Accelera'ng subna'onal implementa'on & raising na'onal ambi'ons

Bangkok, June 2017

Mul$-level Governance and the NDCs in Asia

Ing. Sco7 A. Muller

@Sco%A_MullerSNIWG@LEDSGP.org

• Implementation, Operationalization; Opps & Challenges

• Raise Ambitions on NDCs

• Learn from each other

• Output: Co-authored Report, “Good Practices & Common Barriers.” Issue mapping, policy recommendations.

Aug 15

• New ideas

Mul$-level Governance & the NDCs in Asia

coordinar y colaborar en la formulación e

implementación de Estrategias de Desarrollo Bajo en Emisiones

(LEDS)

el intercambio de experiencias, mejores

prácticas y lecciones aprendidas

construir capacidades el networking y la colaboración

SUB-NATIONAL INTEGRATION OF LEDS WORKING GROUP The Sub-National Integration of LEDS Working Group (SNI-LEDS WG) aims to mobilize climate-resilient, low emission development by enhancing capacity, capturing synergies and by improving and supporting coordination among national and subnational governments that are implementing low emission development strategies and climate change action plans. The working group facilitates collaboration between national and subnational governments through a number of services and resources including peer learning and exchange, case studies, best practices, webinars, and more.

The SNI-LEDS WG is one of eight issue-focused working groups that develop and deliver technical resources and training, provide expert assistance, engage topical networks, and convene virtual forums under the LEDS GP.

PLANNED ACTIVITIES

Mapping of Current and Planned Activities and Resources

The SNI-LEDS WG will compile a portfolio of informational and technical resources to understand the scope of current and planned work in this area and to provide technical support to LEDS teams on integrated national and sub-national approaches and measures. This toolkit will include:

x Listing of projects conducting similar work

x Inventory of existing practices and technical resources for SNI

x Identification of key barriers to integrated national and sub-national action

The inventory of resources will inform and guide capacity building activities.

Capacity Building Trainings

The SNI-LEDS WG will build capacity of LEDS teams on SNI issues through sessions held at regional and global workshops, webinars, and pilot support to countries. Experiences from these pilot activities will be shared through workshop sessions and webinars and case studies and will inform future work. Capacity building activities will include:

x Technical sessions on SNI issues at regional and global LEDS GP events

x Webinars on SNI topics to promote broad peer learning and information exchange

x Pilot projects to team with countries in supporting approaches to improve coordinated LEDS development and implementation across sub-national and national levels

x Training program for sub-national officials on GHG inventories and accounting and for linking national and sub-national inventories.

LEDSGP.ORG

Subnational Integration Working Group (SNI-WG)

http://www.ggbp.org

INDCs

Compiled by Juan Carlos Lopez Gaviño, Global Facilitation Team of SE4All

COUNTRYREFERENCE YEAR/BASELINE

TARGET YEAR

REDUCTION TARGET (GHG emission reduction - otherwise noted)

PERIOD

Key words mentioned in the INDC (yes or no)

Energy Renewable Energy

Energy Efficienc

yEnergy Access

REDD+

SDG or

post-2015

Link btwn climate &

development

Afghanistan BAU 2030 13.60% 2020-2030 YES YES YES YES YES NO YESBangladesh 2011 2030 15% 2020-2030 YES YES YES YES YES NO YESBhutan - 2030 Carbon Neutral -2030 YES YES YES YES YES NO YESBrunei BAU 2035 63% (energy use) -2030 YES YES YES NO YES NO YESCambodia BAU 2030 3,100 Gg CO2eq 2020-2030 YES YES YES YES YES NO YESChina 2005 2030 60-65% per GDP -2030 YES YES YES YES YES NO YESIndia 2005 2030 30-35% 2021-2030 YES YES YES YES YES YES YESIndonesia 2010 2030 29% -2030 YES YES YES YES YES YES YESJapan 2013 2030 26% 2021-

2031YES YES YES NO YES NO YES

Jordan BAU 2030 1.5-14% -2030 YES YES YES YES YES YES YESKazakhstan 1990 2030 15-25% 2021-2030 YES YES YES YES YES NO NOKyrgyzstan BAU 2030 11.49-13.75% 2020-2030 YES NO NO NO YES NO NOLao People's Democratic Republic

BAU 2025 1468000 ktCO2eq 2015-2030 YES YES YES YES YES YES YESMalaysia 2005 2030 10-35% 2021-2030 YES YES YES YES YES NO NOMongolia BAU 2030 14% -2030 YES YES YES YES YES NO NOMyanmar 2015 2030 20% electricity

savings-2030 YES YES YES YES YES NO YES

Nepal BAU 2030 non-GHG targets 2020-2030 YES YES YES YES YES Yes YESOman 2004 2030 Grow GHG in <2% 2020-2030 YES YES YES NO NO NO NOPakistan - - - - YES NO NO NO YES NO NOPhilippines BAU 2000 2030 70% -2030 YES YES YES NO YES NO YESQatar NONE 2030 No quantitative

target2021-2030 YES YES YES NO NO NO NO

Republic of Korea BAU 2030 37% -2030 YES YES YES NO NO NO NOSingapore 2005 2030 36% 2021-2030 YES YES YES YES YES NO YESSri Lanka 2010 2030 7-23% 2021-2030 YES YES YES NO YES NO YESTajikistan 1990 2030 65-70% 2021-2030 YES YES YES NO YES NO NOThailand BAU 2030 20% 2021-2030 YES YES YES YES YES YES YESTurkmenistan 2000 2030 1.7 x < level of

2000.-2030 YES YES YES NO NO NO YES

Viet Nam BAU 2030 8-25% 2021-2030 YES YES YES NO YES NO YESYemen BAU 2030 1-13% 2016-2030 YES YES YES YES YES NO YES

Setting Targets, Vision

TargetsHow fast?

How much?

Domestic Context International Context

AnalysisProcess

Adapted from World Bank Institute, Policy Instruments for low emission development.

Stakeholder participation

Int’l collaboration

Competitiveness issues

International agreements

Role of Municipal Policy

Politics (priorities, cycles, etc.)

Role of National Policy

Synergies with existing policies

Assessment of economic growth &

stability

Cost/ benefits of LEDS

Emissions inventory / trends

Increasing hazards

AfricaAsiaLAC

Eastern AfricaMiddle Africa

Northern AfricaSouthern AfricaWestern Africa

CaribbeanCentral America

South America

OceaniaEastern AsiaCentral Asia

Southern AsiaSoutheast Asia

0% 23% 45% 68% 90%

1950 2030

% Population in Urban Areas

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2012. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision.

CO2 emissions Urban PopulationTotal Population

South America Middle Africa

South Eastern

Asia

% Change Since 1990

New Urban Dynamics

Dramatic Shift How human societies are organized

New Urban Dynamics

• Hyper-urbanization • Drivers of economic growth • Overshoot & nexus issues • Climate change • Collective action challenges • Policy challenges-

• (social and political over technical and financial)

SUB-NATIONAL INTEGRATION OF LEDS WORKING GROUP The Sub-National Integration of LEDS Working Group (SNI-LEDS WG) aims to mobilize climate-resilient, low emission development by enhancing capacity, capturing synergies and by improving and supporting coordination among national and subnational governments that are implementing low emission development strategies and climate change action plans. The working group facilitates collaboration between national and subnational governments through a number of services and resources including peer learning and exchange, case studies, best practices, webinars, and more.

The SNI-LEDS WG is one of eight issue-focused working groups that develop and deliver technical resources and training, provide expert assistance, engage topical networks, and convene virtual forums under the LEDS GP.

PLANNED ACTIVITIES

Mapping of Current and Planned Activities and Resources

The SNI-LEDS WG will compile a portfolio of informational and technical resources to understand the scope of current and planned work in this area and to provide technical support to LEDS teams on integrated national and sub-national approaches and measures. This toolkit will include:

x Listing of projects conducting similar work

x Inventory of existing practices and technical resources for SNI

x Identification of key barriers to integrated national and sub-national action

The inventory of resources will inform and guide capacity building activities.

Capacity Building Trainings

The SNI-LEDS WG will build capacity of LEDS teams on SNI issues through sessions held at regional and global workshops, webinars, and pilot support to countries. Experiences from these pilot activities will be shared through workshop sessions and webinars and case studies and will inform future work. Capacity building activities will include:

x Technical sessions on SNI issues at regional and global LEDS GP events

x Webinars on SNI topics to promote broad peer learning and information exchange

x Pilot projects to team with countries in supporting approaches to improve coordinated LEDS development and implementation across sub-national and national levels

x Training program for sub-national officials on GHG inventories and accounting and for linking national and sub-national inventories.

Forging low emission development paths in Latin America and the Caribbean:Multi-level dynamics in the world’s most urbanized region

Scott A. Muller, Greenhouse Gas Management Institute; Jordan M. Harris, Adapt Chile; Joshua Sperling, National Renewable Energy Lab, Urban Futures and the Energy-X Nexus; and María José Gutiérrez, R.E. Responsabilidad y Estrategia Consultoría

Forging low emission development paths in Latin America & the Caribbean

Multi-level dynamics in the world’s most urbanized region

LEDSGP.ORG

0

40

80

120

160

Ciudades Regiones

713 29

162

Climate Targets- LAC

Commitments equal or superior to NDC

Integrated governance, finance and transparency for delivering climate goals

KEY MESSAGES FROM THE GLOBAL NDC CONFERENCE BERLIN 2017More than 250 participants from 80 countries and several international organizations shared their

perspectives and experiences in the areas of integrated governance; financing, and transparency for

delivering climate goals. They identified gaps and opportunities for support; explored concrete opportunities for countries to advance low carbon resilient development through the implementation of Nationally

Determined Contributions (NDCs), building of peer-networks, and engagement with the private sector.

During the three days of the conference the following key messages emerged:

INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE

For climate actions to result in tangible development benefits, countries need to reconfigure their governance systems to foster an inclusive, integrated approach to low carbon

development.

Key findings:

• High-level leadership is vital for fostering multi-sectoral and

multi-level processes that include climate mitigation and

adaptation actions for sustainable development.

• Strong leadership and stakeholder management capabilities

are required to lead a society wide transformation process. This

includes the engagement of new actors, and the expansion of

roles and responsibilities for NDC implementation.

• Sectoral approaches are key to NDC implementation.

Long-term planning helps breaking down climate targets into

short- and mid-term priorities.

• Integrated governance is the foundation for building a

common architecture for NDC implementation, transparency

and climate finance.

FINANCE

Attracting investment in support of NDC ambitions is a multidimensional challenge in which the public sector

plays a key role through policy, regulatory and financial incentives and engineering which enable public and private investment in low-carbon infrastructure and climate and resilient development.

Key findings:

• NDCs need to be translated into investment opportunities

and project pipelines developed and expanded to

increase visibility and profile of options to attract finance.

• There is no single formula for attracting finance within the variety of capital and investors with differing needs to be

understood and appropriate financial instruments and risk-reduction or sharing tools applied, in each specific investment context.

• Break up silos: cooperation, continued engagement

and a joint-understanding of opportunities between key

actors in the climate and finance communities is crucial to accelerate investment in NDC goals.

• An improved understanding is needed of how effective

public budgeting for climate change actions can support

the mobilisation of investment at scale; sensitise finance, planning and trade ministries; and pave the way for the

integration of NDCs into national and sub national planning.

TRANSPARENCY

The enhanced transparency framework is the

backbone of the Paris Agreement. It builds

trust, enables tracking of NDC implementation

and informs the global stock take on reaching

the long term goal.

Key findings:

• A data and transparency system is

paramount for the national coordination of

NDC implementation and further supports

communicating the work to different

stakeholders.

• Transparency works two ways: Reporting

and review not only serve accountability but

also inform processes for formulating national

policies and setting sectoral targets.

• Trust is crucial. Transparency is a powerful

mechanism for learning and driving individual

and collective ambition.

For further information, please refer to ndcconference2017.org

or Twitter: @giz_gmbh, @iki_bmub, @UNDPClimate, @ledsgp, @ndcpartnership

Integrated governance, finance and transparency for delivering climate goals

KEY MESSAGES FROM THE GLOBAL NDC CONFERENCE BERLIN 2017More than 250 participants from 80 countries and several international organizations shared their

perspectives and experiences in the areas of integrated governance; financing, and transparency for

delivering climate goals. They identified gaps and opportunities for support; explored concrete opportunities for countries to advance low carbon resilient development through the implementation of Nationally

Determined Contributions (NDCs), building of peer-networks, and engagement with the private sector.

During the three days of the conference the following key messages emerged:

INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE

For climate actions to result in tangible development benefits, countries need to reconfigure their governance systems to foster an inclusive, integrated approach to low carbon

development.

Key findings:

• High-level leadership is vital for fostering multi-sectoral and

multi-level processes that include climate mitigation and

adaptation actions for sustainable development.

• Strong leadership and stakeholder management capabilities

are required to lead a society wide transformation process. This

includes the engagement of new actors, and the expansion of

roles and responsibilities for NDC implementation.

• Sectoral approaches are key to NDC implementation.

Long-term planning helps breaking down climate targets into

short- and mid-term priorities.

• Integrated governance is the foundation for building a

common architecture for NDC implementation, transparency

and climate finance.

FINANCE

Attracting investment in support of NDC ambitions is a multidimensional challenge in which the public sector

plays a key role through policy, regulatory and financial incentives and engineering which enable public and private investment in low-carbon infrastructure and climate and resilient development.

Key findings:

• NDCs need to be translated into investment opportunities

and project pipelines developed and expanded to

increase visibility and profile of options to attract finance.

• There is no single formula for attracting finance within the variety of capital and investors with differing needs to be

understood and appropriate financial instruments and risk-reduction or sharing tools applied, in each specific investment context.

• Break up silos: cooperation, continued engagement

and a joint-understanding of opportunities between key

actors in the climate and finance communities is crucial to accelerate investment in NDC goals.

• An improved understanding is needed of how effective

public budgeting for climate change actions can support

the mobilisation of investment at scale; sensitise finance, planning and trade ministries; and pave the way for the

integration of NDCs into national and sub national planning.

TRANSPARENCY

The enhanced transparency framework is the

backbone of the Paris Agreement. It builds

trust, enables tracking of NDC implementation

and informs the global stock take on reaching

the long term goal.

Key findings:

• A data and transparency system is

paramount for the national coordination of

NDC implementation and further supports

communicating the work to different

stakeholders.

• Transparency works two ways: Reporting

and review not only serve accountability but

also inform processes for formulating national

policies and setting sectoral targets.

• Trust is crucial. Transparency is a powerful

mechanism for learning and driving individual

and collective ambition.

For further information, please refer to ndcconference2017.org

or Twitter: @giz_gmbh, @iki_bmub, @UNDPClimate, @ledsgp, @ndcpartnership

INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE For climate actions to result in tangible development benefits, countries need to reconfigure their governance systems.

Key Findings: • High-level leadership is vital for fostering multi-sectoral and multi-level

processes that include climate mitigation and adaptation actions for sustainable development.

• Strong leadership and stakeholder management capabilities are required to lead a society wide transformation process. This includes the engagement of new actors, and the expansion of roles and responsibilities for NDC implementation.

• Sectoral approaches are key to NDC implementation. Long-term planning helps breaking down climate targets into short- and mid-term priorities.

• Integrated governance is the foundation for building a common architecture for NDC implementation, transparency and climate nance.

Integrated governance, finance and transparency for delivering climate goals

KEY MESSAGES FROM THE GLOBAL NDC CONFERENCE BERLIN 2017More than 250 participants from 80 countries and several international organizations shared their

perspectives and experiences in the areas of integrated governance; financing, and transparency for

delivering climate goals. They identified gaps and opportunities for support; explored concrete opportunities for countries to advance low carbon resilient development through the implementation of Nationally

Determined Contributions (NDCs), building of peer-networks, and engagement with the private sector.

During the three days of the conference the following key messages emerged:

INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE

For climate actions to result in tangible development benefits, countries need to reconfigure their governance systems to foster an inclusive, integrated approach to low carbon

development.

Key findings:

• High-level leadership is vital for fostering multi-sectoral and

multi-level processes that include climate mitigation and

adaptation actions for sustainable development.

• Strong leadership and stakeholder management capabilities

are required to lead a society wide transformation process. This

includes the engagement of new actors, and the expansion of

roles and responsibilities for NDC implementation.

• Sectoral approaches are key to NDC implementation.

Long-term planning helps breaking down climate targets into

short- and mid-term priorities.

• Integrated governance is the foundation for building a

common architecture for NDC implementation, transparency

and climate finance.

FINANCE

Attracting investment in support of NDC ambitions is a multidimensional challenge in which the public sector

plays a key role through policy, regulatory and financial incentives and engineering which enable public and private investment in low-carbon infrastructure and climate and resilient development.

Key findings:

• NDCs need to be translated into investment opportunities

and project pipelines developed and expanded to

increase visibility and profile of options to attract finance.

• There is no single formula for attracting finance within the variety of capital and investors with differing needs to be

understood and appropriate financial instruments and risk-reduction or sharing tools applied, in each specific investment context.

• Break up silos: cooperation, continued engagement

and a joint-understanding of opportunities between key

actors in the climate and finance communities is crucial to accelerate investment in NDC goals.

• An improved understanding is needed of how effective

public budgeting for climate change actions can support

the mobilisation of investment at scale; sensitise finance, planning and trade ministries; and pave the way for the

integration of NDCs into national and sub national planning.

TRANSPARENCY

The enhanced transparency framework is the

backbone of the Paris Agreement. It builds

trust, enables tracking of NDC implementation

and informs the global stock take on reaching

the long term goal.

Key findings:

• A data and transparency system is

paramount for the national coordination of

NDC implementation and further supports

communicating the work to different

stakeholders.

• Transparency works two ways: Reporting

and review not only serve accountability but

also inform processes for formulating national

policies and setting sectoral targets.

• Trust is crucial. Transparency is a powerful

mechanism for learning and driving individual

and collective ambition.

For further information, please refer to ndcconference2017.org

or Twitter: @giz_gmbh, @iki_bmub, @UNDPClimate, @ledsgp, @ndcpartnership

TRANSPARENCY The enhanced transparency framework is the backbone of the Paris Agreement. It builds trust, enables tracking of NDC implementation and informs the global stock take on reaching the long term goal.

Key findings: • A data and transparency system is paramount for the national coordination of

NDC implementation and further supports communicating the work to different stakeholders.

• Transparency works two ways: Reportingand review not only serve accountability but also inform processes for formulating national policies and setting sectoral targets.

• Trust is crucial. Transparency is a powerful mechanism for learning and driving individual and collective ambition.

FINANCE Attracting investment is a multidimensional challenge - the public sector plays a key role through policy, regulatory and national incentives and engineering which enable public and private investment in low-carbon infrastructure and climate and resilient development.

Key findings: • NDCs need to be translated into investment opportunities and project pipelines

developed and expanded to increase visibility and pro le of options to attract nance.

• There is no single formula for attracting finance within the variety of capital and investors with differing needs to be understood and appropriate national instruments and risk-reduction or sharing tools applied, in each specific investment context.

• Break up silos: cooperation, continued engagementand a joint-understanding of opportunities between key actors in the climate and nance communities is crucial to accelerate investment in NDC goals.

• An improved understanding is needed of how effective public budgeting for climate change actions can support the mobilization of investment at scale; sensitize finance, planning and trade ministries; and pave the way for the integration of NDCs into national and sub national planning.

on Flickr

© S. Muller, 2014

NDCs & Infrastructure

• Transportation • Potable Water • Sanitation Systems • Solid Waste Management • Energy Systems • Information &

Communications Technology (ICT)

• Flood Control • Cultural Heritage • Buildings

AsiaCountry

PopUrban Pop

∆1990- 2015

∆1990- 2015

Lao PDR 65% 314%

Bhutan 45% 241%

Nepal 57% 230%

Yemen 117% 258%

China 20% 153%

Maldives 66% 191%

Afghanistan 173% 298%

Bangladesh 49% 158%

Indonesia 43% 152%

Viet Nam 36% 125%

Timor-Leste 56% 145%

Thailand 19% 104%

Malaysia 68% 153%

ASIA ALL 37% 104%

Cambodia 73% 131%

Myanmar 29% 78%

Pakistan 69% 115%

Country

PopUrban

Pop

∆1990- 2015

∆1990- 2015

United Arab Emirates 430% 474%

Iran 41% 84%

India 48% 89%

Oman 130% 170%

Mongolia 34% 69%

Qatar 393% 428%

Turkey 42% 76%

Jordan 129% 162%

Syrian Arab Republic 79% 111%

Brunei Darussalam 67% 96%

State of Palestine 119% 143%

Japan 4% 25%

Other non-specified areas (Taiwan)

16% 34%

Turkmenistan 47% 63%

Saudi Arabia 85% 100%

Republic of Korea 16% 29%

Lebanon 87% 98%

Country Pop

Urban Pop

∆1990- 2015

∆1990- 2015

DPR Korea 25% 30%

Israel 76% 80%

Azerbaijan 33% 35%

Bahrain 174% 176%

Kuwait 74% 75%

China, Hong Kong SAR 26% 27%

China, Macao SAR

62% 63%

Cyprus 52% 52%

Singapore 86% 86%

Iraq 104% 104%

Sri Lanka 25% 23%

Georgia -21% -23%

Kazakhstan 4% -2%

Armenia -16% -22%

Kyrgyzstan 30% 23%

Uzbekistan 45% 31%

Philippines 64% 50%

Tajikistan 63% 38%

Fastest Urbanizinghttp://ledsgp-data.netlify.com

Fastest Carbonizing

AsiaTotal

CountryPer

Capita

∆1990-2015

∆1990-2015

Nepal 989% 594%

Lao PDR 980% 553%

Viet Nam 761% 536%

Bhutan 629% 404%

Maldives 691% 377%

Palestine 533% 297%

Sri Lanka 344% 256%

China 316% 246%

Mongolia 353% 239%

Bangladesh 393% 230%

Afghanistan 781% 223%

Thailand 244% 189%

Malaysia 340% 161%

Myanmar 231% 158%

Indonesia 260% 151%

India 268% 149%

Oman 456% 142%

Fossil fuels & cement production MtCO2

Total Country

Per Capita

∆1990-2015

∆1990-2015

Cambodia 302% 133%

Timor-Leste 194% 126%

Iran 207% 118%

Republic of Korea 140% 107%

Other non-specified areas 113% 84%

Turkey 144% 72%

Turkmenistan 145% 68%

Philippines 172% 65%

Iraq 227% 60%

Qatar 672% 57%

Lebanon 183% 51%

Saudi Arabia 176% 50%

Pakistan 150% 48%

China, Macao SAR 127% 40%

China, Hong Kong SAR 74% 38%

Yemen 172% 26%

Total Country

Per Capita

∆1990-2015

∆1990-2015

Kuwait 111% 21%

Israel 98% 12%

Jordan 146% 8%

Armenia -10% 7%

Japan 8% 4%

Bahrain 167% -3%

Cyprus 38% -9%

Brunei 48% -12%

Kazakhstan -13% -16%

UAE 240% -36%

Singapore 17% -37%

Uzbekistan -12% -39%

Kyrgyzstan -22% -40%

Georgia -56% -44%

Syrian Republic -1% -44%

Azerbaijan -39% -54%

Tajikistan -55% -73%

DPR Korea -76% -81%

http://ledsgp-data.netlify.com

processes of interaction and decision-making among the social actors involved in a collective problem that lead to

the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction of social norms and institutions.” [Problem, Actors, Norms, Nodal points/interaction points, Processes] (Hufty, M. 2011)

Governance

23© Muller

the synergistic “interplay” between institutions, levels of government and civil society organizations that

shape how policies and actions are defined and implemented. This can involve vertical and/or

horizontal interactions and take numerous forms

Multi-level Governance

SANDIE BESSO, on Flickr

Panamá

the premise that state, municipal, markets and civil society sectors each posses distinct assets that can be combined in a productive manner to solve complex problems. (Kalegaonkar, A. 2000)

Intersectoral Cooperation

disconnected, polycentric structures of subnational governance, for example between abutting municipalities in a metropolitan area. Fragmentation can create political,

institutional or information barriers, inefficiencies in service provision, spillover effects across jurisdictional boundaries,

as well as severe income and service level inequalities.

Fragmentation

Accelera'ng subna'onal implementa'on & raising na'onal ambi'ons

Bangkok, June 2017

Mul$-level Governance and the NDCs in Asia

PARITICIPANT PRESENTATIONS

http://ledsgp-data.netlify.com

NDC Policy and Action Ecosystem

•Strategic planning/ agenda segng •Polihcal leadership •Stakeholder support •Policy formulahon/ approval

•Idenhfying & bridging policy gaps •Implementahon

•Idenhfying & addressing barriers •Capacity building •Financing

•Monitoring & evaluahon •Disseminahon, sharing

Policy Implementation

Adapted from World Bank Institute,, Policy Instruments for low emission development.

Voluntary

Regulations / Standards

Quantity Instruments

Price Instruments

R&D / Innovation support

Policy Implementation

Adapted from World Bank Institute,, Policy Instruments for low emission development.

Voluntary

Regulations / Standards

Quantity Instruments

Price Instruments

R&D / Innovation support

Policies & instruments that permit people to make better-informed choices

Campaigns to inform & educate the public. e.g. water sources, energy efficiency techniques &

benefits, neighborhood gardens, etc

Identification/ certification of “green”, “energy efficient”, “low-carbon” products. Increases

awareness and market demand.

Programs and training to increase skills, knowledge and capacity of companies,

institutions, local governments to make better choices.

Awareness Campaign

Labeling

Training Programs

Policy Implementation

Adapted from World Bank Institute,, Policy Instruments for low emission development.

Voluntary

Regulations / Standards

Quantity Instruments

Price Instruments

R&D / Innovation support

Standards that mandate use of specific technologies or minimum level of performance

Min. Btu/m2 Green space:built area ratios. Obligatory use of energy efficiency building

tech. Green roofs. etc.

Minimum % of ethanol content in gasoline. diesel. Thermal applications

Non-motorized transportation infrastructure, bike-share systems, free public transportation, minimum fuel economy standards for vehicle

manufacturers.

Building Codes

Biofuel Standards

Transportation measures

Bike lanes, green belts, set backs, access to urban green areas, % tree canopies, composting, strict

zoning, limits to impermeable coverLand Use

Policy Implementation

32Adapted from World Bank Institute,, Policy Instruments for low emission development. 32

Voluntary

Regulations / Standards

Quantity Instruments

Price Instruments

R&D / Innovation support

Policies that regulate: GHG emissions, Grid emission factors, distributed generation of renewables, or

regulate quantity of energy efficiency savings— leading to a compliance market and price on carbon.

Required use of energy efficiency and pollution control technologies.

Minimum required % of ethanol in gasoline

Emission Trading

Schemes

Energy Efficiency

Certificates

Policy Implementation

Adapted from World Bank Institute,, Policy Instruments for low emission development.

Voluntary

Regulations / Standards

Quantity Instruments

Price Instruments

R&D / Innovation support

Policies that control: GHG emissions, grid emissions, natural resource consumption, land use

Taxes

Subsidies & subsidy reform

Payment for Ecosystem Services

Fee-bates

Renewable energy feed-in tariffs

On/ off peak electricity pricing

Policy Implementation

Adapted from World Bank Institute,, Policy Instruments for low emission development.

Voluntary

Regulations / Standards

Quantity Instruments

Price Instruments

R&D / Innovation support

Policy reforms to support private sector & university engagement in research, development, deployment and

diffusion of new green tech

Government supported funding

Establishment of funds and competitions that award prizes and resources

Public Funding

Prizes

Patent Policies

Facilitate access and sharing of green tech patents. e.g. “patent pools”, patent

commons, patent buy-outs and compulsory licensing agreements

Diagnostic Tool for MLG Coordination & Capacity Challenges

Informa'on gapAsymmetries of informahon (quanhty, quality, type) between different stakeholders, either voluntary or not.=> Need for instruments for revealing & sharing informahon

Capacity gapInsufficient scienhfic, technical, infrastructural capacity of local actors, in parhcular for designing appropriate strategies=> Need for instruments to build local capacity

Funding gapUnstable or insufficient revenues undermining effechve implementahon of responsibilihes at sub-nahonal level or for crossing policies, => Need for shared financing mechanisms

Policy gapSectoral fragmentahon across ministries and agencies. => Need for mechanisms to create mulhdimensional/systemic approaches at the sub nahonal level, and to exercise polihcal leadership and commitment.

Administra've gap

“Mismatch” between funchonal areas and administrahve boundaries => Need for instruments for reaching “effechve size”

Objec've gap Different rahonalihes creahng obstacles for adophng convergent targets => Need for instruments to align objechves

Accountability gap

Difficulty to ensure the transparency of prachces across the different conshtuencies => Need for inshtuhonal quality measurement=> Need for instruments to strengthen the integrity framework at the local level => Need for instruments to enhance cihzen’s involvement

(adapted from Charbit, 2011)

NDC Implementation

Brainstorm: Who are the LEDS stakeholders?

• Who are the people and institutions/organizations affected by the NDC plan?

• Who has influence and/or power and/or an interest in its success?

NDC ImplementationPo

wer

0

1

2

3

4

5

Interest 0 1 2 3 4 5

Keep Satisfied

Monitor(min effort)

Manage Closely

Keep Informed

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Accelera'ng subna'onal implementa'on & raising na'onal ambi'ons

Bangkok, June 2017

Mul$-level Governance and the NDCs in Asia

Ing. Sco7 A. Muller

@Sco%A_MullerSNIWG@LEDSGP.org