% farmers were found to be in sever need of support i.e. Agriculture inputs, access to farms , rehabilitation of irrigation channels and farm machinery as crop production is currently severely hindered by reduced access to land due to the presence of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and lack of governmental assistance in terms of seeds, fertilizer and pesticides. Affected people especially women were found to be in need of livestock restocking, livestock vaccination services.

Key informants also pointed towards the impact of disasters on livelihood and stated that it has impacted overall wellbeing of people. Students have to leave their school, youth has to migrate to other cities, women and girls are restricted to their houses away from the income generating activities and victim of forced/early marriages and psychosocial health of men has affected too; which had multiplier impact on the family lives(i.e. increase in the GBV,

divorce and domestic violence). All respondents identified the need of cash for food or cash for work assistance, introduction of more livelihood activities, vocational trainings along with the tool kits and involvement of private sector to create more jobs and to boost the economy.

SOCIAL COHESION: Despite of fragile context assessment findings exulted good social cohesion profile of the returnee HHs as 63.9% respondents have regular access to their local leader to gain support and to resolve their domestic, collective social issues and conflicts and 24% respondents were of the view that they are playing an active role in the local policy making of their area. However, findings show that women were socially isolated and had limited access to the community groups and local leaders. As per FGDs findings, Women and girls, especially women headed households face additional challenges in accessing resources. And services as they are more vulnerable to physical and sexual exploitation. With this lack of information and incomplete or no civil documentation to access these resources affect their ability to recover from emergencies.

PROTECTION: Assessment data shows that, 42% members faced a stigmatization or discrimination whilst living in the current location; boys and men felt more discriminated or stigmatized as they are more exposed to the outer

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world, community groups and society than women. Data findings shows that 77.8% people feel safe from harm and violence in living at the current location which shows that protection situation is improved now. Community members especially women felt restriction in movement after sunset and dependent on male family members for movement and accessing basic food, non- food items and services. .

Returnee HHs found to be more relying on non-formal internal sources i.e. 37% reached out to the Tribal leader, 12% went to their families and 36% approached police support especially for the incidence of Gender based violence, family and protection matters.

HOUSEHOLD DOCUMENTATION: Majority i.e.60% respondents reported to possess valid ration card, inheritance deed, trusteeship certificate. However, further analysis shows that men had more access and possession of ration card and trusteeship certificate than women. There were 19% respondents who were in need of documents replacement. Respondents identified high processing fee, long waiting time and high travel cost as the reasons behind the non-replacement of documents. Key informants informed that court system, Municipality and Government office or Ministry, Private lawyers supported the returnees to validate and replace the expired and misplaced document . Key informants also mentioned that offered services were inaccessible to certain beneficiaries especially for women headed households, households with PWDs and poor households as they cannot afford them which makes them more vulnerable. People who were offering services do not have the necessary competence or skills and they do not devote sufficient time for each beneficiary. Communities and key informants expressed the need of increasing legal channels and support of the legal actors as existing support system are not sufficient. They suggested for an open consulting office in each village and employee lawyer to support the returnee/displaced documentation needs. HLP(DS): Assessment findings 77% respondents house, land and property was damaged/destroyed during the conflict. Whereas, 59% respondents had applied for the compensation, out of which only 4%HHs were able to receive cash from the government as a result of housing land or property compensation application. The findings shows that women headed HHs, PWDs and Children were in acute need of support for the compensation applications and to access the local justice systems. SHELTER: Assessment team found 46%HHs to be living in their own shelter with valid documentation while 54% did not have valid documents. All respondents who were living on rent were found to be living without contract agreements. Gathered findings shows that 8%HHs were in need of the immediate support for shelter. They identified of better ventilation, protection from the harsh weather, fence protection to avoid intruders and privacy as an immediate need. Moreover,62% returnees identified the need of winter heaters, stove as an acute NFI support. whereas bedding items that includes bedsheets, mattress, blankets were identified as a second priority need as reported by (56% and 47.2%) respectively. Only 10% of the surveyed feared eviction from the living space in the last 90 days as they don’t have funds to pay rental costs, or their building owners requested to vacate the land/building. One returnee mentioned that the authorities asked him to vacate the house.

ELECTRICITY: According to the assessment findings; 94% HHs had access to electricity; out of which 98%HHs were getting electricity from the power gird. All areas of Jalawla were connected with the main grid station but there were some areas in Al-Saadiyaa and Al-Muqdadiyah that had no access to the electricity as these areas were far from the city, illegally built or these areas had security forces offices.

Key informants also mentioned that on an average electricity, it costs 13,000 IQD to 30,000 IQD/ month/HH

However, 20-30% informal connection to the public grid results in electricity current losses due to overloads, difficulties in network's maintenance, increase in fire incidents and wires shortages/burns. Crisis impacted the distribution networks, damaged the transformers and power plants. Key informant identified lower income households, female households, divorced and widows and returnee HHs headed with PWDs as the vulnerable group in accessing electricity as they cannot afford to pay electricity bills.

Key informants expressed the need of maintenance of old electricity grid, 25 transformers with accessories and poles, support in the construction of new 132 KV and 33/11 KV substations to enhance the electricity supply. They also mentioned the need to rehabilitate existing 33/11kv sub-station, supply of crane basket for maintenance, provision of safety equipment and safety training to the workers and supervisors.

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EDUCATION : Reduction and absence of livelihoods sources resulted in decrease in income level which has impacted the education access for boys and girls( 3%boys and 4%). This resulted in increase of boys and girls engagement in the domestic work and labor as reported by 87% and 92% HHs respectively. There were 3% households who mentioned that schools are not functional. Primary schools were relatively more accessible as compared to the secondary school as 89% HHs have schools within the range of 2-5Km whereas, 71% HHs have secondary school in the range of 2-5km.

Non-availability of sufficient trained and certified teachers at the primary school was confirmed by 8%HHs. Key informants told the assessment team that no new teacher has been appointed for a long time, teachers being a victim of crisis were displaced and never returned. Teachers do not receive timely and market competitive salaries and there were no job grades. Many teachers remained absent from the schools because of security situation. Key informants mentioned crisis, corruption, lengthy bureaucratic procedures, scarcity of financial resources as a reason of damaged infrastructure and inefficient teaching facilities at school that impacted the overall education system. The situation was much better before the crisis i.e. June 2014.

Around 18-20% students had opted for the non-formal education; in Muqdadiyah 95% of the students were attending non- formal education arrangements as parents prefer to send their children to the private school especially for Mathematics, English and Biology because of poor education quality and services in the public schools. Moreover, security reasons also remained as a most identified concerns for children especially girls to switch to non-formal education institutes.

Key informant expressed the need of support in the construction and rehabilitation of damaged classrooms, washrooms, handwashing stations, drinking water points. They also identified the need for the solution of non- availability of teachers, teachers training , improvement in education curriculum, and awareness raising session for parents on the importance of education especially for girl’s education.

HEALTH CARE: According to the 43% of the surveyed households, functional and accessible health clinic was between 2-5km of range. Key informants identified crisis, increase in demand of health services, corruption, lengthy and complicated bureaucratic procedures, lack of financial resources as reasons behind the quality health care services. Crisis also impacted the health and overall well-being of the affected communities as 23% HHs members have demonstrated visible signs and behavior changes such as anxiety, depression and stress. Covid-19 has further worsened the condition and put a huge pressure on the meager health services and resources.

Key informants identified female headed HHs, HHs with disabilities, lower income households, returnee HHs headed by PWDs, HHs Heads with missing official documentations and HHs members with chronic medical conditions as most vulnerable people in the community. Key informants added that these households are vulnerable as they cannot afford to pay for needed care, they are from far-off areas or their documents were not completed.

All key informants commented that they noticed decrease in the health services of their respective areas after June, 2014.They expressed the need of medicines, beds, PPE(Personal protective equipment) Kits, medical equipment, devices supplies and also support for hiring medical staff.

ASSISTANCE: Findings shows that 38% HHs received humanitarian assistance in the last 30 days; out of which 44%HHs received food, 14%HHs received assistance package and 6%HHsreceived health and hygiene items. While mentioning the reasons of not accessing aid, 38%HHs believed that priority was given to men, 10%HHs didn’t feel safe for girls and women to travel to the service sites as the distribution site was not women friendly, 5%HHs were not convenient about the distribution time for women and girls. The findings shows that humanitarian organizations should make distribution processes more gender sensitive and women friendly.

Only 44%HHs were satisfied with the received aid whereas, 16% HHs complained about the delays in aid delivery, 14.6% were not happy with the aid quality and 11.8% commented that aid distribution was not fair for example: less deserving households received more aid. Respondents were concerned about the quantity of aid, difficulties in receiving aid i.e. complicated application procedures and behavior of aid workers. Only 38%HHs were satisfied with the behavior of the aid workers.

According to gathered data; food and medical care was identified as a top need; 14.6% HHs identified children education and shelter support as a second top need whereas,11.8% identified employment, clothing as third most

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felt need. Respondents also identified the need of vocational training as 97% had never received vocational training.

NFORMATION NEEDS: During the assessment 86%respodents confirmed to receive information from aid providers in the last 6 months out of which 9%HHs received information from the INGOs, 2%HHs from Local Government and 3% received it from the National NGOs and National Government Departments. Only 11% HHs were very much satisfied/ neutrally satisfied with the information content.

While mentioning the mode of getting information; it was revealed that 6.3% respondents received information in face to face interaction of the aid workers at home,4.9% received it from television whereas,2.8%HHs named social media(Facebook etc.) as a third major source of getting aid information. Around 13%HHs were neutrally satisfied with the means of sharing information.

Surveyed households were in need of getting relevant information as 68%HHs wanted to receive livelihood related information, 49%HHs wanted health care information updates, whereas, 31%HHs mentioned the need of education services related information. While mentioning the key barriers in accessing the information from the aid providers, 40.3%HHs were found to be not aware from where and how to receive information , 29% HHs don’t have the financial means i.e. to call service provider, to access internet, or money to travel to aid office. Whereas, 27%HHs identified limited literacy i.e. they cannot read certain information as a barrier to access the information from the aid providers.

HHs DECISION MAKING: Findings shows that majority i.e.70% respondents prefer to take joint decision with their

spouse specifically related to; family planning, accessing health care for children, earning money, buying, or selling

assets etc. HHs heads involvement in decisions related to child schooling, health care, visiting relatives is also

relatively less. Whereas, 37.5%HHs told that the husbands are the one who take decisions regarding the spending

of money.

While mentioning the decision makers at the community level; 69.4%HHs referred community elders, 54.9%HHs told local government and 22.9% HHs named military authorities were the ones who make decisions at the community level after crisis. As per assessment findings, only 6%HHs were associated with labor union and social associations.

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1: INTRODUCTION

Iraq is a diverse country with a population made up of various ethnic and religious groups having diverse various gender norms within their communities. Comprised of 19 governorates, Iraq also has an autonomous region in the northern part of the country. While the country has recognized autonomous Kurdish Region of Iraq (KRI) in 2005, some of the territories that exist in Erbil, Diyala, Salah al-Din and Ninawa governorates are disputed between the government of Iraq and KRI. The total population of the country is 39,309,783 out of which are 19,891,811 (50.6%)male and 19,417,972 (49.4%) female, the average household members is 7.71.2 The situation in Iraq remains unstable with widespread humanitarian concerns. Years of conflict uprooted millions of people, eroded social cohesion, disrupted access to basic services, destroyed livelihoods and led to increased protection risks. With weak central governance and limited progress towards recovery and development, the situation has become protracted. The most vulnerable people in Iraq are in acute need of humanitarian assistance are those who were directly affected by the 2014-2017 conflict against ISIL, particularly those who were displaced and whose lives and livelihoods were uprooted and destroyed. The impact of the conflict continues to affect the physical and mental well-being, living standards, and capacity for resilience and recovery of millions of Iraqis. Exposure to violence and explosive ordnance resulted in many people sustaining physical and psychological injuries. Vulnerable people, including people with perceived affiliate to extremists, are among the most in need of assistance and at risk of rights violations. Considerable secondary displacement has been caused by forced and premature returns and forced or coerced departures from camps and informal settlements in Ninewa, Salah Al-Din, Al-Anbar, Kirkuk and Diyala governorates. Many people, especially the most vulnerable, are unable to independently meet their basic needs like food and shelter. They lack access to services such as health care, potable water, improved sanitation, and education, and livelihoods opportunities remain limited.

Many people, especially the most vulnerable, are unable to independently meet their basic needs like food and shelter. They lack access to services such as health care, potable water, improved sanitation, and education, and livelihoods opportunities.

1 UN, Household Size and Composition Around the World, 2017, Iraq: Pg-19. 2 UN, World Population Prospects, The 2012 Revision, 2013, Iraq:Pg-53.

People Affected: 5.62 million(92%)

People in Need: 4.10 million(67%)

People in acute need:1.77 million (29%)

(Women27%, Children46%, With disability 15%)

Figure 1: Humanitarian Needs Profile-Iraq

Figure 2: Humanitarian Need Profile (Gender, Age and Population wise)

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1.1 Diyala Governorate- Context Information

Located on Iraq’s eastern border with Iran, Diyala borders Baghdad to the south east. The population is the most rural in Iraq. The landscape varies dramatically from the Himreen mountains in the north to the desert in the south. Diyala has a diverse ethnic composition of Kurds, Turkmen, and Arabs3. It- shares its eastern border with Iran, its northern border with Kurdistan, and its western border is shaped by the flow of the Tigris River. The Diyala River, a tributary of the Tigris, flows south through Diyala before meeting with the Tigris just south of Baghdad. Diyala's main cities include Baqubah (its capital), Muqdadiyah, Balad Ruz, Khalis, and Khanaqin4. Diyala Governorate comprises of six districts and extends to the northeast of Baghdad as far as the Iranian border. The province has a mix of Sunni Arab, Shi'a, and Kurdish residents . Diyala province has 1.65 million inhabitants, of whom 55% are Sunni Muslims, 25%are Shiite Muslims and 25% are Kurds. Another 10% are divided amongst Christians, Turkmen and Yazidis. While return rates are slowing, the vulnerabilities of some returnees remain constant5. Overall, an estimated 514,000 returnees across 286 locations in 8 governorates live in areas of high severity of needs, indicating a lack of livelihoods, basic services, social cohesion and security. The Return Index has identified 42 locations in Diyala, Kirkuk, Ninewa and Salah Al-Din as having the most severe return conditions. These locations host 33,234 returnees6.As of January 2020, Diyala remains one of the top governorates of return. Over 228,186 individuals have returned to their area of origin, with the majority returning to Khanaquin (97,398). Al-Muqdadiya and Khanaqin are districts in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. Khanaquin district is a part of the

Disputed territories of Northern Iraq7.

Diyala has also one of the largest numbers of internally displaced persons (IDPs) living in severe conditions. This is caused by limited livelihood options, putting a strain on already stretched public resources, which further affects the sustainability of the return process in the governorate. Large numbers of returnees are returning with high levels of debt and business owners remain indebted without the means to restart their businesses. In the recent multi-sectoral need’s assessment conducted by Oxfam in July 2019 in Diyala, numerous challenges were shared by survey respondents. Specifically, 73% reported that their earned income is not enough to meet their daily needs. An average monthly expenditure on food was noted as 418,366.67 IQD which is almost equal to the average household monthly income of 436,006.00 IQD/

3 IAU, Diyala Governorate Profile, Nov,2010: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ (accessed on 18, Feb, 2021) 4 Institute for the Study of War, Diayala: http://www.understandingwar.org/region/diyala (accessed on 22, Feb,2021) 5 Tropical Note- Iraq, security situation and internally displaced people in Diayala, April 2015: Pg 13 https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/55b75ccd4.pdf (accessed on 24, Feb 2021) 6 UNOCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview Report,Nov,2019, Impact on Systems and Services, Pg14 7 IOM, Displacement Tracking Matrix, Master List Report, 113(Nov-Dec,2019) Pg. 24& 25 https://displacement.iom.int/system/tdf/reports/2020520815332_DTM_113_Report_November_December2019.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=9045 (accessed on 20,Feb,2021)

Figure 3: Map of Diyala Governorate-Iraq(INSO)

Figure 4 People in Need- Diyala Governorate

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month. The number of people in need of humanitarian assistance in Iraq acutely in need of some form of humanitarian assistance, with half decreased 40 per cent in 2020 compared to 20198. Although the number is diminishing, the number of people in acute need remains. In Diyala, several negative coping strategies were identified including increased borrowing and debts, child labour, and dependence on donations. It was noted that people were in need of support in multiple sectors to revive their income generation activities: 31% reported that they needed cash grants to restore pre-crisis existing business, and 27% reported that they need cash to establish new businesses.

1.2 Brief Introduction of the Project Oxfam Project ‘Sustainable livelihoods & economic recovery in Diyala Governorate’ with the Project duration of 17 months (1 April 2020- 31 August 2021) intends to respond to acute humanitarian needs, while at the same time building resilience of conflict affected communities in Diyala Governorate. Project intends to adopt integrated approach in the sectors of Agriculture and Food Security, Economic Recovery and Market Systems (ERMS), Protection and Gender with local authorities and within the community. Oxfam intends to follow one programme approach in this project to respond the immediate needs of the target population and will lay the foundation for longer term projects and programmes when the context allows. The project will focus on improving the economic outlook particularly for youth and women - key groups instrumental to Iraq’s economic growth. The project will adopt an area-based approach, targeting underserved communities with high rates of return with the aim of providing holistic support to an area not only to recover, but to ensure a growth trajectory. In selecting project locations, consideration will also be given to the existing programming that can directly complement the proposed activities – especially livelihoods skills development programs strengthening the

supply side of labour to bridge the demands through job creation.

The project’s direct beneficiaries will be long-term unemployed men, women, and youth in Diyala. Specifically, jobless individuals from marginalized and unprivileged groups, youth, and women (including young women) will be prioritized with a 40% ratio expected to be reserved for female participation. The project aims to target 613 (minimum) individuals for the temporary employment placement activity, 100 for vocational training, and 90 for asset replacement and business grants. Oxfam will ensure that 15% of beneficiaries under each output are individuals with disabilities. The outcome and outputs of the project are described below:

Outcome: Longer term livelihood opportunities for internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees and host communities, with a focus on youth and women are created in selected areas of Khanaqin and Al Muqdadiya districts Output 1: 2 community level multi-sector ground truth assessments and a Rapid Gender Analysis Output 2: 2 Rapid Market Assessment (RMA) of IDPs, returnees and host communities Output 3: 90 vulnerable individuals (at least 36 women) among the IDP, returnees and host communities benefit from asset replacement and micro business support grants to recover and enhance existing businesses Output 4: 100 vulnerable IDPs, returnees and host community members (at least 40 women) receive vocational training in selected areas of Khanaqin and Al-Muqdadiya districts, Diyala Governorate Output 5: 613 people in selected areas benefit from cash for work (CfW) opportunities Output 6: 2 basic community infrastructures are rehabilitated through CfW and apprenticeship/on-job-training activities in selected areas Output 7: Community-based GBV prevention sessions (using the Indashyikirwa programme) are conducted for project beneficiaries of output 3,4,5 and 6 The proposed intervention is also aligned with national strategies and priorities; that includes: Private Sector Development Strategy (2014-2030),National Strategy for the Reduction of Poverty in Iraq (2018-2022), Iraq, Reconstruction and Investment, Part 2: Damage and Needs Assessment of Affected Governorates (2018),Iraq, Reconstruction and Investment, Part 1. Reconstruction and Development Framework (2018), Decentralization programme for services delivery, Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Municipalities and Public Work, (2005),Iraq

8 Oxfam, Multi sector Need Assessment, Major Findings, Iraq, August 2019.

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National Development Plan (2018-2022),Iraq Recovery and Resilience Programme and National Action Plan for UNSCR 1325.

1.3 Objectives of the Multi-sector Ground Truth Assessment/Base line study This multi-sector ground truth assessment/baseline study was aimed to assess the overall needs of community against the project objectives. Specific objectives of the survey included:

• To serve as an initial reference point through which change will be measured during and end of the project.

• To identify the need and gaps of conflict affected communities on WASH, EFSVL, Gender, Protection, and other sectors

• To provide the basis for establishing or refining periodic (quarterly, annual) benchmarks and end of project targets.

• To explore the different impacts of the crisis and potentially changing gender roles and dynamics on women, men, boys and girl to Inform the effectiveness and relevance of long-term women’s rights and gender justice programming.

• To provide recommendations for adapting humanitarian programming to meet the specific needs of women, men, girls, and boys

2: METHODOLOGY

2.1 Assessment/Baseline Study Purpose The purpose of this assessment study was to assess the existing humanitarian needs returnee communities of the District Khanaqin and Al Muqdadiya , to collect the baseline values of against the Project indicators as submitted in the project proposal and to explore the impact of the crisis on the gender roles and changes on the women, men, boys and girls. The assessment focused on the key sectors i.e. WASH, Food Security, Livelihoods, Social Cohesion, Protection, Household documentation, HLPs, Shelter, Movement interventions, electricity, education, health care, assistance, and information need. Team followed the participatory approach to ensure the ownership of the study. For this purpose, team consulted and interacted with the Project staff team, community men, women, and the key stakeholders for conducting this study.

2.2 Sampling Framework and Questionnaire Development. The population for the study was the community members who have returned to their District Diyala and the relevant stakeholder at the intervention site. For the purpose of this study Oxfam team two sampling technique i.e. for quantitative data collection sample was drawn by using probability/simple random sampling technique to determine the sample size per location whereas, for FGDs and KII team followed the purposive sampling technique. After extensive desk review, analyzing the project document baseline values needs specific tools were developed for HHs, FGDs and KIIs tools that were used for the data collection in the field. The data collection tools were developed to fit the contexts, translated into the local language. For quantitative data collection individual respondent questionnaire was designed annexed as(Annex- I), whereas, for the qualitative data collection focus group discussion FGD and KII tools were developed that can be seen as Annex-J and Annex-K respectively. The questions were both probing and open-ended to form basis for the free and open information gathering. All questionnaires were integrated with each other and provided

Orientation training

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the researchers and opportunity to revalidate; reconfirm and cross check critical information from different sources. 2.2.1 Individual Respondent Interviews: The sample size was calculated by using statistical formula given below 1) The estimated prevalence of the variable of interest, 2) 8% margin of error 3) The desired level of confidence i.e. 95% and Population of the target area The total sample size for the study was 144 households. The distribution of the sample size is as follows: Table 1 Individual respondents Interviews Sample Size(District and Gender wise)

2.2.2 Focus Group Discussions (FGD): Oxfam Team conducted 20 FGDs with men and women. FGDs were held separately and inclusion of marginalized individuals was also ensured. For FDGs same villages were selected but the individuals covered under structured interviews were not repeated in FGDs. Each FGDs was attended by 14-15 participants approximately. After each focus group discussion, the facilitator and note-taker met to review the main themes of the discussion. They summarized patterns of responses and confirm consensus or conflicts that emerged from the participants

Table 2 Sample Size for FGDs(District and Gender wise)

Gov District Sub-district Areas FGD Type FGD Participant Total Male Female Men Women

Diyala Moqdadiyah Sinsil villages Abo Dihan 01 01 17 15 32 Diyala Moqdadiyah Sinsil villages Al Aali 01 01 22 15 37 Diyala Moqdadiyah Sidor Aljazeera Alola 01 01 15 14 29 Diyala Moqdadiyah Sinsil villages Alasewd 01 01 13 15 28 Diyala Moqdadiyah Sinsil villages Chemrkhi 01 01 15 14 29 Diyala Moqdadiyah Sidor Nawfal 01 01 15 14 29 Diyala Moqdadiyah Sidor Shaq Alraq 01 01 12 12 24 Diyala Khanaqin Al-Sadiyaa Al Asakira 01 01 12 15 27 Diyala Khanaqin Jalawla Bahiza 01 01 14 15 29 Diyala Khanaqin Jalawla Jumaila 01 01 15 16 31 Total 10 10 150 145 295

2.2.3 Key Informant Interviews (KII): Separate KII tools were developed to collect the stakeholder’s views about the project. Key Informant views were compiled and correlated with the other data collection sources. Key informant interviews involved discussion with the stakeholders and get their insights for determining and accessing the needs of the respondents. All key informants were sectoral expert who possessed sound knowledge and experience of their sector in the selected area.

Table 3 Sample Size- Key Informant Interviews (District and Department wise)

Gov District Sub-district Areas Number of beneficiaries interviewed Women Men Total

Diyala Moqdadiyah Sidor Shaq Alraq 18 18 36 Diyala Moqdadiyah Sidor Aljazeera Alola 5 6 11 Diyala Moqdadiyah Sinsil villages Abo Dihan 2 6 8 Diyala Moqdadiyah Sinsil villages Al Aali 8 10 18 Diyala Moqdadiyah Sinsil villages Chemrkhi 3 3 6 Diyala Moqdadiyah Sinsil villages Alasewd 5 6 11 Diyala Khanaqin Jalawla Bahiza 3 5 8 Diyala Khanaqin Jalawla Jumaila 10 17 27 Diyala Khanaqin Sadiyaa Al Asakira 2 3 5 Diyala Moqdadiyah Sidor Nawfal 8 6 14 Total 64 80 144

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Sector Districts Areas KII Type Designation and Office Male Female

Education

Moqdadiyah Al Moqdadiyah 01 00 Education Department Rep, Al Moqdadiyah Khanaqin Al-Saadia 01 00 Education Department Rep Khanaqin Jalawala 01 00 Education Department Rep

Health Khanaqin Al-Saadia 00 01 Doctor, Health Care Center, Khanaqin Moqdadiyah Al Moqdadiyah 01 00 Health Minister Employer, Al Moqdadiyah Khanaqin Jalawla 01 00 Manager, Jalawala General Hospital

Electricity Khanaqin Al-Saadia 01 00 Electric Engineer, Al-Saadia Moqdadiyah Al Moqdadiyah 01 00 Electrical Department Manager Al Moqdadiyah Khanaqin Jalawala 01 00 Engineer, Electric Department Manager, Jalawala.

Water Khanaqin Al-Saadia 01 00 Engineer, Water Resource Manager

Moqdadiyah Al Moqdadiyah 01 00 Manager, DoW, Al Moqdadiyah

Khanaqin Jalawala 01 00 Water Department Manager, Supervisor

Livelihoods Khanaqin Al-Saadia 01 00 Doctor

Moqdadiyah Al Moqdadiyah 01 00 Mayor and National Security Representatives

Khanaqin Jalawala 01 00 Agriculture Engineer, Manager

Legal Khanaqin Al-Saadia 01 00 Coroner, Legal office,

Moqdadiyah Al Moqdadiyah 01 00 Al Moqdadiyah

Khanaqin Jalawala 01 00 Lawyer legal representative

Solid Waste Khanaqin Al-Saadia 01 00 Al-Saadia Municipality Manager

Moqdadiyah Al Moqdadiyah 01 00 Manager, Sewerage System, Al Moqdadiyah

Khanaqin Jalawala 01 00 Jalawala Municipality Manager

TOTAL 20 01 21

2.3 Data Collection Methods 2.3.1 Desk review of project documents: Pre-existing project documents as a secondary source of information were thoroughly reviewed to get a better insight regarding different aspects of the study. The review of secondary documents assisted the Oxfam team in developing the tools and the study report. The team extracted relevant information with important indicators to help guide secondary analysis of data. Following documents were reviewed for this purpose:

• UNDP Project Technical Proposal, Log frame and MEAL Plan. • HHs survey data base. • FGDs – Rapid Gender Analysis forms • KII data base. 21 KII. • SOPs -Cash for Work. • MSNA Iraq, August 2019, Oxfam. • GBV Baseline Report- Year 01 IOM. • Gender in Brief- Oxfam and Care. • Humanitarian Need Overview Report-2020-OCHA

2.3.2 Primary data collection: Primary data collection activity was carried out in two districts of Khanaqin and Al Muqdadiya of Dialya Governorate. MEAL team in Diyala ensured coordination and supervision of data collection at field level supported by the Country MEAL Coordinator. Quantitative data was collected using mobenzi, mobile based application, and transferred to Microsoft Excel for analysis whereas, qualitative data collection was done and recorded manually. Primary data collection was done in the month of Nov and Dec 2020. Due to the security reasons Oxfam Team had to halt the data collection for few days until the situation got back to normal.

2.4 Data Analysis and Reporting 2.4.1 Quantitative Data Analysis: Quantitative data entered and analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version. 20. The collected information from study area was analyzed through descriptive

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analysis. The analysis included differentiation by gender, age, disability, and other inclusion aspects. Descriptive analysis such as frequencies distribution, cross tabulation applied to draw a precise conclusion about demographic factors and all other dimensions of study. Then, factors ranked taking their mean value into consideration.

Frequency and Percentage: Data was tabulated, and results were compiled in frequencies distribution tables, Graphs, Pie-charts, and Diagram as well as cross tabulated forms. Then percentages for each category of response, percentage were calculated with the help of the following formula: P=f/N (100) Where; P= Percentage, F= Frequency, N= Total number of frequencies.

Statistical Tests: Different statistical tests such as T test/Analysis Correlation and Cross tabulation on variables of interest were applied to attribute changes and increased knowledge to the project activities and to determine that needs of the respondents.

Results Presentation: After the analysis of data; results were presented in Pie Charts, Bar charts, Histograms

and cross-tabulated forms.

2.4.2 Qualitative Data Analysis Responses were analyzed by arranging them in the general categories identified in the discussion tool/guide. After analysis different positions or opinions were also identified. After that various opinions were summarized to assess the degree of consensus or differences expressed by the groups and synthesize the themes or patterns that emerge. Data sheets of qualitative data were prepared in Microsoft Excel to generate statistical analysis.

2.5 Data Triangulation Through triangulation Oxfam validated and analyzed study questions from multiple perspectives. The data collected through different sources of information using qualitative and quantitative tools i.e. returnees’ families, community members and key informant were compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence. Analysis provided evidence based validated results raised out of data triangulations from various sources of information baked by explanatory statements in support of agreements or disagreements between different data sources. The study questionnaires were designed keeping in view the cross-validation aspects in various key areas/questions reflecting and highlighting validation points with multiple aspects and level of involvement of different people and groups.

2.6 Ethical Considerations The study respected ethical consideration throughout data collection especially when interacting with women and young girls. • Before interacting with respondents, they were explained the purpose of this study and the use of data

collected upon which their consent was requested. In case an individual refused to participate s/he was not compelled to participate or demoralized by any means and study team moved on to another appropriate interviewee to meet the target numbers.

• Focus group discussion and community level interviews with women and girls were carried out by female researchers. Whereas all the other data collection streams had female representation in the data collection team. Safety and security of the survey participants were of paramount importance. No risk or harm was involved in this study.

• All the data collection activities were carried out with all the precautionary measures for covid-19 i.e., Face masks, use of hand sanitizers and 6 feet distance between all those gathered for data collection. Any person having fever, or any signs of covid-19 was not made part of the study.

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3: DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS Profile of the Respondents: Iraq Team conducted the individual respondent interviews with 144 returnee

respondents, out of which 80(56%) were male and 64(44%) were female respondents. Interviewed men and women were also the head of interviewed Households. Majority of the respondents lied between the age bracket of 30-40 years, whereas, team got an opportunity to get the responses from the different age brackets too i.e. less than 20 and more than 60. Gender and age wise division of the respondents can be seen in fig 05. Whereas, district, gender and age wise information of the HHs respondents can be seen in the Table 04 below:

Table 4 District and gender wise age details of respondents

Respondents Age Al-Muqdadiya Khanquin Total F M T % F M T % No. %

18-29 years 13 18 31 30% 5 11 16 40% 40 28%

30-40 years 15 10 25 24% 3 9 12 30% 42 29% 40-50 years 15 11 26 25% 5 4 9 23% 35 24% 50-60 years 9 9 18 17% 2 1 3 8% 21 15% more than 60 3 1 4 4% 2 2 5% 6 4%

Total 55 49 104 100% 15 25 40 100% 144 100%

Out of the surveyed population, 51HHs (35.4%) were IDPs whereas, 41HHs (28.5%) were secondarily displaced; 21HHs(14.6%)were found to be hosting other in their house while 13HHS(9%) were being hosted in the house where they were interviewed. Out of the interviewed families,14HHs (10%) possessed pregnant and lactating mothers.

According to the assessment findings, 136HHs(95%) were living in this sub-district prior to June 2014. Majority i.e. 74.3% HHs returned because they had an emotion desire to return to the original place. Whereas, 67% HHs retuned as the security situation of the area of origin was stable and the returned area was clear from the explosive hazards. People have also returned because of the availability of livelihood opportunities in their area. Whereas, 23.6% returned to secure their personal housing, land, and property. As per respondents, 3% got disabled because of explosive hazard(i.e. Mines, UXO, IECD). According to gathered information; 118(82%) respondents were married; 14(10%) were single, 9(6%) were widowed, 2(1.38%) HHs are divorced, and 1 respondent was separated.

49

15

6455

25

80

104

40

144

No No No

Al-Muqdadiya Khanquin Total

Male Female

18-29 Yrs, 33%

30-40 Yrs, 26%

40-50 Yrs, 24%

50-60 Yrs, 15%

<60 Yrs , 4%

Figure 5 Gender and age wise details of respondents

Yes, 14(10%)

No, 130(90%)

Figure 6 Households with Pregnant and lactating mothers

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Respondents possession of personal identity documents: Majority 129(89.6%) respondents possessed valid

identity documents; only few i.e.15(10.4%) respondents documents were lost or damaged especially residency permit or housing support letter. Details can be seen in the table below:

Figure 7 Details of damaged documents

Loss or damaged documents Yes No. %

Passport National ID card 10 6.9 Citizenship certificate Food ration card (PDS) Information card 3 2.1 Birth certificate Marriage certificate Divorce certificate Death certificate Guardianship certificate Trusteeship certificate (Qaemoma) Inheritance deed)

3 2.1

Graduation / School certificate Driver license 1 0.7 Residency permit or Housing support letter 129 89.6 Other 1 0.7

According to the gathered data 143(94.4%) respondents were registered to vote. Only 8(5.6%) respondents told that they were not registered to vote as some necessary documents were missing or they don’t know how to register themselves.

Respondents health condition and access to health services: Respondents mentioned that majority 85(59%)

have access to the healthcare services including medicines ; but 59(41%) still cannot access them swiftly. They felt difficulties as cost of services are too high, staff of health center was not trained or skillful enough, medicines were not available at hospital/pharmacy, language barrier or medical staff refused the treatment without any explanation. The details of multiple responses are mentioned below:

Table 5 Reasons for not accessing the health services

Reasons for not accessing the health services(multiple responses) Yes No. %

Cost of services was too high 64 44.4 Didn’t get access to qualified health staff at hospital 129 89.6 Didn’t get access to qualified health staff at public health clinic 136 94.4 Language barrier 49 34.0 Medical staff refused treatment without any explanation 54 37.5 No medicine available at hospital 71 49.3 No medicine available at pharmacy 54 37.5 No medicine available at public health clinic 66 45.8 No transport available, 55 38.2 No treatment available for my disease at the public health clinic 62 43.0 Public health clinic didn’t provide referral 55 38.2 Cost of medicine was too high gender discrimination 60 41.6 No support from family 54 37.5 No female staff 52 36.1

Gathered responses shows that 14(9.7%) respondents reported to be suffering from the heart disease, 44(30.6%) have diabetes. Whereas, 9(6.3%) were found to be suffering from kidney diseases.

Respondents children Health Information: According to the respondents, 1104(72.2%) children had received polio vaccination, 70% children (>5 years age) received measles and 73(50.7%) children (> 2 years) received Penta- 3 vaccination. However, collected information shows prevalence of diarrhea among the interviewed children in past 04 weeks, as 41(28.5%)children reported to have diarrhea in the recent past. As per respondents, 45(31.3%)children have difficulty in hearing, walking climbing steps, seeing remembering or concentrating self-care which affect their ability to perform daily living activities.

Maternal Health and Family Planning services: Findings indicates that interviewed HHs were in sever need of maternal health and family planning services as 72(50%) have no functioning health services in the area, 13% participants reported that there is no female health staff and 30% respondents told the team that they have not enough money to pay for the services.

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Respondents access to formal education services: Findings shows that114(79.2%) respondents attended the formal education during the school season whereas, 49(34%) respondents attended non-formal schools at least 3 days per week. Around, 35% respondents have missed formal education for 1 year and 23%(6-17yr) respondents education remained discontinued for 2 years. There were 48(33%)who don’t want to re-enroll and continue their studies. Respondents mentioned the several other reasons for not attending the formal learning education that are as follows:

Table 6 Reasons for not attending formal education.

Reasons for not attending formal education Yes No. %

Cannot afford to pay for tuition/costs No space in school / school did not answer/ unable to register

6 4.2

Schools not in good condition (problems with latrines, electricity, furniture) 2 1.4 Schools lack a suitable curriculum , lack trained teachers and gender appropriate staff

1 0.7

Children need to stay at home and assist with household chores Family needs the child to participate in remunerative activities

6 4.2

Recently or continuous displacement 1 0.7 Do not consider education important 4 2.8 Security situation/Insecurity 0 0 Child is disabled, unhealthy, or traumatized 0 0 Child is disinterested 1 0.7 Missed too much to make up 1 0.7 School is too far or no transportation 4 2.8 Other reasons 18 12.5

Physiological difficulties faced by respondents: Assessment team also inquired about the respondent’s level of physiological difficulties. According to the gathered information, 37(25.7%) respondents feel some difficulty and 3(2.1%) see a lot of difficulty even if wearing glasses whereas, 5(3.5%) respondents feel a lot of difficulty in hearing even after using a hearing aid. There were 19(13.2%) participant who reported some difficulty in walking or climbing steps. While 2(1.4%) respondent’s feel difficulty with doing the self-caring activities. Details of the responses can be seen below:

Respondents information related to incomes and work: According to data findings; a big majority i.e. 138(95.8%) respondents were not working; only 6(4.2%) respondents were found to be working and getting their income from work. When these respondents were further asked; in which sector they are working now; 1(0.7%) respondent found to be working in agriculture construction, 1(0.7%) respondent in service industry,

1 1 3 1 2 0

103

125 121116 120

133

3 5 1 4 2 2

37

1319 23 20

9

Difficulty seeing evenif wearing glasses

Difficulty hearing evenif using a hearing aid

Difficulty walking orclimbing steps

Difficultyremembering or

concentrating

Difficulty with self-care Difficultycommunicating

Cannot do at all(%)No difficulty (%)

Yes, a lot ofdifficulty (%)Yes, somedifficulty (%)

Figure 8 Physiological difficulties faced by respondents

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2 (1.4%) respondents were involved in vocational work while 2 remaining respondents had not provided details of their work. Out of these 6 respondents only 4(2.8%) respondents were doing the same work as they were doing before the displacement. Findings show that 104(72.2%) respondents were actively looking for work.

Targeted population was not only affected by the war and post crisis stress, but Covid-19 has also severely impacted their sources of income and work. Before the incidence of Covid-19, 35(24.3%) respondents were engaged in the agriculture construction, 40(27.3%) were involved in the service industry and other daily wage off-farm work whereas, some of the respondents had technical professional jobs too. Detail of the responses are given below:

Obstacles faced by respondents in finding work: Respondents mentioned different obstacles in findings work for themselves. As per findings, 65(45%) told that job market is saturated and jobs are not enough for everyone, 36(25%) participants reported increase in competition for jobs. Whereas, 26(18%) mentioned that the available jobs are too far away. Respondents also identified underemployment, nepotism, high demand for skills as some obstacles. Detail of multiple response can be seen below:

Table 7 Obstacles faced in finding work

Obstacles faced by respondents in finding work(multiple responses) Yes No %

Employment barriers 33 22.9 Increased competition for jobs 36 25.0 Not enough jobs for everyone 65 45.1 Available jobs are too far away 26 18.1 Only low-skilled 8 5.6 Socially degrading or low-paid jobs are available 6 4.2 Lack of family/personal connections 7 4.9 Under qualified for available jobs 13 9.0 None 3 2.1 Other 11 7.6

Obstacles faced by women in finding work: Respondents identified different obstacles for women in finding work. As per 81(56.3%) respondents that there are less jobs for women, 68(47.2%) pointed that women are not allowed to work out of home whereas,64(44.4%) respondents mentioned cultural barrier as an obstacle faced by women. Lack of access to markets, security and safety risks etc. was also identified by women detail of which is mentioned in the figure below:

35

40

13

6

11 11 10

34

24.327.8

9

4.27.6 7.6 6.9

23.6

AgricultureConstruction

Service industry Vocational Teacher, lawyer,engineer, doctor

Public securityofficial

Taxi or truckdriver.

Home-basedincome

generatingactivity

Other

No %

Figure 9 Respondents income sources and work before Covid-19

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4: KEY FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

Section 01: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Iraq’s water and sanitation infrastructure are under significant stress by both the displacement crisis, which requires significant resourcing to provide WASH services to displaced populations in camps, as well as by increasing water scarcity due to variable weather from climate change9. Water levels (ground and surface) have decreased by 40 %in the past two decades, and the available water is often contaminated and of very poor quality, with high turbidity and salinity, and bacteriological contamination. This results in insufficient access to potable water and inadequate sanitation for conflict-affected populations relying on external assistance in meeting their WASH needs. Approximately 1.8 million people, including IDPs living in and out of camps, returnees, refugees and host communities in 57 districts across 17 governorates have a high severity of WASH needs. Limited coping capacities for affected people further increases the risk of water- and vector-borne diseases. Thirty-two locations in in Ninewa, Salah Al-Din, Al-Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk and Baghdad are identified as priority returns locations in 202010.

Primary source of drinking water: An estimated 1.85 million people across Iraq remain in critical need of sustained, equitable access to safe and appropriate WASH services, of which women and girls account for 49%, children 38% and the older people for 4%.317,663 people lack access to an improved water source, while

679,751 people lack access to sufficient quantities of water. 11 According to the collected data 73HHs (50.7%) respondents are not connected with any water network. A substantial number of respondents i.e. 40HHs(28%) have access to piped water for drinking purposes. Whereas,53% were found to be using open sources or unprotected/unimproved water sources, which are at

high risk of contamination. Moreover, 20HHs (14%) have to purchase water from the shop. Most of the respondents (13% and 11.1%) were spending 3,000 and 2,000 Iraqi Dinar on purchase of water bottle respectively while only few (2.2%) were spending 40,000 and 200,000 Iraqi Dinar simultaneously. These

9 UNOCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview Report,Nov,2019, Impact on Systems and Services, 3.8 WASH, Pg-14 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid.

Figure 11 Primary source of drinking water

Piped water , 28%

Dug well, 38%

River/Spring, 15%

Shop, 14%Other, 5%

2129

12

81

6468

5

14.620.1

8.3

56.3

44.4 47.2

3.5

Lack of accessto markets

Movementrestrictions

Security andsafety risk

Lack of jobs forwomen

Culturalbarriers

Women notallowed towork out of

home

Other

No %

Figure 10 Obstacles faced by women in finding work.

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findings were endorsed Key informants , men and women during the FGDs too. Women during the FGDs told the assessment team that

‘’ Water quality and quantity of the supply water got badly affected during and after the crisis, most of the people are buying the drinkable water from local market as the available water is of poor quality’’.(female FGD

participant)

‘Water sources are polluted; water is not suitable for drinking unless water filters are used; due to poor quality of water incidences of water borne diseases also reported in people’’.(male FGD participant)

Time to collect water: While commenting on the time to collect water; 88HHs(61%) of the respondents told that it takes less than 30 min to collect water. However, 12HHs (8%) had to spend 30-60 min to collect water from the water sources which is higher in accordance to the CHS (WASH standard: <500 meter from nearest water points and <30 min in queuing time at water source).

Men and women during the FGDs informed the assessment team that as the water sources and water network got damaged in crisis; therefore, beside the water quality; supplied water is not sufficient for the household needs especially in the rural areas12.

Key Informants during the interviews informed the assessment team that 93% neighborhoods and 85% villages in Muqdadiyah have access to the piped water network. However, newly constructed neighborhoods and some villages around Muqdadiya do not have access to the piped water sources. Moreover, 10% houses in Jalawla(un-officially constructed), far-off houses in Alsaadiya, poor and IDPs households in some pockets are still deprived of piped water supply. Key informants also added that water pipes/network in the area got damaged during the crisis. Water treatment plants are not functioning, and plants that are functioning are not performing in their full capacity. Water Authority do not have resources i.e. fund, tools and equipment for the operation and maintenance of pumping units, water supply network and water treatment plants. Water Authority also face issue of low water pressure, electricity breaks-down and low voltage especially in summers that adds into the severity of water supply. Due to above mentioned issues and lack of support from the Government Water Authority projects were not capable to provide uninterrupted supply of water to cover the needs of population on daily basis.

Responsibility of collecting water: According to 131(91%) respondents the responsibility of collecting water lies with women which add burden to their existing responsibilities ; 26HHs(18%) of the respondents informed that men are also collect water. Only 6HHs(4%)named boys and 6HHs(4%) referred girls of less than 18 years responsible for collecting water. Women during the FGDs also validated the responses and said:

“The women responsibilities are more than known; we have to do all the household tasks which include

collection of water too,’’ disclosed by a female FGD participant- Nawafai

Water quality and treatment: Water quality is attributed by its chemical, biological, and physical

characteristics. While commenting on water quality, 92(64%)respondents reported that water sources are not clean for the drinking purposes. During the assessment, (38HHs)26% expressed the need of water treatment as it is not safe and contains unclear particles,50HHs(35%)commented that water smell is unpleasant and 38HHs(27%) pointed out water taste is unpleasant. Whereas, 6.3% respondents told that they smell chlorine in tap water.

12 Almost half of the population (46%) suffers from irregular availability of drinking water, a figure which rises to 74% in Al-Muqdadiya district. Around half of all

households in Al-Muqdadiya (47%), drink water directly from a stream, river or lake available at: http://www.iauiraq.org/gp/print/GP-Diyala.asp.

>30 min, 61%btw 30-60 min, 8%

<60 min, 15%

Don’t know , 15%

Figure 12 Time spend in collecting water

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FGDs with men and women also validated the findings; almost all the FGDs participants confirmed that due to crisis water sources and infrastructure got damaged. Quality and the quantity of water was also affected due to the crisis, water sources got polluted and the available water is not fit for the drinking purpose. Due to poor quality and water contaminants, people had to suffer from water-borne diseases. They added that people either had to use water filters for making it clean or they had to buy water bottle from the local markets. All the key informants also validated that water is unclean as water sources are contaminated, water pipes are old, damaged and broken which affect the water quality.

Location of water points safe: It was very

encouraging to know that 122HHs(84.7%) perceived that water point is safe. However, there were 16HHs(11%) who do not perceive them as safe. Assessment team further asked the respondents that how they cope with it to ensure safety? In this response majority i.e.79(54%) respondents told that they do nothing whereas, 46HHs(32%) reported to access water point in a group(male and female). Whereas,9% respondents changed the water access point.

Water treatment before consumption: Assessment findings reveals that 86(60%) respondents do not treat water, while remaining respondents mentioned multiple methods for the water treatment. Only one respondent reported to boils water, 2(1.4%) treated water from the solar filter and 13(9.0%) use purification tablets/liquid chlorine for the water treatment before consumption. Rest of the responses can be seen in the table below. Community men and women during the FGDs endorsed these finding and informed the team that they have to filter the water for drinking as it contains particles and pollutants. Due to the bad quality of water people heath is are getting affected due to bad quality of water and the incidence of water borne diseases are increasing.

Table 8 Methods of treating water before consumption

Key informant during the interview also mentioned that ‘People have less access to drinking water as compare to before June 2014, The amount of available water has also reduced as most of the water project got damaged due to conflict in the area and the water authority do not have financial resources for the construction of new project or for the rehabilitation of the damaged ones.. Water Authority also lack funds for the maintenance of tools and equipment. Water Treatment Plants i.e. Aswiad - Azham -Aalee) WTP, Naofal - Door Al-moskat water project, Naofal village are not functioning now but were functional before the crisis. Water filter plants that are functioning also not effective due to worn-out filters, chlorine devices and a shortage of chlorine and alum’’.

Hand washing behavior and habits: Assessment team asked the participants about the hand washing behavior of men and women. According to the gathered responses, female family members wash their hands before preparation/cooking, after using toilets and after cleaning. Whereas, men household members reported to wash their hands after using toilet, before taking food and after trending land or handling livestock. The detail of the multiple responses is given below:

Water Treatment Before Consumption(multiple responses) Yes No. %

Boiling 1 0.7 Chlorination filtering 40 27.8 Solar filter 2 1.4 Purification tablets/liquid chlorine 13 9.0 Powder chlorine 5 3.5 Other 32 22.2

going in a group, 32%

Nothing, 54%

Other waterpoint ,

14%

Figure 13 Coping strategy for accessing water point

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Table 9 Hand washing behaviors and habits(gender wise)

Hand Washing- Behaviors and activities (multiple responses)

Female Male No Yes

No. % No. % Before food preparation/cooking 128 88.9 71 49.3 After using the toilet 124 86.1 124 86.1 After tending land or handling livestock 36 25.0 46 31.9 When going into a home or visiting someone 12 8.3 25 17.4 After cleaning 96 66.7 41 28.5 After public transportation 9 6.3 31 21.5 After a hospital or doctor visit 25 17.4 40 27.8 Before bathing children 30 20.8 6 4.2 Before playing with children 4 2.8 3 2.1 After playing with children 15 10.4 5 3.5

Safe bathing places: According to assessment findings, 130HHs(90.3%) have access to safe bathing places, whereas,14HHs(9.7%) don’t have access to the safe bathing places. Furthermore, 78HHs(54%.)reported to use buckets, 64HHs(44%) use shower for bathing, only21HHs(14.6%) mentioned bathtubs for bathing.

When these 14HHs(9.7%) were further asked to mention the reasons for commenting that bathing place as not safe; 8HHs( 5.6%) informed that there are no locks on the door, 6HHs(4.2%) commented that their bathing place in unsafe whereas, 6HHs(4.2%) told that bathrooms are not secure at night. Data analysis shows that women were more concerned of having no locks on the doors as compared to men Responses details can be seen in the table below:

Table 10 Reasons for not accessing safe place

Reasons for not accessing safe place (multiple responses)

Yes No. %

No bathing place 2 1.4 Not secure at night 6 4.2 Bathing area is in an unsafe place 6 4.2 There are no locks on the door 8 5.6

Household hygiene needs: Gathered findings shows that 119HHs(83%) respondents hygiene were met, whereas, 23HHs(16%) respondents hygiene were not met.

Women menstrual hygiene needs: As experienced that women and girls have uneven and inconsistent access to menstrual hygiene in refugee and displacement camps globally. It also shows that lack of access to MHM products creates a perfect storm of risks for women and girls’ physical and emotional health, safety, and mobility. Assessment findings shows that majority 114HHs (98%) identified disposal pads , 6HHs(4%) mentioned reusable clothes and 2% referred as washing and disposal facilities as an important MHM needs.

Yes, 83%

No , 16%

Figure 15 Household Hygiene needs

Disposal Pads, 2%

Reuseable Clothes , 4%

Washing& disposal

facilties , 98%

Figure 15 Women menstrual hygiene needs

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Water Tank: According to the household respondents, 141HHs(98%) possess private or shared water tank. Majority 86HHs(60%) have the tank capacity of 1000Ltr, 20HHs(14%) have 500Ltr water tank, whereas, 18HHs(12%) households possess water tank of 5000 liters. However, there were 10HHs(7%) who possess (100-150 liters) of water storage tank. Around half i.e. 64HHs(45%) reported to re-fill water tank 7times/week, 29HHs(20%) re-fill it 14times/week. whereas, 10HHs(7%) re-fill water storage tank 1-2 times/week .

Data findings shows that more than 15% of the individuals were sharing water tank with 5-9 persons while only few almost 1 % of the respondents were sharing with 17, 18, 22 and 26 persons. The findings show that HHs are still in need of sufficient amount of water for the maintenance of hygiene needs and household chores. During the FGDs men and women mentioned about the decrease in the water quantity as water sources and infrastructure got damaged during the war

Figure shows that the responsibility of re-filling water tank lies with women as reported by 125HHs(87%),10HHs(7%) mentioned that water tank is re-filled by the men. Whereas, 3% respondents informed that boys and girls of the HHs have to re-fill the water tank..

Usage of Essential Household Commodities: According to the respondents only3HHs(2%) possess dishwasher to wash dishes, 102HHs(70.8%) households use washing machine and128HHs( 88.9%) possess rolling standing air cooler in their houses.

Primary Source of Water for Cleaning, Cooking

and Washing: Figure indicates that only 39HHs(27%) have access to piped water supply. whereas, 99HHs(69%) relay on dug well, river or spring and waterpoint as a primary source for household chores that includes cleaning, cooking and washing

Hours/week spent on Household chores: survey team asked the different questions related to household chores that includes time spend on dishwashing, clothes washing, garden watering, car washing, driveway/ house cleaning and the usage of air coolers. The purpose of these questions was to assess how much time men and women spend on the household chores and what leisure time is available for the men and women.

As per analysis women spend on an average of 6-7 hours/week on the household chores that includes dish and cloth washing and driveway cleaning. Men are spending on an average of 1 hour/week in watering , washing car. Findings shows that within the home, Iraqi men and women generally have gender specific roles.

Men and women during the FGDs while referring to the daily clock endorsed this finding. Majority of the

Men , 7%

Women , 87%

Boys , 2%Girls , 2%

Figure 18 Responsibility of filling water tank

Dug well , 47%

Piped water, 27%

River or Spring , 15%

Water Trucking ,

1%

Water Point , 7% Other , 3%

Figure 18 Primary source of water for HHs chores

24

63

22

63

10

44

66

40

15

629

0

7

0

6

2

1

4

8

0

Wo

men

Men

Wo

men

Men

Wo

men

Men

Wo

men

Men

Wo

men

Men

Washing dishes Washing Watering Washing Car DrivewayFigure 18 Hours/week spend on HHs Chores( gender wise)

29 | P a g e

women has to spent around 10-12 hours/day for completing their household chores along with the caring responsibilities of the family elders and the children. Women's involvement in household chores is more than twice that of men. Women also perceive lower involvement of their partner (men) in household chores than men do and see it as an accepted behavior.

Assessment team observed a huge different in the routine of men and women. According to the male participants most of men stated that they wake up at 6:00 am, start their day with prayers, while women and girls prepare the breakfast. After having breakfast, they leave for their work, which usually starts at 07:00 and ends at 17:00 with one-hour break for lunch and prayers, to later go back home to take some rest. They have dinner at 7:00 pm and later spend the rest of the day with social visits, meeting friends and some entertainment activities such watching television. Women reported a different routine. Most of them wake up around 05:00 to 06:00 am and start their day with kneading the dough, prepare breakfast for the husband and the children. After sending the men of the HHs to their work and children to school, they start doing different household chores simultaneously. Lunch preparation starts from 09:00 am to 10:00am. They take lunch with the children around 12:00 pm. After having lunch, they take some rest and then get busy with the other household work which includes gardening, care work of the family elder and the children, collection of firewood and meeting with the other women from the neighborhood. Then they start preparing dinner and after having dinner; they watch TV with the family for some time and go to sleep around 09:00-10:00 pm.

Covid-19 has further worsened the daily routine of people due to movement restriction and reduced livelihoods activities. Men spend more time at home and visiting close relatives and friends in nearby areas. The findings show that after the completion of mandatory activities, men have more time for rest and social activities than women, who are responsible for each and everything related to the household.

Main methods of HHs waste disposal:

According to the gathered information 59HHs(41%) throw the waste in streets/open spaces, 56HHs(39%) burnt the household waste and 14HHs(10%) put the solid waste of their house in the rubbish pits. Only 6HHs (4%) informed the assessment team that the solid waste is collected by the Municipality.

Key informant during the discussion confirmed that there are no formal solid waste removal services in the area. Formal solid waste removal services just cover the urban area ( in Muqdadiya neighborhoods) and do not serve the households in rural areas or in far neighborhoods. Those households who cannot access the solid waste management system services; dispose it on their own responsibility. Almost all of the they either bury it or burn it.

Figure 19 Male FGD Shaq-Al-Raq/Sidor/Moqdadiyah

Figure 21 Male FGDs Jazira Al-Aula/Sinsil/Moqdadiyah Figure 21 Female FGD Chimirkhi/Sinsil/Moqdadiyah

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Key informant added that they solid waste management system had further deteriorated after crisis due to lack of the allocated budget for solid waste management., lack of specialized machines for waste collection, lack of awareness and cooperation of citizens with municipality staff. There is also a shortage of solid waste workers, waste bins, qualified technicians and staff members to manage solid waste as allocated budget for solid waste management is very nominal and cannot cover all operational head costs.

Key informants further added that there is no safe and appropriate landfill in accordance to the standard specification. Collected waste is dumped out of the Muqdadiya city as there is no safe and appropriate landfill in Muqdadiyah , which cause negative health or environmental consequences as waste attracts wild animals and insects.

Leaving waste in open areas can damage farming or grazing land, burning of waste causes health problems (e.g. breathing, eye infections), waste accumulation causes diseases or medical conditions, causes bad odors for households in its vicinity.

Key informants told the team some steps were taken in the past but were not enough. Key informants expressed the needs of supporting them through rental of machinery, hiring of workers, equipping them with cleaning equipment, maintenance kits, fuel, oil engine and spare parts. Key informant also emphasized on the need of conducting an awareness campaigns in the neighborhoods and surveyed population to raise the level of environmental awareness for people.

Types of latrines: Assessment findings shows that 115HHs(80%) possess private latrines,27HHs(18.8%) have access to the communal latrines. Only 4HHs(2.8%) uses the public latrines. There were only 3(2.1%) respondents who reported to have no access to latrine at all. When these three respondents were further asked how they are coping with the absence of latrines, 2(67%) of them told that they go for open defecation whereas; remaining one respondent told that he go to the latrines point in group (male and female)

While responding how the water is evacuated from the toilets, 115HHs(80%)mentioned that they have septic tank attached to the latrines for the evacuation of water, while 29HHs(20%) informed that they leave water in the deep pit.

Moreover, 41HHs(28.5%) leave unprotected water in the streets;38HHs(26.4%) have a deep pit where the household drainage water gets deposit. Moreover, 27HHs(18.8%) informed that there is no official wastewater management system. Details of the responses can be seen in the table below:

Burning , 39%

Throw in street , 41%

Rubbish Pits , 10%

Other , 1%

Food for animals , 4%

Communal Bin , 4%

Muncipality , 1%

Figure 22 Main methods of household waste disposal

140

117

29

141

4

27

115

3

Public latrines Communal latrines Private latrines No latrines

No Yes

Figure 23 Types of toilets available for surveyed population

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Table 11 Water drainage sources at household level

Sources of Water Drainage from Household Outlet (multiple responses)

Yes No. %

Unprotected into the street 41 28.5 Protected into the street 8 5.6 Protected into a wastewater network 4 2.8 Unprotected into wasteland 16 11.1 Protected into septic tank 15 10.4 Deep pit 38 26.4 No official wastewater management 27 18.8 Unknown 4 2.8

Details of T-Test analysis can be seen at Annex-A

Section 02: Food Security Emergency livelihoods are directly linked to other humanitarian vulnerabilities. In Iraq, unemployment is linked to reduced education, sale of assets and taking on debt to afford food. According to the report 0.92 million people are in need, out of which 44% were in sever need of food security support whereas, 8% are in

WASH SECTOR NEEDS: Iraq water and sanitation infrastructure are under significant stress after war. Available water sources are contaminated, and available water is of poor quality, with high turbidity and salinity ad bacteriological contamination. Findings shows that a substantial number of respondents i.e. 40HHs(28%) have access to piped water for drinking purposes. Whereas,53%HHs reliance on open, unprotected or unimproved water sources, which are contaminated and put the affected community at the high risks of diseases outbreaks and other related illnesses. More than 90% respondents and FGDs participants expressed their concerns regarding the water quality as water has unpleasant smell, unpleasant taste and particles. There were more than 60% respondents who don’t treat water at all.

Furthermore, only 39HHs(27%) have access to piped water supply for HHs chores that includes cleaning, cooking and washing whereas, 99HHs(69%) relay on dug well, river or spring and waterpoint as a primary source for household chores. Analysis shows that more than 15% of the individuals were sharing water tank with 5-9 persons while only few almost 1% of the respondents were sharing with 17, 18, 22 and 26 persons. This shows that affected population is still in need of sustained, equitable access to safe and appropriate water sources for drinking and HHs chores.

Surveyed community was also found to be need in of awareness raising regarding the healthy WASH practices. For instance: awareness about drinking water treatment and management, storage practices, handwashing, maintenance of personal hygiene, safe disposal of wastewater from household and safe disposal of solid waste management practices. So, that they can avoid outbreaks of waterborne diseases and illness and remain safe.

There is also a need of rehabilitation of damaged and dysfunctional water infrastructure especially in those areas or locations where there is more scarcity of water. Water Authority also need of funds, tools and equipment for the operational and maintenance of pumping, water supply network and water treatment plant. Solid waste management department/ authority was also found to be in need of support that includes rental of machinery for solid waste collection, hiring of workers, waste bins, cleaning equipment, maintenance kits, fuel, oil engine and spare parts. Key informants further emphasized on the need of awareness raising campaigns/sessions for the communities to aware them about the safe solid waste management practices, so environment can be protected from the adverse impact of unsafe waste disposal practices.

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extreme need13. World Bank defined food security as “access by all people at all times to sufficient food for an active, healthy life.” , having “enough” food to eat is the most important outcome of being food secure. HHs food consumption in the last 07 days: Assessment findings shows that households were using most affordable and necessary food items in their daily routine. HHs were found to putting cuts on those items that are expensive (not affordable), desirable and more nutritious for instance they were found to be using cereals, vegetables and pulses more than meat, eggs and other dairy products as indicated in Figure 21. The data analysis also revealed that significant gender differences existed among the interviewed respondents regarding access to different food items in last 7 days. Food items like, milk and other dairy products, meat, chicken fish and condiments spices tea coffee differently were more accessible and used by men as compare to the women, whereas, no significant differences between men and women for having access to the other food items such as cereals grains, vegetables, fruits and sugar etc.

Figure 25 Consumption of food items in last 07 days(gender wise)

These findings were further validated during the FGDs; majority of men and women informed the assessment team that men had control over all the resources including water, food, clothes, NFI distribution, health services, education and planting. The scope of decisions of women on food seems to be limited to how these items are prepared and consumed. Female participants expressed that as men are the budget holders of the household, therefore, they control and make decisions on purchases of food and non-food items. Data collected further suggests that limited livelihoods opportunities have led to reducing expenditure on NFIs for instance: clothing, home decorative items , unnecessary non-food items. Men during the FGDs commented:

13 UNOCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview Report,Nov,2019, Impact on Systems and Services,3.4 Food Security, Pg-37.

45%41% 39%

45% 45% 46%

39%

31%37%

55%59% 61%

55% 55% 54%

61%

69%63%

Cereals grainsroots and tubersrice pasta bread

potato

Legumes, nutsand beans

Meat, fish andeggs

Vegetables andleaves

Fruits Oil, fat andbutter

Sugar, honey,cakes and

cookies

Condiments, tea,coffee

Milk, yougurt,cheese

Female Male

Cereals, pasta, bread, potato,

15%

Legumes, nuts and beans , 8%

Meat, fish and eggs, 5%

Vegetables and leaves , 13%

Fruits, 5%Oil, fat and

butter , 15%

Sugar, honey, cakes, cookies,

8%

Condiments, tea, coffee , 19%

Milk, yougurt, cheese , 12%

Figure 24 HHs food items consumption in last 07 days

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We have to purchase food items from markets which are often in other towns or cities, adding transportation costs to food prices. This takes a toll on the overall quality and quantity of the food available after the crisis. For the purchase of food items, we all are limited to the most basic need

Finding shows that due to the absence or meager livelihood sources surveyed households were opting to the less nutritious, cheap and less preferred food items such as milk, vegetable, bread and oil as a coping strategy whereas, use of meat, fish, eggs, honey, cakes and fruits is less as these food items are more expensive and cannot be afforded in the daily routine. Women were found to be more at the risks of food insecurity as they had no livelihood sources and they were dependent on their husband or caregivers for the food choices. Food insecurity situation in the surveyed population would lead to the malnourishment and low self -esteem.

HHs behaviors due to a lack of food or a lack of money to buy food: Assessment findings shows that the respondents opted for the different behaviors as a coping strategy to face food insecurity situation. To increase short-term food availability 89HHs(62%)borrowed money and 42HHs(29%) borrowed food/assistance from relatives, 77HHs(53.5%) reduced expenses on health including drugs and education and 66HHs (45.8%) had to spent savings. There were 39(27%) respondents who sent their households members to eat elsewhere, 10HHs(7%) sent their household members for begging to decrease number of people in food sharing as a coping strategy. A lot of respondents i.e. 60% respondents sold their household goods, house, land to fulfill the food needs of their household as irreversible, undesirable coping strategy. Respondents also referred to family migration, withdrawal of children from school and reduce expenses on health as a solution to cater the food and non-food needs of their respective household. Responses details can be seen in the graph below:

Figure 26HHs behavior due to lack of food or money

According to the FGDs, affected communities demonstrated negative or undesirable coping strategies to meet the basic needs of their households which includes: increase in debts, liquidation of productive and non-productive assets, early child marriages, child labor etc. During the FGDs almost all men informed the assessment team that they sold their assets (furniture, household items), borrowed money from their relatives or took debt from the Government for the reconstruction/rehabilitation of the damaged houses, for the restoration of their livelihood sources or for fulfilling the basic food and non-food needs of their households. Nearly, half of the male respondents further added that they have reduced spending or controlled the consumption of food and non-food items. They opted for the less expensive and less desirable food items which were mostly less nutritious(i.e. cereals, leafy vegetables, pulses, potatoes etc.) and limited themselves to the purchase of very important or necessary non-food item to sustain for the longer time. There were less than half of the respondents who returned or stayed in the damaged houses due to lack of financial resources and support for the construction of their houses. However, there were few male respondents demonstrated positive

41 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

6763

81

27

52

73 74

42

93 95

69

7

4146

28

50

34 34

24

40 39 37

66

39

17

89

4237 35

77

11 10

37

Spent savings Soldhouseholds

assets goods

Senthousehold

members toeat elsewhere

Borrowedmoney

Borrowingfood/

assistancefrom relatives

and friends

Soldproductiveassets ormeans oftransport

Withdrewchildren from

school

Reducedexpenses on

health

Sold house orland

Begged Entirehouseholdmigrated

No, because already did Not applicable Not necessary Yes

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behavior by accepting the situation and were satisfied with the reality. Around 2% respondents told the assessment team that they started watering their fields in the morning now instead of nighttime because of security concerns. One male member during the FGDs mentioned:

‘ I quit smoking in order to save money to meet the food needs of my family’’ Whereas, more than half of the boys left their education and moved to other cities so they can do some labor work and can generate income for their families. Very few young boys also mentioned that they join occasions or social functions to eat. Majority of the women during the FGDs revealed that they skip meals, cut their food portions whereas, more than half of the women reduced water consumptions, spending on clothes and other non-food items to prioritize of men. Very few reported to sell their jewelry to support their husbands to catch up household needs. However, 20-30% women opted for positive coping strategy i.e. they got themselves involved in home-based work for instance, cloth stitching, pastry making or poultry farming too. More than half of young girls told the assessment team that they discontinued their education to ease the burden of education expenses of their families and to support their mothers in doing the household chores and home-based income generating activities such as sewing, pastry making, pickle making etc. Few girls also reported to sell their jewelry. Some women and girls while discussing the coping strategies added:

Few families in the village married off their daughters at the young age(early marriage) due to the security reasons and to reduce the burden on household expenses (Female FGDs participants, Village Abo-dehn and

Village Al Jazira Ola) People now purchase food items from markets which are often in other towns or cities, adding transportation costs to food prices. This takes a toll on the overall quality and quantity of the food available after the crisis. One male FGD participant stated:

We have reduced the expenses on NFI’s and limited ourselves to purchase of necessary items such as diesel, water filters etc. Low income affected the quality and the quantity of the food and NFIs. (male participant, Abu-

Dehin)

Main source of food in past 07 days: According to the collected information it’s revealed that 33HHs(23%) purchased food on credit, whereas, 30HHs(21%) received food in-kind for labor, 24HHs(17%) purchased the food with food vouchers, 12HHs(8%) received food assistance from the government.

Table 12 Man source of food in past 07 days

Main source of food in past 07 days No % Purchased with food vouchers / PDS Purchased with own cash Purchased with cash assistance

24 17

Received in-kind for labor or other items 30 21 food assistance from government 12 8

Purchased on credit (debt) 33 23 Gift of food from family or friends 4 3 Food assistance from Government 3 2 Food assistance from UN or international organizations 3 2

Food assistance from local charity or community 3 2

Other 32 22

35 | P a g e

HHs access to functional markets and Public Distribution System(PDS): As per assessment findings, 128HHs(89%) had access to the markets and 110HHs (77%) had access to the Post distribution assistance system in the last three months. While commenting on the regularity of receiving of PDS assistance;140HHs(97%) received PDS once in a month, 3HHs(2%) reported to receive it on once in a week and only 1% respondent mentioned that he received assistance once in every 2-3 months.

Respondents were further asked about the items that were included in the most recent PDS distribution.; against which the multiple responses were received. Majority 102HHs(70.8%) received vegetable oil fuel in the recent PDS distribution; whereas, (101HHs) 70% told that they have received rice and (97HHs) 67.4% received rice however,56% were not satisfied with the quality and the quantity of the provided assistance. Rest details can be seen in the figure 29.

Details of T-Test analysis can be seen at Annex-B

Yes, 12%

No , 77%

Figure 28 HHs access to functional market

Yes , 77%

No, 23%

Figure 27 Access to PDS system

FOOD SECURITY SECTOR NEEDS: Assessment findings shows that the respondents opted for the different

negative behaviors and coping strategies to face food insecurity situation. To increased short-term food

availability 89HHs(62%)borrowed money and ,42HHs(29%) borrowed food/assistance from friends and

relatives, 77HHs(53.5%) reduced expenses on health including drugs and education and 66HHs (45.8%) had

to spent savings. There were 39(27%) respondents who sent their households members to eat elsewhere,

10HHs(7%) sent their household members for begging to decrease number of people in food sharing as a

coping strategy. A lot of respondents i.e. 60% respondents sold their household goods, house, land to fulfill

the food needs of their household as irreversible, undesirable coping strategy. Respondents also referred to

family migration, withdrawal of children from school and reduce expenses on health as a solution to cater

the food needs of their respective household

Surveyed population is in need of livelihood and food support adapted to the needs of women, girls, boys and girls. Households are in need of resources to resume farming and livestock i.e. quality inputs, including high-yielding seeds, fertilizer, agricultural tools, support for livelihood rehabilitation activities can contribute to the improvement of food security. People are also in need of in-kind or cash assistance to food particularly for the most vulnerable who are unable to assess income through livelihood opportunities.

61

10297

101

56

20

42.4

70.867.4 70.1

38.9

13.9

Wheat Flour Vegetable oil Fuel Sugar Rice Powder milk Other

No.

Figure 29 Items included in recent PDS distribution

36 | P a g e

Section 03: Livelihoods Most vulnerable people in Iraq and those in acute need of humanitarian assistance are those directly affected by the 2014-2017 conflict against ISIL, particularly those who were displaced and whose lives and livelihoods were uprooted and destroyed. Lack of livelihood options becomes a challenge to self-reliance. Affected populations have indicated that; to achieve self-reliance most important needs to be met are incomes or cash assistance. As per report there are People in Need of livelihood assistance: 2.40 Million Women:50% Children 40%, Older persons 20% and with disability 5.%14. Nearly two thirds of the out-of-camp population are at risk of not being able to afford basic needs given that their average monthly income from regular financial sources (employment and pension) is less than 480,000 IQD/month15. Household income sources in last 30 days: Gathered information shows that 8(5.6%) respondents had employment as their source of income; (7HHs)4.9% sustained their livelihoods through loans, whereas, 6HHs(4.2%) fulfilled their livelihood needs from pension. The gathered information shows that they respondent HHs had no active sources of livelihood; they were mainly relaying on savings, loans, pensions etc. to fulfill their livelihood needs. It is also important to mention that none of the house was getting assistance providing organization for instance: Multi-purpose cash assistance (MPCA), in-kind support, Ministry of Displacement and Migration (MODM) cash assistance. According to the need assessment findings, 142HHs(99%) expressed their sever need for the livelihood support and 72% respondents were actively looking for work. Detail of the responses can be seen in the table below:

Figure 31 Household incomes sources

All men and women during the focus group discussion mentioned that crisis has completely damaged their livelihoods sources and businesses. Their shops were burnt, and money was either stolen or lost at the peak of conflict. Damage was also suffered by the material and commodities in the shops and businesses. Their business

14 UNOCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview Report,Nov,2019, 3.3Emergency Livelihoods,Pg-33. 15 UNOCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview Report,Nov,2020, Iraq, Pg-45.

Household income sources (multiple responses) Yes No. %

Employment 8 5.6 Remittances 0 0.0 Savings 3 2.1 Pension 6 4.2 Loans 7 4.9 Support from community, friends, family 2 1.4 Selling assistance received 2 1.4 Selling household assets 2 1.4 Multi-purpose cash assistance (MPCA) 0 0.0 In-kind support 0 0.0 Ministry of Displacement and Migration (MODM) cash assistance 0 0.0 Social Protection Network (MOLSA) 2 1.4 Other 9 6.3

Figure 30 Farmer showing remains of burnt wheat near Mousal, Iraq Reuters, com

37 | P a g e

contacts and assets were misplaced and lost during the crisis. There was no one to do business with and no one to offer services. Very few respondents told that their business was not impacted due the crisis. Men added that crop production is currently severely hindered by reduced access to land due to the presence of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) as well as by the lack of governmental assistance in terms of seeds, fertilizer and pesticides. One of the male FGD participants added: We cannot access our fields due to the restriction from the security agencies as they are far off, fields are also not clear yet. Our tools and farm machinery is damaged; We lost cows, goats, sheep and poultry. livestock sheds are also not intact. we are not getting any support from the government to revive our agriculture business and restock livestock. Things are totally out of our control ( Male Participant- Shaq Alraq-Al-Moqdadiyah) Women participant told that they face additional challenges in accessing their farms due to the physical and sexual exploitation and informed the assessment team that they cannot go out to the near-by fields without accompanying male family member

Relevant key informant also informed that diary factories, storages were operating in the areas in the past, but the pace of economic activity has reduced now due to the absence of capital. Investors and people do not want to reinvest in the area as they do not have money and also because of security situation.Key informants added that only 65-70% farmers and herders have access to their agriculture farms as fields are far from the villages, fields especially in villages(( Sayed Ibrahim,Dishan, Salama, Noira, Salih habib, Abu naka and part of Rabia) of District Jalawala are still occupied by Armed forces and the farmers have also received threats from the terrorist.

According to the key informant situation was worse in District Muqdadiya where only 10-15% farmers could access their fields. He added that farmers have no resources for re-planting therefore, these challenges had affected the agriculture productivity which restricted the livelihood sources. They also added that all the sectors were badly affected due to crisis especially agriculture, construction, medical staff, daily wage workers, teachers and taxi drivers. They added that the people had lost their jobs which raised the unemployment in the area; people possess very conventional skills and outdated ideas therefore, there is a need to provide awareness to the communities to bring innovations in their business and jobs. Key informant added that persons with physical disabilities, divorced women, child labors, HHs members with missing documentation, illiterate women and girls were the ones who faced unique barriers in finding employment. Key informants also mentioned that these groups faced barriers as they do not have enough skills, awareness, jobs They also added that there are gender biases and ethnic discrimination as people do not welcome people from other tribes to work in their area. Women face additional challenges in accessing their farms due to the physical and sexual exploitation and informed the assessment team that they cannot go out to the near-by fields or work without accompanying male family member.

Figure 33 Male FGD-Al-Ali Village/Sinsil/Moqdadiyah Figure 33 Wheat field in smoke and fire- East Mousal, Iraq Reuters.com

38 | P a g e

Household expenditure: Assessment team also asked the respondents about their view about the change in the cost of basic needs such as shelter, health, and food over the last 06 months. According to 61(42%) respondents cost has increased a little, 40HHs(28%) were of the view that the cost of basic needs has increased a lot. However, 43HHs(30%) said that the cost stayed the same

Men and women during focus group discussions informed the assessment team that lack of income sources effected the purchasing power of most of the families, as they are obliged to minimize the expenses on food, NFIs, health and education. They have to reduce the quality and the quantity of their food too. People who are working in the village are working on the

low wage rate to meet the daily expenses of their families’

(male FGDs participants, village Jalwala Bahiza)

Key informants during the interviews endorsed the HHs findings and mentioned that cost of living has increased after the crisis, people have to spend more money to meet their basic needs due to inflation and lost of their livelihood sources. Wage levels are also lower than before i.e. June 2014.

Reasons of taking debt: Figure shows that 95HHs(66%) HHs are in debt, upon further exploring the reason

of taking debt, 71HHs(49.3%) mentioned that they took debt for the maintenance of shelter, 36HHs(25%) took

debt for food and education, 40HHs(27.8%) respondents also took debt for basic household expenditures(rent,

utilities), clothing or NFIs..

Figure 36 Reasons for taking debt

Assessment analysis reveals that there are significant differences of the reasons behind taking debts, based on gender of the respondents such as; males and females significantly perceived and experienced food education, clothing and healthcare (p<0.0). The data also revealed that all other reasons remained taking debt (basic household expenditures, shelter maintenance, purchasing productive assets for small business or income- generating activities or any other ) were insignificant (p>0.0).

20

71

36

20

12 12

3

13.9

49.3

25

13.98.3 8.3

2.1

Basic householdexpenditures (rent,

utilities)

Sheltermaintenance

Food Education Clothing or NFIs Purchasingproductive assets

Healthcare Other

No. %

Little increase ,

42%

Not Increased, 30%

Increased a lot , 28%

Figure 35 Household Expenditure

No , 34%

Yes, 66%

Figure 34 Status of debt

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Men during the FGDs mentioned that they have lost their livelihood sources that impacted their income too. They have to take debts from their relatives for the repair of their damaged houses. The financial stress on men has led to the family issues and also their physical and mental health.

‘Due to stressful situation and economic problems we witnessed increase in family problems i.e. gender based

violence and divorce cases in the village after disaster’. (male FGDs participants, village Nawaful)

Sources of borrowing money: According to the assessment findings, 75(52%) borrow money from their friends or relatives, 23HHs(16%) borrow money from the shop for basic needs, 6HHs(4.2%) told the team the borrow money from the bank or financial institutions. These findings shows that the respondents access to the formal financial institutions is limited and they have to rely on the non- formal and relatively less safe financial services for borrowing money. . Main livelihood assets (multiple responses)

As per assessment findings, 38HHs (26.4%) identified land as main livelihood asset, whereas, (38HHs)27.8% respondents considered access to market as an asset for earning livelihood opportunities. 62HHs(43%) referred ‘’others’’ as their main assets.

Effect of emergency on livelihoods: Majority

of the respondents mentioned that crisis has

completely damaged their livelihoods

sources and businesses. Their shops were

burnt, and money was either stolen or lost at

the peak of crisis. crisis also caused damaged

the material/commodities in the shops and

business. Their business contacts and assets were misplaced and lost during the crisis. There was no one to

do business with and no one to offer services. Very few respondents told that their business was not impacted

due the crisis.

Women during the FGDs also reflected that before the crisis men and women used to go to in the field and look after livestock, after the crisis as most of the farms were damaged and income resources were reduced or completely lost. As a result of this women are confined to their houses only and involved in the household chores. It impacted everyone; young people had to travel to other cities to search for job opportunities. Some

girls/boys had to discontinue their education as there is no income to bear the education expenses. The majority of the men and women mentioned that crisis has completely damaged their livelihoods sources and businesses. Their shops were burnt, and money was either stolen or lost at the peak of conflict. Damage was also suffered by the material and commodities in the shops and businesses. Their business contacts and assets were misplaced and lost during the crisis. There was no one to do business with and no one to offer services. Very few respondents told that their business was not impacted due the crisis. Key informant during the key informant interviews validated the HHs responses and mentioned that they do farming, livestock management, daily wage labors, construction, teaching, taxi driving are the business or economic activities that were severely affected since, 2014. These activities got affected due to occupation of ISIS and import of good from the other countries.

23

75

6 5

16

52.1

4.2 3.5

From the shop forbasic needs

Borrowing fromfriends or relatives

Borrowing from thebank or financial

institution

Other

No. %

Figure 37 Sources of borrowing money

38

4

31

7

40

62

26.4

2.8

21.5

4.9

27.8

43.1

Land Seed Livestock Equipment Access tomarkets

Other

Yes f Yes %

Figure 38 Main Livelihood Assets

40 | P a g e

Local practices regarding ownership and distribution of agricultural land: Majority of the respondents

mentioned that the local people follow local, social

traditions and religious beliefs regarding the

ownership and distribution of agricultural land. They

follow traditional inheritance system through which

land ownership and distribution takes place from one

generation to the other. Few respondents also pointed

out that the Tribal Sheikhs have a direct influence on

land distribution mechanism. However, they are not

fully followed or practiced. Whereas, for women no

formal laws and systems for traditional inheritance

system and land distributions were fully followed or

practiced.

Skills possessed by men and women: Respondents mention that women and girls possess, vocational i.e.

sewing, stitching., embroidery skills. Women and girls also possess cooking, house management, baking i.e.

bread and pastry making, agriculture management, livestock keeping skills. Few respondents also found to

have parlor keeping and entrepreneur skills. Respondents HHs told the assessment team that the men possess

shaving, marketing., driving, mining, carpeting , plumbing, construction, livestock, and agriculture management

skills.

According to FGDs participants, the majority of men and boys possess the farming, livestock rearing, laboring and shop management skills. Few respondents also mentioned that men and boys in the village also possess shaving, car mechanics, computer repairing, mobile repairing, marketing., driving, mining, carpeting , plumbing and electrician skills .Women and girls enjoy vocational skills i.e. sewing, stitching., embroidery skills. Women and girls also possess cooking, pickle making house management, baking i.e. bread and pastry making, agriculture management, livestock and poultry keeping skills. Few respondents also pointed parlor keeping and beautician skills. Key informant appreciated the role of NGOs , religious organizations and civil society organization for supporting small business and in improving the livelihoods and economic conditions of the marginalized people, but they shared that this support should be extensive and reach to all sectors. They expressed the need of involving private sector to boost up the economy, to create more jobs. They added that there is a need to reach out to the people who are living in the far-off areas, especially the most marginalized people i.e. women and disables who are supporting their families.

yes, 142

No, 2

Figure 39 HHs Need of livelihood support

Figure 40 Male FGD Nofal/Sinsil/Moqdadiyah

41 | P a g e

Details of T-Test analysis can be seen at Annex-C.

Section 04: Social Cohesion 16An estimated 1.2 million returnees reported acute resilience and recovery needs ranging from lack of livelihoods and lack of social cohesion to absence of efficient governance in their areas of return to address basic civil matters. Lack of social cohesion among traumatized communities and the resultant ostracizing of people with perceived affiliations to extremist groups remains a critical issue for hundreds of thousands of Iraqis who are discriminated against and often face arbitrary detention and collective punishment for perceived crimes or associations Access to local community leader: Gathered

information shows that 92HHs(63.9%) has a regular

16 Humanitarian Need Overview-2020-OCHA

63.90%

36.10%

2%

98%

Yes No Women Men

Regular ccess to local community leader Who has regular access?

Figure 41 Respondents access to local community leader

LIVELIHOODS NEEDS: Assessment findings shows that the community members income, saving and assets

were compromised, eroded or lost due to the crisis. Lack of livelihood opportunities and income has affected

the overall well-being of the surveyed population that includes: Food security, health, education,

reconstruction, and rehabilitation of the damaged houses. Many respondents have incurred high levels of

debts, which places people at the risk of restoring to negative coping strategies such as selling of productive

and non-productive assets. Since, there was lack of basic and poor social protection and safety nets,

therefore, sustainable income generation is the most felt need of the affected communities. Among them

female headed households are found to be more vulnerable and in more sever need of support.

Gathered information shows that 99% respondents are in need of livelihood support and income generating activities. Affected population is in the need of cash transfer to meet essential food and non- food items. People are also in need of cash or food for work for bridging food or nonfood deficits.

People are in need of agriculture input support in the form of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and enhanced land and machinery access to help restore crop production. People also are in need of restoration of irrigation channels.

Affected communities are also in need of support in restocking, especially sheep and poultry, emergency veterinary services including medicines and Improve safety and access to pastures.

People are also in need of vocational skill trainings and tool kits so they can learn new skills and can contribute to the income of their household. There is also a need of imparting business management trainings so that the affected people especially youth can learn new, innovative ideas and concept of business development.

There is also a need of involvement of private sector to speed up the economic activity and to generate more jobs,

Men and women both are in the need of grants and cash for work schemes for the replacement of key income generating assets and activities and to restore their livelihood sources. Among them women headed households, households with PWDs are in acute need of grants, cash for work, in-kind support or to be linked with the safety nets.

42 | P a g e

access to the local leader 43HHs(23.6%) HHs feels that they are playing an active role in the policy making of

their area.

As discussed during the incidence of war number of HHs family members got separated from their families,

assessment findings revealed that only 08 HHs(5.6%) lost their family members.

Table 13 Details of the separated family members

Assessment analysis reveals contains information regarding missing family member (s), the respondents being male or female recorded their responses and it has been found that they (respondents) have significant different information regarding missing family member as spouse of head of household son/daughter and brother/sister (p<0.0). However, they have same responses for all other family members (son/daughter in law, father/mother in law or any other relative) as p>0.05 Details of T-Test analysis can be seen at Annex-D

Section 05: Protection 17Approximately 2.9 million individuals require specialized protection services in 2020, a 35% reduction from 2019.128 Of the total population in need, 85% are concentrated across 20 districts in nine governorates including Diyala. According to the report 2.92 million people in need out of which 49%, children 38%, 5% older persons and 15% with disability. Additionally, violations of the civilian and humanitarian character of camps have resulted in recurrent protection violations in 2019 that are likely to continue in 2020, as authorities advance the camp consolidation and closure agenda through a national security lens. Over 846,000 IDPs in Iraq require specialized protection assistance; of these, more than 206,000 reside in camps, and over 639,000 reside out-of-camp. More than 2 million Iraqi returnees need protection assistance, in addition to an estimated 24,000 people in host communities.

17 Humanitarian Need overview-2020-UNOCHA

SOCIAL COHESION NEEDS: Social cohesion continues to be a central mechanism through which community

resilience reduces crisis impact and enhances recovery, Assessment findings shows that the conflict has not

only disrupted access to the basic services, damaged livelihoods but also eroded social cohesion. People has

returned to their native areas but little or no social cohesion especially with the people of diversified ethnic

and religious backgrounds. Findings shows that they surveyed community has access to the local leaders, but

this accessibility is not equal for women. Women were found to be more socially isolated than men.

Affected community especially women and marginalized people are in need of formation of community

level structures, platforms where they can raise their voice collectively and engage with the local leader for

the solution of their issues.

1

4

1 1

2 2

0.7

2.8

0.7 0.7

1.4 1.4

Spouse of head ofhousehold

son/daughter

Brother/Sister(sibling)

Son/Daughter inlaw

Father/mother inlaw

Nephew / Niece Other relativesGuest or non-

relative

No. %

43 | P a g e

According to GBV IMS data, 98 per cent of GBV survivors who reported GBV are women or girls. Domestic violence is the main gender-based violence context for reported incidents, followed by forced/child marriage. About 90 per cent of female-headed households in-camp reported monthly income of less than 480,000 IQD. compared to the average 85 per across all households in camps18. to the UNDP Gender Inequality Index, in 2020, Iraq ranked 123 out of 160 countries. Gender-Based Violence (GBV) in Iraq is widespread and reported in camps and in out-of-camp settings. According to GBV IMS data, nearly 1.3 million people are at risk of GBV, of which 61 per cent are in areas of return and 38 per cent in areas of displacement, and 1per cent within the host community. Threats faced by these communities includes domestic violence, sexual violence, exploitation and abuse (including by security actors and humanitarians), forced marriage, including child marriage, and denial of resources to (especially female headed)19. Limited economic opportunities and gaps in assistance lead to negative coping strategies including forced and child marriage and survival sex20.

HHs faced stigmatization or discrimination: As per assessment findings; 6HHs(42%) household members have faced a stigmatization or discrimination whilst living in the current location whereas, 138HHs members have not faced such issue. Figure shows that the boys and men faced more discrimination or stigmatization as they are more exposed to the community groups and society whereas, women and the girls faced this situation relatively less as reported30% and 12% respectively .

People were found to be feeling safe from harm and violence in living at the current location as reported by 112 (77.8%), however, there were 32 HHs(22.2%) who do not feel safe.

While responding about the movement restrictions 33HHs(22.9%) mentioned that they have experienced the restriction of movement. Regarding access to complaint mechanism 99(68.8%)respondents mentioned that are aware that how complaint mechanism can be accessed whereas, 45HHs (31.3%) were not aware about that. There were 74HHs (51.4%) who utilized the Government institution services for the provision of safety since August 2017, whereas, 48.6% household did not.

According the HHs respondents the major source of getting help is Trible leaders as reported by 53HHs(37%), whereas, police is also seen as reliable source of taking help for the violence facing victims.

There were 17(12%) respondents who reported to seeks help from the family members. However, HHs tendency of taking help from the friends and NGOs is reported

18 MCNA VII, August 2019. 19 According to UN estimates, 10 per cent of households in Iraq are female-headed, Emergency Livelihoods in Iraq- 2020 20 UNOCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview Report,Nov,2019, 3.6 Protection, Sub-sector Gender based violence, Pg:53.

boys, 24%

girls , 12%

men , 34%

women , 30%

Figure 43 Stigmatization/ discrimination faced by community

12%

4%

37% 36%

4%3%

2% 2%

Familymember

Communityleader

Tribleleaders

Police Friend NGO Don’t know Other,specify

Figure 43 Help for violence incidence

44 | P a g e

as 4% and 3% respectively as shows in figure. Assessment team also asked the affected respondents about the strategies household used to reduce or to address the different protection risks.

According to the gathered responses 50HHs (35% ) went to the community leaders for seeking support. Whereas, 25HHs(18%) asks for the support from their family members and 13% talk with their friends. There were 36HHs(25%) don’t know where to go or to seek support for reducing or addressing protection risks. Some of the HHs respondents do mentioned that they approach religious leaders, psychosocial support from NGOs or engage in conflicts.

Figure 44 Strategies to reduce or address protection risks

Almost all the men and women during the FGDs informed the assessment team that it is not safe to stay out especially after the sunset. They cannot go to their own farms even in the daytime as they are far from the village. They added that security forces don’t allow them to go there because danger is not over yet and people fear of being accused of ISIS affiliation. Some fields still have explosive devices and war remains. Few women commented that no area is safe, and they are under the constant pressure and fear that anything can happen any time. Women and girls don’t leave their houses without their male family members even if they go to the relative houses or nearby markets, which shows that an overall fragile security landscape limit their freedoms even more. All men and women referred family members, Mukhtar Sheikhs, Tribal leaders, police, Iraq Army-PMU, and the security forces as focal points to go if they encounter any problem related to security. Some men named political and community leaders too for getting assistance when needed.

PROTECTION SECTOR NEEDS: Analysis findings shows the affected communities especially women, girls,

PWDs and poor households are in need of support of livelihood support and assistance to safe them from the

incidence of child labor, child marriages, forced marriages and other form of sexual and physical

exploitation. People with perceived affiliation to extremist are in the need of physical psychosocial and

social assistance

Affected communities are in need of gaining knowledge and access to the services like women centers. Protection systems to feel protected and confident in accessing the support and assistance. Women, children, PWDs and poor household are in acute need of legal assistance regarding civil documents, HLP, family laws to freely exercise their rights and to access the education, health, humanitarian assistance, livelihood sources.

4%

18%

1% 1%

25%

0%

35%

13%

3%4%

13%

3% 4%

29%

0%

36%

8%

3%

Friendly spacesfor children

Support fromfamily

Religious leader Engaging inconflict

Do not know Centres forwomen

Communityleaders

Talk with friends Psychosocialsupport from

civilsociety/NGOs

Respodent Family

45 | P a g e

Section 06. Household Documentation When disaster strikes, immediate concern should be to think and gather the documents that can help in the identification of the head of the and its members. The other concern should be to safeguard the documents so that the assistance from government disaster assistance programmes can be requested to quickly start the recovery process once the crisis is over.

Status of documents at the HHs level: Gathered information revealed that majority of the respondents reported to have valid required documents that includes possession of food ration card, information card; very few respondents reported about the about the missing(lost, damaged) of the documents. However, there were 4% respondents whose documents were not valid anymore and need replacement Responses details against each document type can be seen in the graph below:

Figure 45 Status of HHs documentation

Reasons behind the non-replacement of documents: According to the gathered information there were 27HHs(18.8%) who are in the need of replacement of the documents whereas, 117HHs(81.3%) have already replaced their documents. When these respondents were further asked for the reasons behind the non- replacement of the documents; 10 (6.9%) respondent said that they could not afford the fee for the new documents, 7HHs(4.9%) mentioned that the waiting time was too long, whereas, 6HHs(4.2%) reported that they cost of travel to the relevant office was too expensive. Details of the reasons are given below: Table 14 Reasons for non- replacement of documents

Reasons for not replacement of documents Yes No %

Could not afford the fee for the new document 10 6.9 Waiting time was too long) 7 4.9 No place/office to replace the documents) 2 1.4 Security situation did not allow me to travel to the relevant office) 1 0.7 Cost of the travel to the relevant office was too expensive) 6 4.2 Did not know how/where to replace the documents 3 2.1 Other 12 8.3

0 1

55

88

0 1 1

58

84

1

102

1

26

11

1

130

17

11

91

1

32

13

1

131

15

1

Missing (lost, damaged) No, don't need it non-valid and needs to be replaced Yes Yes, valid

food ration card information card death certificate Gauardianship certificateinheritance deed Trusteeship certificate

46 | P a g e

Key informant during the interviews mentioned that the court system municipality, Government office or Ministry Private lawyers and some NGOs from inside Muqdadiyah supported people in the replacement of their documents, in obtaining official approvals and correspondence so that families do not spend for the transportation, ` Courts and legal entities have supported people in the preparation of documents for service applications, preparation of documents for court filings and counselling and advice on legal matters. Key informant while reflecting on the process of replacement of the documents mentioned that the HHs has to go through the legal channels for the replacement of their documents which takes a lot of time, sometime it depends on the type of document and the department involved. It takes at least 50,000IQD 150,000IQD cost on an average. However, key informant informed that affected communities are in actue need of support for financial compensation of shops property and homes that were destroyed by ISIS. Key informants also mentioned sometime people who support the beneficiaries do not have the necessary competence, skills and time to meet the needs of beneficiaries T-Test analysis shows that there were significant differences of having ration card and trusteeship certificate between males and females (p<0.05), while there is no significant differences in terms of having household documentation such as; information, death certificate, guardianship and inheritance certificate (p>0.0). There was no significant difference of gender for any specific reason of missing household documentation (p>0.0). This implies that for both males and females, the reasons of missing household documentation are same. The Details of T-Test analysis can be seen at Annex-E.

Section 07: House, Land and Property (Displacement Situation) Camp consolidation and closures are expected to continue into 2020.However, many IDPs will remain displaced due to an inability to return to areas of origin and will remain in need of shelter support in out of camp locations and they move into cheap, sub-standard shelter21.The housing sector has been severely affected by the conflict. In addition to long implementation timeframes, required investment is often prohibitive for conflicted-affected people and humanitarian partners. The governmental compensation scheme and investments on the social housing sector must scale up massively; without external assistance, reconstruction remains solely dependent on the individual efforts of Iraqis to

21 UNOCHA- Humanitarian Needs Overview- Sub-sector House, Land and Property, Pg-54.

HOUSEHOLD DOCUMETATION NEEDS: Assessment findings, FGDs and interviews with the key informant

highlighted that people are in need of support in the completion and replacement of important documents.

Women headed household and the poor household are in the more need of support than men.

People are in need of support to validate and to renew the civil documentation in order to access education, health, property ownership and other civic and humanitarian services. Affected population is also in need to establish linkage with the local referral justice systems and support systems so that they can gain informal support from them in the completion, replacement and renew of the documents and to get support in the getting the required assistance.

Key informant expressed the need of increasing legal channels and support of the legal actors as existing support system is not sufficient. The suggested for an open consulting office in each village and employee lawyer to eliminate unemployment.

Yes, 59%

No, 41%

Figure 46 HHs applied for compensation

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repair their homes, which will take several decades, keeping people displaced. 96% of out- of- camp IDPs and 92% of returnee households among those with damaged housing who requested compensation reported being unable to access compensation claims. specialized HLP services are limited, due to lack of partner presence or capacity in the government22. As per assessment findings 111HHs(77.1%) respondent’s housing land or property was damaged/destroyed during the conflict. There were 85HHs (59%) who have applied for the compensation out of which only 6HHs (4%) have received cash from the government as a result of housing land or property compensation application so far. Whereas, a big 138HHs(96%) did not receive any compensation.

Assessment results shows that 53HHs(36.8%) have secured rights for agriculture land, 91HHs(63.2%) do not have secured rights for agriculture land. Regarding involvement of the HHs in any civil disputes since 2014; only 2 HHs(1.4%) were found to be involved in the civil disputes. One respondent was involved in the livestock dispute and the other respondent have referred to other. T-test analysis shows that there were no significant differences regarding information related to HLP-DS on the basis of gender of the respondents (p>0.0).

Key informants mentioned that the household primarily contact the formal justice system for the civil and criminal cases, reclaiming property for the legalization of the documents related to Property dispute and family cases. However, there is a large majority of the people who still do not access to the legal system because they cannot afford lawyers, cannot afford court costs (e.g. filing case), do not have legal documents and lack of knowledge and information about the procedures to file case and to access court. While reflecting on the non-formal justice systems; key informants informed the assessment team that people use non- formal system for civil matters, Legal separation from family members who has IS links or affiliated with ISIS networks, reclaiming property, property dispute and legalization of documents. People prefer non-formal justice system over the formal ones as they are faster and considered as more legitimate than formal mechanisms.

key informants identified girls, person with physical disabilities, women, person with intellectual disabilities, IDP, divorcee and widows as a group who face barriers to accessing the formal justice system. They mentioned lack of income, community norms and security precautions are the barriers they normally face. They face the challenges of non-accessibility of public services and humanitarian services too. They also cannot access PDS and cannot reclaim property as most of the times property is not in their name.

Details of T-Test analysis can be seen at Annex-F

22 UNOCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview Report,Nov,2019 Sub-sector HLP, Pg-54.

HLP(DS) NEEDS: Assessment findings shows that 77.1% respondents house, land or property was damaged or destroyed in the conflict. Out of the 59% respondents who have applied for housing, land and property compensations only 6% received cash from the government as a result of compensation application which shows that the affected families require assistances in the completion of documents, applications process to receive compensation to rehabilitate their property, livelihoods and living spaces and enjoy their possession rights

There were only 37% who were found to possess secured rights over agriculture land therefore, a large number of people are in need of support to access justice systems or statutory, customary a, religious or hybrid arrangement to get secured ownership rights to avoid disputes and conflicts.

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Section 08: Shelter Among them, there are IDPs who as a result of the recent camp closures returned prematurely or are in secondary displacement and are now extremely vulnerable. There are 700,000 people living in critical shelters across Iraq including: 370,025 IDPs in camps, 159,602 out-of camp IDPs, and 163,182 returnees23. Their living conditions, primarily in emergency tents or unfinished abandoned, non-residential, or other substandard buildings are particularly concerning because of the exposure to harsh weather, unsafe living conditions, cost and threat of eviction, which could lead to health and protection risks. Households living in critical shelter are 23%more likely to engage in negative coping strategies than those living in standard shelter. HHs respondents shelter type: According to the gathered responses; majority of the respondents i.e. 128HHs(88.9%) were living in the houses,20HHs(13.9%) were found to be living in the unfinished or damaged building as indicated in the fig 40. There were 5HHs(3.5%) who were still living in the tent. Out of the interviewed respondents, 80HHs(55.6) were living in the damaged space. None of the respondents possessed written rental contract. Majority 127HHs (88.2%) were living in the same place where they lived before the crisis i.e. June 2014, only 17HHs(11.8%) have changed their places.

Surface area of the shelter and the current accommodation arrangement: According to the gathered responses;65(45%) respondents were living in the shelter of 100-200 sq. meter. Whereas, 50% respondents were living in a shelter with the surface area of 220-800 sq. meter.

Findings shows that 67HHs(46%) were living in their own shelter with valid documentation whereas,

55HHs(38%) living in own shelter without documentation, There were 9HHs(6%)who lived in the rented

place and 11HHs(8%)were squatted with the permission. Details of the gathered responses can be seen in the

figure

23 UNOCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview Report,Nov,2019 3.7 Shelter and Non-food items, Pg-57.

128

1

20

5

88.9

0.7

13.93.5

House ApartmentUnfinished / damaged building Tent

Shelter Type No.

Shelter Type %

Figure 48 Current shelter type

Shelter owned with documentation, 36%

Shelter owned without documentation , 46%

Renting , 6%

Living with host family, 1%

Squatted with permission , 8% Squatted without

permission, 1%

Figure 49 Current accommodation arrangement

Figure 47 Picture depicting completely destroyed house (NRC+IFRC) Report

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Fear of eviction: Assessment findings shows that only 14(9.7%)HHs fear of eviction from the current living

space whereas, 130HHs(90.3%) don’t feel such fear. Assessment team further asked the respondents about the reasons of eviction of fear. According to multiple responses, 2.1% respondents lack funds to pay rental cost, 2.8% respondents have received a request from the owner of building/land to vacate the building. Few respondents also mentioned that the local community does not accept family living in the area. According to the collected information, 4HHs(2.8%) were evicted from a shelter within the past 12 months team further inquired about the reasons for being evicted. Multiple responses were received in this regard. These respondents explained that they were evicted either lack of funds or had to vacate the building on the request of the building owner. One respondents also mentioned that the authorities asked him to leave.

Shelter is clear from explosive hazard: Findings shows that 61HHs(42%) shelter is clear from the explosive hazard whereas, 12HHs(8%) shelter needs to be cleared. Rest of the respondents were not aware of the clearance, refused to answer or or they don’t need clarence or they don’t feel it is not necessary.

Immediate issues faced in current

shelter : While commenting on the

immediate issues faced in the current

shelter, (42HHs)29.3% said they don’t

face any issues. While 102HHs(70.8%)

said that they are in need of the immediate

issues faced in the current shelter.

While explaining the immediate needs further; 28.2% respondents mentioned their shelter is not fenced, second majority of the respondents said that their shelter is without separate rooms or their shelter enough space or lack of space inside the shelter. People also complained about the broken windows and contamination from explosive hazards or land is at risks of flooding and solid waste dumping site. The detail of the responses can be seen in the table below: .

Table 15 Immediate issues faced in current shelter

Immediate issues faced in the current shelter. (multiple responses) Yes

No %

Contamination from explosive hazards Land at risk of flooding or landslides Solid waste dumping site

13 9.0

Fire risks 10 6.9 Shelter located in an insecure or isolated area 11 7.6 Shelter not solid enough to offer protection from intruders 27 18.8 Shelter not fenced 42 29.2 Shelter without security for tenure 29 20.1 Shelter without separate rooms 20 13.9 Not enough space or lack of space inside the shelter (min 5.5m2 per person) 20 13.9

3

1

4

7

2.1

0.7

2.8

4.9

Lack of funds to payrental costs

Unacceptance oflocal community

Owner requested tovacate

Other

No %

Figure 50 Reasons of fear of eviction

None, 2%

Yes , 42%

No, my shelter needs to be cleared , 5%

No, clearance was/is not

necessary , 8%

Don’t know, 33%

Decline, 10%

Figure 51Current shelter is cleared from explosive hazards

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Ceilings are too high or too low Lack of natural lighting Leaking roof during rain Shelter poorly insulated Openings on the walls

8 5.6

Broken windows 19 13.2 Lack or limited ventilation (min 1m2 opening on one side of the house, 0.5m2 on other) 6 4.2 Lack of heating 9 6.3 No electrical connection 8 5.6 Missing or substandard washing facilities 11 7.6 Lack of access to cooking facilities 5 3.5 Signs of failure (leaning walls, cracks on the walls) 14 9.7 Bends in structural components (beams, slab, column) 9 6.3 Other 12 8.3

Priority concern to make your current shelter: Assessment team also asked for the suggestion from the respondents to make the current shelter better place to live, respondents provided the multiple responses. Majority i.e. 79 HHs(54.9%) identified the need of improving food security as shelter located in an insecure/ isolated area, shelter is not solid enough to offer protection from intruders, not fenced, without security of tenure. Second majority 39HHS(27%) identified the need of protection from climatic conditions, whereas, third majority 38HHs(26.4%) wanted to improve privacy and dignity as there are no separate rooms and has not enough space. Details are mentioned in the table below: Table 16 Priority concerns to make current shelter

Priority concern to make your current shelter (multiple responses) Yes

No %

Protection from hazards 30 20.8 Improve safety and security 79 54.9 Improve privacy and dignity 37 25.7 Protect from climatic conditions 39 27.1 Improve basic infrastructures and utilities 38 26.4 Improve structural stability of the building 21 14.6 No improvements needed (my shelter is good as it is) 20 13.9 Other 9 6.3

NFI priority need of HHs: While mentioning the priority NFIs needs of the HHs ; majority i.e. 62.5% respondents identified the need of winter heaters. Stove as NFI need whereas bedding items that includes bedsheets, mattress, blankets were identified as a second priority need as reported by (56% and 47.2%) respectively. Rest of the responses can be seen in the graph below:

Figure 52 NFI Priority needs of Households

68

81

73

65

18

3529

60

25

34

21

90

66

19

6

47.2

56.350.7

45.1

12.5

24.320.1

41.7

17.4

23.6

14.6

62.5

45.8

13.2

4.2

Beddingitems

Blankets Cookingutensils

Cookingfuel

Cookingstove

Waterstorage

Source oflight

Clothing Fan Air watercooler

Cool box Winterheaters

Heatingfuel

Fuelstorage

Other

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T-test analysis reveals, significant differences of reasons of feared eviction i.e. (lack of funds to pay rental cost

and request to vacate from owner of the building/land) were recorded on the basis of gender of the

respondents (p<0.0). There were significant differences of issue (fire risks, shelter located in an insecure or

isolated area, shelter not fenced, ceilings are too high or too low lack of natural lighting leaking roof during rain

shelter poorly insulated openings on the walls and no electrical connection) on the basis of gender of the

respondents (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference of any other issue on the basis of gender of

the respondents (p>0.05).

T-Test analysis show significant differences of priority concern to make shelter a better place (protection from

hazards and improve structural stability of the building) on the basis of gender of the respondents (p<0.05). It

was further found that are no significant difference of any other priority concern to make shelter a better place

to live in on the basis of gender of the respondents (p>0.0). This shows that almost similar responses have been

received from the both genders for their priority concerns to make shelter better place. Details of T-Test can

be seen in Annex-G

SHLETER NEEDS: Gathered findings shows that there are around 16% people remain in critical of shelter

as they are living in the damaged unfinished, abandoned structures and tents. People who are living in

tents(3%) require regular replacement to protect them form the harsh weather condition, protection risks

and poor health.

Female headed household, household with PWDs and poor HHs lack the ability to attain or maintain living standards. Around 71.8% respondents are found to be in a critical need of the shelter improvement as the current shelter does not offer safety, security, privacy and protection from the harsh weather conditions and explosive pollution that can lead to serious health and protection risks

Assessment team explore that the 46% of the respondents were living in own shelter without documentation, those who were living in the rented place had no rental contract which highlight the need of support especially for the women headed household in the completion of important documentation to protect their tenancy and property ownership rights.

Affected families also require NFIs support as they struggle to achieve durable solutions in the war-damaged and looted houses in the areas of return. Most specific needs as identified by the respondents (mainly by women) were identified winter heater/stoves , bedding items, blankets and cooking utensils.

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Section 09: Movement Intention Intention of movement: According to the gathered information, majority i.e.140HHs(97.2%) have no intention to move in the next 06 months. Only 4 HHs(2.8%) wanted to move. They informed the assessment team they wanted to move to another neighborhood or village in/close to their city due to lack of livelihoods, lack of assistance and health care facilities at the current location.

Section 10: Electricity Access to electricity: As per assessment findings; 135HHs(94%) have access to electricity. Majority i.e. 141HHs(98%) access the electricity from the main source i.e. power grid whereas, 2HH(2%) reported to use communal generator. Assessment team further asked the respondents has any household experienced any electrical burnout in the last 30 days? In this regard 104HHs(72%)respondents said that have not experienced burnout whereas, (40HHs)28% have experience burnout in the last 30 days.

According to the Key informant interviews all areas of Jalawal were connected with the main grid station but there are some areas in Al-Saadiya and Al-Muqdadiyah were not connected as they were either far from the city, illegally built or these areas have security forces offices. According to the key informants it

costs 13,000 IQD to 30,000 IQD per month/HHs to access

public electricity. Around 20-30% HHs are informally connected to the public grid. These informal connection causes losses in electricity current due to overloads, difficulties in network's maintenance and increase in fire incidents and wires shortages/burns. Key informants informed that crisis has also impacted the electric services too, electricity from the public grid have decreased/lessen after crisis. However, key informant in Muqdadiyah mentioned that it remained same as it was before 2014.

All the Power plants that were functional before June 2014 are still functional except Hamrin sub-station as it was damaged due to conflict. The non-functionality of Hamrin sub-station effected the supply of electricity in some areas. People experienced power cuts and low voltage issues of. Due to crisis, a number of transformers were damaged and stolen, cables and poles also got damaged which effected the quality and supply of electricity. Key informant told the assessment team that electricity fluctuates more in winter due to the weather conditions such as rains and thunders. It causes overload due to use of boilers and heaters, etc. Key informant identified lower income households, female households, divorced and widows and returnee HHs headed with PWDs as the vulnerable group in accessing electricity. They face difficulty in accessing the electricity because they can’t afford to pay for electricity. At some areas public grid infrastructure doesn’t reach because of unavailability of generators.

ELECTRICITY NEEDS: Key informants, the expressed the need of maintenance of old electricity grid with the provision of 25 transformers, accessories and poles, Construction of new 132 KV and 33/11 KV substations to enhance the electricity, rehabilitate existing 33/11kv Sub-station, supply of crane basket for maintenance and provision of safety equipment and safety training to the workers and supervisors.

Photo: ISIS targets electric power transmission tower in Diayla- Shafaq News Agency- 01/01/2021

16% 15%19%

38%

12%

1-2 hours 3-4 hours 6-8 hours 9-12 hours 13-20 hours

Figure 54 Electricity(hours)

Yes , 2%

No, 97%

Figure 53 HHs intention to move in next 06 months

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Section 11: Education Though access to education has improved for conflict-affected children in Iraq since 2015, gaps in access to quality of education remain for the most vulnerable groups of children. In IDP camps, 18% of children (38,579) face major challenges in accessing both formal and non-formal education. For out-of-camp IDPs, 13% of children (74,072) have little to no access to education. Key barriers include insufficient quantity and inadequate training of teachers, shortages of learning materials and large class sizes, resulting in poor education outcomes. The poor condition of school buildings creates school environments which are not conducive to learning, especially in returns areas, where many schools have been damaged or destroyed24. According to Humanitarian Need Overview Report, 2020 by OCHA 1.22 million people were in need, out of which 47% were woman , 100% were in children and 3% are people with disability. Children attending the school before and after the crisis: Findings shows that crisis has severely impacted the education sector too as affected families have limited or no livelihood sources and reduced income levels. Families compromised on education of their children as a negative coping strategy to meet the requirement of food and non-food items. Before the crisis more students both girls and boys were attending the school as reported by 88(61%) respondents whereas, as after crisis this number reduced as reported by 76HHs(53%) details of which are illustrated in the fig 55 below:

Figure 55 Children attending school before and after crisis

Assessment team validated the HHs findings from key informants during the interview discussions. According to the key informant school’s infrastructure was fully or partially damaged, school equipment was either destroyed by military and army or stolen by ISIS. They informed the assessment team that they do not have clean drinking water at school as water pipes are also damaged. Majority of the school don’t have filter plants and if they are available are non- functional. Schools lack books, desks and chairs too as they were also broken. They have raised the needs of their respective schools with the Education Department and Directory of Education by sending official letter, but their needs were not addressed due to discrimination, corruption, delays, disruptions in academic year and lack of financial resources. One of the key informants added:

Crisis impacted the education sector in both ways; parent have no resources to send their children to schools,

young boys left their education for work to support their families, whereas, young girls were held back by the

parent due to security situation and to cut down the household expenses on education. On the other hand,

education department has no resources to extend the quality education services which resulted in the poor

education outcomes.

24 UNOCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview Report,Nov,2019 3.2 Education, Pg-43.

24

53

7

61

21

128

6

53

Neither boys or girls No, only boys No, only girls Other Yes, boys and girls

Before crisis After crisis

54 | P a g e

According to the Key informant children of lower- income households, children in IDPs camps and households,

child labors, children of women headed households were most vulnerable.

Reasons for not attending the schools(boys and girls): Assessment team asked the respondents to mention the reasons for not attending the school for boys and girls separately. In the response assessment received almost the same reasons. Figure 41&42 shows that the big reasons of boys and girls not attending the school was their engagement in the domestic work and labor as reported by 87% and 92% respondents respectively. The other common reason was the lack of money as reported by 3% and 1% respondents as a reason for not attending the school. Respondents also mention girls and boy’s engagement in the domestic tasks and not feeling safe to go the school as the other reasons. Whereas, 3% respondents added non-functionality of the schools as another reason when they were asked why both boys and girls are not attending the school.

These responses were further validated from community men and women during the FGDs. They told that education of the children was impacted by the crisis as schools are damaged, teachers are not available, classes are overcrowded, and non-formal or private schools are difficult to afford. Girls left their education due to the security conditions and to ease education expenses. Young boys also interrupted their studies as the situation pushed them to move to other cities looking for jobs to financially support their families. after crisis, young boys left their education and moved to the other cities looking for jobs to support their families. Girls also left their studies to ease the burden of education expenses on their families. Key informants added; at some place’s parents were threatened/harassed by ISIS and their affiliated community members and because of that fear parents felt afraid of sending their children especially girls to school.

HHs location from the closest Primary and Secondary school: According the gathered information; majority i.e. 112HHs(78%) mentioned that the closest primary school was within the range of 2km, whereas, for 16HHs(11%) the closest primary school was between the range of 2-5Km. However, 6(4%) respondent told that closest function school was more 5km away. Whereas,9HHs(6%) respondents were not aware of any functional primary school in their area. While mentioning the nearest functional secondary school, 75(52%) respondents told that it is 2km away, 13% respondents told that it more than 5km far, 19% HHs commented that the nearest school is between 2-5 km of distance. However, 16% HHs said that they don’t know about any functioning secondary school near their location.

KII respondents also endorsed the responses of HHs respondents and informed the assessment team that schools in Al-Saadiya, Jalawala and Al-Muqdadiyah districts are overcrowded as there are no schools nearby and students of middle and high classes from neighborhoods travel to these schools for education needs. Students have to travel a distance of 6-10km approximately. Students either walk or take private car, taxis or pool a car to access these schools. Students have to pay 500IDQ daily and 6,000 IDQ weekly on transportation. Key informants further added that since the school rooms were partially or fully damaged in crisis therefore, they have to accommodate more students in the classes which make the classrooms overcrowded.

1% 3% 1% 8%

87%

girls stay home for domestic tasksNot enough moneyNot safe/acceptable for girls to go to schoolother

Figure 57 Reasons for not attending school(boys)

1% 1%1%4%

92%

Bpys stay home for domestic labourNot enough moneyNot safe/acceptable for girls to go to school

Figure 57 Reasons for not attending school(girls)

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Sufficient trained and certified teachers: As per HHs respondents Primary and Secondary schools had sufficient numbers of trained and certified teaches as indicated in the Fig 58. Only 30% respondents were of the view that the school do not have sufficient trained and certified teachers.

However, key informants’ views were contradicted with the HHs responses. in this regard which can be attributed to the fact that parents view all teachers as a trained and certified teacher as they do not know the detail or criteria of trained and certified teachers and often link it with ‘’good(trained/certified)’’ or ‘bad(not trained/not certified)’ teachers ‘’

Key informants informed the assessment team that the schools do not have sufficient trained and certified teachers. They told that no new teacher has been appointed for a long time, teachers being a victim of crisis were displaced and never returned. Teachers don’t receive timely and market competitive salaries and there are no job grades. Many teachers remain absent from the schools because of security situation.

They added that due to the crowded classes teachers lost their interest in teaching and coming to school as the environment do not support teaching and learning both. Teachers do not want to go to the village schools as they are far, roads are damaged and security situation is not stable. Corruption, bureaucratic delays, lack of clear policies and accountability has negatively affected the quality of education.

According to the key informants, 18-20% students have opted for the non-formal education. In Muqdadiyah more than 90% students attend non- formal education as parents were disappointed by the quality of education and services of public schools and prefer to send their children to the private school especially for Mathematics, English and Biology. Parent are. Teachers also prefer to teach in the non-formal/private schools as they are offered good salaries there.

EDUCATION NEEDS: Gathered findings shows the Primary and Secondary school education services are in

sever and immediate need of support from the Government, National and International NGOs and other

humanitarian actors. Failure to secure access to quality education could lead to the unintended and

unhealthy consequences such as child labor, child marriages. The youth especially boys could be picked by

the armed groups. Lack of access to education will result in the child becoming an adult with greater

dependency on other and with the limited awareness and employment option which could affect their whole

well-being and living standard.

Students especially girls, children with disabilities and children from poor households are in acute need to sustained access to quality education to meet the minimum education in emergency standards.

Children of the most vulnerable affected families require linkages with the social protection safety nets to ensure access to the education. Parents are in need of cash assistance to cover the education related expenses of their children. Respondents from the affected communities during the HHs interview and focus group discussion several time identified need of school education and requested support/assistance. .

Education Department also require support and assistance for the rehabilitation of damaged classrooms, washrooms, handwashing stations, drinking water points for the students and the teachers., furniture and stationery for students. They raised the need of teachers training, teachers retention strategy, curriculum improvement. They also identified the need of arranging awareness raising sessions for parents on the importance of education especially on girl’s education.

89%81%

11%19%

Primary School Secondary School

Yes

Figure 58 Trained and certified teachers at Primary and Secondary Schools

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Section 12:Health Care Some 324,533 individuals in camps, 493,050 individuals out-of-camps, 17,455 individuals among host communities and 1,974,543 returnees need essential primary health care services provided by humanitarian partners. Despite the departures of significant numbers of camp-based IDPs, almost 325,000 IDPs in camps and nearly 500,000 IDPs living out of camps remain in need of basic health services, including essential primary health care services delivered by humanitarian partners addressing gaps in Directorate of Health (DoH) capacity25. UNOCHA Humanitarian overview report, 2019 indicated that 2.80 million people were in need out of which 51% are women. Almost 2 million returnees are at risk of not having their basic health needs met in 2020 in areas of return if humanitarian partners are unable to provide uninterrupted service delivery Closest functioning, accessible health clinic and hospital: According to the 29HHs(20%) the closest functioning and accessible health clinic is 2-5km away, 33HHs(23%) said that it is very accessible and lies within 2km of range. However, 12HHs(8%) had no knowledge of a functioning and accessible health clinic. For 67HHs(47%) functional health care facility is very far i.e. more than 5km away from the current location of these households. While commenting the accessibility of hospital; 72HHs(50%) mentioned that the nearest functional hospital is more than 10Km away, for only 55HHs(38%) to the nearest hospital is within the range of 2-10km . There were 2% HHs said that none of them cannot access the health care facility because of movement restrictions and security reasons.

Men and women during the FGDs informed the assessment team that that due to poor and limited health services at the village they have to go to the District Hospital now. They added:

Before the crisis we had access to the mobile health services at the village level, which was very convenient for us to address our basic health issues at the village level, but these health centers are also damaged now. Doctors and paramedical staff are no longer available due to security for health services. We have to travel to other cities which is very difficult specially at nights due to the security situation .

According to the Key informant interviews, following health care services are accessible to the HHs of Al-Saadyiah, Jalawala and Al-Moqdadiyah for maternity care, surgery, women and children health care.

Care Type Accessible Hospitals Maternity care Health care centers in Khanaqin, 17 health centers at district Moqdadiyah provides maternity

care and Jalawala General Hospital & Health Center Surgery Al-Saadyiah Hospital, Khanaqin General Hospital , Al Zahra Hospital and Jalawala General Hospital

& Health Center Trauma care Khanaqin General Hospital , Al-Saadyiah Hospital, Al- Moqdadiyah General Hospital and Jalawala

General Hospital & Health Center

25 UNOCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview Report,Nov,2019 3.5 Health, Pg-49.

btw 2-5Km, 20%

Don’t know,

8%

< 5km away, 47%

No HH can access , 1%

within 2km, 23%

Figure 59 HHs access to functional clinic

btw 2-5km , 15%

btw 6-10Km, 23%

Don’t know, 8%

< 10km away, 50%

No HH can access , 1%

within 2km, 3%

Figure 60 HHs access to functional hospital

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Rehabilitative care

Khanaqin General Hospital, Al-Saadyiah Hospital, Al- Moqdadiyah General Hospital and Jalawala General Hospital & Health Center

Psychiatric care Khanaqin General Hospital , Al-Saadyiah Hospital and Jalawala General Hospital & Health Center Chronic diseases Khanaqin General Hospital , Al-Saadyiah Hospital and Jalawala General Hospital & Health Center

Alsaadia and Primary Healthcare center Emergency care Khanaqin General Hospital, Al Muqdadia General Hospital, Al-Saadyiah Hospital and Jalawla

General Hospital & Health Center

Gynecological care

Hospitals and health centers in Khanaqin , Al-Saadyiah Hospital, Al Zahra Hospital and Jalawla General Hospital & Health Center

Pediatric care Khanaqin General Hospital, Al Muqdadia General Hospital, Al-Saadyiah Hospital and Jalawla General Hospital & Health Center

Key informants informed the assessment team that population is need of some specific services that includes: psychological support to returnees, covid-19 services and some preventive vaccines but these services are not available in these hospitals and people go to the private hospital in the city or other cities to cover their health needs. They added that healthcare facilities (hospitals, clinics) in the area have shortages of medical staff as displaced staff never returned to the hospitals and Health Department has not due to funds to hire required staff.

Sign of distress or behavior change in family members: It was encouraging to find that 110HHs(77%) had not reported any sign of distress or changes in the behavior of their family members because of crisis. Only 33HHs(23%) observed behavior changes signs in their family members. When further asked to specify the signs, respondents mentioned various signs. According to 9 (6.3%) respondents children got angry or show aggressive outbursts,9HHs(5.6%)noticed signs of withdrawn from family and friend. Whereas, 4HHs(2.8%) mentioned that they witnessed changes in the appetite or eating habits.

While commenting on the sign of distress or behavior changes in children(0-12yr); respondents reported almost the same signs as reported for the children of 13-17 years age. There were 16(11%) 12(8.3%) respondents who mentioned changes in appetite or eating habits, 10 (6.9%) respondents identified the isolation from friends and family and 10(6.9%) added that they noticed excessive crying in the children as sign of distress. More specific details can be seen in the Table below:

Table 17 Signs of distress or behavior changes in children

Sign of distress or behavior changes in children

Children

13-17 years

Children

0-12 years

No % %

Withdrawn from family and friends 8 5.6 10 6.9 Angry or aggressive outbursts 9 6.3 16 11.1 Changes in appetite or eating habits 4 2.8 12 8.3 Headaches 1 0.7 1 0.7 New or recurrent bedwetting 3 2.1 4 2.8 Nightmares or sleep disturbances 0 0.0 5 3.5 Upset stomach or vague stomach pain 1 0.7 2 1.4 New or recurring fears (fear of the dark, fear of being alone, fear of strangers)

1 0.7 8 5.6

Clinging, unwilling to let you out of sight 0 0.0 7 4.9 Excessive crying 1 0.7 10 6.9 Going back to behaviors present when a younger age 3 2.1 3 2.1 Startled easily 1 0.7 4 2.8 Substance use/abuse 1 0.7 0 0.0 Don’t know 32 22.2 0 0.0 Decline 9 6.3 3 2.1

During the FGDs men and women endorsed the findings of interview respondents. They mentioned that crisis has impacted the mental health of all the family members especially of men who lost their income sources and properties during the crisis. This stress affected their family life, raised family issues and incidence of domestic

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violence. In some cases, men divorced or abandoned their wives and children that put women and children in more vulnerable situation.

‘Due to stressful situation and economic problems we witnessed increase in family problems i.e. gender based

violence and divorce cases in the village after disaster’. (male FGDs participants, village Nawaful)

Relevant key informants mentioned that due to crisis; doctors and para-medical staff was displaced and never returned. Young doctors and medical staff were more interested in joining the private sector whereas, demand for care has increased beyond expectation due to better quality of services and facilities. This caused shortage of doctors and medical staff.

Key informant added that public healthcare facilities (hospitals, clinics) face shortage of equipment and supplies that includes PPE kits, beds, bandages and first aid equipment, MRI, laboratory equipment, X-Ray, anesthesia equipment, needles, beds and bandages. Due to lack of maintenance and replacement funds; quiet a big number of equipment is dysfunctional. The shortage or unavailability of funds and lengthy bureaucratic process also impacted the procurement of supplies, equipment to store medicines and daily used items for instance gauzes, disposable syringes, cotton, gloves, sanitizers etc. that ensure safe health services. Key informants told the assessment team that people demand for care has increased beyond expectation especially after June 2014 that put a lot of pressure on the public health care system and resulted in poor public health services, shortage of staff, medicines and equipment.

According to the key informant medicines for heart, kidney, chronic diseases , pain killer, psychiatric medicines, blood medicines( blood pressure, thinners, etc.),liver and cancer medicines were most needed medicines and were difficult to access by the community. They also informed that Pregnant women , elderly, children. Martyrs families got healthcare services on discounted rate or free. Key informants informed the assessment team that ambulance service is available in both districts; except North of Muqdadiyah due to the security situation specially at nighttime. Key informant identified female headed HHs, lower income households, returnee HHs headed by PWDs, HHs with missing official documentations and people with chronic medical conditions are most vulnerable people in the community due to affordability and accessibility issues.

HEALTH CARE NEEDS: Data findings shows that the affected communities are in need of essential health care services. People who are suffering from the chronic illness require a continuous supply of medicines that are not readily supplied by Department of Health. They also require specialized services such as trauma center, clinical management of Rape, gender-based violence services, chronic diseases treatment and surgeries in secondary hospitals, many of which were damaged during the crisis and need to be rehabilitated, staffed and serviced.

Returnee population especially men and women also in acute need of mental health and physiological support services. Children require different services that includes preventive vaccines for preventable diseases and childhood illness. Since communities are passing through the covid-19 pandemic situation therefore, covid-19 testing and treatment services are needed by the affected population especially for elder, PWDs, Pregnant and lactating mothers.

As majority of the affected communities are living in the unhygienic conditions due to the absence of solid waste management system, wastewater management system; therefore, are prone to the diseases outbreaks. So, medicines and health care support for water borne and vector borne diseases is required.

Department of Health officials expressed the need of medicines, beds, PPE(Personal protective equipment) Kits, medical equipment and devices other supplies and also support in hiring of medical staff.

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Section 13: Assistance kind of humanitarian assistance: Assessment data revealed that only 55HHs(38%) received humanitarian assistance in the last 30 days whereas, 90HHs(62%) did not receive any kind of assistance. Team further asked the respondents who went and collected the assistance, in response, 43HHs(33%) told that men went to collect the assistance, 10HHs(7%) mentioned that the assistance was collected by the women of their households whereas, 6HHs(4%)told that assistance was received by the boys and girls of their households.

Type of the assistance received by HHs in last 6 months: Assessment data findings shows that 63HHs(44%) received food, 20HHs(14%) received assistance package and 9HHS(6%) received health items.

Assessment team further asked the HHs about the reasons/ability of respondents to access the assistance. In this regard, 55HHs(38%) informed the team that the priority was given to men, Whereas, 15% respondents mentioned the reasons related to the inconvenience regarding access, time, location, facilities and absence of female staff at the location of services that hold women and girls back to access the assistance. Specific details can be seen in the table below:

Table 18 Ability of accessing assistance

Ability of accessibility assistance No. %

Priority is given to men 55 38% No female staff providing services 6 4% Lack of sufficient medicines at health facilities 3 2% Girls/women not permitted to access their services 3 2% Not safe for girls/women to travel to service sites 1 1%

Location of services are not convenient for girls/women 4 3% Hours are not convenient for girls/women 7 5%

Others 22 15% None 43 30% Total 144 100%

These findings were further validated by the men and women during the FGDs; most of the men and women identified morning time as the most convenient to have meetings and receive assistance in distributions. Some men mentioned that afternoon and evening are most preferred as when they come back from work, they do not usually have fixed engagements or appointments. However, few men and women mentioned that distribution sites are often far and distribution timings in evening are not safe and convenient for women and girls to travel and access because of the security and protection issues. Some families don’t allow the women

43

20

64

9

4 31

30

14

44

63 2 1

None Assistance Package Food Health HHs items Other Returns

No. %

Figure 61 Types of assistance received by HHs(last 6 months)

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and girls of their families to access these sites and get involved in the distribution site due to the cultural reasons. Few of them also mentioned that they don’t see female staff of humanitarian aid organizations at the distribution sites which also inhibits the access of women and girls to these sites.

Source of getting assistance : Gathered responses shows that HHs respondents had not received any assistance for cash, agriculture farming, water and shelter till now. Whereas, they have received food assistance and HHs items from Government, UN, Local charity/NGOs and INGOs. Majority i.e. 35HHs(24.5%) received assistance(food and HHs items) from INGOs, 28HHs(19.4%) received assistance from Local charity/NGOs, Government been reported to provide food assistance as reported by Only15HHs(10%) informed the assessment that they received assistance from the Government.

HHs were accessed by the Government, UN, NGOs and INGOs for the provision of assistance in form of services which includes health, education, legal assistance. As per assessment finding, interviewed HHs did receive health, legal assistance and assistance package. Data findings shows that only 3.5% received health assistance from local NGOs, 4HHs(2.8%) from the government. Whereas, 4HHs(2.8) received from the local NGOs. There were 2.8%respodnents who received assistance from the Government departments Specific details can be seen in the figure table:

0 0

15

0 1 00 02

0 1 00 0

26

02

00 0

33

02

0

No. No. No. No. No. No.

Cash Agriculture Food Water HH items Shelter

Government United Nations

Local charity or NGO International NGO

Figure 62 Source of getting assistance

4

1

5

1

0 0

2

0

4

3

6

0

1

0 0

1

0 0

1

0 0

1 1

0

Government United Nations Local charity or NGO International NGO Do not know Other

Health Assistance No.

Education Assistance No.

Legal Assistance No.

Assistance Package No.

Other Assistance No.

Figure 63 Source of getting services

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Vocational Training: According to the assessment finding; only 3HHs(3%) have received vocational training, one HHs reported to receive training only once while 2HHs told that they have attended vocational training twice. Rest139HHs(97%) respondents have not received any vocational training. These HHs mentioned that they have covered topics that includes mechanics, construction, carpentry, farming and agriculture, textiles, cooking and baking and business in these vocational trainings

During the FGDs community men and women also identified need of vocational training for boys and girls so that they can upgrade their vocational and business management skills and can contribute into the income of their household. For the most vulnerable people in the village the FGDs participants appraise the need of cash assistance. .

Satisfaction with the aid received: Assessment team asked the respondents are they satisfied with the aid received in the last 30 days, in the response 63HH(44%) expressed satisfaction from the received aid,

Team further asked the respondents for the reasons of non-satisfaction from the aid, team gathered multiple responses in response. According to 23HHs(16%) there were delays in delivering of aid, 21HHs(14.6%) were not satisfied with the quality of the aid, whereas, 17HHs(11.8%) commented that the distribution of the aid was not fair for example: less deserving households receive more aid. Other respondents pointed towards the quantity of aid, difficulties in receiving aid i.e. application procedures were hard to understand and Aid workers did not behave appropriately

Table 19 Reasons for non-satisfaction in last 30 days

Satisfaction with the behavior of aid worker: Team further asked the respondents that about their satisfaction with the aid workers in the last 6 months, it was revealed that only 38%HHs were satisfied with the behavior of the aid workers while a big majority i.e. 62%HHs were not satisfied.

Top three priority needs identified: According to gathered responses food and medical care was identified as top need by 26HHs(18.1%) respondents. Two priority needs i.e. Education for children and shelter support were identified as second priority need 14.6% respondents. Whereas, third priority was given to employment, clothing by 11.8% respondents. Rest of the responses can be seen in the below: .

Reasons for non-satisfaction in last 30 days(multiple reasons) Yes No. %

Quality not good enough 21 14.6 Quantity not enough 12 8.3 Delays in delivery of aid 23 16.0 Distribution of aid is not fair 17 11.8 Too difficult to receive aid 13 9.0 Aid workers did not behave appropriately 2 1.4 Other 17 11.8

None , 51%

No, 5%

Yes, 44%

Figure 64 Satisfaction with received aid

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Figure 65 Top three priority needs

Section 14: Information Needs Affected populations also feel that they receive insufficient information on available services despite sustained promotional campaigns. The number of people feeling insufficiently informed was higher among people living in out-of-camp locations (from 39%in private settings to 74% in unfinished buildings) versus 17 % for in-camp populations. The information needs reported by households can serve as a proxy indicator for the type of critical problems that are important for them. If not addressed, these can lead to increased needs or an increase in the severity of an existing need. It seems that IDPs in camps are more interested in information related to safety, security, and housing, while IDPs out-of-camp require information on humanitarian assistance and livelihoods. Returnees on the other hand, are more interested in information regarding services, specifically water, electricity, education, and healthcare. Humanitarians are now appraised of the fact that a very low percentage among people in need report receiving critical information from humanitarian actors. Between 6% and 9% across population groups report getting their information from aid workers returnee households are

21

17

8

1314

26

21

13

11

7

17

5

13

2

14.6

11.8

5.6

99.7

18.1

14.6

97.6

4.9

11.8

3.5

9

1.4

Childreneducation

Employment Businessrestoration

Businessstart-up

Agriculture,Livestock

Food/Medical

care

Sheltersupport

Water Electricity Voc training Clothing Psychosocialsupport

Security Other

No. %

ASSISTANCE NEEDS: Affected communities were in need of humanitarian assistance of food, non-food items, cash, agriculture input, and services related to the livelihood restoration, health and education. People wanted to receive assistance in distribution in the morning as the most preferred time. For women the distribution sites were often far and distribution timings in evening was not safe and convenient for women and girls to travel and access because of the security and protection issues. Some families don’t allow the women and girls of their families to access these sites and get involved in the distribution site due to the cultural reasons. Few of them also mentioned that they don’t see female staff of humanitarian aid organizations at the distribution sites which also inhibits the access of women and girls to these sites. People were also in need of quality aid assistance as they were not satisfied with the quality , quantity of received aid. Moreover, they had concerns about the distribution process as they complaint about the delays, inequitable and complex distribution process.

Interviewed communities especially youth are found in sever need of vocational skill trainings and tool kits to enhance their skills to improve their livelihood sources.

Gathered responses shows that food and medical care was identified as top need by 26HHs(18.1%) respondents. Two priority needs i.e. Education for children and shelter support were identified as second priority need 14.6% respondents. Whereas, third priority was given to employment, clothing by 11.8% respondents.

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more likely to get information via existing local or national channels, such as local authorities, national authorities (16%), religious leaders (11%) and Mukhtars (31%)26.

Source of getting information and type of information received: Gathered information shows that only 20HHs(14%)received information whereas a big majority i.e. 123HHs( 86%) did not get any information from aid providers in the last six months. Out of these 20 households; 13HHs(9%) received information from the INGOs, 3HHs(2%) from Local Government and 4HHs(3%) received it from the National NGOs, National Government Departments respectively. When they were further asked about the topics or themes around/about which they got the information from the aid providers, it was found that 13HHs(9%)HHs received information related to the livelihoods, 10HHs(6.9%)received education health care and 9HHs(6.3%) got the information about the humanitarian assistance from the aid providers. Detail of the multiple responses can be seen in the following graph:

Satisfaction with the information content: As per assessment findings; only 1% HHs were very much satisfied with the received information content whereas, 14HHs(10%)were neutrally satisfied and 3HHs(2%)HHs were not at all satisfied with the information content shared by the humanitarian aid organizations as indicated in fig. 67

Means of getting information at HHs level: Respondents referred to the different means; for getting aid related information at the HHs level. There were 9HHs(6.3%) who referred face to face interaction with aid workers at home, whereas, 7HHs(4.9%)mentioned television as second major mean of getting information. Whereas, 4HHs(2.8%)identified social media(Facebook etc) as a third major mean of getting aid related information too.13%HHs expressed neutral satisfaction for the means though which information was received. More specific details can be seen in the Table below.

Table 20 Means of information

Means of information (multiple responses) Yes No %

Television 7 4.9 Face to face (at home) with aid worker 9 6.3

26 UNOCHA-Humanitarian Need Overview Report-Information Gaps and Limitations, Pg-70.

4

13

5

3

10

1 1 1

9

1

2.8

9

3.5

2.1

6.9

0.7 0.7 0.7

6.3

0.7

Housing status Livelihoods Water services Electricityservices

EducationHealthcare

HLP(DS) Renew officaldoc

Safety andsecurity

Humanitarianassistance

Don’t remember

No. %

Figure 66 Type of information received.

None, 86%

Dissatisfied, 2%

Neutral satisfied,

11%

Very satisfied , 1%

Figure 67 Satisfaction with the information content

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Face to face (in office/other venue) with aid worker 3 2.1 Face to face with member of the community 1 .7 Phone call 2 1.4 SMS (WhatsApp, Viber, etc.) 1 .7 Social media (Facebook, etc) 4 2.8

HHs contact with the organization for support and help: Assessment team asked the respondents HHs; have they contacted any organization for support and help? In this regard, only14%HHs told that they themselves have contacted organizations for support and help; out of which 13% respondents contacted through call as it is most convenient method for them to contact. whereas, 72% HHs had not contacted any organization.

During the FGDs all men and women referred family members, Mukhtar Sheikhs, Tribal leaders, police, Iraq Army-PMU, and the security forces as focal points to go if they encounter any problem related to security. Some men named political and community leaders too for getting assistance when needed.

Type of information household like to receive from aid providers: After assessing the type of information they received respondents were further asked what type of information they want to receive from the aid providers in the coming time. In this regard, 98HHs(68%) want to receive livelihoods related information, 71HHs(49%) expressed the need of getting health care information updates, whereas, 45HHs(31%) want to get information regarding education services. The gathered information shows that livelihood, health and education related information remained the most pressing need of information for the respondents. Rest of the identified topics can be seen in the fig 45 below:

Figure 69 Type of information HHs like to receive from aid providers

HHs preferences to receive additional information from aid providers: There were 80HHs(55.6%) who wanted to get face to face information at home form the aid workers, 49(34%) preferred to get the information from Television as it is conveniently available in every house and 41HHs(28.5%) wanted to get the information via phone cell. Details of the multiple responses can be seen in the table below:

38

98

30 29

45

71

69

03

24

37

4

26.4

68.1

20.8 20.1

31.3

49.3

4.2 6.30 2.1

16.7

25.7

2.8

Housingstatus

Livelihoods Waterservices

Electricityservices

Education Healthcare Legal services HLP(DS) Explosivehazards

Renew officaldoc

Safety andsecurity

Humanitarianassistance

Don’t remember

No. %

Figure 68 Male FGD, Abo Dehan/Sinsil/Moqdadiyah

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Table 21 HHs preference to receive additional information from aid providers

HHs preferences to receive additional information from aid providers(multiple responses)

Yes No. %

Television 49 34.0 Face to face (at home) with aid worker 80 55.6 Face to face (in office/other venue) with aid worker 36 25.0 Face to face with member of the community 30 20.8 Phone call 41 28.5 SMS (WhatsApp, Viber, etc.) 6 4.2 E-mail 1 .7 Letter/flyer 6 4.2 Social media (Facebook, etc.) 21 14.6 Complaints/suggestions box 10 6.9 Other 0 0.0

Main barriers in accessing information from aid providers: While mentioning the main barriers in accessing the information from the aid providers, 58HHs(40.3%) mentioned that they don’t know where and how to receive information from the aid providers ,42HHs(29.2%) told that they do not have financial means i.e., to call service provider, have access to internet or money to travel to their office. Whereas, 39HHs(27%) mentioned limited literacy as they cannot read certain information as a key barrier to access information from the aid workers. Details of multiple responses are mentioned below:

Table 22 Main barriers in accessing information from aid providers

Main barriers in accessing information from aid providers (multiple responses)

Yes No %

Limited literacy 39 27.1 Don’t know where/how to receive information from aid providers 58 40.3 Aid providers do not speak my language 4 2.8 Gender issues 4 2.8 Lack of financial means 42 29.2 None Other 34 23.6

Section 15: Contact Willingness to provide personal and HHs detail: Among the informants; 131(91%) respondents were found willing to provide contact details so that humanitarian aid workers can contact them by telephone about the future assessments of their area. whereas, 13HHs(9%) had not shown willingness to provide contact details. Moreover, 71HHs(49%) expressed willingness to provide the contact information of other households for the participation in the survey, however, 73HHs(51%) were not willing to share details of their household members.

INFORMATION NEEDS: Assessment team found that people are in sever need of getting information about the aid provider so that they can access them for getting support. In other case it can lead to increased needs or an increase in the severity of an existing need especially related to livelihood, health, and education.

Surveyed communities are also found to be in need of having contact information of the aid providers to contact them conveniently especially when going and meeting with the aid providers in person is a challenging due to the meagre financial resources especially for women. .

Since livelihood support remained the priority of the returnee families therefore, people are more interested and in need of getting information related to the livelihood opportunities, health, education and housing/shelter assistance.

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Section 16: Household Decision Making Level of decision making: According to the collected information, majority (65%) respondents mentioned that they take prefer to take joint decisions in all the financial and non-financial matters, very few respondents do the consultation especially for the migration/displacement, health care access for children and family planning. HHs heads involvement in decisions related to child schooling, health care, visiting relatives is also relatively less. More specific details can be seen in the fig below. :

Community level decision makers after the crisis: Assessment team asked the respondents who are the decision makers at the community level after crisis? Respondents provided multiple responses in this regard. Majority 100HHs(69.4%) told that the community elder are the ones who make decisions at community level, Whereas, 79HHs(54.9%) referred to local government and 33HHS(22.9%) reported that military authorities make decisions at the community level after crisis. It was further explored 76HHs(53%) participate in the community level decision making.

Figure 71 Community level decision making(after crisis)

HHs membership/affiliation with association, group or club: As per gathered data, 135HHs(94%) have no membership or association with any group or club, whereas, only 9HHs(6%) were found to be associated with

3 3 2 14

1 1 3

27

21

2824

35

2218

26

53

6165 65

56

67 69

63

17 15

510

510 12

8

Earning money Buying or sellingassets

visiting birthrelatives

Migration/displacement

Health careaccess

Health careaccess- children

Family Planning Child schooling

Consulted Decision maker Joint decision No involvement

Figure 70 Level of decision making

79

100

15

33

1

54.9

69.4

10.4

22.9

0.7

Local government Elders Religious leaders Military authority Other

No. %

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the association or club. Out of these 09 HHs , eight respondents reported to be a part of social association or club whereas, remaining one respondent was associated with the labor union. out of these 09HHs, 3% of them are meeting since the time of crisis.

Decision regarding spending of money: As per multiple response given by the HHs, majority i.e. 54HHs(37.5%) of the respondents mentioned that husbands are the one take decision regarding the spending of money, whereas, 51HHs (35.4%) mentioned that wives takes money spending decision as mentioned in fig 48.

This finding was validated during the FGDs with women; where women informed the team that since men are the bread earner and the budget holder of the family therefore, they take all the decisions related to the sale and purchase of the assets and spending of money on the food and non-food items. Women decisions making was also found to be influenced by the male members of the family.

46

5451

3

31.90 31.90 31.90 31.90

Together Husband Wife Other relative

No %

Figure 72 Decision regarding spending of money

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4:PROJECT RESULT FRAMEWORK-BASELINE VALUES EXPECTED RESULTS INDICATORS BASELINE

VALUES TARGETS

OUTCOME

Outcome: Longer term livelihood opportunities for internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees and host communities, with a focus on youth and women are created in selected areas of Khanaqin and Al Muqdadiya districts.

Indicator: % of beneficiaries reporting increased access to livelihood opportunities

OUTPUTS

OUTPUT1: Community level multi-sector ground truth assessments and a Rapid Gender Analysis

Indicator 1.1: # of community level multi-sectoral truth assessments and Gender Analysis finalised

2 2

Indicator 1.2:# of Individuals receiving cash assistance by benefiting from immediate access to income via Cash for Work (CFW) activities

0 64

OUTPUT 2: Rapid Market Assessments (RMA) of IDPs, returnees and host communities

Indicator 2.1:# of rapid market assessments finalised

0 2

OUTPUT 3: Vulnerable individuals (40% women) among the IDP, returnees and host communities benefit from asset replacement and micro-business support grants to recover and enhance existing businesses

Indicator 3.1:# of individual micro, small and medium enterprises trained.

3 90

Indicator 3.2:# of trainings conducted for members of CBSS

0

Indicator 3.3:# of grants provided as seed money to CBSS Groups

0

Output 4: 100 vulnerable IDPs, returnees and host community members (at least 40 women) receive vocational training

Indicator 4.1:# of beneficiaries graduating from capacity-building trainings (e.g., VT, employability, soft skills)

3 100

Indicator 4.2:# of job seekers provided with apprenticeships, job referrals or vocational start-up support

0 80

Output 5: Individuals benefit from cash for work (CfW) opportunities

Indicator 5.1:# of Individuals receiving cash assistance by benefiting from immediate access to income via Cash for Work (CFW) activities

0 613

Indicator 5.2:# of community identified schemes rehabilitated/ supported through CFW activities

0 8

Output 6: Basic community infrastructures are rehabilated through CfW and apprenticeship/on-job-training activities in selected areas

Indicator 6.1: # of Individuals receiving cash assistance by benefiting from immediate access to income via Cash for Work (CFW) activities

0 80

Indicator 6.2: # of community identified projects rehabilitated/ supported through CFW activities

0 2

Output 7: Community-based GBV prevention sessions (using the Indashyikirwa programme) are conducted for project beneficiaries of output 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Indicator 7.1:# Number of WAHO staff trained 10 10

Indicator 7.2:% of men beneficiaries from Output 1-5 involved in gender activities

20% 40%

Indicator 7.3:% of beneficiaries from Output 1-5 involved in couples’ activities

30% 50%

Indicator 7.4:# of identified social and political influencers in communities engaged in dialogues and advocacy on ending GBV

10 (25% of women)

20 (25% of

women)

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5: RECOMMENDATION WASH: . • Oxfam can arrange awareness raising sessions/Water days/Campaigns on WASH for instance: hand

washing, water treatment and purification procedures, water-borne diseases, solid waste management practices to raise their awareness level of the affected communities around healthy WASH practices. Moreover, Oxfam can also develop and disseminate EC material on different WASH themes in the local language with the pictorial illustrations so that it can remain effective for the community men, women, boys and girls with limited literacy.

• Project can introduce participatory approach and interactive methods in hygiene promotion to close the gaps in knowledge and hygiene practices and around proper use, operation and maintenance of WASH facilities.

• Project with the support of Water Department can work on the water governance and distribution needs and identify challenges in the water distribution. Project can support in the rehabilitation of the damaged schemes through cash for Work component of the project. This will ultimately help in improving equitable access of the community to sustained, safe and appropriate water sources for drinking and HHs chores.

• Project can also build the capacity of the targeted communities around participatory M&E approach to ensure the community participation and active involvement from the identification of the schemes till its completion. This will help in improving the community ownership and add sustainability to the water projects.

• Oxfam can work closely with the local authorities, target communities and government line ministries/directorates to find safer ways of solid waste management, which are locally managed and give awareness to the communities accordingly.

• Oxfam Iraq can influence the relevant Government Department through different forums to address the WASH needs of the community.

LIVELIHOODS AND FOOD SECURITY: • Project can link the affected communities with the other humanitarian actors who are working on the

nutrition and livelihood improvement for instance, FAO, ACF, Care International through cluster. These organizations can support these communities and the Government Department in the rehabilitation of food storage facilities and can link farmers with agro- suppliers and credit facilities.

• Project through cash for work and cash for food interventions can support the farmers in the rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure and livestock shelters by distribution of building materials or use cash or voucher schemes. This will help in creating short term employment and improve access of affected community to the livelihood sources.

• It’s been assessed that the returnee are relaying on the non-formal sources of borrowing money which not only put them in to more risks but also lower this self-esteem; Project can link these communities to the micro-credit schemes, banks and organization to support them to re-built their livelihoods.

• Oxfam can also influence the relevant line department for the expansion of agriculture extension and veterinary services to improve their productivity. Oxfam can also reach out to the private sector in this regard. private sector can help in boosting the economy and create more jobs.

• Project under the vocational training component can also opt for the agriculture and livestock value chain trainings and can develop skills to support complementary livelihood activities such as cottage agro-industrial: Cheese, yogurt, food preservation and processing in the high valued products.

• Project in addition to the technical trainings can also provide GALS(Gender Action Learning System) training to the community youth both men and women. This will help them in taking more control over their personal, household, community development. It will support in more collaborative intra-house decision making for development purposes.

• Project can provide small grants as a seed money to youth and skilled people to open small business, such as; barbers, car technicians, beauty salon, supermarkets etc. to recover, restore and enhance existing businesses.

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PROTECTION AND GENDER MAINSTREMAING • Project should build and train a cadre of the young boys and girls in both Districts to replicate the messages

of gender equality, preventions and response to GBV among the wider community especially among young boys and girls. This trained cadre will serve as an ambassador of women rights and will contribute into the sustainability of the project.

• Project should arrange Training of trainers of partner staff on gender equality, prevention, and response to GBV. Oxfam should also keep supporting and providing technical support in implementing project than focus on gender equality and can contribute to GBV. Project should actively engage with men, boys, religious and political leaders of the community to challenge gender and social norms that perpetuate GBV

• Project should also make partner to abide by Oxfam code of conduct, project should also provide safe- guarding information to the partners.

• Project should also provide safeguarding information and awareness raising sessions on sexual exploitation and abuse to the communities; and socialize the Complaints Feedback and Response Mechanism.

• A high percentage of people in both districts are not aware how to access the basic services offered to them, Project should raise awareness of the people to reduce the protection risk

• With the engagement and active involvement of community men and boys, women and young girls can be encouraged and motivated to consider non-conventional vocational training courses such as on-line businesses, on-line data entering, freelance content writing, mobile repairing, etc. This will help gender roles which limit women to traditional/conventional tasks and jobs.

HHs DOCUMENTATION • Project should increase the number of legal channels to support returnee for the replacement of missing

or revalidations of the identity documents. • Key informant suggested to open a consulting office in each village so that the returnee can easily access

to the required information and the services for the completion of documentation replacement process. SHELTER: • Since most of the families have returned to their areas of origin where basic infrastructure and means of

livelihoods are depleted.; therefore it is recommended to involve them in cash for awork activities, vocational training and small grants so that they can recover and sustain their livelihood resources. Priority should be given to the female headed and marginalized households. During the livelihood sector analysis, it been learnt that majority of the people are in debts as they borrowed money for the rehabilitation of their complete or partial damaged shelter. Project intervention will help in building their confidence on the humanitarian community and will help in restoration of their dignity and pride.

• Oxfam should review winterization plan to ensure that relevant and needed winter items are included Prioritization should be given to the the most vulnerable population especially those who are living in in remote areas where there are no or less local market.

ELECTRICITY • As expressed by key informants there is a need of maintenance of old electricity grid, provision of 25

Transformers with accessories and poles, support in the construction of new 132 KV and 33/11 KV substations to enhance the electricity supply capacity , They also mention that there is a the need to rehabilitate existing 33/11kv Sub-station, supply of crane basket for maintenance and provision of safety equipment and safety training to the workers and supervisors. Therefore, it is suggested that the project team should access these officials and find out how they can be supported by the project.

EDUCATION: • It is suggested that Project team should consult the officials of education department to find out the areas

where they need support of the project. Project can support the education department in the construction and rehabilitation of damaged classrooms, washrooms, handwashing stations, drinking water points through cash for work options.

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• Project can also influence the Education Department, Iraq for policy level changes regarding the recruitment of news teachers and retention of the existing one so that the issue of non-availability of teachers can be addressed.

• Project can also look out for the resources and the organization who can arrange teacher’s training after the detailed training need assessment and improve of the quality of curriculum for better education outcomes.

• Project can also arrange awareness rising sessions at the community level especially with parents to sensitize them about the importance of with the education especially girl’s education.

HEALH • Project can reach out the officials of the health department to explore the areas of support. Project can

support the health department in accessing other INGOs who are working on the health issues for getting the medicines, beds, PPE(Personal protective equipment) Kits, medical equipment and devices supplies and also support to hospital for staff hiring.

• Depending on the nature and type of infrastructure support required; project can also support these hospital and clinics in the rehabilitation of missing facilities through cash for work.

ASSISTANCE: • Oxfam Iraq can raise the distribution issues faced by women in cluster meetings government meeting; so

that people especially women and girls can receive assistance conveniently, with dignity and respect. • Oxfam can also raise the community concern regarding the quality and the quality of distributed food item

with the other Humanitarian Aid actors during the cluster and response coordination meetings. • Assessment findings shows that only 3%HHs have received vocational training, therefore, project can very

effectively support these communities with the effective implementation of the project and more specifically on the vocation training and improvement of vocational skills.

• Returnee HHs i.e.18.1% identified food and medical care as top need; 14.6% HHs identified children education and shelter support as a second top need whereas,11.8% identified employment, clothing as third most felt need. Oxfam Iraq can register these needs with the Humanitarian actor in Iraq for designing and implementing more effective and relevant response.

INFORMATION NEED • Findings regarding information need will really help the project in designing more specific communication

and information sharing strategies for the communities and other stakeholder. • Project can use the social media as an effective forum or platform to interact with communities especially

with youth for seeking feedback , sharing the project updates, important events and announcements. This will also help in promoting peer learning too.

• Project can also design print and electronic media messages to share the information and updates of the project in the wider community. Similarly, project can use these platforms or means of communication for carrying out its activities.

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6: LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annex A- WASH: T-tests analysis

Primary source of drinking water: The data labeled the table below reveals that, there is no significant difference of any method/treatment performed by the respondents to clean their drinking water before consumption (p>0.05). The analysis shows that males and females were performing the same tasks to clean their drinking water before consumption.

Variables Interviewee gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Difference

No treatment Male 51 .06

-.271 .787 -.014 Female 41 .07

method Boiling Male 51 .00

-1.000 .323 -.024 Female 41 .02

Chlorination Filtering Male 51 .47

.768 .444 .080 Female 41 .39

Solar filter Male 51 .00

-1.432 .160 -.049 Female 41 .05

Purification tablets Liquid

chlorine

Male 51 .20 1.765 .081 .123

Female 41 .07

Powder chlorine Male 51 .08

1.196 .235 .054 Female 41 .02

Purchasing bottled water Male 51 .16

-.176 .860 -.014 Female 41 .17

Other Male 51 .37 .552 .582 .055

Hand washing behavior and habits: The data recorded in below table reveals that there are significant average differences of before food preparation/cooking, before food preparation/cooking, after using the toilet, after tending land or handling livestock and before bathing children among male and female respondents (p<0.05). The mean differences among both gender (males and females) were reported positive. However, for all other activities, such as going into the home, public transportation and playing with children were reported as non significant (p>0.0). Variables Interviewee gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Difference

Before food preparation/cooking Male 80 .63

3.692 .000 .297 Female 64 .33

Before food preparation/cooking Male 80 .95

2.502 .014 .138 Female 64 .81

After using the toilet Male 80 .94

2.869 .005 .172 Female 64 .77

After tending land or handling

livestock

Male 80 .31 1.993 .048 .141

Female 64 .17

When going into a home or visiting

someone

Male 80 .11 1.477 .142 .066

Female 64 .05

After cleaning Male 80 .71

1.292 .199 .103 Female 64 .61

After public transportation Male 80 .08

.706 .481 .028 Female 64 .05

After a hospital or doctor visit Male 80 .16

-.389 .698 -.025 Female 64 .19

Before bathing children Male 80 .28

2.298 .023 .150 Female 64 .13

Before playing with children Male 80 .03

-.222 .824 -.006 Female 64 .03

After playing with children Male 80 .06 -1.761 .081 -.094

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Safe bathing places: The data recorded in table below reveals the information related to the reasons of having no safe bathing place and the differences of the opinions related to the those reasons. The analysis reveals that there is only one reason (there are no locks on the door) for which males and females have significant negative differences (p<0.0). The female respondents have a significant higher mean (.88) as compared to males (.17) regarding their concern of having no lock on the door. However, for all other reasons, there were no significant differences among males and females (p>0.0).

Variables Interviewee gender

N Mean t-value p-value Mean Difference

No bathing place Male 6 .17

.200 .846 .042 Female 8 .13

Not secure at night Male 6 .67

1.561 .149 .417 Female 8 .25

Bathing area is in an unsafe place

Male 6 .67 1.561 .149 .417

Female 8 .25

There are no locks on the door

Male 6 .17 -3.400 .007 -.708

Female 8 .88 No separate bathing for males and females

Male 6 .00 -1.528 .170 -.250

Annex B- Food Security: T-tests analysis

HHs food consumption in the last 07 days: The study found that females and males perceived different access to the food items like; Milk and other dairy products fresh milk sour yogurt cheese other dairy products, Meat fish and eggs goat beef chicken fish including canned tuna and or other seafood eggs and Condiments Spices tea coffee cocoa salt garlic spices yeast (p<0.0). While, there is no significant difference of having access to the other food items such as; Cereals grains, Vegetables, Fruits and Sugar etc. (p>0.0).

Variables Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean

Difference

Cereals grains roots and tubers rice pasta bread potato Male 80 6.38

-.067 .947 -.016 Female 64 6.39

Legumes nuts beans peanuts lentils nut soy and or other nuts

Male 80 3.41 1.741 .084 .506

Female 64 2.91

Milk and other dairy products fresh milk sour yogurt cheese other dairy products Exclude margarine etc

Male 80 5.89 2.022 .045 1.575

Female 64 4.31

Meat fish and eggs goat beef chicken fish including canned tuna and or other seafood eggs

Male 80 2.28 2.032 .044 .494

Female 64 1.78

Vegetables and leaves spinach onion tomatoes carrots peppers green beans lettuce cabbages egg plants etc

Male 80 5.43 -.406 .685 -.138

Female 64 5.56

Fruits banana apple lemon mango watermelon ect Male 80 2.24

-.205 .838 -.075 Female 64 2.31

Oil fat butte vegetable oil palm oil margarine other fats oil

Male 80 6.24 -1.759 .081 -.419

Female 64 6.66

Sugar or sweet sugar honey jam cakes candy cookies pastries cakes and other sweet

Male 80 3.53 1.372 .172 .666

Female 64 2.86

Condiments Spices tea coffee cocoa salt garlic spices yeast

Male 80 10.14 4.191 .000 4.434

Female 64 5.70

HHs behaviors due to a lack of food or a lack of money to buy food: Assessment findings reveals that there are significant differences of borrowing money, borrowing food or asking assistance from relatives and friends and selling productive assets or means of transport sewing machine wheelbarrow bicycle car etc (p<0.0) on

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the basis of the gender of the respondents. While, the data reveals that there are no significant differences of any other activity, in which the family members of respondents remained engage during past 30 days (p>0.0).

Variables Gender N Mean t-value

p-value

Mean Difference

Spent savings Male 76 .26 .390 .697 .029 Female 64 .23

Sold households assets goods radio furniture television jewellery etc

Male 76 .24 -1.381 .170 -.107 Female 64 .34

Sent household members to eat elsewhere Male 80 .11 1.067 .288 .050 Female 64 .06

Borrowed money Male 80 .03 -1.066 .028 -.038 Female 64 .06

Borrowing food or asking assistance from relatives and friends

Male 80 .04 -1.868 .045 -.088 Female 64 .13

Sold productive assets or means of transport sewing machine wheelbarrow bicycle car etc

Male 80 .13 2.710 .008 .109 Female 64 .02

Reduced expenses on health including drugs and education

Male 76 .24 .390 .697 .029 Female 64 .34

Sold house or land Male 80 .11 -1.381 .170 -.107 Female 64 .06

Begged Male 80 .03 1.067 .288 .050 Female 64 .06

Entire household migrated Male 80 .04 -1.066 .289 -.038 Female 64 .13

Withdrew children from school Male 80 .04 -1.868 .065 -.088

Female 64 .13

HHs access to functional markets and Public Distribution System(PDS): Gender differences with respect to the items included in most recent PSD distribution, only wheat flour got significant attention and created differences among genders (p<0.05). However, there is no significant difference regarding all other items (vegetables, sugar, rice, powder milk or any other item) on the basis of the gender of the respondents (p>0.05).

Annex C- Livelihood: T-tests analysis

Household income sources in the past 30 days by source The data labeled reveals that there are no significant differences top income sources of the respondents on the basis of gender of the respondents (p<0.0). The data shows that for males and females, the income sources i.e. Employment, savings, pensions,

Variables Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Differences

Wheat Flour Male 67 .45

-2.771 .007 -.257 Female 44 .70

Vegetable oil Fuel Male 67 .94

.954 .343 .054 Female 44 .89

Sugar Male 67 .91

1.347 .182 .092 Female 44 .82

Rice Male 67 .94

.848 .398 .083 Female 44 .86

Powder milk Male 67 .54

.848 .399 .083 Female 44 .45

Other Male 67 .15

-1.007 .317 -.078 Female 44 .23

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loans, Support from community, friends, family, selling assistance received, selling household assets, Social Protection Network (MOLSA) or any other remained same.

Variables Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Differences

Employment Male 13 .23

-.122 .903 -.019 Female 20 .25

Savings Male 13 .00

1.897 .082 .231 Female 20 .00

Pension Male 13 .23

-.332 .742 -.046 Female 20 .00

Loans Male 13 .15

-1.712 .097 -.223 Female 20 .20

Support from community, friends, family Male 13 .08

-1.453 .163 -.100 Female 20 .30

Selling assistance received Male 13 .00

.293 .772 .027 Female 20 .10

Selling household assets Male 13 .08

.293 .772 .027 Female 20 .05

Social Protection Network (MOLSA) Male 13 .08

-1.453 .163 -.100 Female 20 .05

Other Male 13 .00 1.100 .283 .185

Household expenditure: Data reveals that there are significant differences of household expenditures (shelter maintenance, food, education, non-food items and productive assists) on the basis of the gender of the respondents (p<0.05). While, it is evident from the data that there are no significant differences of all other household expenditures (rent, medical care, water, transportation, communication and debt payment) on the basis of the gender of the respondents (p>0.0).

Variables Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Differences

Rent Male 80 5687.50

-.454 .650 -2125.000 Female 64 7812.50

Shelter maintenance Male 80 471475.88

-1.555 .024 -1072619.359 Female 64 1544095.23

Food Male 80 372002.50

2.313 .023 200786.875 Female 64 171215.63

Medical care Male 80 136163.75

.818 .415 30060.547 Female 64 106103.20

Education Male 80 83500.00

2.025 .046 64121.250 Female 64 19378.75

Water Male 80 3222.50

-1.839 .070 -5921.094 Female 64 9143.59

Non food items Male 80 149187.50

1.256 .013 95086.406 Female 64 54101.09

Transportation Male 80 55950.00

.594 .554 10323.047 Female 64 45626.95

Communication Male 80 38081.25

.889 .376 7938.563 Female 64 30142.69

Debt payment Male 80 1302875.00

.194 .847 183492.969 Female 64 1119382.03

Productive assets Male 80 83500.00

2.025 .046 64121.250 Female 64 19378.75

Reasons of taking debt: analysis reveals that there are significant differences of the reasons behind taking debts, based on gender of the respondents such as; males and females significantly perceived and

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experienced food education, clothing and healthcare (p<0.0). The data also revealed that all other reasons remained taking debt (basic household expenditures, shelter maintenance, purchasing productive assets for small business or income- generating activities or any other ) were insignificant (p>0.0).

Variables Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean

Differences

Basic household expenditures (rent, utilities) Male 51 .25

1.153 .252 .096 Female 44 .16

Shelter maintenance Male 51 .75

-.054 .957 -.005 Female 44 .75

Food Education Male 51 .49

2.483 .015 .240 Female 44 .25

Clothing or NFIs Male 51 .29

2.240 .028 .180 Female 44 .11

Purchasing productive assets for small business or income- generating activities

Male 51 .16 .976 .332 .066

Female 44 .09

Healthcare Male 51 .20

2.335 .022 .151 Female 44 .05

Other Male 51 .04

.463 .645 .016 Female 44 .02

Sources of borrowing money: Gender differences regarding source of borrowing money reveals the information related to the source of borrowing money for household and it has been found that there are no significant difference in any of the source (From the shop for basic needs, Borrowing from friends or relatives, Borrowing from the bank or financial institution or any other) on the basis of gender of the respondents (p>0.0). Variables Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Differences

From the shop for basic needs Male 51 .29

1.287 .201 .112 Female 44 .18

Borrowing from friends or relatives Male 51 .80

.367 .715 .031 Female 44 .77

Borrowing from the bank or financial institution Male 51 .04

-.999 .321 -.052 Female 44 .09

Other Male 51 .02 -1.485 .143 -.071

Main livelihoods assets: analysis related to the gender differences regarding main livelihood assets The data

recorded in table below reveals that there is significant positive average difference of having equipment’s as

household assets professed by males and females (p<0.0), while significant negative difference has been

found for access to market (p<0.0). The data also reveals that there is no significant difference of any other

listed household assets on the basis of gender of the respondents.

Variables Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Differences

land Male 80 .30

1.109 .269 .081 Female 64 .22

Seed Male 80 .04

.826 .410 .022 Female 64 .02

livestock Male 80 .20

-.492 .623 -.034 Female 64 .23

Equipment Male 80 .09

2.752 .007 .088 Female 64 .00

Access to markets Male 80 .23

-1.561 .021 -.119 Female 64 .34

other Male 80 .46

.864 .389 .072 Female 64 .39

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Annex D- Social Cohesion : T-tests analysis

Access to local community leader: Assessment analysis reveals contains information regarding missing family member (s), the respondents being male or female recorded their responses and it has been found that they (respondents) have significant different information regarding missing family member as spouse of head of household son/daughter and brother/sister (p<0.0). However, they have same responses for all other family members (son/daughter in law, father/mother in law or any other relative) as p>0.05 Variables Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Difference

Spouse of head of household Son/Daughter Male 6 .17

.548 .046 .167 Female 2 .00

Brother/Sister (sibling) Male 6 .67

3.162 .025 .667 Female 2 .00

Son/Daughter in law Male 6 .17

1.000 .363 .167 Female 2 .00

Father/mother in law Male 6 .00

-1.000 .500 -.500 Female 2 .50

Other relatives Guest or non-relative Male 6 .33

1.581 .175 .333 Female 2 .00

Annex E- HH Documentation: T-tests analysis

Status of documents at the HHs level: analysis reveals that there are significant differences of having ration card and trusteeship certificate between males and females (p<0.05), while there is no significant differences in terms of having household documentation such as; information, death certificate, guardianship and inheritance certificate (p>0.0). This shows that both genders were having equal documentation for later statement. Variables

Interviewee gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Difference

Food ration card Male 80 1.29

-2.905 .004 -.244 Female 64 1.53

Information card Male 80 1.36

-1.895 .060 -.200 Female 64 1.56

Death certificate Male 80 4.93

.252 .802 .081 Female 64 4.84

Guardianship certificate Male 80 5.88

1.299 .196 .219 Female 64 5.66

Inheritance deed Male 80 4.55

-.763 .447 -.263 Female 64 4.81

Trusteeship certificate Male 80 5.93

.173 .022 .217 Female 64 5.70

Data recorded in table reveals that there is no significant difference of gender for any specific reason of missing household documentation (p>0.0). This implies that for both males and females, the reasons of missing household documentation are same.

Variables Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Difference

[This person] could not afford the fee for the new document

Male 9 .44 .530 .604 .111

Female 18 .33

The waiting time was too long Male 9 .22

-.304 .765 -.056 Female 18 .28 Male 9 .00 -1.458 .163 -.111

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There was no place/office to replace the documents

Female 18 .11

The security situation did not allow me to travel to the relevant office

Male 9 .11 1.000 .347 .111

Female 18 .00

The cost of the travel to the relevant office was too expensive

Male 9 .44 1.741 .109 .333

Female 18 .11

[This person] did not know how/where to replace the documents

Male 9 .11 .000 1.000 .000

Female 18 .11

Other Male 9 .44

.000 1.000 .000 Female 18 .44

Annex F- HLP(DS): T-tests analysis

Data analysis reveals that there are no significant differences regarding information related to HLP-DS on the basis of gender of the respondents (p>0.0). This shows that both males and females have same responses on the statements e.g. was housing land or property that you own damaged or destroyed during the recent conflict? Have you applied for land housing or property compensation? Have you received any cash from the government as a result of your housing land or property compensation application? Does your household own or have secured rights over agricultural land? And has your household been involved in any civil disputes since June 2014?

Variables Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Differences Was housing land or property that you own damaged or destroyed during the recent conflict

Male 71 .94 -.313 .755 -.013

Female 46 .96

Have you applied for land housing or property compensation

Male 67 .72 -1.582 .117 -.124

Female 44 .84 Have you received any cash from the government as a result of your housing land or property compensation application

Male 48 .04 -1.119 .268 -.066

Female 37 .11

Does your household own or have secured rights over agricultural land

Male 80 .43 1.601 .112 .128

Female 64 .30

Has your household been involved in any civil disputes since June 2014

Male 13 .15 1.477 .165 .154

Female 20 .00

Annex G- Shelter: T-tests analysis

NFI priority need of HHs

Assessment findings analysis reveals that there is no significant difference of current type of shelter on the

basis of the gender of the respondents (p<0.0). The respondents are sharing similar current type of shelter as

house, apartment, unfinished/damaged building or tent.

Type of shelter Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Difference

House Male 78 .91

.384 .701 .020 Female 64 .89

Apartment Male 78 .01

1.000 .320 .013 Female 64 .00

Unfinished / damaged building Male 78 .15

.493 .623 .029 Female 64 .13

Tent Male 78 .04

.233 .816 .007 Female 64 .03

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Table below shows that there are significant differences of reasons of feared eviction (lack of funds to pay

rental cost and request to vacate from owner of the building/land) on the basis of gender of the respondents

(p<0.0). Furthermore, it is evident that there is no significant difference for all other reason of feared eviction

on the basis of the gender (p>0.0).

Type of shelter Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Difference

Lack of funds to pay rental costs Male 5 .00

-2.000 .018 -.333 Female 9 .33

Local community does not accept our family living in the area

Male 5 .20 1.000 .374 .200

Female 9 .00

Request to vacate from owner of building/land

Male 5 .40 .622 .045 .178

Female 9 .22

Other Male 5 .60

.516 .620 .156 Female 9 .44

Data recorded in table below reveals the information regarding gender difference in immediate issues faced

by the respondents in current shelter. It has been found that there are significant differences of issue (fire

risks, shelter located in an insecure or isolated area, shelter not fenced, ceilings are too high or too low lack of

natural lighting leaking roof during rain shelter poorly insulated openings on the walls and no electrical

connection) on the basis of gender of the respondents (p<0.05). However, there is no significant difference of

any other issue on the basis of gender of the respondents (p>0.05).

Immediate issues faced with current shelter Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean

Difference No issues Male 80 .30 .245 .807 .019

Female 64 .28 Contamination from explosive hazards Land at risk of flooding or landslides Solid waste dumping site

Male 80 .09 -.129 .898 -.006 Female 64 .09

Fire risks Male 80 .03 -2.212 .030 -.100 Female 64 .13

Shelter located in an insecure or isolated area Male 80 .11 1.945 .045 .081 Female 64 .03

Shelter not solid enough to offer protection from intruders

Male 80 .24 1.772 .078 .113 Female 64 .13

Shelter not fenced Male 80 .34 1.368 .017 .103 Female 64 .23

Shelter without security for tenure Male 80 .21 .371 .711 .025 Female 64 .19

Shelter without separate rooms Male 80 .14 -.053 .957 -.003 Female 64 .14

Not enough space or lack of space inside the shelter (min 5.5m2 per person)

Male 80 .14 -.053 .957 -.003 Female 64 .14

Ceilings are too high or too low Lack of natural lighting Leaking roof during rain Shelter poorly insulated Openings on the walls

Male 80 .04 -1.016 .012 -.041 Female 64 .08

Broken windows Male 80 .14 .220 .826 .013 Female 64 .13

Lack or limited ventilation (min 1m2 opening on one side of the house, 0.5m2 on other)

Male 80 .03 -1.066 .289 -.038 Female 64 .06

Lack of heating Male 80 .08 .706 .481 .028 Female 64 .05

No electrical connection Male 80 .08 1.187 .037 .044 Female 64 .03

Missing or substandard washing facilities Male 80 .09 .567 .571 .025

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Female 64 .06 Lack of access to cooking facilities Male 80 .03 -.686 .494 -.022

Female 64 .05 Signs of failure (leaning walls, cracks on the walls) Male 80 .13 1.299 .196 .063

Female 64 .06 Bends in structural components (beams, slab, column)

Male 80 .09 1.457 .148 .056 Female 64 .03

Other Male 80 .10 .824 .411 .038

Female 64 .06

Below table reflect the information regarding gender base differences regarding priority concern to make

current shelter a better place. It has been found that there are significant differences of priority concern to

make shelter a better place (protection from hazards and improve structural stability of the building) on the

basis of gender of the respondents (p<0.05). It has been further found that are no significant difference of any

other priority concern to make shelter a better place to live in on the basis of gender of the respondents

(p>0.0). This shows that almost similar responses have been received from the both genders for their priority

concerns to make shelter better place.

Priority concern to make current shelter a better place

Gender N Mean t-value p-value Mean Difference

Protection from hazards Male 80 .28

2.298 .023 .150 Female 64 .13

Improve safety and security Male 80 .53

-.634 .527 -.053 Female 64 .58

Improve privacy and dignity Male 80 .28

.554 .580 .041 Female 64 .23

Protect from climatic conditions Male 80 .30

.884 .378 .066 Female 64 .23

Improve basic infrastructures and utilities Male 80 .30

1.109 .269 .081 Female 64 .22

Improve structural stability of the building Male 80 .20

2.165 .032 .122 Female 64 .08

No improvements needed Male 80 .14

-.053 .957 -.003 Female 64 .14

Other Male 80 .08 .706 .481 .028

Annex H-TORs for Multi-sector Ground Truth Assessment Report.

TOR _ Consultant for

UNDP Ground Truth Baseline and RGA_Dec 2020_V2 (2).pdf

Annex I - Quantitative Tool-Individual Respondent Questionnaire

Annex J- Qualitative Tool-RGA FGDs tool.

FGDs-RGA-Tool.doc

Annex K-Qualitative Tool- KII Tool

KII Tool UNDP.xlsx

UNDP_Baseline_-Diyal

a-R09508-IRQB08-Nov20_20201209-225233.pdf