Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Mukul KumarR. K. PandeyVikas Kumar    Editors

Advances in Interdisciplinary Engineering Select Proceedings of FLAME 2018

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest develop-ments in Mechanical Engineering - quickly, informally and with high quality.Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the coreof LNME. Volumes published in LNME embrace all aspects, subfields and newchallenges of mechanical engineering. Topics in the series include:

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Mukul Kumar • R. K. Pandey •

Vikas KumarEditors

Advances in InterdisciplinaryEngineeringSelect Proceedings of FLAME 2018

123

EditorsMukul KumarR&D CenterHEG Ltd.Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

R. K. PandeyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology DelhiNew Delhi, Delhi, India

Vikas KumarDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringAmity UniversityNoida, Uttar Pradesh, India

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Mechanical EngineeringISBN 978-981-13-6576-8 ISBN 978-981-13-6577-5 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6577-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019931858

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Preface

This book brings together the collection of cutting-edge research articles onInterdisciplinary Engineering from the First International Conference on FutureLearning Aspects for Mechanical Engineering (FLAME), which was organized byAmity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India, from October 3 to 5, 2018.

The primary mission of the conference was to lay a platform that brings togetheracademicians, scientists, and researchers across the globe to share their scientificideas and vision in the areas of thermal, design, industrial, production, and inter-disciplinary areas of mechanical engineering. FLAME 2018 played a key role to setup a bridge between academician and industry.

The conference hosted almost 550 participants to exchange scientific ideas.During three days of the conference, researchers from academics and industriespresented the most recent cutting-edge discoveries, went through various scientificbrainstorm sessions, and exchanged ideas on practical socioeconomic problems.This conference also provided a scope to establish a network for joint collaborationbetween academia and industry. Major emphasis was focused on the recentdevelopments and innovations in various fields of mechanical engineering throughplenary lectures.

This book covers the interdisciplinary engineering areas such as automobileengineering, mechatronics, applied and structural mechanics, biomechanics,biomedical instrumentation, ergonomics, biodynamic modeling, nuclear engineer-ing, agriculture engineering, and farm machineries. This book caters to the inter-disciplinary aspects, will mainly serve as a reference guide for researchers andpractitioners, and is expected to foster better communication and closer cooperationbetween academia and industry partners.

The editors would like to acknowledge all the participants who have contributedto this volume. We also deeply express our gratitude to the generous supportprovided by Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida; Science Engineeringand Research Board (SERB), an enterprise of Department of Science andTechnology (DST), Government of India; Siemens; ISME; and Begell house. Wealso thank the publishers, faculty, and staff members of the department and institutewho have directly or indirectly helped to accomplish this goal. Finally, we would

v

also like to express their gratitude to respected Founder President, AmityUniversity, Dr. Ashok K. Chauhan, for providing all kinds of support, and this bookis not complete without his blessings.

In spite of sincere care, there might be typos and always a space for improve-ment. We would appreciate any suggestions from the reader for further improve-ments in this book.

Noida, India Dr. Vikas KumarNew Delhi, India Prof. (Dr.) R. K. PandeyBhopal, India Dr. Mukul KumarJanuary 2019

vi Preface

Contents

NOx Emission Reduction in Diesel Engine Through DevelopedCooled EGR Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Jaspreet Hira, Rohit Sharma, Kushal Kamboj, Vikas Kumarand Prakhar Sharma

Artificial Neural Networks Methodologies to Optimize EnginePerformance Parameters Using MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15N. Balaji Ganesh and P. V. Srihari

Intelligent Analysis of Refrigeration System Using Fuzzy Logic . . . . . . . 27Sanjeev Kumar, Syed Mujahid Azam and Ravindra Kannojiya

A Study on Gaming Engines Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Mayank Tyagi, Chetna Choudhary and Rana Majumdar

Study of Enablers and Attributes for Effective SCM of FMEG:A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Ravinder Kumar, Ravi Singh and Srilekh kalas

Reactivity Effects of In-Pin Fuel Motion in Modern Fast BreederReactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Anuj Dubey, T. Sathiyasheela and Anil Kumar Sharma

Assessment, Modeling, and Optimization During Nd:YAG LaserMicrogrooving of Titanium Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59D. Dhupal, S. R. Dixit, S. Pattanayak, R. R. Routray, A. K. Behuraand Sudhansu Ranjan Das

Mechanical Behavior of Stir-Casted Al + ZrB2 + Al2O3 MetalMatrix Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71B. P. Sharma, Mohd. Junaid, D. Akhil, G. S. Rao and Umesh Kumar Vates

Impact Strength of Silver Date Palm Leaf Reinforced PolyesterComposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79B. P. Sharma, S. Sareen, D. Tokas, G. S. Rao and Umesh Kumar Vates

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Onsite Technical and Economic Performance Evaluation of PWT(Pipeline Welding Technology): A Comparative Analysiswith CRC-Evans Welding Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Anubhav Rawat and Bhagwat Singh Shishodia

Fuzzy Logic Modeling of Explanatory Variables of CatalyticConvertor of an Automobile for Prediction of CO2 Emission . . . . . . . . 97Rajesh P. Verma, Ayush Kumar, P. K. Chauhan and Ankit Dimri

Improved Fourier Polynomial Based Phase Modeling for EstimatingInstantaneous Frequency from a Noisy FM Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Sankar Kumar Roy

Combustion Event Detection in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engineby Analysis of Sound Signal Recorded by Android Mobile . . . . . . . . . . 121Sankar Kumar Roy

Separation of Nitrogen from Combustion Using Pressure SwingAdsorption (PSA) Technique and Incorporating Zeolites . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Yogya Khanna, Shivam Puri, Prakhar Verma, Dasaradhi Puttaand Preeti Joshi

Reduction in Exhaust Emission Using Constantan Catalystin the Diesel Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Vivek Kumar Banerjee, Tanmay Agrawal, Basant Singh Sikarwarand Mohit Bhandwal

CFD Modeling of Commercial Slurry Flow Through HorizontalPipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Om Parkash, Arvind Kumar and Basant Singh Sikarwar

Real-Time Vibration Analysis of a Robotic Arm Designed for CTImage Guided Diagnostic Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Mohapatro Gourishankar, Mishra Ruby, Shah Shubham and Ghosh Taniya

Development of Low-Cost Wind Power Estimation System in EngganoIsland Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Novalio Daratha, Indra Agustian, Dedi Suryadi, Agus Suandiand Neeraj Gupta

Performance Investigation of a Nanofluid-Based Parabolic TroughSolar Collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Devander Kumar and Sheela Kumari

A Novel System Based on the Principle of Electrochemical Treatmentto Reduce Exhaust Emission from Gasoline-Operated Engine . . . . . . . . 199Prem Pal, Priyanka Sharma, Ajay Sharma and Mohit Bhandwal

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The Importance of Methanol–Gasoline Blend in Spark IgnitionEngine—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Keshav Jangid, Vivek Verma, Velpula Surya, Rohit Guptaand Devendra Vashist

Review on Dental Implant with Special Reference to ToothAbutment Implant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Shailja Awasthi, Vinay Pratap Singh and S. K. S. Yadav

Performance and Emission Analysis of a C.I. Engine Using Ethanoland Its Blends with Jojoba Biodiesel and Diesel as a Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . 229Amanpreet Singh, Sandeep Singh, Varun Singla and Varinder Singh

Solar Distiller Unit Loaded with Nanofluid—A Short Review . . . . . . . . 241Dharamveer, Samsher, Desh Bandhu Singh, Ashok Kumar Singhand Navneet Kumar

Computational Investigation of Various Transition Stagesin the Drop Formation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Bishnoi Pardeep and M. K. Sinha

An Arduino Micro-controller Operated AutomobileAir Conditioning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Hiren Shah, Aftab Maniar, Kushal Tailor, Dhruv Patel and Harsh Patel

Experimental Investigation of Bio-Oil Based Nanofluid Spray CoolingDuring AISI 316 SS Turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Ukamanal Manoj, P. C. Mishra, A. K. Sahoo and Panigrahi Subhashree

Biodynamic Responses of Human Body in Standing and SeatedPosition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Rajesh Govindan and Suraj Prakash Harsha

Simulation and Modeling of Solar Trough Collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Mukundjee Pandey, Biranchi Narayana Padhi and Ipsita Mishra

Accepting Renewable Technologies for Waste ManagementPromoting Sustainable Living Among Rural Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319F. Rajemahadik Chandrasen and A. Ghaste Akash

Optimizing the Performance of Catalytic Convertor Using TurbulenceDevices in the Exhaust System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333Tanmay Agrawal, Vivek Kumar Banerjee, Basant Singh Sikarwarand Mohit Bhandwal

A Comprehensive Review on LiBr–H2O Based Solar-Powered VapourAbsorption Refrigeration System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343S. Somesh, Sumit Kumar Shaw and Piyush Mahendru

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Multi-objective Process Optimization of Biodiesel Synthesis fromAcacia concinna Seed Oil Using TOPSIS and GRA Approach . . . . . . . . 353Vishal Saxena, Niraj Kumar and Vinod Kumar Saxena

Comparative Analysis of Wavelet Encoder and Hybrid Wavelet-BasedFractal Encoder for Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Richa Gupta, Deepti Mehrotra and Rajesh Kumar Tyagi

Automation of Business Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Shreya Srivastava, Suryanshu Sahay, Deepti Mehrotra and Vikas Deep

Fractional Order Sliding-Mode Controller for Quadcopter . . . . . . . . . . 381Om Veer Dhakad and Vivek Kumar

An Investigation of the Impact of Injection Profile Shaping on thePerformance-Emission Characteristics of an Existing CI Engine:A CFD Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393Sudharani Panda and Rahul Banerjee

Effect of AR Coating Properties on Diffused Reflectance and OverallEfficiency of mc-Si Silicon Solar Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407Shivangi, A. K. Saxena and M. Shadab Siddiqui

Comparative Study of Sheet Metal and Carbon Fibre ReinforcedComposites Ceiling Fan Blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413Himanshu Garg, Joginder Singh, M. R. Tyagi, Kunal Singh, K. Adityaand Himanshu Gupta

Kinematics of Sit-to-Stand Task for Knee Osteoarthritis Patients . . . . . 421Siddharth Bhardwaj, Abid Ali Khan and Mohammad Muzammil

A Critical Assessment of J-Integral and CTOD as FractureParameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429R. Harihara Subramanian, Subbaiah Arunkumar, Sreekumar Jithinand Ravi Kiran Bollineni

Financial Performance Evaluation Using MADM Approachesin Indian Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Neeraj Saini and Dinesh Khanduja

Performance Analysis of Free Air Cooling Conditioning Chamber(FACCC) to Develop Improved Cold Chain During Transportationof Agricultural Crops in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Vardan Parashar, Abid Haleem and J. A. Usmani

Nanoparticles Reinforcement Effect on the MMC’s Characteristics . . . . 459Siddhartha Kosti, Jitender Kundu and Chandra S. Malvi

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Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of a Gecko Spatula Adhesionon a Rigid Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Saipraneeth Gouravaraju and Sachin S. Gautam

Effect of Oxygen Enrichment on the Performance of a RotaryFurnace: A Harbinger to Ecological Sustenance and Pollution-FreeCastings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481Dilip Kumar, Ranjit Singh and Ashok Yadav

Modeling and Analysis for Barriers in Healthcare Services by ISMand MICMAC Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Kanishka Kumar, Vardeep S. Dhillon, Punj Lata Singhand Rahul Sindhwani

Pothole Detection and Warning System for Indian Roads . . . . . . . . . . . 511Sunil Kumar Sharma and Rakesh Chandmal Sharma

Self-Driving Car Using Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Sahil Gupta, Divya Upadhyay and Ashwani Kumar Dubey

Mitigation of Risk in CNG Station Using Fuzzy-IntegratedTechnique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535Priyank Srivastava, Mohit Agarwal, Aditya Narayanan, Manik Tandonand Mridul Tulsian

Role of Additives in Enhancing the Performance Characteristicsand Stability of Biodiesel—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543Akshay Rasal, Sarthak Saxena, Naveen Nair, Mohit Vikal,Khushbu Yadav and Gaurav Dwivedi

Investigation of Leakage Sources in Gasoline Muffler Using RCFA,CFD, and Experimental Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553Mritunjay Upreti and Sumit Sharma

Technology Entrepreneurship Capability Development in IndianAutomotive Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561Mohd Talha Khan and Niraj Kumar

Green Energy: A Building Block for Smart City in India . . . . . . . . . . . 569Mugdha Mishra, Mohd. Talha Khan and Niraj Kumar

Modification of Two-Load Method for Measuring AcousticProperties with Mean Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579Deepankar Das, Utkarsh Chhibber and R. N. Hota

BSA Detection on Polymeric Nanocantilever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Aviru Kumar Basu, Amar Nath Sah, Asima Pradhanand Shantanu Bhattacharya

Contents xi

Modeling and Control of Underactuated System Using LQRController Based on GA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595Vishal Dhiman, Gurminder Singh and Munish Kumar

Analysis of Higher Alcohol Fuel Blends for IC Engine—A Review . . . . 605Rahul Sharma, Dilip Kumar, Mayank Chhabra and Gaurav Dwivedi

Hydrogen Vehicle—Opportunities and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613Prabhakar Alok Ravi, Verma Vivek and A. K. Jouhari

A Neural Network-Based Comparative Analysis of BR, LM, and SCGAlgorithms for the Detection of Particulate Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619Monika Arora, Farhan Ashraf, Vipul Saxena, Garima Mahendru,Monica Kaushik and Pritish Shubham

Performance Testing of Biodiesel in CI Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635Kunal Bhatt, Om Prakash Chaudhary, Fahad Khanand Dev Kumar Gautam

Modelling of Photovoltaic Losses from AvailableMeteorological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645Rachit Gada, Ishan Doshi and Kashinath Patil

Bio-Tribological Study of Synovial Fluid in the OrthopedicImplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657Shariq Ahmad Bhat and M. S. Charoo

Design and Implementation of Obfuscating Tool for SoftwareCode Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665Akshay Kumar and Seema Sharma

A Critical Review on Calibration of Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677Tanvi Verma and Nathi Ram Chauhan

Castor Biofuel a Renewable Energy Source in India—Statusand Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685Satyam Vatsa and Madhuranjan Vatsa

Renewable Energy-Based Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695Yaduvir Singh and Nitai Pal

Performance and Combustion Analysis of a PPCCI Enginewith Diesel as a Premixed Fuel to Reduce Soot Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . 703S. Sendilvelan, K. Bhaskar, M. Kiani Deh Kiani, Satishkumar Subendran,M. Thrinadh, P. Santheep Pandian and L. R. Sassykova

Theoretical Study of Solar Air Heater Using MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . 715Vijay Singh Bisht, Ankit Singh Bisht and Pooja Joshi

xii Contents

Path Planning of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Basedon RRT Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725Arleen Kaur and Mani Shankar Prasad

Coal Mine Rescue Robot Simulation Using V-Rep and Python . . . . . . . 733Preeti Rani and Nathi Ram Chauhan

Characterisation and Zeta Potential Measurements of CuO–WaterNanofluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741Vinay Singh and Munish Gupta

Analytical Model to Predict the Dislocation at Different Interfacesin Thin-Film Multilayer: Application to LED Multi-quantum Well(MQW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749Mishra Dhaneshwar, Seo Youjeong and Pak Y. Eugene

Surface Modified Carbon Fibre Reinforced PA6 and its Blend-BasedComposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759Anurag R. Patil, S. Aparna and D. Purnima

Study of Bubble Dynamics and Free Liquid Surface Mixingin a Rectangular Container Having Ullage Area with DoubleGas Inlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769Sarath Raj and J. S. Jayakumar

Performance Enhancement of Induction Motor Using PID Controllerwith PID Tuner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783Megha Yadav and Vijay Kumar Tayal

IoT (Internet of Things) Based Emergency Push-Button System . . . . . . 795Jasmeen Kaur Ahluwalia and Misha Kakkar

Investigative Analysis of Thumba Biodiesel Blends in a SingleCylinder Four Stroke IDI CI Engine at Varying Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807Rabisankar Debnath, G. R. K. Sastry, R. N. Rai and Jibitesh Kumar Panda

Breast Cancer Detection Using Image Processing Techniques . . . . . . . . 813Poorti Sahni and Neetu Mittal

Reduction of Noise of Cloud Medical Images Using ImageEnhancement Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825Ayushi Chauhan, Neetu Mittal and Sunil Kumar Khatri

Segmentation of Skin Lesion Images Using Fudge Factor BasedTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837Sudhriti Sengupta, Neetu Mittal and Megha Modi

Nanomaterial in Lubricants—A Real Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847Neha Deepak Saxena and Nathi Ram Chauhan

Contents xiii

Emission Control System Using Lambda Sensors and Applicationin Soil Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855Sharad Chandra and Sheelam Misra

Renewable Energy Sources and Development in Their Use . . . . . . . . . . 865Mohit Misra, Vijay Kumar Tayal and H. P. Singh

Performance Analysis of PV System Integrated with Boost Converterfor Low Power Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879Ruchira, R. N. Patel and Sanjay Kumar Sinha

Modal Analysis of 132 kV Double Circuit Electric PowerTransmission Tower Made up with Composite MaterialThermoplastic Long Carbon Fiber Nylon 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891Chiranjit Bhowmik, Prasun Chakraborti, Shankar Swarup Dasand Ram Singh

Decision-Making for Selection of Most Suitable Materialsfor Biomedical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901Shankar Swarup Das, Prasun Chakraborti, Chiranjit Bhowmikand Ram Singh

xiv Contents

About the Editors

Dr. Mukul Kumar obtained his Ph.D. in physics jointly from Bihar Universityand IIT Bombay, India. His research areas includes electroless synthesis of pho-toactive semiconductor thin films for solar energy conversion, electrochemicalstudies of metals and alloys of group II-VI materials, chemical vapor deposition andcatalysis, synthesis, characterization and application of carbon nanotubes. He haspublished over 60 research articles in peer-reviewed international journals, andcontributed chapters in three books on carbon nanomaterials. He also holds sevenpatents on synthesis of glassy carbon, carbon nanotubes and their applications.Currently, he is Associate Vice President (Head of the R&D Center), HEG Ltd.,Mandideep, India.

Dr. R. K. Pandey is a professor in department of Mechanical Engineering, IITDelhi, India. He received his Ph.D. from the department of MechanicalEngineering, IIT Delhi. His research interest includes bearing lubrication, tribo-logical elements design, engine tribology, and lubrication in metal forming. He haspublished several research papers in international journals and conferences.

Dr. Vikas Kumar is Assistant Professor in the department of MechanicalEngineering, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University,Noida, India. He obtained his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from IIT Roorkee.He has published several articles in the field of vibration and ergonomics in reputedjournals, and he is also a reviewer for many of them. He has recently filed for twopatents to the Indian patent office.

xv

NOx Emission Reduction in DieselEngine Through Developed Cooled EGRSetup

Jaspreet Hira, Rohit Sharma, Kushal Kamboj, Vikas Kumarand Prakhar Sharma

Abstract In the present research work, an experimental investigation is performedon single-cylinder air-cooled direct injection diesel engine by incorporating cooledEGR into the intake manifold for reducing NOx emission. A surge tank is designed,fabricated, and utilized for the flow of cooled EGR into the intake manifold as itdampens the fluctuations caused by exhaust gases during engine running. A 20%blend of karanja biodiesel and diesel fuel B20 is utilized for the experimental inves-tigation. The combined effect of varying the percentage of cooled EGR and karanjaB20 biodiesel fuel on engine performance and emission characteristics such as brakethermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, cylinder pressure, and exhaustemission has been investigated. From the results, it has been concluded that at 100%of engine load, the NOx emission reduced substantially from 662 to 503 ppm with15% of EGR. Also for all operating conditions, a better trade-off between HC, CO,and NOx emissions is attained within a limited EGR rate of 5–15% with a littleeconomy penalty.

Keywords EGR · Emissions · Biodiesel · Surge tank

1 Introduction

The increasing trends in the automobile manufacturing sector have led to an increasein the number of petro-diesel vehicles and this increasing trend is escalating in the lastnumber of years. The emissions on road caused by these vehicles and manufactur-ing industries have caused havocked in the environment and diesel engines vehiclesare the most polluter vehicles as they emit greater amount of NOx, with unburnedhydrocarbons and particulate matter in the environment. Alternative fuel and emis-sion reduction technologies have come to rescue in reducing the emissions. Usingbiodiesel, the exhaust emissions of the particulate matter (PM) were 30% lower thanthe overall PM emissions using petro-diesel [1]. With a 20% blend of biodiesel with

J. Hira (B) · R. Sharma · K. Kamboj · V. Kumar · P. SharmaAmity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, Indiae-mail: jhira@amity.edu

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019M. Kumar et al. (eds.), Advances in Interdisciplinary Engineering, Lecture Notes inMechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6577-5_1

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mineral diesel, the cetane number of the diesel improved which also improved thethermal efficiency by 2.5% and also the combustion duration was slightly longer forbiodiesel compared to petro-diesel [2]. The diesel biodiesel blend showed lower car-bon monoxide and smoke emission with increase in the oxides of nitrogen but usingexhaust gas recirculation (EGR) the NOx emission were reduced [3]. The dieselsoybean blend reduced carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide emis-sions by the desired values [4]. The blend of diesel and karanja esterified biodieseloil helps in reducing the air pollution and also the brake specific fuel consumption[5]. The performance, emission, and combustion characteristics can be enhanced byoptimizing the injector pressure, injector timing, and injection rate when the dieselengine is to be operated with jatropa oil [6]. A 2.6% jatropha fuel blended withdiesel fuel produced maximum value of brake power and brake thermal efficiencywith minimum value of specific fuel consumption and jatropha fuel acts as ignitionaccelerator for diesel fuel [7]. The blend of diesel and refined bran oil reduced theemissions such as CO, CO2, and HC by 60, 86, and 91%, respectively. But however,the NOx emission increased by 23.48% [8]. With the addition of EGR to engine inletair flow appeared to be beneficial in reducing the NOx emission in the diesel engine[9]. By incorporating either the hot EGR or cooled EGR, cooled EGR performs lowerthermal efficiency than hot EGR but gives a lower NOX emission values as comparedto hot EGR [10]. The excess amount of EGR leads to unstable combustion and evenmisfires in the engine intakemanifold [11]. Diesel engine working on 100% liquefiedpetroleum gas (LPG) with diethyl ether (DEE) added for ignition enhancer using theEGR at part load increased the thermal efficiency by 2.5%, the higher EGR affectedthe combustion rate and the peak pressure at maximum load [12]. By using Jojobamethyl ester as renewable fuel in diesel engine and working at all operating condi-tions, the oxides of nitrogen yield higher values but while incorporating cooled EGRthe NOx emission reduced substantially [13]. 15% of EGR is the optimum value formaximum ïbth (Brake thermal efficiency) and minimum BSFC (brake specific fuelconsumption) [14]. EGR with 5–25% reduces the NOx emission through control-ling the oxygen content and peak combustion temperature [15]. EGR is one of themost promising technology to improve the control of NOx emissions by reducing thecombustion temperature [16]. The incorporation of higher percentage of biodieselreduces the NOx emission significantly [17].

From the above literature review, it is found that a lot of research work has beenpublished on the emission reduction technologies and thereby EGR is the mostprominent way of reducing NOx. So, in this research work, our main aim was todesign and develop a cooled EGR surge tank setup and incorporating into dieselengine using blend of diesel and biodiesel B20 (20% of Karanja oil) for reducing theinlet temperature thereby reducing NOx. The effect of EGR flow and biodiesel fuelis analyzed through the experimentation.

NOx Emission Reduction in Diesel Engine … 3

2 Experimental Setup

In this researchwork, air-cooled single cylinderKirloskar diesel engine has been usedat a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The setup used in thiswork is shown in Fig. 1 consist-ing of EGR surge tank, water inlet, rotameter, thermocouple arrangements, controlvalves, and EGR flow line. The purpose of using surge tank was to dampen the vibra-tions and fluctuations of recirculated hot gases. The performance parameters such asA/F ratio, BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption), ïbth (brake thermal efficiency)were investigated with the engine system equipped with AVL437 EPOSTM (EnginePerformance & Optimization system) and Table 1 shows the engine specifications.

Fig. 1 Layout of diesel engine with cooled EGR setup

Table 1 Engine specifications

S. No. Description Data

1. Name of the engine Kirloskar oil engine limited

2. Type of engine Vertical single acting 4 stroke, high-speed totalenclosed, CI diesel engine

3. No. of cylinders Single cylinder

4. Bore 87.5 mm

5. Stroke 110 mm

6. Cubic capacity 0.991 L

7. Nominal compression ratio 17.5:1

8. IS Rating at 1500 rpm 7.4 kW (10 bhp)

9. Fuel timing by spill 23°

10. Governing class A2

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Fig. 2 Developed EGR setup

A rotameter was installed in the EGR line after the surge tank in order to measurethe flow rate of recirculated exhaust gases. The load on the engine was applied withdynamometer attached with engine o/p shaft. The inlet airflow was measured byusing a digital manometer. Thermocouples were installed at the two ends of thepipeline to measure the hot gas temperature at the exhaust and cold gas temperatureat the inlet of the engine manifold. The blended Karanja biodiesel fuel was fedto the injector pump and the volumetric flow rate was measured using burette andstopwatch. The AVL437 was also used to calibrate the engine speed and the exhaustgases emissions such as CO, HC, and CO2 by the nondispersive infrared analyzerandNOx by electrochemical method. The smoke opacitymeter measured the exhaustgas opacity. The EGR system installed with controller valves was used to regulatethe quantity of EGR. The following steps were used for performing the experiment:

NOx Emission Reduction in Diesel Engine … 5

1. The engine was run with a blend of diesel and biodiesel B20 without EGR togenerate baseline data.

2. To evaluate the performance and emission characteristics, the load on the enginewas varied from no load to 100% load.

3. The exhaust gases were cooled with the water circulated inside the surge tankand hollow cylindrical section fabricated with copper as the material.

4. The temperature of the cooled exhaust gases was observed in the range of46–57 °C, which varied with load and EGR percentage.

Figure 2 shows the developed EGR setup. This developed cooled EGR setup wasutilized for experimentation, which includes the engine performance characteristics(viz., volumetric efficiency,BSFC, andïbth), emissionparameters (viz.,HC,CO2,COand NOx), and combustion characteristics (viz., ignition delay and heat release rate).

3 Design of Intercooler Surge Tank

Figure 3 shows the schematic diagram of the designed surge tank. It consists of acopper pipe for the flow of hot EGR, which is also enclosed with a steel pipe withcooled water flow. The exhaust gases come out from the copper pipe then enters intothe aluminum surge tank where the fluctuations of the exhaust gases are dampened

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of designed surge tank

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Table 2 Dimensions of intercooler

L Length of the pipe 0.295 m

h1 Convective heat transfer of water 100 W/m2K

r1 Inner radius of copper rod 0.034 m

r2 Outer radius of copper rod 0.036 m

r3 Inner radius of aluminum rod 0.056 m

r4 Outer radius of aluminum rod 0.058 m

h2 Convective heat transfer of gases 300 W/m2K

k1 Thermal conductivity of copper 401 W/m °C

k2 Thermal conductivity of aluminum 250 W/m °C

T1 Temperature inlet 500 °C

T2 Temperature outlet 47 °C

due to enlarge in the area. The amount of exhaust gases are then controlled thoughthe rota meter. The temperature of the exhaust gases obtained at the upper end of thesurge tank 1 was 43–49 °C, which reduces effectively.

Table 2 shows the dimensions of the intercooler and by substituting these valuesin Eq. (1), the following heat transfer coefficient is calculated:

Q = mhCp,h(Th,i − Th,o

) = mcCp,c(Tc,o − Tci

)(1)

Further, Eq. 1 consists of the heat transfer calculated in the design intercooler.After calculating, the amount of heat transfer from the surge tank is 2.37 kW.

4 Results and Discussion

A number of experiments were performed on the engine at constant RPM. Thevarious engine performance parameters, viz., BSFC, ïbth, volumetric efficiency wereinvestigated at different loadings ranging from 50 to 100% of engine load. Theemission characteristics were investigated at different loading such as HC, CO, CO2,NOx, and smoke with opacity. The various combustion characteristics such as inlinepressure, ignition delay, and heat release rate were investigated at a different weightpercent of EGR. The present research work will be helpful for reduction in engineemission and the technology will be fruitful for overall diesel engine performances.

NOx Emission Reduction in Diesel Engine … 7

4.1 Engine Performance for Biodiesel with DifferentPercentage of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

4.1.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency (ïbth)

Figure 4 indicates the variation of brake thermal efficiency (ïbth) at different levelsof EGR from 0 to 15.5% and at different loading conditions. It has been observedfrom the Fig. 4 that ïbth is maximum at 75% loading condition then followed by100 and 50% loading conditions, respectively. At 100% of engine loading, the ïbthincreased with the increase of EGR percentage from 5 to 10. This is due to thehigher inlet temperature of air in the EGR operated engine which helps in improvingthe in-cylinder charge mass which led to complete combustion at higher loading.In addition, EGR is being at slightly higher pressure than the atmospheric whichmight have reduced pumping losses and results in an increase of ïbth. The chemicaleffect associated with dissociation of carbon monoxide to form free radical can alsoimprove efficiency.

Figure 5 shows the comparison of ïbth between Karanja B20 and Diesel fuel andfound a higher value of ïbth for diesel fuel in comparison of Karanja B20. And thiswas due to an increase of turbulence caused by EGR and higher cetane number ofdiesel fuel.

4.1.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)

Figure 6 shows the variation of BSFCwith the percentage of EGR at different loadingconditions. It is found that the BSFC increases with an increase in the percentage ofEGR and reaches a minimum value at no EGR and then increases to a maximum at

Fig. 4 Variation in ïbth for biodiesel with different % of EGR at different load. ïbth

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Fig. 5 Comparison of ïbth between Karanja B20 and diesel fuel

Fig. 6 Variation in BSFC for biodiesel with different % of EGR at different load

15.5% EGR. The increase of BSFC is due to the addition of exhaust gases into theintake manifold resulting in a reduction of indicated power and brake power.

4.1.3 Volumetric Efficiency

Figure 7 shows the variation of volumetric efficiency with EGR percentage. Thevolumetric efficiency decreases with an increase in EGR%. The air flow into theintake manifold is decreased because the amount of air has been replaced by cooledexhaust gas recirculation. The diesel fuel has high volumetric efficiency as comparedto Karanja B20 Fuel as shown in Fig. 7.

NOx Emission Reduction in Diesel Engine … 9

Fig. 7 Comparison of volumetric efficiency between Karanja B20 and Diesel

4.2 Engine Emission for Biodiesel with Different Percentageof Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

4.2.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Figure 8 indicates the CO variation with various EGR levels and engine loadings.It has been observed from figure that at 100% engine loading, the CO emission ismaximum for 13%of EGR. This is due to lower excess oxygen available for completecombustion. Oxygen concentration resulted in rich air–fuel mixtures at a differentlocation inside the combustion chamber. This heterogeneous mixture of cooled EGRand biodiesel fuel did not burn properly in the engine which has resulted in higherCO emissions.

Fig. 8 Variation in CO emission for biodiesel with different % of EGR at different load

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4.2.2 Hydrocarbon (HC)

Figure 9 shows the variation of HC emission with EGR% at different loading condi-tions. The HC increase sharply from 420 ppmwithout EGR to 535 ppmwith 15.68%EGR at full load. This high increase in emission may be because of the reducedavailability of oxygen, which makes the mixture heterogeneous inside the cylinder.This heterogeneous mixture may not have burnt properly inside the engine, therebyresulting in a higher value of hydrocarbon.

Fig. 9 Variation in HC emission for biodiesel with different % of EGR at different load

Fig. 10 Variation in CO2 emission for biodiesel with different % of EGR at different load

NOx Emission Reduction in Diesel Engine … 11

4.2.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Figure 10 shows the variation of CO2 with EGR% at different loading conditions. Ithas been observed from Fig. 9 that for 75% load and 100% load, the CO2 emissionsdecrease after 5% EGR. At 100% loading and 13% of EGR, the decline rate is fastas compared to other engine loading conditions.

4.2.4 Oxide of Nitrogen (NOX)

Figure 11 shows the variation of NOx emission with EGR% at different loading con-ditions. The EGR reduces the oxygen concentration in the charge and consequently,the combustion pressure and temperature were also reduced. The temperature ofthe exhaust gas with biodiesel was found to be lower in the case of EGR operatedengine which indicates lower cylinder gas temperature. As cylinder gas temperaturedecreases due to the high specific heat of EGR, the formation of NOX also reduces.The high rate of EGR is found to be effective at lower loads as inert gases are lowin concentration and oxygen rate is higher in the exhaust. At full load, NOX reducesto 503 ppm with 15.86% EGR from 662 ppm. At lower loads, 50% and 75% with15.86% EGR, NOX emission for biodiesel reduce to 409 and 443 from 435 and613 ppm, respectively.

Figure 12 shows the comparison of NOx (PPM) between Karanja B20 and dieselfuel and it has been observed that diesel fuel has lowerNOx at 10%EGR as comparedto Karanja B20.

Fig. 11 Variation in NOX emission for biodiesel with different % of EGR at different load

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Fig. 12 Comparison of NOx (PPM) between Karanja B20 and diesel

5 Conclusions

1. The designed and developed surge tank can be effectively utilized for coolingthe exhaust gases from the air-cooled Kirloskar diesel engine.

2. The fluctuations caused by the exhaust gases can be dampened by the designedcylindrical surge tank.

3. The overall heat transfer from the surge tank setup has been evaluated with avalue of 2.3786 kW.

4. The performance parameters such as the brake thermal efficiency (ïbth) andthe volumetric efficiency both decreased with an increase in the percentage ofEGR.

5. The brake specific fuel consumption BSFC increase with an increase in the per-centage of EGR, and the indicated power (ip) is being reduced by the replace-ment of exhaust gases into the inlet manifold.

6. The emissions such as CO, CO2, and HC increase with an increase in the EGRpercentage.

7. At 100% engine load, there is 24% reduction of NOx emission, i.e.,662–503 ppm and this decrease is at 15% EGR.

8. The experimental study on cooled EGR can be effectively utilized for stationerypower generation diesel engine reducing NOx for eco-friendly environment.

9. For all operating conditions, a better trade-off between HC, CO, and NOx emis-sions can be attained within a limited EGR rate of 5–15% with a little economypenalty.

10. The developed setup can be effectively utilized for circulating cooled EGR intothe inlet manifold thereby reducing NOx at all inlet temperature and pressure.

Acknowledgements This research was supported by Dr. K. A. Subramanian Associate Professorat Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. We would also like to show our

NOx Emission Reduction in Diesel Engine … 13

gratitude to (Prof. M. K. G. Babu) for sharing their pearls of wisdom with us during the researchwork and supportive team including lab staff of Laboratory IC Engine, Centre for Energy StudiesIIT Delhi.

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and di-tertiary butyl peroxide on diesel-biodiesel blends for performance and emission studies.Int J Adv Sci Technol 54:49–60

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Artificial Neural NetworksMethodologies to Optimize EnginePerformance Parameters UsingMATLAB

N. Balaji Ganesh and P. V. Srihari

Abstract This work is concerned with the use of artificial neural network as asimulation tool for optimizing the performance of four-stroke single-cylinder dieselengine, operating at various conditions for this performance, test on a four-strokediesel engines is conducted and the performance parameters are calculated with stan-dard formulae. The output values obtained from the conventional method are usedas input for training artificial neural networks in combination with backpropagationalgorithm has been performed usingMATLAB. The results obtained from the practi-cal networks are compared with the conventional values and the errors are estimatedfor each parameter. The error deviation obtained against each parameter indicatesthe net variation of engine output, and accordingly the corrective actions may beinitiated with the engine for the improvement of performance parameters.

Keywords Artificial neural network · Backpropagation algorithm · MATLAB ·CI Engine

1 Introduction

ANN is an efficient approach amid the black-box design approach that is extensivelyused in different engineering applications in recent years [1]. This craft aims to greatlydecrease dynamometer analysis, thereby developing scientific models of the engineoutputs using a smaller subset of experimental data. Once the scientific modelshave been refined, the errors can be minimized using techniques such as gradientprocedures [2], different approaches are included for usingANNtoboost upmodelingand graduate of engines [3]. The capability of ANN as a system testimony tool is pre-owned to represent the nonlinear performance of engine operations. Many analystsused ANN for predicting twisting moment, brake power, total fuel consumption, and

N. Balaji Ganesh (B)Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aditya College of Engineering, Madanapalli, Indiae-mail: balajiganeshn@gmail.com

P. V. SrihariDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore, India

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019M. Kumar et al. (eds.), Advances in Interdisciplinary Engineering, Lecture Notes inMechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6577-5_2

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