MUHAMMAD BIN MUHAMMAT...

THE CONVERTER CIRCUIT FOR PIEZOELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

MUHAMMAD BIN MUHAMMAT SANUSI

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Industrial Electronics) With Honours

Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

April 2009

UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN

PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II

Tajuk Projek : The Converter Circuit For Piezoelectric Power Generation

Sesi Pengajian : 2008/2009

Saya MUHAMMAD BIN MUHAMMAT SANUSI mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini

disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.

2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :

SULIT*

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau

kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA

RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD*

(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh

organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

_____________________________________ ___________________________________

(MUHAMMAD BIN MUHAMMAT SANUSI) (SITI KHADIJAH BINTI IDRIS@OTHMAN)

Alamat Tetap: F 364 B,

Kampung Padang Temusu,

08000 Sungai Petani,

Kedah Darul Aman

Tarikh: ……………………….. Tarikh: ………………………..

“I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as

cited in the references.”

Signature : ……………………………………..

Author : Muhammad Bin Muhammat Sanusi

Date : April 2009

“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is

sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic

Engineering (Industrial Electronics) With Honours.”

Signature : …………………………………………

Supervisor‟s Name : Mrs. Siti Khadijah Binti Idris@Othman

Date : April 2009

“Dedicated to my family, my supervisor and to my friends”

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank first and foremost my final project (PSM) advisor Mrs.

Siti Khadijah Binti Idris@Othman, for his invaluable guidance and continued

support during the course of this research work.

I am also extremely grateful to my best friends for his help and

encouragement. Without their assistance, I would have never accomplished this

work.

Special thanks go to all the 4 BENE S1 students and staff for their help

during my graduate career.

Last, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my family for their

constant support and encouragement in my educational pursuits.

ABSTRACT

Piezoelectric materials have a crystalline structure that provides a unique

ability to convert an applied electrical potential into a mechanical strain or convert an

applied strain into an electrical current. The latter of these two properties allows the

material to function as a power generator. In most cases the piezoelectric material is

strained through the ambient vibration around the structure, thus allowing a

frequently unused energy source to be utilized for the purpose of powering small

electronic systems. However, the amount of energy generated by these piezoelectric

materials is far smaller than that needed by most electronic devices. For this reason,

the target of accumulating and storing the energy generated, until sufficient power

has been captured and convert into power generated is the key to develop completely

self-powered systems. This project quantifies the amount of energy generated by a

piezoelectric material and investigates the compatible converting circuit thus produce

higher efficiency, higher frequency and long operating duty cycle. Achieving project

targeted was focus on the ability of mechanical vibration produce by piezoelectric

material. Through the excitation of a piezoelectric energy stored, the compatible

converter circuit is determine by the amount of the energy generate that needed by

most electric devices.

ABSTRAK

Bahan piezoelektrik mempunyai struktur berhablur yang membekalkan

kebolehan unik untuk menukar keupayaan elektrik yang diberi kepada tekanan

mekanikal atau menukar keupayaan tekanan kepada arus elektrik. Dua sifat ini

membolehkan bahan piezolelektrik berfungsi sebagai penjana kuasa. Dalam

kebanyakan perkara, bahan piezoelektrik mempunyai tekanan melalui gegaran dari

persekitaran di setiap struktur yang dapat memberikan punca tenaga yang tidak

digunakan untuk penjanaaan sistem elektronik yang kecil. Walaubagaimanapun,

jumlah tenaga dihasilkan dari bahan piezoelektrik ini jauh lebih rendah daripada

yang diperlukan oleh kebanyakan alat elektronik. Oleh sebab ini, tujuan projek

adalah pada pengumpulan dan penyimpanan tenaga yang dihasilkan sehingga tenaga

mencukupi untuk penjanaan kuasa sehingga membolehkan pembentukan sistem

tenaga itu sendiri. Projek ini mengkuantitikan jumlah tenaga yang dihasilkan oleh

bahan piezoelektrik dan mengkaji litar penukar yang sesuai bagi menghasilkan

kecekapan yang tinggi, frekuensi yang tinggi dan bertahan lama. Matlamat projek

memfokuskan pada gegaran yang dihasilkan oleh bahan piezolektrik yang

digunakan. Selaras dengan penyimpanan tenaga piezoelektrik, litar penukar yang

sesuai ditentukan oleh jumlah tenaga yang dihasilkan untuk keperluan kebanyakan

alat elektronik.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER ITEM PAGE

PROJECT TITLE i

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN ii

AUTHOR DECLARATION iii

SUPERVISOR DECLARATION iv

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

ABSTRACT vii

ABSTRAK viii

CONTENTS ix

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF TABLES xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi

LIST OF APPENDIXES xvii

I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Motivation 1

1.2 Objective 2

1.3 Scope of Work 3

1.4 Problem Statements 3

1.5 Thesis Outlines 5

II BACKGROUND RESEARCH 6

2.1 Literature Review 6

2.1.1 Piezoelectric Elements 8

2.1.2 Operational Principles 9

2.1.3 Vibration 10

2.1.4 Passive Vibration Absorbs 11

2.1.5 Active Vibration Control 11

2.1.6 Mechanical Vibration 12

2.1.7 Power Efficiency of Piezoelectric 12

2.2 Piezoelectric Sensor Modeling 14

2.3 Direct Discharge Method 24

2.4 Switching Converters 24

III METHODOLOGY 26

3.1 Project Stage 26

3.1.1 Circuit Analyzed (Design) 26

3.1.2 Software (Simulation) 27

3.1.3 Hardware (Product) 27

3.2 Project Planning 28

3.3 Project Flow Chart 29

3.4 Circuit Operation Flow 30

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 32

4.1 Earlier Design 32

4.1.1 Circuit Operations 33

4.1.2 Simulation 34

4.2 New Circuit Design 35

4.2.1 Analytical Model and Circuit Operation 36

4.2.1.1 Rectification and Latch 36

4.2.1.2 High Frequency Switching, TIMER 39

4.2.1.3 Load Control and Output Regulation 42

4.3 Selected and Parameters Component Used 46

4.3.1 Component and Parameters Operating 48

4.4 Simulation 55

4.4.1 Output Voltage Results 57

4.3.2 Simulation Design on PCB Hardware 57

4.5 Hardware 58

4.6 Problem Faced and Discussion 61

V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 64

5.1 Conclusion 64

5.2 Recommendation 65

REFERENCES 66

APPENDIXES 68

LIST OF FIGURES

NO ITEM PAGE

2.1 Direct piezoelectric effects 7

2.2 Converse electric effects 7

2.3 Piezoelectric elements.

(a) sides plated (b) end plated (c) multi-layered 8

2.4 Longitudinal mode piezoelectric elements.

Stress, T is parallel to the polarization, P

with a corresponding resonant frequency 9

2.5 Transverse mode piezoelectric elements

Stress, T is perpendicular to the polarization direction, P

with a corresponding resonant frequency 9

2.6 The Thompson-Gray measurements model 10

2.7 Converters as a receiver of mechanical excitation 15

2.8 Converters as a receiver of mechanical excitation 16

2.9 Impedance functions vs. frequency 18

2.10 Simplified piezoelectric-impedance models versus frequency 21

2.11 Different converter-impedance elements vs. frequency 22

2.12 Simplified piezoelectric-impedance electrical

and mechanical models versus frequency 23

2.13 Direct discharge circuits 24

2.14 Block diagram switching converter operation,

Vout=Vin-v1 and Iout=i1+i2 25

3.1 Project planning 28

3.2 Project flow chart 29

3.3 Circuit flow chart 30

4.1 Original piezoelectric converters by Kymissis (1998) 33

4.2 Performance of the Kymissis power conditioning 34

4.3 Crystal equivalent circuits (MIROCHIP AN826) 35

4.4 Simulation of Kymissis circuit at 0.1Hz using Proteus 35

4.5 New piezoelectric converter designs 36

4.6 Crystal (piezoelectric) with the bridge rectifier 36

4.7 Piezoelectric power converter systems 1 37


4.9 (a) Quad comparator (b) D type Flip-Flop 39

4.10 CMOS ICM7555 40






4.16 Quad 2-input NAND structure and

typical voltage transfer characteristic (Texas Instruments) 49

4.17 Dual D type Flip-Flop structure and

time switching waveforms (Fairchild Semiconductor) 49

4.18 Linear Regulators (a) Structure

(b) Quiescent current vs Input voltage

(c) Input power supply rejection ratio (MAXIM 666) 50

4.19 Quad comparator with voltage reference (same as MAX934) –

Linear Technology (LTC1443) 51

4.20 (a) ICM7555 structure (b) Supply current transient

compared with a standard bipolar 555 during

an output transition (Intersil) 52

4.21 (a) n-channel power MOSFET (b) Time switching characteristic

(c) Output characteristic (BS107/A – ON Semiconductor) 53

4.22 Circuit simulations 1 55



4.25 Simulation result for new converter circuit design by using same

frequency as earlier design (Kymissis) 57

4.26 Simulation design on PCB board (Proteus Ares) 57

4.27 Converter circuit in 3D visualization 58

4.29 Hardware of converter circuit (Top view) 59

4.30 Converter circuit on hardware (a) Side view (b) Behind view

(c) Front view (d) Input source 60

4.31 Photograph of Roundy‟s macro-scale electrostatic converter 62

4.32 Piezo generators to implement together with converter circuit 62

LIST OF TABLES

NO ITEM PAGE

4.1 Truth table for three voltage window 45

4.2 Truth table for NAND latch 45

4.3 Component and parameters 47

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

CC - Converter Circuit

DC - Direct Current

IC - Integrated Circuit

RFID - Radio Frequency Identification

MEMS - Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems

PCB - Printed Circuit Board

PCBA - Printed Circuit Board Assembly

PCA - Printed Circuit Assembly

PSM - Projek Sarjana Muda

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer

AC - Alternate Current

LIST OF APPENDIXES

NO ITEM PAGE

A Kymissis design 68

B Linear regulator 69

C Dual D type Flip-Flop 70

D CMOS timer ICM7555 71

E Quad 2-input NAND Gate 72

F Quad Comparator 73

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The capability of harvesting electrical energy from mechanical vibrations in a

dynamic environment through piezoelectric transducers has been the topic of

discussions for many years. Unused power exists in various forms such as vibrations,

flowing water, wind, human motion and shock waves. Recent development to obtain

these unused powers for energy source has newest interest in the converter

application for generated power. The converter circuits (CC) have traditionally been

use based on the device application. It converts from one source to produce output.

For this project, the applications for piezoelectric power generation need to convert

source from the vibration (mechanical energy) to produce output (electrical energy)

determined by the amount of energy needed.

1.1 Motivation

Piezoelectric known as the generation of electricity or of electric polarity in

dielectric crystals subjected to mechanical stress that can be used to power portable

device. Recently, piezoelectric mechanism application used for microphones,

accelerometers and roughness indicators. Besides, it exhibit good application

potentials, particularly for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Micro-

Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS).

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is in use all around us. Example for

that, if the „Touch n Go‟ card ever chipped with an ID through a toll booth or paid for

petrol using bank card, that is a RFID. Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)

is the integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators and electronics on a

common silicon substrate through micro-fabrication technology. While the

electronics are fabricated using integrated circuit (IC) process sequences the

micromechanical components are fabricated using compatible "micromachining"

processes that selectively etch away parts of the silicon wafer or add new structural

layers to form the mechanical and electromechanical devices.

With the recent advance in wireless, RFID and MEMS technology, the

demand for portable electronics and wireless sensors is growing rapidly. Since these

devices are portable it becomes necessary that they carry their own power supply. In

most cases this power supply is the conventional battery, however problems can

occur when using batteries because of there finite lifespan.

For portable electronics replacing the battery is problematic because the

electronics could die at any time and replacement of the battery can be a tedious task.

If ambient energy in the surrounding medium could be obtained, then it could be

used to replace the battery. The method is to use piezoelectric materials to obtain

energy lost due to vibrations of the host structure. Due to these reasons, this project

will review and analyze the compatible converter circuit use.

1.2 Objectives

The objectives of this project develop a generic model of CC power and to

overcome the problem of CC power transfer limitations by combined operation of a

number of CCs. Adhere to utilize the generic CC converter model for analysis and

design of a CC converter with the desired characteristics maximum efficiency, high

frequency harmonics and long operating duty cycle.

This motivated approach the following plan:

a) To design and explain the suitable converter circuit for different piezoelectric

application devices purposes regarding the very general concepts of

mechanical loading of piezoelectric converter

b) To design qualitatively converter circuit model with high power efficiency,

higher frequency and long operating duty cycle as well as the converter

transforms the mechanical input into electrical output

c) To analyze the optimal power transfer of piezoelectric with explanation

mechanical loading process and losses power in both situations

1.3 Scope of Work

The scope of this project is developing a generic model of CC power and to

overcome the problem of CC power transfer limitations by combined operation of a

number of CCs. At this part, the scope was focus based on the generation of power

from the piezoelectric. The scope is limited to the converter circuit modeling with

some of the criteria listed and the works undertaken is limited for some following

aspects. That is, find the converter circuit with higher efficiency, frequency

harmonics and long operating duty cycles. Besides, determine the right choice of

piezoelectric converter type. Further, the circuit simulate by using Multisim, PSpice

and Proteus software. Thus, implement the hardware application circuit on Printed

Circuit Board (PCB).

1.4 Problems Statements

Nowadays, energy-conscious is a powerful impetus to develop alternative

sources of energy. Electrical systems operate remotely despite the constraints

associated with traditional power sources. For example, there exists a demand for

systems such as transducer and sensors. This has stimulated interest in the research

of energy converter in which research interest has grown rapidly within recent years.

Enthusiasm in the emerging field of mechatronics has driven several energy

transducer designs with energy transformed from an electrical form to an electrical

form via mechanical vibration at piezoelectric material. For example, a significant

amount of energy harvesting research has been conducted with a focus on

piezoelectric materials, which generate a voltage upon the application of mechanical

stress. Results thus far have been promising, as the materials generate a voltage

useful for manipulation in electrical circuitry. However, the energy produce from the

piezoelectric material was very small around µW to mW.

An alternative to the piezoelectric approach is the method of employing the

converter circuit. By used the compatible converter circuit this approach offers an

alternative to piezoelectric energy produced, which may be limited by some design

factors because different application of piezoelectric device need with different

amount of energy.

1.5 Thesis Outlines

This thesis outline is divided into five chapter and references. On the

following section this part offer brief description of each chapter.

Chapter I briefly reviews the background and application of piezoelectric.

Then, the objective, scope of work and problem statements was set.

Chapter II studies the effect of the piezoelectric, the power generated

behavior in producing supply power, elements involve in the process and the

characteristics of it. Further, this chapter briefly describe the operational principle of

using power generate by the piezoelectric and the factors influence the operation.

Besides, it shows the theory principle of the circuit characteristic works and the

factors affected in directly and non-directly. The study highlight the circuit operation

in terms of very low power was supplied.

Chapter III present methods in achieving the project targeted. Besides, the

project stage in this project including methods in circuit design, simulation and

hardware. Further, this chapter shows plan of the project implementation by

considering the problems that might be happen and the time frame of the project

complete.

Chapter IV present a comparative analysis based on the converter circuit

design and implementation. Operating circuit considered the most important things in

effected the whole project. Analytical model were introduced in defining the best

condition of converter circuit operation in low powering circuit. Further, it shows the

step of selected components and parameter used in hardware implementation by

referring the ability on the power transfer and how fast the component switching.

The result found and problems faced were discussed in measuring the successfulness

of the project achievement.

Chapter V conclude the project with the summarization of the project

theory compared to the real implementation based on the project target that is design

and develop a converter circuit for piezoelectric power generation. Thus, recommend

the further steps of analysis in improving the circuit operation ability.

CHAPTER II

BACKGROUND RESEARCH

2.1 Literature Review

The piezoelectric effect exists in two domains. First is the direct piezoelectric

effect that describes the materials ability to transform mechanical strain into

electrical charge. Second form is the converse effect, which is the ability to convert

an applied electrical potential into mechanical strain energy. The direct piezoelectric

effect is responsible for the materials ability to function as a sensor and the converse

piezoelectric effect is accountable for its ability to function as an actuator. A material

is deemed piezoelectric when it has this ability to transform electrical energy into

mechanical strain energy and the transform mechanical strain energy into electrical

charge.

The mechanical and electrical behavior of a piezoelectric material can be

modeled by two linearized constitutive equations. These equations contain two

mechanical and two electrical variables. The direct effect and the converse effect

may be modeled by the following matrix equations (IEEE Standard on

Piezoelectricity):

Direct Piezoelectric Effect: {D} = [e]T {S}+⎡⎣α S ⎤⎦{E} (1) (1.1)

Figure 2.1 Direct piezoelectric effects

Converse Piezoelectric Effect: {T} =⎡⎣cE⎤⎦{S}−[e]{E} (2) (1.2)

Figure 2.2 Converse electric effects

Where {D} is the electric displacement vector, {T} is the stress vector, [e] is the

dielectric permittivity matrix, [cE] is the matrix of elastic coefficients at constant

electric field strength, {S} is the strain vector, [αS] is the dielectric matrix at constant

mechanical strain, and {E} is the electric field vector.

An electric field can be applied in order to induce an expansion or contraction

of the material. However, the electric field can be applied along any surface of the

material, each resulting in a potentially different stress and strain generation.

Therefore, the piezoelectric properties must contain a sign convention to

facilitate this ability to apply electric potential in three directions. The following

sections of the paper will break the various works in power harvesting into the

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