Multi-hop Data Collection Alec Woo, UCB Terence Tong, UCB Phil Buonadonna, Intel Nest Summer Retreat...
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Multi-hop Data Collection
Alec Woo, UCB
Terence Tong, UCB
Phil Buonadonna, Intel
Nest Summer Retreat 2003
June 18th, 2003
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The Problem
Design an ad hoc routing protocol for data collection
Create a many-to-few spanning tree topology Focus on many-to-one first
Explore and characterize underlying connectivity options
Enhance end-to-end reliability by exploring quality/reliable routing paths to the base station
Maintain a stable routing tree
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Three Core Components
Connectivity Exploration Build link reliability statistics of each neighbor through
estimator
Neighborhood Management Maintain a subset of “good” neighbors using constant
space (route table) Cannot perform estimation unless neighbors are in the table
Routing Protocol
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Estimation Link estimator
Snoop to estimate reception success rate
Time window average with EWMA smoothing
Feedback estimations for bi-directional estimations
Disadvantage: Estimation latency can be high depending on message rate
90% confidence of +/- 10% error takes ~100 samples Received SNR can be a hint if radio supports it
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Neighborhood Management Simple goodness criteria
Link reliability
Frequency of packet reception as a hint to infer reliability Rely on periodic messages or beaconing Maintain frequently occurring neighbors
similar to page-table/cache management or estimate the top-k frequent tokens in a data stream
Frequency algorithm (Demaine et. al., VLDB 2002) Table consistently maintains 50%-70% of its space for good
neighbors when # neighbors > table size (up to 5 times in simulations.)
See paper for details
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Routing Protocol
Periodic route updates Feedback link estimations to neighbors Convey routing information
Distance vector based protocol Cost metrics
SP with threshold (filter out bad links) Expected total transmissions =
neighbor’s total transmissions + 1/forward * 1/reverse
Route damping periodic parent evaluation rather than opportunistic based
on route update arrivals
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Parameters Data rates
Congestion => what’s the effect?
Route update/Parent evaluation rates Overhead => hinder bandwidth
Transmission Power/Node Density What’s the effect on transmission power settings?
Upper bound on link retransmissions per hop
Queue management Each node is a source and a router Multiple bw. between forwarding and originating data
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Evaluation!!
Study it empirically by exploring the effect on different parameters
Use naïve eviction policy to maintain route table
Prototype routing stack in TinyOS Mh6 version in April
Used by http://firebug.sourceforge.net/ Phil B. (Intel)
Merging with Surge implementation
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Network Monitoring Tools Command Interpreter to vary settings Collect statistics on
Number of packets sent per node Number of retransmissions per packet Success rate delivered to base station Cycle occurrence Route stability Hop over time Forwarding queue status Link qualities to parent
Database archive Matlab
Interface to database for backend processing Dynamically monitor the network status
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Intel Test Bed
Inside Intel Research Laboratory 14 Ethernet modules with Mica nodes + 15 more scattered
around Intel Thanks Phil B. from Intel Noisy indoor environment
Experiments transmission power is high (setting = 10) Small scale 29 nodes Rely on TinyOS synchronous Acks for retransmissions
Not too bad at high power setting
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Success Rate (Intel)
29 Micas above ground
power = 10
0.6 retrans. per packet trans. on average
no cycles detected
each exp runs >1hr
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Tree Stability
• Stability at ~27% channel utilization
• Stability at ~50% channel utilization
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Link Stability
• Stability of a link at ~27% channel utilization
• Stability of a link at ~50% channel utilization
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Hearst Mining
Repeat the same experiment Larger scale 50 nodes Close to ground: 3 inches above Layout uniformly as a 5x10 grid
on ~4500 sq feet indoor setting Power setting is low (65)
Attempts to create more hops Grid distance equals 8 feet Limit to 3 retransmissions per hop
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Grid Layout (Hearst Mining)
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RFM Connectivity Recall connectivity graph for RFM
node falls within the BAD transitional region of RFM
Network is actually not sparse! Route table size is set to have 15 neighbors We have a full table!! Link qualities of neighbors varies from 80% to below 10%
clear transitional silent
Grid neighbor= 8.
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What results do we get? Network partitions on routing
Hypothesis: nodes (bs) with poor reliability is removed from route table
Eviction policy removes poor neighbors when table gets full Link quality is so bad that routing avoids picking these links
At low transmit power Base station’s programming board attachment plays an effect on
connectivity Environment (such as wall/metal poles) plays a more important
factor Moving nodes away from walls/poles enhance connectivity
Easy to conclude => RFM doesn’t work All it means is to place nodes in the “clear” region => up the node density
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What if you got it? 3 hop
network
Average is 81% including ~10% starting overhead
~1 retrans/ packet trans.
> 30% channel utilization
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Hop Distribution
posY
posXBasestation
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Other Issues
Forwarding queues Mostly empty at this particular uniform layout Less importance on what queue management
to use for multiplexing data and forwarding queue
Robustness Larger scale shows tricky bug Task posting fails due to full task queues
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Moving Forward Perform experiments to characterize ChipCon radio in
different settings
Not finish, there is more to understand!!! Continue our evaluation plan to understand the effects of the
different parameter settings The two different radios too Challenge: evaluation on low data rate, large scale networks take
a long time! Each single can take several hours
Explore relationship of Sleep scheduling vs. estimation vs. routing vs. neighborhood
management