Muck Vegetable Cultivar Trial & Research Report 2009 Green book complete.pdf · Muck Vegetable...

Muck Vegetable Cultivar Trial & Research Report

2009

M.R. McDonald S. Janse K. Vander Kooi

Office of Research & Muck Crops Dept. of Plant Agriculture Research Station Report No. 59 Kettleby, Ontario

Research and Cultivar Trial Report for 2009

University of Guelph Office of Research &

Department of Plant Agriculture Muck Crops Research Station

1125 Woodchoppers Lane

R.R. # 1 Kettleby, Ontario L0G 1J0 Phone (905) 775-3783 Fax: (905) 775-4546

www.uoguelph.ca/muckcrop/

INDEX

Page Index .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1-3 Staff .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Co-operators ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Seed Sources – 2009 ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Legend of Seed Sources ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction and Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... 8 Weather Data: Precipitation .............................................................................................................. 10-11 Mean Temperature .................................................................................................... 12-13 Extreme Temperature ................................................................................................ 14-15 Growing Degree Days .................................................................................................... 16 RESEARCH PROJECTS Carrots 1. Comparison of Various Insecticide Seed Treatments and Foliar Sprays for Control of Damage by Carrot Rust Fly & Carrot Weevil in Carrots, 2009 ................................................................................................. 18-20 2. Evaluation of Post-Harvest Fungicide Treatments to Control Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum in Stored Carrots, 2008-2009 ................................................................................................................................................... 21-23 3. Comparison of Various Carrot Cultivars Inoculated with Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum for Resistance to Sclerotinia Rot of Carrots, 2008-2009 ......................................................................................................... 24-25 4. Evaluation of Fungicides on Carrot Inoculated with Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum for Sclerotinia Rot of Carrot Disease Control, 2008-2009 ........................................................................................................................ 26-27 5. Evaluation of Ranman for Control of Cavity Spot on Carrots, 2009 .................................................................. 28-29 6. Evaluation of Polyversum (Pythium Oligandrum) for Management of Cavity Spot on Carrots, 2009 .............. 30-31 7. Evaluation of Various Coloured Carrots for Susceptibility to Cavity Spot, 2009 .............................................. 32-33 8. Evaluation of Various Carrot Cultivars for Susceptibility to Cavity Spot, 2009 ................................................ 34-35 9. Detection of Ascospores of Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum Correlates Among Sites Within a Region and to Disease Incidence ........................................................................................................................................ 36-37 10. Detection of Ascospores of Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum Provides Accurate Timing for Managing Sclerotinia Rot of Carrot ...................................................................................................................................................... 38-39 11. Influence of Freezing Temperatures and the Contans WG Biological Control Product on Germination of Sclerotia of Sclerotiorum in Carrot ............................................................................................................. 40-41 …/continued

RESEARCH PROJECTS – continued Page 12. Herbicide Tolerance in Carrots and Celery, 2009 .............................................................................................. 42-43 13. Evaluation of Different Coloured Carrots for Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity, 2008 ............ 44-45 14. Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Number of Fungicides Applications on Carrot Total Phenolic Content and Total Antioxidant Activity, 2008 .......................................................................................................................... 46-47 Cole Crops 15. Effect of Seeding Date & Ranman Application on Clubroot of Asian Vegetables, 2009 .................................. 48-50 16. Efficacy of Biofungicides & Fungicides on Clubroot in Shanghai Pak Choy Grown in Controlled Environment, 2009 ...................................................................................................................................... 51-53 17. Evaluation of Biofungicides & Fungicides for Clubroot Control on Napa Cabbage, 2009 ................................ 54-55 18. Evaluation of Biofungicides & Fungicides for Clubroot Control on Shanghai Pak Choi, 2009 ........................ 56-57 19. Effect of Temperature on Clubroot in Brassica Crops Grown in a Controlled Environment, 2009 ................... 58-59 20. Host Screening of Plasmodiophora Brassicae for Resistance and Susceptibility, 2009 .................................... 60-61 21. Comparison of Various Green & Napa Cabbage Cultivars for Resistance & Susceptibility to Clubroot, 2009 ............................................................................................................................................. 62-63 22. Evaluation of Phosphorus Requirements for Asian Vegetables Grown on Organic (Muck) Soil, 2009 ............ 64-65 Onion 23. Identification of Efficient Sprayer Application Tools to Maximize Onion Thrips Control, 2009 ...................... 66-67 24. Comparison of Products to Control Onion Thrips in Small Scale Plot Trials, 2009 .......................................... 68-69 25. Efficacy of Insecticides to Control Onion Thrips in Large Plot Field Trials, 2009 ............................................ 70-71 26. Evaluation of Various Seed Treatments for Control of Onion Smut in Yellow Cooking Onions, 2009 ............ 72-73 27. Comparison of Various Onion Cultivars for Resistance to Downy Mildew (Peronospora Destructor) in Onions, 2009 ........................................................................................................................................... 74-75 28. Comparison of Various Rates of Experimental Fungicides for Control of Downy Mildew (Peronospora ................. destructor) in Onions, 2009 ......................................................................................................................... 76-77 29. Comparison of Various Fungicides for Control of Downy Mildew (Peronospora Destructor) in Onions, 2009 ........................................................................................................................................... 78-79 30. Efficacy of Various Spray Nozzles & Angles for the Control of Botrytis Leaf Blight on Onions, 2009 ........... 80-81 31. Chateau for Weed Control in Dry Bulb Onions, 2009........................................................................................ 82-83 32. Onion Herbicide Performance, 2009 .................................................................................................................. 84-85 33. Evaluation of Crop Nutrition on Onion Total Phenolic Content and Total Antioxidant Activity, 2008 ............ 86-87 34. Evaluation of Phosphorus Requirements on Organic (Muck) Soil, 2009 ........................................................... 88-90 35. Phosphorus Management in Organic (Muck) Soil, 2009 ................................................................................... 91-95 Miscellaneous 36. Evaluation of Various Biofungicides for the Control of Clubroot on Canola, 2009 .......................................... 96-97 37. Potential for Seed Transmission of Plasmodiophora Brassicae Inoculum on Canola Seeds, 2009 ......................... 98 38. Efficacy of Scholar 230C on Fusarium Rot of Garlic, 2008-2009 ................................................................... 99-101 39. Evaluation of Polyversum for Control of Sclerotinia Drop on Inoculated Lettuce, 2009 .............................. 102-103 40. Evaluation of Polyversum (Pythium Oligandrum) for Control of Downy Mildew (Bremia Lactucae) on Lettuce, 2009 ........................................................................................................................................... 104-106 41. Evaluation of Biological Fungicide for Control of White Mould on Inoculated Snap Beans, 2009 ...................... 107 42. Sensitivity of Field Isolates of Ascochyta Rabiei to Strobilurin Fungicides in 2007-2008 ............................ 108-112 43. Tolerance of Leeks to Herbicides, 2009 ......................................................................................................... 113-114 44. Efficacy of Flumioxazin on Muck Soil, 2009 ................................................................................................ 115-118 45. Evaluation of Phosphorus Requirements for Celery Grown on Organic (Muck) Soil, 2009 ......................... 119-120 …/continued

CULTIVAR TRIALS Page Carrot -Seasonal Summary ........................................................................ 122-123 -Management Procedures ............................................................... 124-127 -Main .............................................................................................. 128-135 -Main Evaluation Notes ................................................................. 136-139 -Long Term Averages .................................................................... 140-141 -Adaptation ..................................................................................... 142-144 -Adaptation Evaluation Notes ................................................................ 145 -Storage Trial 2008-2009 ............................................................... 146-147 -Storage Trial Evaluation Notes ..................................................... 148-149 -Long Term Averages Storage ....................................................... 150-151 Onion – Yellow -Seasonal Summary ........................................................................ 152-153 -Management Procedures ............................................................... 154-157 -Main ............................................................................................ 158-1666 -Blank Page ............................................................................................ 167 -Main Evaluation Notes ................................................................. 168-171 -Long Term Averages .................................................................... 172-173 -Adaptation ..................................................................................... 174-175 -Adaptation Evaluation Notes ........................................................ 176-177 -Storage Trial 2008-2009 ............................................................... 178-180 -Storage Trial Evaluation Notes ..................................................... 181-183 -Long Term Averages Storage ....................................................... 184-185

STAFF - 2009

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH

Office of Research

&

Department of Plant Agriculture

MUCK CROPS RESEARCH STATION

Shawn Janse Research Station Manager

Mary Ruth McDonald, Ph.D., P.Ag. Research Scientist

Kevin Vander Kooi Agricultural Technician

Michael Tesfaendrias Research Associate

Laura Riches Research Assistant

Jessica Levesque Research Assistant

Derk Hovius Agricultural Worker

Seasonal Contracts:

Alexandra Segouin Summer Assistant

Matthew Southcott Summer Assistant

Kristina Svirga Summer Assistant

Bridget Visser Summer Assistant

Greg Biersteker Summer Experience

Graduate Students:

Monica Parker Department of Plant Agriculture

Kalpana KC Department of Plant Agriculture

IPM Supervisor: Scouts:

Michael Tesfaendrias Kyle Adams

Shannon Richie

CO-OPERATING COMPANIES

Special thanks for supplying seed used in many of the research projects at the Muck Crops

Research Station.

Stokes Seed Ltd Jim Robinson

Bejo/Seedway Jan Van Der Heide & Frank Jonkman

CO-OPERATING RESEARCH STAFF - EDUCATION/RESEARCH/GOVERNMENT

Clarence Swanton Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Kevin Chandler Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Greg Boland Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Ivan O’Halloran Ridgetown Collage, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada

Donna Speranzini Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario

Jennifer Allen Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario

Christoph Kessel Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario

Bruce Gossen Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Canada

Gary Peng Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Canada

Tom Wolf Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Canada

Alan Taylor Dept. Horticultural Science, Cornell University, New York, U.S.A.

Phil Simon University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

Jim Farrar California State University, Fresno, California, U.S.A.

Mike Walters Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, Newmarket, Ontario

CO-OPERATING RESEARCH STAFF - INDUSTRY/PRIVATE SECTOR

Greg Patterson A & L Canada Laboratories Inc, London, Ontario, Canada

Jeff Holmes Holmes Agro Ltd, Orangeville, Ontario, Canada

Jim Behm FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Trevor Kraus BASF Canada, London, Ontario, Canada

Beth Conner Valent Canada Inc, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Martin Bloomberg Nutri Ag Ltd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mark McMillan Nutri Ag Ltd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Bill McClintock Beta-Biologics Ltd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

SEED SOURCES - 2009 - CULTIVAR TRIALS

BEJO Bejo Seeds Inc., 1088 Healey Road, Geneva, New York, 14456, U.S.A.

Tel: (308) 789-4155

NUN Nunhems, 8850 59th

Avenue N.E., Brooks, Oregon, 97305, U.S.A.

Tel: (503) 393-3243

RZ Rijk Zwaan Export B.V., P.O. Box 40, 2678, 2G Delier, Holland

Tel: 0174-532300

Sem Seminis Vegetable Seeds, 2700 Camino Del Sol, Oxnard, California, 93030, U.S.A.

Tel: (866) 334-1056

Sol Solar Seeds Inc., Box 1158, Bradford, Ontario, L3Z 2B5, Canada

Tel: (800) 227-7687

Sto Stokes Seed Ltd., 296 Collier Rd, Box 10, Thorold, Ontario, L2V 5E9, Canada

Tel: (800) 396-9238

Tak American Takii Inc., 301 Natividad Rd., Salinas, California, 93906, U.S.A.

Tel: (408) 443-4901

UNF Coop Uniforce, 291 rue Cooperative, Sherrington, Quebec, J0L 2N0, Canada

Tel: (450) 454-3986

Vil Vilmorin Inc., 2551 N Dragoon Street # 131, Tucson, Arizona, 85745, U.S.A.

Tel: (520) 884-0011

We would like to thank our seed suppliers for the various

cultivar trial submissions in 2009.

LEGEND OF SEED SOURCES

A&C Abbott & Cobb Inc.

Aris Aristogenes Inc.

Asg Asgrow Seed Co.

BBI Bakker Brothers of Idaho, Inc.

BEJO Bejo Seeds Inc.

BO Brinker-Orsetti Seed Co.

Car Cardinal Seed Co. Inc.

Chr Chriseed

Cro Crookham Company

CS Campbell Soup Co.

CU Cornell University

DF Daehnfeldt

E.J. Erie James Ltd.

FAIR Fairbanks Selected Seed Co.

FM Ferry-Morse Seed Co.

FFS Fred Fuller Seeds

HM Harris Moran Seeds

Nor Norseco Inc.

NUN Nunhems USA Inc

NZ Nickerson-Zwaan B.V.

Pal D. Palmer Seed Co. Inc.

PETO Petoseed Co.

Pol Polonica International

Rio Rio Colorado Seeds Inc.

Rog Rogers Seed

RS Royal Sluis Inc.

RZ Rijk Zwaan Export B.V.

Sak Sakata Seed America Inc.

SC Seed Science Inc.

Sham Shamrock Seed Co.

Sem Seminis Vegetable Seeds

Sieg Siegers Seed Co.

Sol Solar Seed Co.

Sto Stokes Seeds Ltd.

Sun Sun Seeds

SW Seedworks

Swy Seedway Inc.

Tak American Takii Inc.

Toz A. L. Tozer Ltd.

Wis University of Wisconsin

VDH Vanderhave

UNF Co-op Uniforce

Vil Vilmorin Inc.

ZW Zwaan Seeds, Inc

INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Muck Crops Research Station, as part of the Department of Plant Agriculture and the Office

of Research, University of Guelph is responsible for conducting and coordinating research

projects to solve problems in the production of vegetables grown in organic soils. The Ontario

Root, Bulb & Leafy Vegetable Research and Services Subcommittee representing researchers,

industry, growers and crop advisors, make recommendations for research on an annual basis.

In 2009, Muck Crops Research Station staff conducted, and/or co-operated on research projects

with researchers from the Departments of Environmental Biology and Plant Agriculture at the

University of Guelph; researchers from OMAFRA, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and

Cornell, Wisconsin and California State Universities; research departments of the Crop

Production Chemical Industry, numerous seed companies, and growers.

This report consists of two sections; the first contains highlights of research projects which were

conducted in 2009 under the supervision of Professor Dr. Mary Ruth McDonald and other

researchers at the University of Guelph. The second section contains highlights of various muck

crops cultivar evaluations in 2009 in field and storage trials, under the supervision of the

Research Station Manager, Shawn Janse. The results published in this report should be treated as

a progress report. Some of the chemicals used in the trials are not registered for use on the crops

they were applied to. Additional trials may be necessary before firm conclusions and

recommendations can be made.

The Muck Crops Research Station is an active participant in the training of new researchers on

muck vegetables through the Graduate Student Program of the University of Guelph. Presently

the Muck Crops Research Station has five M.Sc. graduate students working on muck vegetables.

The Muck Crops Research Station continues to conduct research to assist in the future

registration of chemicals for muck vegetables. Recently, research programs with Dr. Clarence

Swanton has aided in the registration of Chateau herbicide for onions.

We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere appreciation to the staff for their

efforts in conducting these research projects, cultivar evaluation trials and producing this report.

Many thanks also to all the co-operating researchers, technicians, industry personal, and growers

for their continued support and interest in muck crops.

Mary Ruth McDonald, PhD Shawn Janse

Associate Professor Research Station Manager

Department of Plant Agriculture Office of Research

Weather

Data

2009

Month

Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow

mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm

January 22 * 50 * 23 5 20 23 10 17 0 22 4 53

February 16 * 13 * 10 42 36 30 27 12 0 36 5 9

March 1 * 23 * 26 1 1 8.5 43 0 0 37 65 6

April 22 * 0 * 68 10 33 0 77 0 20 7 56 0

May 65 * 0 * 160 0 85 0 113 0 105 0 108 0

June 69 0 173 0 63 0 106 0 75 0 50 0

July 71 0 86 0 60 0 76 0 29 0 102 0

August 79 0 56 0 32 0 18 0 81 0 104 0

September 138 0 90 0 53 0 40 0 111 0 25 0

October 68 0 28 0 111 0 49 0 78 0 26 0

November 73 9 58 1 78 0 43 30 91 15 54 4

December 35 2 11 62 27 15 12 22 36 11 43 36

Annual 657 97 789 121 599 76 614 81 626 128 642 108

Total Precip.

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Cookstown,ON

1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, L0G 1J0. 35 Years (1975-2009)

2004

750754695

1999 2000 2001

675910

PRECIPITATION

2002 2003

754

Month

Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow

mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm

January 20 20 32 17 21 29 27 22 0* 44 19 29

February 17 34 25 21 6 33 31 56 48* 26 20 24

March 13 0 15 3 24 10 19 47 56* 5 30 15

April 74 0 44 2 54 0 44 0 105 0 55 4

May 14 0 65 0 43 0 56 0 117 0 74 0

June 63 0 64 0 29 0 68 0 49 0 74 0

July 33 0 72 0 27 0 137 0 135 0 83 0

August 56 0 41 0 33 0 62 0 89 0 80 0

September 53 0 174 0 40 0 81 0 51 0 83 0

October 41 0 102 0 32 0 54 0 62 0 67 1

November 87 14 67 0 54 20 30* 13 31 2 55 10

December 38 34 25 9 22 77 13* 63 46 9 24 28

Annual 509 102 726 52 385 169 622 201 789 86 663 111

Total Precip. 823 875 773

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON


2008

611 554

2005 2009 LTA

PRECIPITATION

2006

778

2007

Month 1999 2000 2001 2002

Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.

January -4.5 * -12.8 * -1.8 -12.6 -1.3 -9.8 1.6 -5.1 -5.0 -15.1 -6.6 -17.1

February 0.6 * -8.1 * 0.9 -10.0 -0.4 -9.6 2.0 -7.6 -3.5 -15.2 0.0 -12.2

March 2.5 * -6.9 * 8.8 -1.4 2.2 -6.0 4.0 -4.9 3.9 -8.9 5.2 -11.7

April 12.2 * 0.8 * 10.4 0.6 13.2 1.3 10.9 1.8 10.2 -1.3 10.6 0.7

May 21.8 * 6.4 * 19.0 7.2 20.2 7.6 16.0 3.8 17.1 5.9 18.6 6.3

June 25.4 12.7 23.2 11.4 25.2 11.4 24.2 12.2 23.9 10.6 22.9 9.6

July 28.4 15.7 24.2 12.6 25.1 12.6 28.8 14.6 26.4 13.5 25.3 13.2

August 24.1 12.2 24.8 11.8 27.8 13.3 26.9 12.3 26.9 14.0 23.9 11.8

September 22.8 9.1 20.4 8.0 21.4 7.9 25.0 10.0 21.6 8.4 23.7 9.6

October 13.6 2.6 15.8 3.3 14.6 4.3 12.2 2.3 13.5 2.4 14.7 3.5

0.0

November 9.0 0.4 6.5 -1.9 10.9 1.6 5.4 -1.6 7.7 0.1 8.5 -0.3

December 2.3 -6.2 -3.9 -14.0 4.1 -3.2 0.8 -7.7 1.9 -5.4 8.5 -0.3

Mean 10.5 * 3.9 * 12.4 1.3 13.6 2.6 13.1 2.5 12.1 0.7 12.9 1.1

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Cookstown, ON


MEAN TEMPERATURE (°C)

2003 2004

Month LTA

Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.

January -3.4 -13.7 2.9 -4.0 -0.4 -9.3 0.2 -7.4 -6.2* -16.2* -2.7 -11.3

February 1.8 -9.1 -1.8 -10.5 -5.2 -14.2 -2.1 -10.7 -0.8* -10.5* -1.4 -10.5

March 2.8 -5.9 4.2 -4.5 4.4 -5.2 -0.8 -9.0 4.5* -6.3* 2.9 -5.6

April 12.5 0.7 13.2 1.4 10.1 0.5 14.4 2.7 12.7 0.8 11.2 1.1

May 17.8 3.7 19.9 7.6 20.7 4.5 17.0 4.4 18.7 5.5 18.7 6.6

June 27.7 14.7 24.5 12.3 26.3 11.3 24.8 13.6 22.3 10.2 23.9 11.4

July 28.8 14.7 28.2 15.5 26.0 12.4 26.6 14.1 23.6 11.7 26.3 13.9

August 26.8 13.0 25.8 12.5 26.7 12.8 25.1 11.0 25.2 13.0 25.3 12.8

September 24.1 9.4 19.3 9.3 23.8 8.7 21.7 8.2 21.9 7.5 20.8 8.9

October 14.8 5.2 12.8 3.0 18.5 6.5 13.2 1.5 11.9 2.8 13.5 3.6

November 9.0 -0.6 8.6 1.3 5.5 -3.4 5.3* -3.4 * 9.7 -0.4 6.5 -0.9

December -1.7 -8.1 4.6 -1.8 -1.0 -8.6 -1.7* -9.9 * 0.3 -6.0 0.2 -7.0

Mean 13.4 2.0 13.5 3.5 13.0 1.3 12.0 1.3 12.0 1.0 12.1 1.9

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON


2009

MEAN TEMPERATURE (°C)

20072005 2006 2008

Month H L H L H L H L H L H L

January 12.1 -28.1 4.0 -27.3 10.4 -16.4 4.3 -28.8 12.4 -31.7 15.8 -30.2

February 14.4 -25.0 7.7 -24.5 12.9 -20.7 6.2 -29.3 7.9 -25.2 6.5 -17.4

March 23.9 -8.4 8.6 -18.9 17.3 -12.5 16.9 -27.7 16.8 -11.7 16.0 -14.2

April 22.1 -6.6 25.5 -4.3 29.2 -9.7 26.9 -12.8 23.7 -8.1 27.4 -3.3

May 30.0 -1.8 29.6 -1.4 28.1 -1.5 23.7 -1.4 29.3 -1.4 26.2 -1.6

June 31.7 5.0 33.0 3.1 31.9 2.7 34.6 3.2 32.4 2.4 35.0 6.1

July 27.7 5.6 32.2 5.0 34.4 6.9 33.4 7.4 30.1 5.2 35.0 7.1

August 29.8 3.2 36.3 7.2 33.4 5.0 33.0 5.9 28.8 3.4 32.8 7.0

September 30.8 -1.8 30.6 1.3 34.4 0.5 28.5 1.3 29.0 1.7 31.9 1.6

October 23.6 -5.1 26.7 -4.4 29.0 -5.4 26.6 -2.0 26.5 -2.9 28.8 -2.7

November 19.4 -14.9 18.3 -3.6 16.1 -8.4 17.7 -8.1 13.6 -6.5 18.8 -14.4

December 6.0 -25.1 16.8 -13.8 7.7 -20.0 8.8 -17.2 10.1 -28.4 4.2 -22.1

Annual 31.7 -28.1 36.3 -27.3 34.4 -20.7 34.6 -29.3 32.4 -31.7 35.0 -30.2

High & Low

Extreme Temperatures for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby


2004 20052001

EXTREME TEMPERATURE (°C)

2000 2002 2003

EXTREME TEMPERATURES

Month H L H L H L H L H Year L Year

January 11.4 -13.1 11.1 -25.5 13.8 -26.7 1.9 * -30.3 * 15.8 2005 -36.0 1977

February 6.6 -22.3 3.2 -23.4 6.6 -20.9 8.9 * -2.7 * 14.5 1984 -33.0 1979

March 18.9 -14.1 20.8 -24.5 8.1 -25.5 15.3 * -18.9 * 24.0 1986 -29.0 1984

April 22.6 -5.7 24.3 -8.0 25.7 -2.6 27.3 -5.3 30.0 1990 -14.0 1983

May 34.6 -2.8 32.6 -2.6 27.4 -2.6 29.9 -1.8 34.6 2006 -4.0 1983

June 33.2 6.3 33.4 3.7 33.6 8.1 32.2 1.7 35.5 1988 -2.0 1977

July 33.3 9.2 32.9 5.1 31.6 6.4 27.6 4.9 36.0 1988 2.5 1984

August 36.0 4.9 34.7 4.2 33.8 3.7 31.3 4.5 36.3 2001 0.5 1982

September 27.1 0.7 33.5 0.9 31.1 1.8 26.6 -0.7 34.4 2002 -6.5 1991

October 25.5 -1.4 30.0 -1.4 27.3 -4.9 18.2 -6.1 30.0 89 & 07 -9.0 1975

November 15.4 -3.4 14.3 -16.2 20.2 * 17.5 * 18.8 -7.2 24.0 1990 -22.0 1977

December 10.9 -13.2 6.5 -23.0 8.2 * -20.5 * 9.8 -15.7 20.0 1982 -31.5 1980

Annual 36.0 -22.3 34.7 -25.5 33.6 -26.7 32.2 -30.3 36.3 -36.0

High & Low

Extreme Temperatures for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Egbert, ON


20082007

EXTREME TEMPERATURE (°C)

20092006

Month 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 LTA

January 0* 0 0 1 0 3 3 4 6 13 0* 1

February 0* 8 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1* 1

March 7* 31 0 7 17 19 8 14 23 0 7* 13

April 60* 57 81 99 67 57 58 98 73 147 84 77

May 284* 251 276 156 202 233 182 226 205 178 220 230

June 421 369 378 396 368 318 487 401 405 427 338 379

July 528 417 389 518 463 442 519 523 439 477 391 466

August 412 413 395 452 477 397 462 439 457 404 436 432

September 329 276 247 375 300 349 352 279 337 299 291 294

October 103 147 147 106 100 126 154 101 233 95 72 123

November 55 30 61 27 29 25 59 42 11 37* 29 31

December 11 0 19 0 2 0 0 6 0 0* 0 3

Annual 1859* 1999 1993 2139 2025 1969 2284 2133 2189 2077* 1869* 2050

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Cookstown 1999, Egbert 2008, 2009)

1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, L0G 1J0 35 Years (1975-2009)

GROWING DEGREE DAYS (5°C Base)

Research

Reports

2009

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) cv. Cellobunch PESTS: Carrot rust fly (Psila rosae (Fabricius)) Carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte)) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K1 & TAYLOR A2 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Cornell University, Dept. of Horticultural Science, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDE SEED TREATMENTS AND

FOLIAR SPRAYS FOR CONTROL OF DAMAGE BY CARROT RUST FLY AND CARROT WEEVIL IN CARROTS, 2009

MATERIALS: ENTRUST (spinosad 80%), CRUISER (thiamethoxam 47.6%), SEPRESTO 75WS (clothianidin 56.25%, imidacloprid 18.75%), THIRAM 42S (thiram 42%), MOVENTO 240SC (spirotetramat 240 g/L), RIPCORD 400EC (cypermethrin 407 g/L), PERMA-GUARD FOSSIL SHELL FLOUR® (100% diatomaceous earth) METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (pH ≈ 6.5, organic matter ≈ 70.3%). Carrots were direct seeded (75-80 seeds/m) onto raised beds using a push V-belt seeder on 28 May. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of two rows, 86 cm apart and 5 m in length. Treatments were: ENTRUST at 3.75 and 7.5 g ai, CRUISER at 2.5 and 3.75 g ai, SEPRESTO 75WS at 5.63 and 11.25 g ai, MOVENTO at 375 mL/ha, RIPCORD at 175 mL/ha, PERMA-GUARD at 1.0 kg/ha, ENTRUST at 7.5 g ai + MOVENTO at 375 mL/ha and CRUISER at 3.75 g ai + MOVENTO at 375 mL/ha. An untreated check was also included. All seed treatments were expressed as g ai/100 g of seeds and all treatments included 250 mg ai THIRAM (fungicide) per 100 g of seed. Foliar sprays were applied on 13, 28 August, 8 and 23 September and when combined with a seed treatment, MOVENTO was applied on 8 and 23 September (after the first assessment) using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a single TeeJet 1104 nozzle calibrated to deliver 500 L/ha at 250 kPa. On 2 September, carrots in a 1.16 m section of row were pulled, washed by hand, assessed visually for carrot rust fly and carrot weevil and numbers recorded. On 22 October carrots in a 1.16 m section of row were taken from each replicate and placed in storage. On 8 January, 2010, carrots were removed from storage and washed in a small drum washer to reveal damage caused by both carrot rust fly and carrot weevil. Assessments were made by inspecting each carrot for damage and calculating the percentage of carrots damaged by either pest. The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 & 2 CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found among the treatments at the 2 September assessment in the percentage of carrots damaged by both carrot weevil and rust fly (Table 1). Total insect damage was high (39.4% in the check plots) in the trial. Total damage in the best treatment was 11%, a reduction in damage of 28%. Carrots treated with PERMA-GUARD or RIPCORD had significantly less

total insect damage than carrots grown from seeds treated with ENTRUST 7.5 or SEPRESTO at 5.6 g ai/100 seeds. There were no significant differences in the percentage of carrot rust fly or carrot weevil damage when assessed individually among the treatments (Table 1). There were significant differences in marketable yield at the 8 January assessment date. Carrots treated with foliar sprays RIPCORD, PERMA-GUARD, or MOVENTO or grown from seeds treated with SEPRESTO at 11.25 g ai/100 seeds had a significantly higher marketable yield than carrots grown from seeds treated with CRUISER at 3.75 g ai or ENTRUST at 7.5 g ai and also receiving two foliar applications of MOVENTO, or carrots grown from seeds treated with CRUISER at 2.5 or 3.75 g ai per 100 seeds. There were no significant differences among the treatments at the 8 January assessment in carrot rust fly or carrot weevil damage (Table 2). Table 1. Insect damage assessed on 2 September, in carrots treated with insecticide seed treatments and foliar applications, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Treatment Type Rate % Total Insect

Damage % Carrot Weevil

Damage % Carrot Rust Fly Damage

PERMA-GUARD foliar 1 kg/ha 10.9 a1 9.7 ns2 1.2 ns

RIPCORD foliar 175 mL/ha 14.6 ab 11.5 3.1

SEPRESTO seed 11.25 g ai/100 seeds 20.0 abc 19.3 0.7

CRUISER seed 3.75 g ai/100 seeds 20.3 abc 18.0 2.2

MOVENTO foliar 375 mL/ha 22.7 abc 21.8 0.9

ENTRUST seed 3.75 g ai/100 seeds 24.4 bcd 20.8 3.5

CRUISER seed 2.5 g ai/100 seeds 24.7 bcd 23.9 0.8

Check -- -- 26.3 bcd 25.1 1.2

ENTRUST seed 7.5 g ai/100 seeds 30.0 cd 24.8 5.2

SEPRESTO seed 5.6 g ai/100 seeds 36.4 d 31.1 5.3 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 2 Not significantly different, P = 0.05 Fisher’s Protected LSD Test

Table 2. Effects of seed treatments and insecticide foliar spray on damage to carrots by carrot rust fly and carrot weevil, Holland Marsh, Ontario 2009.

Treatment Rate % Total Insect

Damage

% Carrot Rust Fly Damage

% Carrot Weevil Damage

Marketable Yield (t/ha)

RIPCORD 175 mL/ha 21.3 ns1 8.1 ns 13.6 ns 89.9 a2

PERMA-GUARD 1 kg/ha 24.7 8.7 16.0 85.4 ab

SEPRESTO 11.25 g ai/100 seeds 26.3 9.5 16.8 75.7 abc

SEPRESTO 5.6 g ai/100 seeds 29.7 11.0 18.6 65.5 bcd

ENTRUST 7.5 g ai/100 seeds 39.3 20.7 22.0 56.1 cd

CRUISER + MOVENTO3 3.75 g ai/100 seeds 30.5 8.5 22.0 52.0 d

ENTRUST 3.75 g ai/100 seeds 34.3 15.1 22.2 54.6 cd

MOVENTO 375 mL/ha 34.5 12.9 23.9 77.0 abc

CRUISER 2.5 g ai/100 seeds 34.2 12.2 24.8 51.3 d

CRUISER 3.75 g ai/100 seeds 34.0 9.8 26.3 47.3 d

ENTRUST + MOVENTO3 7.5 g ai/100 seeds 40.1 10.7 30.5 50.5 d

Check -- 42.5 12.7 32.0 57.2 cd 1 Not significantly different, P = 0.05 Fisher’s Protected LSD Test 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 3 Seed treatments plus two foliar applications of MOVENTO at 375 mL/ha applied on 8 and 23 September Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program and the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University provided support to conduct field research as part of a larger US project on new chemistry seed treatments.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) cv. Envy PEST: Sclerotinia rot of carrot, (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR and VANDER KOOI K

Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph TITLE: EVALUATION OF POST-HARVEST FUNGICIDE TREATMENTS TO

CONTROL SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM IN STORED CARROTS, 2008-09 MATERIALS: SCHOLAR (fludioxinil 50%), MERTECT (thiabendazole 50%) METHODS: Carrots, cv. Envy, grown in muck soil at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, were washed and graded on 10 November 2008 at a commercial packing facility. Each experimental unit consisted of one plastic bag containing 30 carrots. Treatments were: SCHOLAR at the rates of 65.6, 131.2 and 250.6 mL, MERTECT at 108.4 mL and SCHOLAR + MERTECT at 131.2 mL + 108 mL, respectively, per100 L of water used as dip treatments, and Scholar at the rate of 131.2 mL/100 L of water applied as a drench. Untreated non-inoculated and inoculated checks were also included. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum taken from a diseased carrot was plated onto PDA amended with Streptomycin sulphate and allowed to grow from one week until mycelia filled the plate. Carrots were surface sterilized with 1% sodium hypochloride and were wounded then inoculated with 5 mm plugs taken from the edge of actively growing cultures, 3 plugs per carrot and kept at 21°C for 10 days. On 17 November 2008, carrots in mesh bags were immersed for 30 seconds for dip treatments. The drench application was applied by evenly spraying spread-out carrots using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with an 8002 TeeJet nozzle. Carrots were allowed to dry, and then packed, 30 carrots per bag, into a plastic 35 x 70 cm (11.34 kg size) commercial carrot bag. An inoculated carrot was placed in the middle of each bag for all inoculated treatments. Carrot bags were placed in plastic tote boxes, stacked on pallets and stored in Filacell storage at ≈ 1° C, 95% RH. A complete randomized arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Four replicate bags from each treatment were assessed each month of the 6 month storage period. Carrots were assessed monthly for sclerotinia rot and sorted into classes based on a scale of 0 to 6 based on extent of visible mycelial colonization of the carrots where 0 = no rot, 1 = 1 - 5% rot, 2 = 6 – 10% rot, 3 = 11 – 25% rot, 4 = 26 – 50% rot, 5 = 51 – 75% rot and 6 = 76 - 100% rot on 16 December 2008, 16 January, 13 February, 17 March, 16 April and 14 May 2009. Numbers of carrots in each class were recorded and carrots were weighed. Percent diseased was calculated based on numbers of carrots diseased and disease severity (DSI) was calculated using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(rating class)(no. of carrots in each rating class)] x 100 (total no. of carrots rated)(no. classes – 1) Data were analysed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Tukey’s HSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: Disease pressure increased over the six month storage period and significant differences were found among the treatments at the March through May assessments. At all assessment dates there was higher disease incidence on the inoculated untreated check than the non-inoculated untreated check, demonstrating that the inoculation technique was effective (Table 1). At the March assessment, carrots treated with a dip application of any rate of SCHOLAR or SCHOLAR + MERTECT had a significantly lower percent disease and disease severity index (DSI) than the inoculated, untreated check. At the April assessment, carrots treated with a dip application of any rate of SCHOLAR or SCHOLAR + MERTECT had a significantly lower percent disease than the inoculated untreated check, and carrots treated with a dip application of any rate of SCHOLAR, SCHOLAR + MERTECT or the SCHOLAR drench had a significantly lower DSI than the inoculated check. At the May assessment, carrots dipped in SCHOLAR at 250.3 and 131.2 mL/100 L water had a significantly lower percent disease than carrots treated with a drench application of SCHOLAR, a dip application of MERTECT and the

inoculated check. Carrots treated with a dip application of SCHOLAR at any rate or the SCHOLAR + Mertect combination had a significantly lower DSI than carrots treated with MERTECT alone. There was no significant difference in percent disease or disease severity between carrots treated with the MERTECT dip and untreated, inoculated carrots (Tables 1 & 2). Overall disease incidence in the inoculated check was significantly higher than the non-inoculated check at every assessment. Disease incidence in the inoculated check increased steadily over the six month trial period to a maximum of 74.2% (Table 1). CONCLUSIONS: MERTECT applied as a dip at a rate of 108.4 mL/100L was not effective in reducing Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on carrots. Disease incidence and severity were always statistically equivalent to the untreated inoculated check. In the March, April and May assessments there were significant differences among fungicide treatments and all rates of SCHOLAR applied as a dip effectively reduced disease incidence and severity. There was no advantage to adding MERTECT with SCHOLAR. SCHOLAR applied as a drench reduced disease incidence and severity, as compared to the inoculated untreated check, in the April and May assessments, but not in the earlier assessments. Table 1. Percentage of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of carrot treated with SCHOLAR, inoculated with S. sclerotiorum and stored for various lengths of time in Filacell storage at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2008-09.

Treatment Rate (mL/100L)

Application Method

% Disease

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

Non inoculated -- -- 0.0 a1 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.8 a 5.8 a

SCHOLAR 250.3 dip 13.3 ab 13.3 ab 24.2 b 18.3 ab 26.7 ab 20.8 a

SCHOLAR 131.2 dip 8.3 ab 11.7 ab 16.7 ab 19.2 ab 21.7 ab 20.8 a

SCHOLAR 65.6 dip 8.3 ab 15.8 ab 12.5 ab 13.3 ab 13.3 ab 25.8 ab SCHOLAR + MERTECT

131.2 + 108.4 dip 6.7 ab 9.2 ab 20.8 ab 17.5 ab 20.8 ab 25.8 ab

SCHOLAR 131.2 drench 19.2 b 26.7 b 30.8 b 36.7 bc 32.5 b 45.8 bc

MERTECT 108.4 dip 12.5 ab 13.3 ab 25.8 b 40.8 bc 40.8 bc 65.8 cd

Inoculated -- -- 16.7 b 27.5 b 30.0 b 54.2 c 65.8 c 74.2 d 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s test.

Table 2. Disease severity index1 of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of various carrot treatments after various lengths of time in Filacell storage at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2008-09.

Treatment Rate (mL/100L)

Application Method

DSI1,2

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

Non inoculated -- -- 0.0 a3 0.0 ns4 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.1 a 1.0 a

SCHOLAR 250.3 dip 2.6 ab 4.0 9.6 ab 5.6 a 9.0 ab 8.3 ab

SCHOLAR 131.2 dip 1.8 ab 4.6 5.3 ab 5.3 a 7.5 ab 8.6 ab

SCHOLAR 65.6 dip 1.5 a 7.8 3.5 ab 3.2 a 3.8 ab 11.3 ab SCHOLAR + MERTECT

131.2 + 108.4 dip 1.4 a 2.6 8.8 ab 5.0 a 6.9 ab 11.8 ab

SCHOLAR 131.2 drench 5.8 b 9.4 15.1 a 15.4 ab 16.1 ab 25.8 bc

MERTECT 108.4 dip 2.9 ab 4.4 12.5 ab 18.1 ab 21.7 bc 46.7 cd

Inoculated -- -- 3.8 ab 10.6 11.3 ab 29.4 b 38.2 c 52.5 d 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] x 100 (total no. of carrots per treatment)(no. classes - 1) 2 Based on a scale of 1 to 6, where 0 = no rot, 1 = 0-5%, 2 = 6-10%, 3 = 11-25%, 4 = 26-50%, 5 = 51-75%, 6 = 76-100%. 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s test. 4 ns indicates no significant differences found among the treatments Funding for this project was provided by the Pest Management Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and the Sustainable Production Systems Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs & University of Guelph.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota), cvs. Cellobunch, Nevada, Envy, and Maverick PEST: Sclerotinia rot of carrot, (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K1 & GOSSEN BD2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS CARROT CULTIVARS INOCULATED WITH

SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM FOR RESISTANCE TO SCLEROTINIA ROT OF CARROT, 2008-2009

MATERIALS: Cellobunch, Envy (Seminis Vegetable Seeds), Nevada (Bejo Seeds) and Maverick (Nunhems Seeds) METHODS: Carrots of various cultivars were direct seeded (82 seeds/m) into raised beds of organic soil (pH ≈ 6.3, organic matter ≈ 72.7%) on 22 May 2008 using a Stan Hay Precision seeder at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four 5 m long rows, 42 cm apart. Inoculum was obtained from Dr. B. Gossen AAFC. On 31 July the plot was inoculated by evenly spreading paper strip inoculum, at the rate of 1.4 g/m, on the soil of the 2 inside rows of the 4-row experimental unit. At harvest on 17 October 2008, a 2.32 m section was pulled. The roots were placed in a plastic tote, one per experimental unit, and placed in Filacell storage at ≈ 1° C, 95% RH. On 18 March 2009, the storage sample was removed, assessed for disease, based on a scale of 1 to 10, where 0 = no rot, 1 = 1-10%, 2 = 11-20%, 3 = 21-30%, 4 = 31-40%, 5 = 41-50%, 6 = 51-60%, 7 = 61-70%, 8 = 71-80%, 9 = 81-90%, 10 = 91-100%. Healthy and diseased carrots weighed and weights recorded. The air temperatures in 2008 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.7°C), August (17.9°C) September (14.7°C), and October (7.4°C), average for July (20.4°C) and above average for June (19.2°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.6°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.3°C, August 19.2°C, September 15.7°C and October 9.0°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (48 mm) and June (68 mm), above average for July (137 mm) and August (63 mm), and average for September (82 mm) and October (54 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 80 mm, June 76 mm, July 69 mm, August 56 mm, September 80 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of sclerotinia rot was very low in this trial. No significant differences were found among the cultivars in the percent disease found in the trial. Significant differences were found in marketable yield, however different carrot phenotype most likely influenced overall yield.

Table 1. Percentage Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of various carrot cultivars after inoculation in the field with S. sclerotiorum and five months in Filacell storage at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2008-09

Cultivar % Carrots Infected with Sclerotinia t/ha

Envy 0.3 ns1 95.9 a2 Cellobunch 0.0 95.0 a Maverick 2.4 83.5 b Nevada 3.4 82.2 b 1 ns indicated no significant differences were found among the treatments 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota), cv. Envy PEST: Sclerotinia rot of carrot, (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K1 & GOSSEN BD2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2Agriculture and Agri-Food, Saskatoon TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES ON CARROTS INOCULATED WITH

SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM FOR SCLEROTINIA ROT OF CARROT DISEASE CONTROL, 2008-2009

MATERIALS: PRISTINE (pyraclostrobin 25.2%, boscalid 12.8%), LANCE (boscalid 70%) METHODS: Carrots, cv. Envy (Stokes Seeds) were direct seeded (82 seeds/m) on raised beds, into organic soil (pH ≈ 6.3, organic matter ≈ 74.0%) on 22 May 2008 using a Stan Hay Precision seeder at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four, 5 m long rows, 42 cm apart. Treatments were: PRISTINE at 737 g/ha on carrots inoculated and not inoculated with sclerotinia and LANCE at 630 g/ha on carrots inoculated and not inoculated with sclerotinia. An untreated, non-inoculated check and an untreated inoculated check were also included. Treatments were applied on 6, 20, 3 August, 19 September and 3 October using a pull-type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-3 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 L/ha of water. On 31 July treatments were inoculated by evenly spreading paper strip inoculum, 1.4 g/m, on the soil in the 2 intercrop rows per experimental unit. Inoculum was provided by Dr. B. Gossen, AAFC. At harvest on 4 November 2008, a 2.32 m sample was pulled, placed in a plastic tote and placed in Filacell storage at ≈ 1° C, 95% RH. On 23 July 2009, the bulk storage sample was removed, assessed for disease and healthy and diseased carrots weighed. Each bin was given a visual rating for rot based on a scale of 1 – 10, where 0 = no rot, 1 = 1-10%, 2 = 11-20%, 3 = 21-30%, 4 = 31-40%, 5 = 41-50%, 6 = 51-60%, 7 = 61-70%, 8 = 71-80%, 9 = 81-90%, and 10 = 91-100% rot. The air temperatures in 2008 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.7°C), August (17.9°C) September (14.7°C), and October (7.4°C), average for July (20.4°C) and above average for June (19.2°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.6°C, June 18.4°C, July 20.3°C, August 19.2°C, September 15.7°C and October 9.0°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (48 mm) and June (68 mm), above average for July (137 mm) and August (63 mm), and average for September (82 mm) and October (54 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 80 mm, June 76 mm, July 69 mm, August 56 mm, September 80 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference among the treatments in percent disease, average degree of rot, or yield of either inoculated or non-inoculated carrots (Table 1). This may be due to the efficiency of the Filacell storage.

Table 1. Evaluation of LANCE and PRISTINE for control of sclerotinia rot in carrots inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum grown and stored in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2008-2009.

Treatment Inoculation Rate (g/ha)

% Diseased after storage

Average Degree of Rot

Rating1 Yield (t/ha)

LANCE Inoculated 630 20.4 ns2 1.5 ns 79.8 ns

LANCE Non-inoculated 630 18.9 1.3 85.5

PRISTINE Inoculated 737 17.3 1.8 88.1

PRISTINE Non-inoculated 737 15.5 1.5 86.7

Check Inoculated -- 16.6 1.3 75.5

Check Non-inoculated -- 15.9 2.3 82.0 1 Average of visual rating of rot overall in bin based on a scale of 1 – 10, where 0 = not rot, 1 = 1-10%, 2 = 11-20%, 3 = 21-30%, 4 = 31-40%, 5 = 41-50%, 6 = 51-60%, 7 = 61-70%, 8 = 71-80%, 9 = 81-90%, 10 = 91-100% 2 Not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) cv. Envy PEST: Cavity spot (Pythium intermedium de Bary, Pythium irregulare Buisman, Pythium sulcatum Pratt & Mitchell, Pythium sylvaticum W.A. Campbell & J.W. Hendrix, Pythium ultimum Trow and Pythium violae Chesters & C.J. Hickman) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: EVALUATION OF RANMAN FOR CONTROL OF CAVITY SPOT ON CARROTS,

2009 MATERIALS: RANMAN 400SC (cyazofamid 34.5%), RIDOMIL (metalaxyl-M 1.0%), SYLGARD 309 (polysiloxane 80%) METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.4, organic matter ≈ 74.0%) naturally infested with Pythium spp. near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Carrots, cv. Envy, were direct seeded (82 seeds/m) on raised beds using a Stan Hay Precision seeder on 25 May. Each experimental unit consisted of two rows, 86 cm apart, 6 m in length. Treatments were: RANMAN at 440 mL/ha + SYLGARD at 150 mL/ha, 3 and 14 days after seeding (29 May and 8 June) and RIDOMIL at 735 g/ha applied 3 days after seeding (29 May) in a banded drench using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a TeeJet 8002 nozzle followed by irrigation to move the product into the root zone. An untreated check was also included. On 10 September, a random sample of 25 carrots was removed from each treatment, and assessed for cavity spot. A 2.33 m sample was harvested on October 17, placed into cold storage and assessed for marketable yield and forking caused by Pythium on 21 December. A random sample of 50 carrots was removed and assessed for cavity spot. On both assessment dates carrots were washed in a small drum washer, examined for cavity spot lesions and sorted into classes based on the size of the largest lesion (measured as horizontal length). The six classes were as follows: no disease; very light < 1mm; light 1-2 mm; medium 3-5 mm; heavy 6-10 mm; very heavy > 10 mm. The disease severity index (DSI) was determined by the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) The air temperatures in were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C) and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. The data were grouped in two different ways for analysis, because some of the SYLGARD alone treatments introduced a higher level of variability to the analysis. The first was to compare the two RANMAN treatments only with the untreated check (Table 1). The second analysis (Table 2) evaluated all treatments. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 & 2 CONCLUSIONS: Cavity spot pressure was relatively high in this trial, probably as a result of the higher than average rainfall in July and August. Significant differences were observed in percent disease at both assessment dates and the DSI at the 8 January assessment date when the RANMAN treatments are compared to the untreated check (Table 1). Significant differences were found in marketable yield at harvest (Table 2). All fungicide treatments had significantly higher yields than the check. No pythotoxicity was observed in any of the treatments.

Table 1. Disease incidence and severity (DSI) of cavity spot for carrots treated with various fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate

(mL/ha)

Application Timing (DAS)

Disease Incidence (%) DSI2

10 Sep 21 Dec 10 Sep 21 Dec

RANMAN + SYLGARD 440 + 150 14 86.7 ns1 96.0 ns 30.9 ns 54.9 ns

RANMAN + SYLGARD 440 + 150 3 89.0 93.6 32.8 53.0

RIDOMIL 735 (g/ha) 3 83.7 93.6 32.8 53.3

Check -- -- 95.1 96.0 40.6 55.0 1 ns indicates no significant difference, P = 0.05 2 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) Table 2. Percent marketable and marketable yield for carrots treated with various fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate

(mL/ha)

Application Timing (DAS)

% Marketable Marketable Yield

t/ha

RANMAN + SYLGARD 440 + 150 14 93.6 ns1 84.3 a2

RANMAN + SYLGARD 440 + 150 3 92.6 81.8 a

RIDOMIL 735 (g/ha) 3 90.1 76.4 a

Check -- -- 79.6 64.8 b 1 ns indicates no significant difference, P = 0.05 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test Funding for this project was supplied by FMC Corp. and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) cv. Envy PEST: Cavity spot (Pythium intermedium de Bary, Pythium irregulare Buisman, Pythium sulcatum Pratt & Mitchell, Pythium sylvaticum W.A. Campbell & J.W. Hendrix, Pythium ultimum Trow and Pythium violae Chesters & C.J. Hickman) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: EVALUATION OF POLYVERSUM (PYTHIUM OLIGANDRUM) FOR

MANAGEMENT OF CAVITY SPOT ON CARROTS, 2009 MATERIALS: POLYVERSUM (Pythium oligandrum 1 x 105 cfu/g), RANMAN 400SC (cyazofamid 34.5%) METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 5.8, organic matter ≈ 76.4%) naturally infested with Pythium spp. at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Carrots, cv. Envy, were direct seeded (82 seeds/m) on raised beds using a Stan Hay Precision seeder on 25 June. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of two rows, 86 cm apart, 6 m in length. Treatments were: POLYVERSUM at 100 and 200 g/ha and RANMAN at 440 mL + SYLGARD at 0.15 L/ha. An untreated check was also included. Treatments were applied on 30 June using a CO2 backpack spray equipped with a single 1004 TeeJet nozzle calibrated to apply 1000 L /ha at 240 kPa. A 2.32 m section of row was harvested on 20 October, placed into cold storage and assessed for cavity spot on 13 January, 2010. Carrots were washed in a small drum washer and examined for forking damage. Healthy and forked carrots were counted and weighed. A 50-carrot sample was randomly chosen from the healthy (non-forked) carrots and visually examined for cavity spot lesions and sorted into classes based on the size of the largest lesion (measured as horizontal length). The six classes were as follows: no disease, very light (< 1mm), light (1-2 mm), medium (3-5 mm), heavy (6-10 mm), and very heavy (> 10 mm). Carrots were grouped by colour and by cultivar when assessed for disease incidence and severity. The disease severity index (DSI) was determined by the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class) x 100 (total no. of carrots per sample)(no. classes – 1) The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: Cavity spot severity was moderate in this trial and disease severity was low. No significant differences in the incidence or severity of clubroot were found among the treatments. No significant differences in yield were found among the treatments (Table 1). Numerically, the untreated check had the highest incidence of cavity spot and lowest yield.

Table 1. Incidence and severity (DSI) of cavity spot in carrots, cv. Envy, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate per ha Disease

Incidence (%)

DSI1 % Forked

% Marketable

Yield (t/ha)

RANMAN + SYLGARD 440 mL + 0.15 L 42.5 ns2 18.0 ns 16.7 ns 83.3 ns 39.3 ns

POLYVERSUM 200 g 47.5 19.8 16.4 83.6 37.1

POLYVERSUM 100 g 45.0 19.5 13.2 86.8 39.0

Check -- 52.5 21.6 20.1 79.9 37.0 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)]

x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test Funding for this project was supplied by Beta Biologics and by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) PESTS: Cavity spot (Pythium intermedium de Bary, Pythium irregulare Buisman, Pythium sulcatum Pratt & Mitchell, Pythium sylvaticum W.A. Campbell & J.W. Hendrix, Pythium ultimum Trow and Pythium violae Chesters & C.J. Hickman) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: EVALUATION OF VARIOUS COLOURED CARROTS FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY

TO CAVITY SPOT, 2009 MATERIALS: Carrot breeding lines from the University of Wisconsin, Mello Yello, White Satin, Purple Haze and Nevada from Bejo Seeds Inc., Envy and Cellobunch from Seminis Vegetable Seeds, and Atomic Red from Johnny’s Select Seeds. METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.3, organic matter ≈ 74.0%) naturally infested with Pythium spp. near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Carrots were direct seeded (70-80 seeds/m) on raised beds using a push V-belt seeder on 1 June. Each replicate consisted of two rows, 86 cm apart, 6 m in length. On 10 September, a random sample of 25 carrots was removed from each treatment and assessed for cavity spot. A 50-carrot sample was harvested on 23 October, placed into cold storage and assessed for cavity spot on 22, 23, 24 December and 4 January. Carrots were washed in a small drum washer, visually examined for cavity spot lesions and sorted into classes based on the size of the largest lesion (measured as horizontal length). The six classes were as follows: no disease; very light (< 1mm), light (1-2 mm), medium (3-5 mm), heavy (6-10 mm), very heavy (> 10 mm). Carrots were grouped by colour and by cultivar when assessed for disease incidence and severity. The disease severity index (DSI) was determined by the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1)

The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm.. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix 9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3 CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of cavity spot was very high in 2009 with six cultivars recording >75% incidence at the December assessment. Significant differences in incidence and severity of cavity spot were found among the cultivars at both assessment dates (Table 1). At the September assessment date Purple Haze had a significantly lower incidence of cavity spot than all other cultivars and had lower disease severity than all other cultivars except Envy. Envy and breeding line dark orange had significantly less incidence of cavity spot than Mello Yello and Atomic Red. Envy, Cellobunch and White Satin had significantly lower disease severity than Mello Yello and Atomic Red. At the December assessment date Purple Haze had significantly lower cavity spot incidence and severity than all other cultivars and breeding lines. Breeding lines purple, yellow and red and commercial variety Cellobunch had significantly lower cavity spot incidence and severity than Mello Yello, White Satin,

Atomic Red and breeding line dark orange. The plant stand was low for breeding lines purple, yellow, red and white and therefore were not pulled for assessment in September. When carrots were grouped by colour, significant differences were found in incidence and severity of cavity spot (Table 2). Purple carrots had significantly less incidence and severity of cavity spot than all other colour groups. Yellow, orange and red carrots had significantly lower disease severity than white carrots. Plant stands were low for breeding lines, consequently colour classes were not well represented and therefore could not be grouped for analysis at the September assessment. Table 1. Disease incidence and disease severity index (DSI) of cavity spot in coloured carrots grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Cultivar Source1 Colour Disease Incidence (%) DSI2

10 September 22 December 10 September 22 December Purple Haze Bejo purple 36.0 a3 8.5 a 9.1 a 4.5 a Purple UW purple -- 45.0 b -- 26.1 b Yellow UW yellow -- 54.7 bc -- 34.0 bcd Cellobunch Sem orange 80.0 bc 71.6 cd 25.1 bc 31.4 bc Red UW red -- 74.6 de -- 50.2 c White UW white -- 75.7 def -- 42.9 cde Envy Sem orange 75.7 b 89.2 def 21.3 ab 43.0 cde Mello Yello Bejo yellow 94.7 c 91.8 ef 46.9 de 47.4 de Dark Orange UW orange 76.0 b 93.5 ef 34.7 cd 55.2 e White Satin Bejo white 86.7 bc 93.5 ef 31.2 bc 50.3 e Atomic Red JSS red 93.1 c 94.0 f 51.7 e 71.4 f 1 UW = University of Wisconsin, Sem = Seminis Vegetable Seed, Bejo = Bejo Seeds Inc., JSS = Johnny’s Selected Seeds 2 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:


x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. Table 2. Disease incidence and severity (DSI) of cavity spot assessed in December, of various coloured carrots grouped by colour, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009. Colour Disease Incidence (%) DSI1 Purple 22.5 a2 12.8 a Yellow 73.3 b 40.7 b Orange 81.7 b 41.8 b Red 84.3 b 47.4 b White 87.5 b 60.8 c 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:


x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) PEST: Cavity spot (Pythium intermedium de Bary, Pythium irregulare Buisman, Pythium sulcatum Pratt & Mitchell, Pythium sylvaticum W.A. Campbell & J.W. Hendrix, Pythium ultimum Trow and Pythium violae Chesters & C.J. Hickman) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CARROTS CULTIVARS FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY

TO CAVITY SPOT, 2009 MATERIALS: Eight commercial carrot cultivars: Envy and Cellobunch from Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Purple Haze and Nevada from Bejo Seeds Inc., Six Pak II from Harris Moran Seed Co., Apache, and Choctaw from Nunhems Vegetable Seeds, Chantenay Red Cored from Vesey Seeds and a red carrot from the University of Wisconsin breeding line. METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.3, organic matter ≈ 74.0%) naturally infested with Pythium spp. at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Carrots were direct seeded (70-80 seeds/m) on raised beds using a push V-belt seeder on 1 June. Each replicate consisted of two rows, 86 cm apart, 6 m in length. On 10 September, a random sample of 25 carrots was removed from each treatment and assessed for cavity spot. A 50-carrot sample was harvested on 23 October, placed into cold storage and assessed for cavity spot on 22, 23, 24 December and 4 January. Carrots were washed in a small drum washer, visually examined for cavity spot lesions and sorted into classes based on the size of the largest lesion (measured as horizontal length). The six classes were as follows: no disease, very light (< 1mm), light (1-2 mm), medium (3-5 mm), heavy (6-10 mm), and very heavy (> 10 mm). Carrots were grouped by colour and by cultivar when assessed for disease incidence and severity. The disease severity index (DSI) was determined by the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1)

The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5 C°), July (17.9 C°) and October (7.3 C°), and average for August (19.4 C°) and September (14.9 C°). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: June 18.2 C°, July 19.9 C°, August 19.3 C°, September 15.5 C° and October 8.9 C°. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix 9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: Cavity spot incidence was high in 2009. Significant differences were found among cultivars for disease incidence and disease severity index on both assessment dates (Table 1). At the 10 September assessment date Purple Haze had a significantly lower incidence of cavity spot than all other carrots except commercial variety Nevada and a significantly lower severity of cavity spot than Cellobunch, Envy, Apache, Red Cored Chantenay and Choctaw. At the 22 December assessment date cultivar Purple Haze had significantly lower incidence and severity of cavity spot than all other carrots. Commercial variety Six Pak II had significantly lower incidence of cavity spot than Nevada, Choctaw, Chantenay Red Cored, Envy and Apache. Six Pak II had significantly

lower severity of cavity spot than Envy, Choctaw, Apache, Chantenay Red Cored and the UW breeding line red. Table 1. Disease incidence and disease severity index (DSI) of cavity spot in carrot cultivar grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Cultivar Colour Disease Incidence (%) DSI1

10 September 22 December 10 September 22 December

Purple Haze purple 36.0 a2 8.5 a 9.1 a 4.5 a Six Pak II orange 61.3 b 62.8 b 18.7 abc 26.5 b Cellobunch orange 80.0 b 71.6 bc 25.1 bcd 31.4 bc Red3 red -- 74.6 bcd -- 50.2 e Nevada orange 56.9 ab 79.6 cde 16.5 ab 35.7 bcd Choctaw orange 78.7 b 81.0 cde 32.5 d 43.9 de Red Cored Chantenay orange 69.5 b 85.8 de 28.7 cd 49.5 e Envy orange 75.7 b 89.2 e 21.3 bcd 43.0 cde Apache orange 66.2 b 89.8 e 29.2 cd 48.9 e 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:


x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. 3 University of Wisconsin breeding line red carrot Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang) PEST: Sclerotinia rot of carrot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) AUTHORS: PARKER M1, MCDONALD MR1 & BOLAND GJ2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences TITLE: DETECTION OF ASCOSPORES OF SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM

CORRELATES AMONG SITES WITHIN A REGION AND TO DISEASE INCIDENCE

MATERIALS: Blue Plate Test and Andersen N6 Impactor, both using Sclerotinia semi-selective

medium METHODS: This study is to improve methods to forecast disease risk by comparing selected spore-trapping methods to detect ascospores of the pathogen and comparing concentrations of ascospores in 2008 and 2009 at multiple sites within a region having a history of carrot production and sclerotinia rot of carrot. Ascospore trapping methods being evaluated are based on passive and active deposition of ascospores onto Sclerotinia selective medium using the Blue Plate Test and the Andersen N6 Impactor, respectively. Spore traps were located in the Bradford Marsh, Ontario at one and two sites of the Muck Crops Research Station in 2008 and 2009, respectively, and at two commercial fields in both years. Ascospore sampling began 29 and 8 July, continuing until 8 and 15 Oct in 2008 and 2009, respectively, and was conducted 2-3 times weekly. The Blue Plate Test consisted of exposing Petri dishes containing Sclerotinia selective medium placed on a covered stand 1 m above the soil at approximately 45 degrees facing the prevailing wind for 3 hr during the period 10 h to 14 h. The Blue Plate Test was conducted at 6 locations at each site. The N6 Impactor was placed 1 m above the soil and Petri dishes containing Sclerotinia selective medium placed inside the sampler were exposed for three 10 min intervals at one sampling location per site. The Petri dishes were incubated at room temperature for 72 h, at which time putative colonies of S. sclerotiorum were counted and marked. Colonies were confirmed as S. sclerotiorum after 7-10 days incubation by the presence of sclerotia. In 2008, the air temperatures were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.7°C), August (17.9°C) and September (14.7°C), average for July (20.4°C) and above average for June (19.2°C). Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (48 mm) and June (68 mm), above average for July (137 mm) and August (63 mm), and average for September (82 mm). In 2009, the air temperatures were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). All statistical analysis was performed using the proc corr procedure of SAS version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) with P = 0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: In 2008, ascospores were detected using the Blue Plate Test from 29 July to 8 October with average counts from six dishes per site ranging from 0 to 28.5 ascospores. Ascospores were consistently detected or not detected between the three sites on 13 of 20 total sampling dates. Detected ascospores among the three sites using the Blue Plate Test and N6 Impactor did not significantly correlate. In 2009, ascospores were detected from 15 July to 15 September with average counts from six dishes per site ranging from 0 to 45 ascospores. Ascospores were consistently detected or not detected between the four sites on 15 of 22 total sampling dates. Detected ascospores between the three sites using the Blue Plate Test and N6 Impactor significantly correlated in 9 of 21 possible site combinations (r = 0.56 – 0.86, P < 0.0001 – 0.0223). In both years, the N6 Impactor consistently detected fewer ascospores compared to the Blue Plate Test. Disease incidence one week after ascospore detection significantly correlated at all three sites and two of four sites in 2008 and 2009, respectively (2008: r = 0.78 – 0.87, P = 0.0026 – 0.0118; 2009: r = 0.74 and 0.88, P = 0.0097 and 0.0095, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although ascospore counts did not significantly correlate among sites in 2008 using the Blue Plate Test or Andersen N6 Impactor, correlations in 2009 did significantly correlate among sites using both trapping methods. Despite insignificant correlations between ascospore counts and disease incidence at two sites in 2009, both were consistently low throughout the growing season. The results provide strong evidence that disease prediction is accurate, particularly when the number of detected ascospores is low, and that regional level forecasting is a viable tool to manage sclerotinia rot of carrot. Funding for this project was provided by the National Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang) PEST: Sclerotinia rot of carrot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) AUTHORS: PARKER M1, MCDONALD MR1 & BOLAND GJ2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences TITLE: DETECTION OF ASCOSPORES OF SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM

PROVIDES ACCUTRATE TIMING FOR MANAGING SCLEROTINIA ROT OF CARROT

MATERIALS: LANCE (boscalid 70%), ELEXA-4 (chitosan 4%) METHODS: The field trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station in the Bradford Marsh in 2009 in organic soil naturally infested with sclerotinia rot of carrot. A split plot design with treatment as the main plot arranged as a randomised complete block with cultivar allocated to each replicate as the sub-plot was used. Each replicate consisted of 4 rows, 2 rows side-by-side of each cultivar, 5 m in length and 86 cm apart centre-to-centre having a 40 cm wide growing area. Carrot cultivars Envy and Nevada were seeded at a rate of 80 seeds m-1. LANCE was applied when within field detected ascospores of S. sclerotiorum surpassed the sclerotinia forecast model threshold of 5 detected ascospores using the Blue Plate Test on sclerotinia semi-selective medium. ELEXA-4 was applied bi-weekly, beginning at carrot canopy closure on 31 July. Each chemical treatment was also combined with trimming the carrot canopy, which occurred on 12 August when ascospore counts surpassed the forecast threshold after canopy closure. The incidence of sclerotinia rot on carrot foliage was evaluated as the percentage of plants in the assessment area that had at least one lesion per leaf or petiole. The air temperatures were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). Data were analysed using the proc glm procedure of SAS version 9.1. Means separation was obtained using the Tukey’s test with P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1. CONCLUSIONS: LANCE and ELEXA-4 were equally effective in reducing disease incidence when applied as a standalone treatment. Canopy trimming combined with ELEXA-4 or LANCE treatment significantly reduced disease incidence compared to either treatment alone. Disease developed in trimming treatments after the canopy closed and environmental conditions were conducive to disease development. The results demonstrate that managing sclerotinia rot of carrot is effective when accurately-timed according to the number of detected ascospores within the crop.

Table 1. Field evaluation of BOSCALID, ELEXA-4 and canopy trimming for management of sclerotinia rot of carrot, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment

Number of Applications

AUDPC 1

LANCE @ 441 g/ha and trimming

3

22 a 2

ELEXA-4 @ 0.2% chitosan and trimming 5

70 a

LANCE @ 441 g/ha 3

215 b

ELEXA-4 @ 0.2% chitosan 5

252 b

Check 0

564 c

se

27

1 Area under the disease progress curve. 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s

Test.

Funding for this project was provided by the National Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota L. var. “Envy”) PEST: Sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary) AUTHORS: COWAN JE & BOLAND GJ University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences TITLE: INFLUENCE OF FREEZING TEMPERATURES AND THE CONTANS® WG

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL PRODUCT ON GERMINATION OF SCLEROTIA OF SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM IN CARROT

MATERIALS: CONTANS® WG (Coniothyrium minitans Campbell) METHODS: In May, 2008, twelve replications (25 sclerotia each) of two batches of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolate Ss274, produced three months apart on potato dextrose agar and fully conditioned at 4°C for apothecia production (carpogenic germination), were exposed for 28 days to one of three temperature treatments in controlled environments (constant -13°C, 10°C, and 14 two-day -13↔10°C freeze-thaw (FT) cycles), subsequently immersed for one day in either sterile water or a 1x102 conidia/ml suspension of CONTANS® WG (Coniothyrium minitans), and then placed into one of two organic soil field plots at the Muck Crops Research Station (MCRS), Kettleby, Ontario. Daucus carota, var. “Envy”, was seeded at a rate of 85 seeds/m with a row spacing of 86 cm in both 14 x 14 m plots. Plots were set up as randomized complete block designs with six replications per plot (rows) and at least 1 m of row as a buffer surrounding each plot and between each replication. On 12 June (plot 1) and 17 June (plot 2), sclerotia were placed in grids set up in the middle of each row by treatment and covered with 0.5 cm of field soil. Production of apothecia from S. sclerotiorum sclerotia was monitored weekly until 16 October, 2008 as total percent cumulative carpogenic germination. The experiment was repeated in 2009 using two S. sclerotiorum isolates (Ss274 and ZQ 35-10) produced at the same time, with sclerotia placed into the field on 12 June (plot 1) and 15 June (plot 2). Apothecia production was monitored weekly until 14 October, 2009. In total, six experiments (i.e., repetitions – defined by field plot, sclerotia production time, and year) were completed over two years for isolate Ss274, and two experiments (i.e., field plot repetitions) were completed for isolate ZQ 35-10. Total percent cumulative carpogenic germination data from the final day of observations were analyzed separately by plot and year as randomized complete block designs within the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) program (Windows version 9.1.3., SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). All data were normal and subjected to analyses of variances (ANOVAs) with six replications to detect main treatment effects and/or possible interactions among relevant variables of isolate/batch, temperature, and biological control. Sets of 25 sclerotia were considered experimental units for the analyses. Means comparisons were also conducted on the data using Bonferroni (Dunn) t tests (α=0.05). RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: Freezing and FT treatments alone (without the addition of CONTANS® WG) did not reduce carpogenic germination of either S. sclerotiorum isolate relative to the 10°C control (except one of six repetitions where the FT treatment was slightly reduced). However, for isolate Ss274, four of six repetitions exhibited a temperature × biological control interaction where the -13°C treatment was reduced the most by CONTANS® WG (at the 1x102 conidia/ml experimental rate, which was much less than the recommended rate of 2-4 kg/ha for 0-10 cm incorporation into soil) compared to the other two temperature treatments (Table 1). The one 2008 repetition that lacked the interaction had all temperatures reduced by CONTANS® WG, while the one 2009 repetition lacking the interaction showed no CONTANS® WG effects following any temperature treatment. CONTANS® WG reduced germination of

Ss274 sclerotia exposed to the FT treatment in only two of six repetitions; however, in all repetitions, the FT treatment was never different than the freezing treatment when both had CONTANS® WG applied. The apparent discrepancy is because without CONTANS® WG, the FT treatment was always slightly lower (but not statistically significant) than all other temperature treatments. Isolate ZQ 35-10 tested in 2009 yielded no temperature or biological control effects, suggesting that either the environmental conditions rendered the CONTANS® WG ineffective, and/or that different isolates of S. sclerotiorum differ in their response to freezing temperatures and CONTANS® WG. Thus, freezing temperatures of at least -13°C for 28 days are capable of making at least one S. sclerotiorum isolate more susceptible to CONTANS® WG (C. minitans). However, not all isolates become more susceptible following freezing exposure, so freezing temperatures in southern Ontario may not always improve the efficacy of CONTANS® WG, but the potential is there. Table 1. Representative table of cumulative percent carpogenic germination from carrot plot 1 by 16 October, 2008, showing typical trends. Means are presented from highest to lowest and are averages across six replications. Different letters denote significant differences between means (α=0.05).

Temperature Treatment CONTANS® WG Treatment Carpogenic Germination Means

-13°C 0 conidia/ml 72.7 a 10°C 0 conidia/ml 66.3 a freeze-thaw cycles 0 conidia/ml 57.3 a 10°C 1x102 conidia/ml 45.3 ab freeze-thaw cycles 1x102 conidia/ml 18.7 bc -13°C 1x102 conidia/ml 2.7 c This project was funded by the National Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). Research and technical support was provided by Dr. Mary Ruth McDonald and research personnel at the Muck Crops Research Station, Kettleby, Ontario.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota.), cv. Envy Celery (Apium graveolens) cv. Sabroso AUTHORS: SWANTON C J, JANSE S & CHANDLER K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: HERBICIDE TOLERANCE IN CARROTS AND CELERY, 2009 MATERIALS: GESAGARD (prometryne 48%), DUAL II MAGNUM (s-metolachlor/benoxacor 91.5%), PROWL H2O (pendimethalin 45.5%), NORTRON (ethofumesate 48%). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate GESAGARD, DUAL II MAGNUM, PROWL H2O, and NORTRON for crop tolerance and efficacy in carrots and celery on muck soils. METHODS: The trial was conducted at a site with organic soil (organic matter 75%, pH 6.5) on the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh. Plots consisted of 2 hills, 86 cm apart and 4m long arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. On 19 June, one hill was seeded with carrots cv. Envy and the other hill planted with celery cv. Sabroso (seeded in greenhouse on 27 April). The trial consisted of 8 treatments including an untreated control. Herbicide treatments were applied on 23 June, preemergence to carrots and when celery had 3 leaves. All treatments were applied in 200 L/ha of water. Efficacy evaluations were made up to 20 July at which time Lorox was applied over all treatments to minimize weed competition. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Visual assessments for crop injury were conducted periodically over the growing season. Carrots and celery were harvested at maturity. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and means separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test (P=0.05). RESULTS: As presented in Table 1. CONCLUSIONS: Carrot and celery tolerance to 2X rates of DUAL II MAGNUM, PROWL H2O, and NORTRON was excellent and injury was <5% at all times of evaluation. Carrot and celery yields were similar with all treatments. GESAGARD, the standard treatment, gave greater control of redroot pigweed at 8 DAT (days after treatment) than with the 1X rates of DUAL II MAGNUM and NORTRON but at 27 DAT control was similar. Control of redroot pigweed was poor with PROWL H2O.

Table 1. Herbicide tolerance in carrots and celery, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009

Treatment Dose (gai/ha)

Redroot pigweed

Carrot Celery Total yield

1 July 20 July 10 July 20 July 10 July 20 July Carrot Celery

-- % control -- --------------% Injury ------------- t/ha t/ha Untreated

0 0 0 0 0 0 42.1 78.6

GESAGARD

1800 90 86 3 4 0 0 36.1 85.1

DUAL II MAGNUM (1X dose)

1373 58 80 0 3 0 0 37.6 86.2

DUAL II MAGNUM (2X dose)

2746 63 71 5 6 0 0 36.1 81.5

PROWL H2O (1X dose)

1064 43 65 3 3 0 0 42.9 79.4

PROWL H2O (2X dose)

2128 51 84 5 3 0 0 37.4 83.2

NORTRON (1X dose)

1175 55 70 0 5 0 0 37.5 84.5

NORTRON (2X dose)

2350 70 81 0 0 0 0 42.3 79.7

LSD (P=0.05) 20 16 NS NS NS NS NS NS

Funding for this project was provided by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang) AUTHORS: HU CL1, TSAO R2 & MCDONALD MR1 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Centre TITLE: EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COLOURED CARROTS FOR TOTAL

PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, 2008 MATERIALS: Carrot breeding lines from the University of Wisconsin, commercial carrot cultivars from Bejo Seeds Inc., Johnny’s Selected Seeds, Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Nunhems Vegetable Seeds, and red cultivars from India (supplier unknown). The freeze-dried carrot samples were ground into powder before solvent extraction. METHODS: The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used for the determination of total phenolic content (TPC) of the samples. Briefly, each fraction (0.2 ml) was mixed with 1 ml of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 0.8 ml of 7.5% sodium carbonate solution. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min, and then the absorbance was measured at 765 nm in a visible-UV microplate kinetics reader (EL 340, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). A standard curve was generated with gallic acid, concentration range is from 0 to 100 µg/ml (0-100 ppm), from which TPCs in the various fractions were calculated and expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dry weight vegetable. It may be necessary to dilute some of the samples so that the phenolic concentration will fall within the range of the standard curve. The antioxidant activities were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) induced free radical assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay. In DPPH assay, samples were prepared for five concentrations and four repetitions were done for each sample reaction. A standard or sample solution (100µl) was added to 100µL of DPPH• solution. The absorbance of the mixture was then determined at 515 nm in a visible-UV microplate kinetics reader (EL 340, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT) after 1 hour when the reaction reached a plateau at room temperature. The antioxidant activity was expressed as DPPH-EC50, which is defined as the milligram of dry weight vegetable (an antioxidant) at which 50% of the 1µg DPPH initial absorbance is reduced. A lower DPPH-EC50 value indicates a higher antioxidant activity. The FRAP assay measures the ability of the antioxidants in the vegetable samples to reduce ferric-tripyridyltriazine (Fe3+-TPTZ) complex to the blue colored ferrous form (Fe2+) which absorbs light at 593 nm. Briefly, standard or sample extract (10 µl) were mixed with 300 µl of ferric-TPTZ reagent (prepared by mixing 300mM acetate buffer, pH 3.6, 10mM TPTZ in 40mM HCl and 20mM FeCl3 in the ratio of 10:1:1 (v/v/v)) and added to the wells. The plate was incubated at 37°C for the duration of the reaction. The absorbance readings were taken at 593nm at 0 and 4 min using a visible–UV microplate kinetic reader (EL 340, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). TAC (total antioxidant capacity) of the samples was calculated on the basis of 500 mM L-ascorbic acid and expressed as µmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per gram of dry weight vegetable. The higher the FRAP value, the stronger the antioxidant capacity. Data were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with MIXED procedure of SAS institute (1989). Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 and 2 CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found among cultivars for total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity (Table 1). Commercial variety Purple rain has significantly higher TPC and TAC in FRAP assay than all other color carrots, followed by breeding line Red-104-3. Breeding line Purple-106-6 had a significantly lower DPPH-EC50 value which indicates a higher antioxidant activity. When carrots were grouped by color, significant differences were found for TPC and TAC in FRAP assay (Table 2). The purple color had significantly higher TPC and TAC than all other color groups group,

followed by red color group. Carrot pigment may influence the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of carrots. Table 1. Total phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity in different colored carrots, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2008.

Cultivar Source1 Colour TPC2

(mg/g)

TAC3

FRAP (µmol/g)

DPPH EC50 (mg DW/1µg DPPH) Hydrophilic extract Lipophilic extract

Purple rain Bejo purple 2.06 a4 3.38 a 2.41 a 0.64 abc Red-104-3 UW red 1.35 ab 3.05 ab 0.62 b 0.96 a Purple-106-6 UW purple 0.79 b 2.82 ab 0.96 ab 0.37 c Dark orange-101-23 UW orange 0.75 b 3.19 ab 0.61 b 0.54 abc Atomic red JSS red 0.70 b 2.85 ab 0.75 b 0.44 bc Envy Sem orange 0.54 b 1.89 ab 1.52 ab 0.65 abc White-105-7 UW white 0.53 b 2.56 ab 0.83 ab 0.59 abc Yellow-102-1 UW yellow 0.48 b 1.85 ab 0.88 ab 0.88 abc Crème de lite Nun white 0.47 b 1.43 b 1.90 ab 0.84 ab Mello yello F1 Bejo yellow 0.46 b 2.00 ab 1.28 ab 0.56 abc

1 Sources: Bejo = Bejo Seeds Inc., JSS = Johnny’s Selected Seeds, Nun = Nunhems Vegetable Seeds, Sem = Seminis Vegetable Seed, UW = University of Wisconsin breeding lines 2 TPC: total phenolic content expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram dry weight. 3 TAC: total antioxidant capacity expressed as µmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per gram dry weight in FRAP assay and DPPH- EC50: Milligrams of sample required to reduce absorbance of 1 ug DPPH concentration by 50% in DDPH assay. 4 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. Table 2. Total phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity of different colored carrots grouped by color, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2008.

Colour1 TPC2

(mg/g )

TAC3 FRAP

(µmol/g) DPPH EC50(mg DW/1µg DPPH)

Hydrophilic extract Lipophilic extract Purple 1.43 a4 3.10 a 1.68 a 0.50 a Red 1.03 ab 2.95 ab 0.68 a 0.70 a Orange 0.63 ab 2.41 ab 1.15 a 0.61 a White 0.50 b 1.99 ab 1.36 a 0.71 a Yellow 0.47 b 1.92 b 1.12 a 0.68 a 1 Cultivars of similar colour were grouped for analysis 2 TPC: total phenolic content expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram dry weight. 3 TAC: total antioxidant capacity expressed as µmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per gram dry weight in FRAP assay and DPPH- EC50: Milligrams of sample required to reduce absorbance of 1 ug DPPH concentration by 50% in DDPH assay. 4 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang) cv. Enterprise AUTHORS: HU CL1, TSAO R2 & MCDONALD MR1 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Centre TITLE: EFFECT OF NITROGEN RATE AND NUMBER OF FUNGICIDE

APPLICATIONS ON CARROT TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, 2008

MATERIALS: BRAVO (chlorothalonil 50%), LANCE (boscalid 70%), CABRIO (pyraclostrobin 20%),

AMMONIUM NITRATE (34% N) METHODS: Carrots were treated with 3 nitrogen rates and number of fungicides. The six treatments were: three rates of N (0, 110, and 220 kg/ha) in combination with 2 fungicide timings (0, 5 applications at full rate).The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used for the determination of total phenolic content (TPC) of the samples. Briefly, each fraction (0.2 ml) was mixed with 1 ml of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 0.8 ml of 7.5% sodium carbonate solution. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min, and then the absorbance was measured at 765 nm in a visible-UV microplate kinetics reader (EL 340, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). A standard curve was generated with gallic acid, concentration range is from 0 to 100 µg/ml (0-100 ppm), from which TPCs in the various fractions were calculated and expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dry weight vegetable. It may be necessary to dilute some of the samples so that the phenolic concentration will fall within the range of the standard curve. The antioxidant activities were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) induced free radical assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay. In DPPH assay, samples were prepared for five concentrations and four repetitions were done for each sample reaction. A standard or sample solution (100µl) was added to 100µL of DPPH• solution. The absorbance of the mixture was then determined at 515 nm in a visible-UV microplate kinetics reader (EL 340, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT) after 1 hour when the reaction reached a plateau at room temperature. The antioxidant activity was expressed as DPPH-EC50, which is defined as the milligram of dry weight vegetable (an antioxidant) at which 50% of the 1µg DPPH initial absorbance is reduced. A lower DPPH-EC50 value indicates a higher antioxidant activity. The FRAP assay measures the ability of the antioxidants in the vegetable samples to reduce ferric-tripyridyltriazine (Fe3+-TPTZ) complex to the blue colored ferrous form (Fe2+) which absorbs light at 593 nm. Briefly, standard or sample extract (10 µl) were mixed with 300 µl of ferric-TPTZ reagent (prepared by mixing 300mM acetate buffer, pH 3.6, 10mM TPTZ in 40mM HCl and 20mM FeCl3 in the ratio of 10:1:1 (v/v/v)) and added to the wells. The plate was incubated at 37 °C for the duration of the reaction. The absorbance readings were taken at 593nm at 0 and 4 min using a visible–UV microplate kinetic reader (EL 340, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). TAC (total antioxidant capacity) of the samples was calculated on the basis of 500 mM L-ascorbic acid and expressed as µmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per gram of dry weight. The higher the FRAP value, the stronger the antioxidant capacity. Data were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with MIXED procedure of SAS institute (1989). Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were found in total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in FRAP method, but for total antioxidant activity in DPPH assay, carrot treated with 100% N, 5 application full rate had a significant low DPPH-EC50 value which means a higher antioxidant activity (Table 1).

Table 1. Total phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity in carrots treated with various rates of nitrogen and fungicide, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2008.

Treatment

TPC1 (mg/g )

TAC2

N (kg/ha) Fungicide

FRAP (µmol/g)

DPPH EC50(mg DW/1µg DPPH)

Hydrophilic extract Lipophilic extract

0 no 1.65 a3 5.14 a 0.44 a 1.02 b

110 no 1.46 a 4.54 a 0.36 ab 1.07 b

0 5 applications full rate 1.44 a 4.27 a 0.37 ab 1.05 b

220 no 1.39 a 4.51 a 0.20 ab 1.67 a

110 5 applications full rate 1.31 a 4.28 a 0.15 b 1.45 ab

220 5 applications full rate 1.30 a 3.99 a 0.19 ab 1.50 ab

1 TPC: total phenolic content expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram dry weight. 2 TAC: total antioxidant capacity expressed as µmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per gram dry weight in FRAP assay and DPPH- EC50: Milligrams of sample required to reduce absorbance of 1 ug DPPH concentration by 50% in DDPH assay. 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROPS: Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica rapa L. var. utilis Tsen and Lee) Shanghai pak choy (Brassica rapa L. var. communis Tsen and Lee) PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) AUTHERS: KALPANA K C1, MCDONALD M R1, GOSSEN B D2 and WESTERVELD S M3

1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Guelph 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon 3Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Simcoe

TITLE: EFFECT OF SEEDING DATE AND RANMAN APPLICATION ON CLUBROOT

OF ASIAN VEGETABLES, 2009 MATERIAL: RANMAN 400SC (cyazofamid 34.5%, ISK Biosciences Corp.) METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (pH ≈ 6.7, organic matter ≈ 69%) naturall y infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae pathotype 6. Shanghai pak choy and Chinese flowering cabbage were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) on 13 May, 11 June, 8 July, 5 August and 2 September using a Stan Hay precision seeder. There were two treatments; an untreated control and RANMAN as a soil drench (114 mL product/100L of water, 300 mL/meter) in a 15-cm band over the seed row at the day after seeding. About 7mm of irrigation was applied within 24 hr after the RANMAN treatment. Treatments were replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete-block design. Each replicate consisted of two rows, each 6 m in length, for both crops. Plants were harvested at weekly intervals from 2 or 3 weeks to 6 or 7 weeks after seeding. Following harvest, roots were thoroughly washed and assessed for clubroot incidence and severity. Disease severity was rated using a 0–3 scale, where: 0 = no clubbing, 1 < 1/3 of root clubbing, 2 = 1/3 to 2/3 of root clubbing, and 3 > 2/3 of root clubbing. A disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)]

x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) The air temperatures in the 2009 growing season were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4oC) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. All data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P= 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 and 2 CONCLUSIONS: Clubroot incidence and severity were higher in June and July plantings in both Shanghai pak choy and Chinese flowering cabbage compared to other seeding dates (Table 1 & 2) because mean air temperatures were higher during growing period for these crops planted in June and July. Clubroot incidence and severity were lower in seedlings treated with RANMAN as a soil drench in comparison to the nontreated control (Table 1 & 2).Clubroot severity was consistently lower for both crops with Ranman treatment. However, there were no significant differences in incidence between the two treatments in the June and July seedings of Shanghai pak choy when incidence reached up to 100% in the nontreated control. RANMAN did not eliminate clubroot but has potential in reducing disease severity

in crops grown in organic soil. Thus this fungicide should be included as a component of Integrated Pest Management systems to manage clubroot on Brassica vegetables. Table 1. Effect of seeding date and RANMAN application on clubroot incidence and severity in Shanghai pak choy grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Days after seeding

Seeding Date

13 May 11 June 08 July 05 August 02 September

C1 R2 C R C R C R C R

Clubroot Incidence (%)

13 --- --- --- --- 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a --- --- 20 0 a3 0 a 8 a 0 a 2 a 0 a 16 a 5 a 0 a 0 a 27 0 a 0 a 20 b 0 a 96 b 70 a 19 b 3 a 0 a 0 a 34 22 b 4 a 99 b 84 a 100 a 94 a 46 b 12 a 0 a 0 a 41 36 b 6 a 99 a 99 a 100 a 94 a 87 b 34 a 0 a 0 a 48 95 b 69 a --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Disease Severity Index4

13 --- --- --- --- 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a --- --- 20 0 a 0 a 3 a 0 a 1 a 0 a 5 a 2 a 0 a 0 a 27 0 a 0 a 10 b 0 a 40 b 24 a 8 a 1 a 0 a 0 a 34 13 b 2 a 70 b 34 a 74 b 53 a 18 b 5 a 0 a 0 a 41 24 b 4 a 81 b 62 a 88 b 69 a 38 b 13 a 0 a 0 a 48 53 b 26 a --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

1Nontreated Control 2Treated with RANMAN 400 SC fungicide 3The control and RANMAN treatments within the same date and day of assessment are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test if they are followed by the same letter. 4Disease Severity Index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI =

∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1)

Table 2. Effect of seeding date and RANMAN application on clubroot incidence and severity in Chinese flowering cabbage grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Days after seeding

Seeding Date

13 May 11 June 08 July 05 August 02 September

C1 R2 C R C R C R C R

Clubroot Incidence (%)

13 --- --- --- --- 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a --- --- 20 0 a3 0 a 2 a 4 a 1 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 27 0 a 0 a 8 a 0 a 48 b 6 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 34 11 a 0 a 60 a 46 a 58 b 39 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 41 18 b 0 a 68 b 48 a 60 b 44 a 17 b 7 a 0 a 0 a 48 76 b 44 a --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---


13 --- --- --- --- 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a --- --- 20 0 a 0 a 1 a 1 a 0.4 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 27 0 a 0 a 3 a 0 a 16 b 2 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 34 5 a 0 a 29 b 17 a 26 b 15 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 41 10 a 0 a 43 b 27 a 36 b 20 a 6 b 2 a 0 a 0 a 48 45 b 17 a --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

1Nontreated Control 2Treated with RANMAN fungicide 3The control and RANMAN treatments within the same date and day of assessment are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test if they are followed by the same letter. 4Disease Severity Index (DSI) was determined using the following equation: Funding for this project was provided by the Pest Management Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Sustainable Production Systems Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and University of Guelph


x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1)

CROP: Shanghai pak choy (Brassica rapa L. var. communis Tsen and Lee) PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) AUTHORS: KALPANA K C1, MCDONALD M R1, GOSSEN B D2 and PENG G2

1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Guelph 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon

TITLE: EFFICACY OF BIOFUNGICIDES AND FUNGICIDES ON CLUBROOT IN

SHANGHAI PAK CHOY GROWN IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT, 2009 MATERIALS: MYCOSTOP® WP (30% Streptomyces griseoviridis, strain K61), PRESTOP® WP (32% Gliocladium catenulatum strain J1446), ROOTSHIELD® Drench TM WP (1.15% Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain KRL-AG2), SERENADE® ASOTM (1.34% Bacillus subtilis QST 713), ACTINOVATE® SP (0.371% Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC 108), ALLEGRO500F (40% fluazinam) and RANMAN 400 SC (34.5% cyazofamid) METHODS: The trials were conducted at the University of Guelph in controlled environment growth cabinets. Shanghai pak choy was grown in soil less mix (Sunshine mix #4, Sun Gro Horticulture Canada Ltd, Alberta, Canada) using individual tall plastic conetainers (164 mL, Stuewe & Sons, Inc.) with one seedling maintained in each conetainer. Trial 1 was seeded on 15 December, 2008, trial 2 on 3 March and trial 3 on 20 July, 2009. There were nine treatments (Table 1): five biofungicides, two fungicides, one noninoculated treatment (negative control) and an inoculated but nontreated treatment (positive control) arranged in a completely randomized design with 10 conetainers per treatment. Biofungicides were applied at five times the label rates 5 days after seeding and 3 days prior to pathogen inoculation to allow sufficient time for biocontrol agents to colonize the roots (Table 1). In this study, biofungicides were used higher the label rate for initial evaluation because there was no prior data for these microbial fungicides against P. brassicae. Fungicides were applied at label rates 1 hr after pathogen inoculation (Table 1). Both biofungicides and fungicides were applied as a soil drench at the rate of 50 mL/ seedling or conetainer. Each seedling was inoculated with 5 mL spore suspension (1x 105 or 1x106/mL) 8 days after seeding. Resting spores were extracted from clubroot stored at -20 oC, harvested from cabbage grown in organic soil having a history of clubroot pathogen. At the time of spore extraction, 3 g clubroot was macerated with 100 mL distilled water in a commercial waring blender at a high speed for 2 minutes. The resulting suspension was filtered through eight layers of cheese cloth. Resting spores in the filtered solution were counted by using a haemocytometer and adjusted to a desired concentration using distilled water for inoculation. Plants were inoculated with 1x106/mL solution in trial 1, 1x 105/mL in trial 2 and both concentrations were evaluated in trial 3. Inoculated plants were watered with acidified water (pH 6.3) for 2 weeks after inoculation and a high level of soil moisture was maintained by maintaining 2 cm of water in a bottom tray for 1 week after inoculation. After 2 weeks, plants were watered with tap water (pH 7.3). Plants were grown for 7 weeks and destructively harvested for disease assessment. At harvest, roots were thoroughly washed and assessed for disease incidence and severity using a 0–3 scale, where 0 = no clubbing, 1 < 1/3 of root clubbing, 2 = 1/3 to 2/3 of root clubbing, and 3 > 2/3 of root clubbing. A disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the following equation:


x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) The plants were maintained at 23o/18 oC (day/night) with a 14 hr photoperiod and 65% of relative humidity. A combination of fluorescent and incandescent lights was used in growth cabinets with an intensity of 200 – 250 µmol.m-2.s-1. All data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was conducted using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05.

RESULTS: As presented in Table 2 CONCLUSIONS: Differences in disease severity were found among trials conducted at different time periods and with different inoculum concentrations. Fungicides ALLEGRO 500F and RANMAN 400 SC, were highly effective and reduced clubroot severity by 100% for all trials (Table 2). The biofungicide MYCOSTOP consistently reduced clubroot severity by 46 to 60% at both moderate and high disease pressure in trials 2 and 3 relative to the inoculated control. ACTINOVATE was also effective in all trials in comparison to inoculated control. SERENADE and PRESTOP were not significantly effective in suppressing clubroot development in all trials. Significant differences on disease severity index between the inoculated control and plants treated with ROOTSHIELD were found only in the second trial inoculated with a spore concentration of 105/mL resting spores (Table 2). Table 1. Evaluation of efficacy of biofungicides and fungicides treatments to control clubroot on Shanghai pak choy in growth cabinet trials at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, 2009. Treatment Company Label rate Application rate

Biofungicides

MYCOSTOP Verdera OY 0.5 gm/L water 2.5 gm/L water

PRESTOP Verdear OY 1.5 gm/L water 7.5 gm/L water

ROOTSHIELD Bioworks Inc. 2.4 gm/L water 12 gm/L water

SERENADE ASO Agraquest Inc. 1% v/v 5% v/v

ACTINOVATE Natural Industries Inc. 0.4 m/L water 2 gm/L water

Fungicides

ALLEGRO 500F ISK Bioscience Corp 0.5 gm/L water 0.5 gm/L water

RANMAN 400SC ISK Bioscience Corp 0.54 gm/L water 0.54 gm/L water

Table 2. Evaluation of efficacy of fungicides and biofungicides to control clubroot on Shanghai pak choy grown in growth cabinets at University of Guelph, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment

Disease Severity Index (DSI) 1

Trial I Trial II Trial III 106 spores/mL

soln 105 spores/mL

soln 106 spores/mL

soln 105 spores/mL

soln Noninoculated control nd 0 a 0 a 0 a

Fungicides

- RANMAN 400 SC 0 a2 0 a 0 a 0 a

- ALLEGRO 500F 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a

Biofungicides

- MYCOSTOP 88 b 38 bc 36 b 16 b

- ACTINOVATE 92 bc 24 b 38 bc 19 b

- ROOTSHIELD 95 cd 43 c 48 b-d 21 bc

- SERENADE ASO 92 bc 69 d 48 b-d 30 cd

- PRESTOP 98 d 68 d 51 cd 25 bc

Pathogen control 100 d 66 d 60 d 35 d 1 Disease Severity Index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:


x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1)

2 Means in a column followed by the same letter do not differ at P<0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD test). nd = not done. Funding for this project was provided by the Pest Management Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Sustainable Production Systems Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and University of Guelph

CROP: Napa (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) cv. Mirako PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: EVALUATION OF BIOFUNGICIDES AND FUNGICIDES FOR CLUBROOT

CONTROL ON NAPA CABBAGE, 2009 MATERIALS: MYCOSTOP® WP (30% Streptomyces griseoviridis, strain K61), PRESTOP® WP (32% Gliocladium catenulatum strain J1446), SERENADE® ASOTM (1.34% Bacillus subtilis QST 713), ACTINOVATE® SP (0.371% Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC 108), ALLEGRO500F (40% fluazinam), RANMAN 400 SC (34.5% cyazofamid) METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (organic matter ≈ 72.0%, pH ≈ 6.3) naturally infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. On 22 May napa cabbage, cv. Mirako, was seeded into 128-cell plug trays and hand-transplanted (4 plants/m) on 29 June into three rows 55 cm apart and 5 m in length. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Drench applications were applied to the treatments on 30 June. Fungicide treatments were: ALLEGRO at 50 mL/100L and RANMAN at 133.7 mL/100L, applied at the rate of 100 ml/plant. The biofunigicide treatments were: PRESTOP at 8 g/L applied at the rate of 50 ml/plant and SERENADE at 40 ml/L, MYCOSTOP at 0.5 g/L, and ACTINOVATE at 0.4 g/L applied at the rate of 100 mL/plant. A treatment of adjuvant SYLGARD was applied at 150 mL/ha and an untreated check was also included. On 19 August, mature heads were harvested, weighed and roots examined for clubroot incidence and severity using a scale of 0 to 3: 0 = no clubbing, 1 =<1/3 of root clubbed, 2 = 1/3 – 2/3 of roots clubbed and 3 = > 2.3 of roots clubbed. Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C) and July (17.9°C), and average for August (19.4°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C and August 19.3°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for, July (135 mm) and August (89 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm and August 57 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As shown in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: Differences in disease incidence and severity were found among the treatments. Fungicide RANMAN was the most effective treatment in the trial and the only one that reduced clubroot incidence in comparison to the untreated check. Several products were as effective as RANMAN in reducing clubroot severity, including ACTINOVATE, ALLEGRO, SERENADE and PRESTOP. These reduced clubroot incidence by approximately 50%. However, ACTINOVATE was the only biofungicide that reduced clubroot incidence in comparison to the untreated check. There were no differences in yield among any of the treatments.

Table 1. Clubroot incidence and severity and yield data for napa cabbage, cv. Mirako, treated with biofungicides and fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Clubroot Incidence (%) DSI1 Harvest Weight/Plant (g)

Check 91.7 c2 49.0 b 1.6 ns3 MYCOSTOP 84.7 bc 48.3 b 1.6 SYLGARD 86.3 bc 39.1 b 1.6 ACTINOVATE 54.2 ab 32.6 ab 1.6 ALLEGRO 65.6 bc 27.4 ab 1.4 SERENADE 62.5 abc 27.1 ab 1.5 PRESTOP 55.1 abc 26.7 ab 1.4 RANMAN 26.4 a 9.2 a 1.7 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 3 ns indicated no significant differences were found among the treatments Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program and by the Province of Ontario under Ontario Research & Development (ORD) program. The Agricultural Adaptation Council administers the ORD program on behalf of the province.

CROP: Shanghai pak choi (Brassica rapa L.) subsp. chinensis var. communis PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: EVALUATION OF BIOFUNGICIDES AND FUNGICIDES FOR CLUBROOT

CONTROL ON SHANGHAI PAK CHOI, 2009 MATERIALS: PRESTOP® WP (32% Gliocladium catenulatum strain J1446), SERENADE® ASOTM (1.34% Bacillus subtilis QST 713), ALLEGRO500F (40% fluazinam), RANMAN 400 SC (34.5% cyazofamid) METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (organic matter ≈ 70.9%, pH ≈ 6.7) naturally infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae. On 16 and 17 July Shanghai pak choi was hand seeded at the rate of ≈ 40 seeds/m. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows 5 m in length, 40 cm apart. Fungicide treatments were: ALLEGRO at 50 mL/100L and RANMAN at 133.7 mL/100L. The biofunigicide treatments were: SERENADE at 40 mL/L, and PRESTOP at 8 g/L. An untreated check was also included. All treatments were applied as a drench application to the seeds in the open furrow at the rate of 50 mL/m using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a single TeeJet 1104 nozzle. The furrow was then closed with a rake. On 25 August, two 1 m sections were dug, tops weighed and roots examined for clubroot incidence and grouped by severity using a scale of 0 to 3: 0 = no clubbing, 1 =<1/3 of root clubbed, 2 = 1/3 – 2/3 of roots clubbed and 3 = > 2.3 of roots clubbed. Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C) and July (17.9°C), and average for August (19.4°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C and August 19.3°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for, July (135 mm) and August (89 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm and August 57 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As shown in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in clubroot incidence or severity were found among the treatments (Table 1). The incidence of clubroot was relatively high in this trial, but incidence varied within the plot area, regardless of treatment.

Table 1. Clubroot incidence and severity and yield data for Shanghai pak choi, treated with biofungicides and fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Clubroot Incidence (%) DSI1 Harvest Weight/Plant (g)

RANMAN 41.1 ns2 13.2 ns 60.7 ns ALLEGRO 70.7 41.4 77.6 PRESTOP 76.0 43.6 72.6 SERENADE 75.8 50.5 65.9 Check 63.8 48.8 61.2 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) 2 ns indicated no significant differences were found among the treatments Funding for this project was provided by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROPS: Shanghai pak choy (Brassica rapa L. var. communis Tsen and Lee) Canola (Brassica napus L.) PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) AUTHORS: KALPANA KC1, MCDONALD MR1, GOSSEN BD2 & WESTERVELD SM3 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Guelph 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon 3Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Simcoe TITLE: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CLUBROOT IN BRASSICA CROPS GROWN

IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT, 2009. METHODS: The trial was conducted at the University of Guelph in the controlled environment of growth cabinets. Shanghai pak choy was grown in soil less mix (Sunshine mix #4, Sun Gro Horticulture Canada Ltd, Alberta, Canada) using individual tall plastic conetainers (164 mL, Stuewe & Sons, Inc.) with one seedling maintained in each conetainer. The soil was inoculated with resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae (1x106 spores/ml, 5 mL/conetainer) extracted from clubroot stored at -20oC. Canola was grown in mineral soil from Alberta naturally infested with clubroot pathogen using conetainers. There were two parts (A and B) in this trial. Both consisted of five temperature treatments and four replications per treatment for both crops. The trial was seeded on 16 October and plants were grown for six weeks and watered daily with water adjusted to pH 6.3 to maintain high moisture in the soil. After 6 weeks, plants were destructively harvested, roots were thoroughly washed and assessed for clubroot incidence and severity using a 0–3 scale, where 0 = no clubbing, 1 < 1/3 of root clubbing, 2 = 1/3 to 2/3 of root clubbing, and 3 > 2/3 of root clubbing. A disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the following equation:


x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) In Trial A, plants were grown at 20 °C for the first 3 weeks and then were moved to growth cabinets maintained at 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C for the final 3 weeks. In Trial B, plants were grown at temperatures of 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C for 3 weeks and then moved to a growth cabinet maintained at 20 °C for the final 3 weeks. Plants were grown at a 14-hr photoperiod and 65% of relative humidity. A combination of fluorescent and incandescent lights was used in growth cabinets with an intensity of 200 – 250 µmol.m-2.s-1. All data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was conducted using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences on clubroot incidence and severity were found among different temperature treatments in both Shanghai pak choy and canola (Table 1). Clubroot incidence and severity were comparatively lower on Shanghai pak choy grown at 20 °C during the first 3 weeks and moved to 10 and 30 °C during final 3 weeks. There were minimal disease incidence and severity on pak choy plants grown in growth cabinets maintained at 10 and 15 °C during the first 3 weeks and moved to a cabinet maintained at 20 °C for final 3 weeks (Table 1). Clubroot incidence in canola appeared higher for both parts of trial with 20 °C for the first 3 weeks and final 3 weeks of growth. However, disease severity in canola was low when the plants kept at 10 °C for the first 3 weeks and moved to 20 °C for final 3 weeks (Table 1). Thus low temperature (10 °C) during the first 3 weeks of growth was consistent in reducing clubroot severity both in Shanghai pak choy and canola grown in controlled environment.

Table 1. Effect of temperature on incidence and severity of clubroot in Shanghai pak choy and Canola at final harvest (Trial 3) grown in growth cabinets at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, 2009.

Trial A

Target temperature (°C) Shanghai pak choy Canola

0-21 DAS 22-42 DAS Incidence (%)


Incidence (%)

Disease Severity Index

20 10 73 a2 35 ab 100 b 46 ab

20 15 83 ab 63 c 68 a 34 a

20 20 95 bc 58 bc 98 b 72 cd

20 25 95 bc 58 bc 100 b 77 d

20 30 78 a 29 a 100 b 45 ab

Trial B

10 20 5 a 2 a 88 a 39 a

15 20 5 a 2 a 88 a 65 b

20 20 93 b 62 b 100 a 89 c

25 20 95 b 85 c 98 a 63 b

30 20 100 b 84 c 100 a 88 c

1 Disease Severity Index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:


x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) 2 Means in a column followed by the same letter in each trial do not differ at P<0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD test). Funding for this project was provided by the Pest Management Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Sustainable Production Systems Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, and the University of Guelph

CROPS: Asian vegetables: Mei Qing Choi (Brassica rapa L. var. communis Tsen and Lee) and Tsoi-Sim (Brassica rapa L. var. utilis Tsen and Lee)

Canola (Brassica napus L.): Invigor 5020 LL, Pioneer lines 04-1, 04-2 & 04-3 Rapid Cycling Brassica Collection: Brassica carinata A. Braun, B. juncea (L.) Czern. B.

nigra L., B. rapa L.; astroplant, B. rapa L.; standard rapid cycling, B. rapa L.; atrazine resistant, B. oleracea L., B. napus L. and Raphanus sativus L. Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Pekinensis) cv. Deneko

PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) AUTHORS: KALPANA KC1, MCDONALD MR1, GOSSEN BD2 & WESTERVELD SM3 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Guelph 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon 3Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Simcoe TITLE: HOST SCREENING OF PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE FOR RESISTANCE

AND SUSCEPTIBILITY, 2009. METHODS: A field trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (pH ≈ 6.7, organic matter ≈ 68.9%) naturally infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae. Nine different Brassica Fast Plants obtained from the Rapid Cycling Brassica Collection (RCBC) were tested for susceptibility to clubroot. Four different types of canola, one resistant cultivar of napa cabbage, Tsoi-Sim (Chinese flowering cabbage) and a susceptible check Mei Qing Choi (Shanghai pak choy) were also included in this trial. All crops were direct seeded on 09 July. There were four replications with two rows, 3 m long and arranged in a randomized complete block design. All Rapid Cycling ‘Fast Plants’ crops, canola and Asian vegetables were harvested 6 weeks after seeding; and napa cabbage 8 weeks after seeding. At harvest, adherent soil on roots removed and roots were assessed for clubroot incidence and severity and separated into classes using a scale of 0 to 3: 0 = no clubbing, 1 = <1/3 of root clubbing, 2 = 1/3 to 2/3 of root clubbing, and 3 = >2/3 of root clubbing. The disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the following equation:


x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) The air temperatures in the 2009 growing season were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4oC) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. All data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test with P= 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in clubroot incidence and severity were found among different Brassica crops. In this trial, disease development was moderate in a susceptible check Mei Qing Choi; and overall clubroot incidence and severity were relatively low for all crops. However, high disease incidence and severity were observed in two Fast Plants, B. carinata and B. juncea and significantly different from others (Table 1). One Fast Plant (R. sativus), two canola lines (Canola 04-1 and Invigor 5020 LL) and napa cabbage (Deneko) were resistant to pathotype 6 of the clubroot pathogen present in the organic soil at the Muck Crops Research Station (Table 1). The differences in susceptibility to clubroot that were identified can be utilized in developing a Canadian set of differential plants to determine the pathotype of P. brassicae.

Table 1. Clubroot incidence and severity on different Brassica crops grown in organic soil naturally infested with clubroot pathogen at University of Guelph, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009.

Treatment Seed Source Clubroot Incidence (%) DSI1

Rapid Cycling Brassica Crops Brassica carinata A. Braun RCBC2, Wisconsin 45.3 d3 19.4 c Brassica juncea L. RCBC, Wisconsin 30.4 cd 16.2 c Brassica rapa L.; standard rapid cycling RCBC, Wisconsin 18.6 bc 7.7 b

Brassica oleracea L. RCBC, Wisconsin 9.9 ab 3.3 ab Brassica rapa L.; atrazine resistant RCBC, Wisconsin 8.3 ab 6.5 ab Brassica nigra L. RCBC, Wisconsin 2.9 a 1.0 ab Brassica rapa L.; astroplant RCBC, Wisconsin 2.1 a 0.7 ab Brassica napus L. RCBC, Wisconsin 1.1 a 0.4 ab Raphanus sativus L. RCBC, Wisconsin 0.0 a 0.0 a

Asian vegetables

Mei Qing Choi Stokes Seeds LTD, ON 9.1 ab 3.4 ab Tsoi-sim Stokes Seeds LTD, ON 4.4 ab 1.5 ab

Canola variety and Breeding line Canola 04-2 Pioneer Hi-Bred, ON 11.1 ab 4.1 ab Canola 04-3 Pioneer Hi-Bred, ON 4.1 ab 1.4 ab Canola 5020 LL Bayer Crop Science, ON 0.0 a 0.0 a Canola 04-1 Pioneer Hi-Bred, ON 0.0 a 0.0 a

Napa cabbage Deneko Bejo Seeds Inc., NY 0.0 a 0.0 a

1 Disease severity index (DSI) was calculated as:


x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes -1) 2 Rapid Cycling Brassica Collection 3Numbers in a column followed by a different letter are significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.

Funding for this project was provided by the Pest Management Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Sustainable Production Systems Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and the University of Guelph

CROPS: Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) cvs. Kilaton, Kilaxy, Tekila, Kilaherb & Bronco

Napa (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) cvs. Bilko, Mirako, Yuki, & Deneko PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR, & VANDER KOOI K

Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS GREEN AND NAPA CABBAGE CULTIVARS

FOR RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CLUBROOT, 2009 MATERIALS: 4 napa cabbage cultivars Yuki, Deneko, Bilko, and Mirako, 5 green cabbage cultivars Kilaton, Tekila, Kilaxy, Kilaherb and Bronco, ALLEGRO (fluazinam 40%) METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (organic matter ≈ 72.0%, pH ≈ 6.3) naturally infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae. On 8 May, several new green and napa cabbage cultivars with resistance to the clubroot pathogen, and cultivars Kilaton, Kilaxy, Tekila, Kilaherb, Bronco, Bilko, Mirako, Yuki and Deneko, were seeded into plug trays. On 1 June each cultivar was hand transplanted into three 7.5 m rows, 55 cm apart and two 7.5 m rows 86 cm apart for napa and green cabbage respectively. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. ALLEGRO fungicide at 50 mL/100L was applied as a drench at the rate of 100 mL per plant immediately following transplanting to cultivar Bronco as a commercial standard treatment. Recommended control procedures for weeds and insects were followed. On 17 July (Bilko, Mirako, Yuki and Deneko), 6 (Bronco), 12 (Tekila) and 27 (Kilaton, Kilaxy and Kilaherb) August, mature heads of each crop were harvested, weighed and roots examined for clubroot incidence and severity using a scale of 0 to 3: 0 = no clubbing, 1 = <1/3 of root clubbed, 2 = 1/3 – 2/3 of roots clubbed and 3 = > 2/3 of roots clubbed. Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of roots in each class)] x100 (total no. roots per sample)(no. classes – 1) Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 and 2 CONCLUSIONS: Clubroot incidence and severity was high in the susceptible cultivars in this trial. Significant differences were found among cultivars of napa cabbage in susceptibility to clubroot. The three resistant napa cabbage cultivars, Yuki, Deneko and Bilko, had significantly less clubroot than Mirako, the susceptible cultivar. Cultivar Yuki had no incidence of disease. Significant differences were also found in the disease severity of clubroot among the cultivars. All resistant cultivars had significantly lower disease severity than susceptible cultivar Mirako (Table1). No differences were found in harvest weights among cultivars. The three resistance cultivars tested had high levels of resistance to clubroot. In green cabbage, significant differences were found among the cultivars in disease incidence, disease severity and yield. The four clubroot resistant cultivars, Kilaton, Tekila, Kilaxy and Kilaherb had significantly less clubroot than Bronco, the susceptible check. Cultivar Kilaton had no disease, other resistant cultivars had 1 -4% disease. All resistant cultivars also had significantly lower disease incidence than Bronco treated with a drench of fungicide ALLEGRO. However, Bronco treated with ALLEGRO had significantly less disease and lower disease severity than the untreated Bronco. Differences in harvest weight were also observed among the cultivars; however, differences were attributed to the type of cabbage, whether storage or early season cultivars, rather than clubroot severity (Table 2).

Table 1. Comparison of various napa cabbage cultivars for susceptibility to clubroot grown in soil naturally infested with clubroot pathogen at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009. Cultivar Clubroot Incidence (%) DSI1 Harvest Weight (kg) Yuki 0.0 a2 0.0 a 2.6 ns3 Deneko 4.2 a 2.1 a 2.6 Bilko 13.5 a 5.6 a 2.1 Mirako 87.5 b 43.4 b 2.5 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 3 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments. Table 2. Comparison of various green cabbage cultivars for susceptibility to clubroot grown in soil naturally infested with clubroot pathogen at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009. Cultivar Clubroot Incidence (%) DSI1 Harvest Weight (kg) Kilaton 0.0 a2 0.0 a 2.4 b Tekila 1.3 a 0.4 a 2.5 b Kilaxy 1.3 a 0.4 a 1.8 c Kilaherb 3.8 a 2.9 a 3.7 a Bronco + ALLEGRO3 63.8 b 27.1 b 2.6 b Bronco 86.3 c 41.7 c 2.4 b 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. 3 At 50 mL/100 L applied as a drench immediately after transplanting at the rate of 100 mL/plant as the commercial standard. Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program and Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario through the Province of Ontario under Canada-Ontario Research & Development (ORD) program, an initiative of the federal-provincial-territorial Agricultural Policy Framework designed to position Canada’s agri-food sector as a world leader. The Agricultural Adaptation Council administers the ORD program on behalf of the province.

CROPS: Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica rapa L.), cv. Tsoi Sim Shanghai pak choy (Brassica rapa L.), cv. Mei Qing Choi AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K1, O’HALLORAN I2, & SPERANZINI, D3 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

2 University of Guelph, School of Environmental Science, Ridgetown Campus 3 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Rural Affairs

TITLE: EVALUATION OF PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR ASIAN

VEGETABLES GROWN ON ORGANIC (MUCK) SOIL, 2009 MATERIALS: mono ammonium phosphate (11% NH4, 52% P205, 1.5% SO4) METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil at two sites, organic matter ≈ 72.0%, pH ≈ 6.3 (Site 1) and organic matter ≈ 49.9%, pH ≈ 7.5 (Site 2) in and near the Muck Crops Re search Station, respectively. On 6 May pre-plant soil test results were collected with results of 129 ppm phosphorus (P) (Site 1) and 113 ppm P (Site 2). A randomized complete block design with four replications per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of eight rows, 5 m in length. Fertilizer treatments were applied by hand as a pre-plant broadcast and included nitrate (11 kg/ha NO3) and potash (6 kg/ha K2O). Treatments were: mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP or P2O5) at 50, 75 and 100 kg/ha. An untreated check was also included. Nitrogen, phosphorus (P) and potassium requirements were determined by OMAFRA recommendations and soil sample results. On 13 May (Site 1) and 26 May (Site 2, Run 1) Chinese flowering cabbage, cv. Tsoi Sim and on 6 August (Site 2, Run 2) Shanghai pak choy, cv. Mei Qing Choi were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) using a Stan Hay Precision. On 5 June (Site 1) an emergence count was taken. On 17 June (Site 1) and 26 June (Site 2, Run 1) a 6 m section of row of Chinese flowering cabbage was harvested and weighed. On September 9 (Site 2, Run 2) a 4 m section of row of Shanghai pak choy was harvested, weighed and dried. Dry weights were collected on 16 September and samples were sent to Agri-Food Laboratories, Guelph, Ontario for tissue analysis. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V. 9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. The air temperatures in the 2009 growing season were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C) and July (17.9°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4oC) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm), and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm) and August (89 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1, 2 & 3 CONCLUSIONS: At both sites and for both Shanghai pak choy and Chinese flowering cabbage no significant differences in total yield, fresh yield of 10 plants or dried yield of 10 plants were found among the treatments (Tables 1, 2 and 3). At Site 1, no significant differences were found in emergence of Chinese flowering cabbage among the treatments (Table 1). At Site 2, no significant differences were found in Shanghai pak choy tissue phosphorus content among all treatments (Table 3).

Table 1. Plant emergence and yield of Chinese flowering cabbage, cv. Tsoi Sim, grown in soil with various rates of phosphate fertilizer, grown at Site 1, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009.

Treatment Rate (kg/ha) Emergence (Plants/m)

Harvest Weight (kg)

Fresh Weight of 10 Plants (g)

Dry Weight of 10 Plants (g)

Check -- 13.6 ns2 1.1 ns 145.0 ns 11.6 ns MAP1 50 15.3 0.8 122.5 9.6 MAP 75 13.8 0.8 127.5 9.9 MAP 100 16.1 0.9 130.0 9.9 1MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate. 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments. Table 2. Yield of Chinese flowering cabbage, cv. Tsoi Sim, grown in soil with various rates of phosphate fertilizer, grown at Site 2, Run 1, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009.

Phosphorus Type Rate (kg/ha) Harvest Weight (kg)



Check -- 0.65 ns2 102.5 ns 7.15 ns MAP1 50 0.66 102.5 7.46 MAP 75 0.68 112.5 7.71 MAP 100 0.65 97.5 6.70 1MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate. 2ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments. Table 3. Yield and tissue phosphorus content of Shanghai pak choy, cv. Mei Qing Choi, grown in soil with various rates of phosphate fertilizer, grown at Site 2, Run 2, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009.

Treatment Rate (kg/ha) Harvest Weight (kg)



Phosphorus (%)

Check -- 4.7 ns2 0.9 ns 34.1 ns 0.9 ns MAP1 50 4.9 1.0 36.1 0.9 MAP 75 4.7 1.0 36.5 0.8 MAP 100 4.2 1.0 35.6 0.9 1MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate. 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments. Funding for this project was provided by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cv. Hamlet PEST: Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci L.) AUTHORS: ALLEN J1, VANDER KOOI K2, KELDERMAN K1, & MCDONALD MR2

1Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 2University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: IDENTIFICATION OF EFFICIENT SPRAYER APPLICATION TOOLS TO

MAXIMIZE ONION THRIPS CONTROL, 2009 METHODS: Dry yellow cooking onions were precision-seeded in a commercial field in Kettleby, Ontario, in early May. Experimental plots consisted of 2 beds of onions (4 x 2 rows) x 16.5 m, separated by 1 m walkways. Tinopal CBS-X (Ciba-Geigy, Greensboro, NC), a water-soluble fluorescent tracer dye, was used to visualize spray depositions in all trials. Tinopal CBS-X was added to each spray tank at a concentration of 1 g/L water. All treatments combined with Tinopal CBS-X, were replicated 3x in a randomized complete block design. On each spray date, all treatments were applied at 120 psi using a tractor-mounted sprayer fitted with either two AI TeeJet® Air Induction Even Flat spray tips (AI9503 EVS) for 400 and 500 L water/ha delivery, or two AI9504 EVS, for 600 L water/ha delivery. Prior to application, 5-labeled pieces of water sensitive paper (2.7 x 8.5 cm)(M.K Rittenhouse and Sons, St. Catharines, ON) were placed into the inner most leaf axil of individual onion plants. Each paper was placed parallel to the onion leaf. Approximately 30 minutes following application, 5 plants from the inner 2-twin rows of each plot were harvested, bagged, and returned to the laboratory for imaging and analysis. At the same time, water sensitive papers from each plot were collected, placed in labeled envelopes, and stored in an airtight container until digital scanning could be performed. On the day of treatment, the 3 inner onion leaves of each harvested onion plant were examined under an UVL-18 ultraviolet lamp (VWR Canlab, Toronto, ON), and digitally photographed. Similarly, each piece of water sensitive paper was individually scanned, and saved as a digital image. Each digital image was imported into Assess - Image Analysis Software for Plant Diseases Quantification (APS Press, St. Paul, MN) and analysed for percent coverage. Percent coverage of Tinopal CBS-X on onion sample and percent coverage of each water sensitive paper was analysed as a factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) with three factors: nozzle angle, surfactant and carrier volume (Statistix 2.2, Tallahassee, FL). Means were separated using Fisher’s protected least significant difference (LSD) test. RESULTS: Presented in Tables 1 and 2 DISCUSSION: In the water sensitive paper trial similar results to those reported in 2007 and 2008 were observed in 2009. Although no differences were observed between nozzle angle, papers sprayed with more water (e.g. 600 L/ha) had more coverage than those sprayed at 400 L/ha. In the onion coverage trial, plants sprayed with the 22˚ angle had the best coverage. Plants sprayed with Sylgard, regardless of nozzle angle, had 2.7x more coverage than plants sprayed with water alone. Spray application timing was similar to that of 2007 and, correspondingly, onions were similar in growth stage and size. The top three treatments in 2009 were: 1) Sylgard applied at 22˚ angle at 600 L/ha; 2) Sylgard applied at 0˚ angle at 600 L/ha; and, 3) Sylgard applied at 22˚ at 500 L/ha. Table 1. Top 3 ranked interactions of nozzle angle, surfactant and carrier volume, on Tinopal coverage of inner three onion leaves, 2009.

Rank Nozzle Angle Surfactant Carrier Volume

(L/ha) Mean % Coverage

1 22 Sylgard 309 600 39.54 2 0 Sylgard 309 600 23.88 3 22 Sylgard 309 500 23.17

Table 2. Comparison of two nozzle angles on spray coverage on a) water sensitive paper and b) on onion leafs sprayed with Tinopal CBS-X. Mean % Coverage Nozzle Angle (0˚) Nozzle Angle (22˚) a) Water Sensitive Paper Surfactant

Water alone 22.54 a* 27.61 a Sylgard 31.67 a 26.18 a

Carrier Volume

400 L/ha 14.92 a 21.86 a 500 L/ha 31.34 b 28.56 a

600 L/ha 34.69 b 30.72 a Interactive Terms - Surfactant x Carrier Volume Water alone + 400 L/ha 3.53 b 18.64 a Water alone + 500 L/ha 27.10 a 34.40 c Water alone + 600 L/ha 36.99 a 29.79 abc Sylgard 309 + 400 L/ha 21.12 a 25.08 abc Sylgard 309 + 500 L/ha 35.88 a 22.71 ab Sylgard 309 + 600 L/ha 32.04 a 30.74 bc b) Onion Leaves Surfactant Water alone 7.46 a 9.80 a Sylgard 21.59 b 26.73 b Carrier Volume 400 L/ha 13.80 a 16.97 a 500 L/ha 13.26 a 17.76 a 600 L/ha 16.51 a 20.33 a Interactive Terms - Surfactant x Carrier Volume Water alone + 400 L/ha 6.32 a 12.18 c Water alone + 500 L/ha 6.92 a 9.65 c Water alone + 600 L/ha 9.14 a 7.52 c Sylgard 309 + 400 L/ha 21.29 b 21.76 b Sylgard 309 + 500 L/ha 19.61 b 23.17 b Sylgard 309 + 600 L/ha 23.88 b 39.54 a

* For each factor, means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different as determined by ANOVA and Fisher’s Protected LSD (P > 0.05). This work was supported by the Pest Management Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pesticide Risk Reduction Program.


1Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph 2University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: COMPARISON OF PRODUCTS TO CONTROL ONION THRIPS IN SMALL

SCALE PLOT TRIALS, 2009 MATERIALS: SYLGARD 309 (siloxylated polyether, 0.375% (v/v)), LI 700 (alky polyoxyethylene ether, 0.5% (v/v)), PERMA GUARD (diatomaceous earth, 5.6 kg/ha) METHODS: Dry yellow cooking onions were precision-seeded (32 seeds/m) into 4-twin row beds (42 cm spacing between rows) in a site near the Muck Crops Research Station Kettleby, Ontario, in May. Experimental plots consisted of 2 beds of onions (8 x 2 rows) x 5 m, separated by 1 m walkways. Ten treatments were replicated 3x in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied at 120 psi, using a tractor-mounted sprayer fitted with two AI TeeJet® Air Induction Even Flat spray tips (AI9503 EVS) angled at 22°. All treatments were applied in 400, 500 and 600 L water/ha. Ten plants from each plot were destructively sampled and the numbers of onion thrips (adults and nymphs) on the inner 3 leaves were recorded. Raw onion thrips data were transformed using square root (Y + 0.5) and significance of observed differences among treatments was determined using ANOVA and Fisher’s Protected LSD test (Statistix 2.2, Tallahassee, FL). In all cases, actual rather than transformed data are presented. RESULTS: Presented in Table 1. DISCUSSION: In this trial, thrips numbers remained low. As a result, only one spray application was made. Although none of the treatments were significantly different from the untreated control on any of the assessment dates, plots treated with Sylgard at 400 and 600 L/ha had fewer thrips 3 and 7 days after application. Meanwhile, plots treated with LI 700 had fewer thrips when applied at 500 L/ha on both dates. Twelve days after application plots treated with Sylgard at 500 L/ha and LI 700 at 400 and 500 L/ha had fewer thrips.

Table 1. Evaluation of products at different water volumes for the control of onion thrips, 2009.

Product Water Volume (L/ha)

Mean # OT/Plant 3 DAT1 7 DAT 12 DAT

Sylgard 309 400 0.7 a2 0.4 a 2.3 a Sylgard 309 500 4.3 a 2.8 a 0.7 a Sylgard 309 600 0.7 a 0.3 a 2.3 a LI 700 3 400 2.6 a 2.6 a 1.3 a LI 700 500 1.8 a 0.5 a 1.5 a LI 700 600 3.1 a 0.3 a 4.1 a Perma Guard 400 3.8 a 1.0 a 0.9 a Perma Guard 500 1.0 a 0.3 a 0.7 a Perma Guard 600 1.5 a 0.2 a 1.5 a Untreated Control -- 1.0 a 1.2 a 1.7 a 1Days after treatment 2Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05) as determined with ANOVA and Fisher’s Protected LSD. This work was supported by the Pest Management Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pesticide Risk Reduction Program.


1Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs 2University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: EFFICACY OF INSECTICIDES TO CONTROL ONION THRIPS IN LARGE

PLOT FIELD TRIALS, 2009 MATERIALS: CARZOL (Formetanate hydrochloride, 1.4 kg/ha), CYAZYPYR (cyantraniliprole, 750 ml/ha), CONCEPT (imidacloprid + deltamethrin, 650 ml/ha), DELEGATE (spinetoram, 400 g/ha), MOVENTO (spirotetramat, 375 ml/ha), SYLGARD 309 (siloxylated polyether, 0.375% (v/v)) METHODS: Dry yellow cooking onions were precision-seeded in a commercial field in Kettleby, Ontario, in early May. Experimental plots consisted of 2 beds of onions (4 x 2 rows) x 16.5 m, separated by 1 m walkways. All treatment combinations were applied at 120 psi, using a tractor-mounted sprayer fitted with AI TeeJet® Air Induction Even Flat spray tips (AI9503 EVS) for 500 L water/ha delivery on two dates. Nozzles were angled at a 22° angle. Twenty-five plants from each plot were destructively sampled and the numbers of onion thrips (adults and nymphs) on the inner 3 leaves were recorded. Raw onion thrips data were transformed using square root (Y + 0.5) and significance of observed differences among treatments was determined using ANOVA and Fisher’s Protected LSD test (Statistix 2.2, Tallahassee, FL). In all cases, actual rather than transformed data are presented. RESULTS: Presented in Table 1. DISCUSSION: Population numbers were very low throughout the 2009 season. On the first assessment date, significantly fewer thrips were recorded in all plots compared to the untreated control except those treated with Cyazypyr alone. In fact, even plots treated with only Sylgard had fewer thrips than the untreated control. One week following treatment, many of the plots had more thrips than the untreated control. By the end of the experiment, all treatments had fewer thrips than the untreated control except plots treated with Carzol. Carzol plus Sylgard was one of the most effective treatments.

Table 1. Efficacy of insecticides, applied with and without SYLGARD 309, on onions for control of onion thrips, 2009.

Insecticide Product Rate

Mean # OT/Plant 3 DAT1 7 DAT 12 DAT 2 DAST2 7 DAST

Movento + Sylgard 375 ml/ha 0.4 b3 0.7 b 0.3 a 0.9 a 2.7 b Movento 375 ml/ha 0.5 b 0.8 b 1.9 a 0.8 a 3.9 b Delegate + Sylgard 400 g/ha 0.3 b 0.5 c 0.0 a 1.2 a 2.1 b Delegate 400 g/ha 0.1 b 0.3 c 0.6 a 3.1 a 2.9 b Concept + Sylgard 650 ml/ha 0.1 b 0.2 c 0.4 a 0.7 a 4.3 b Concept 650 ml/ha 0.4 b 0.3 c 0.3 a 0.9 a 4.0 b Cyazypyr + Sylgard 750 ml/ha 0.4 b 0.7 b 1.7 a 3.9 a 1.9 b Cyazypyr 750 ml/ha 0.9 a 1.1 a 1.8 a 1.1 a 2.5 b Carzol + Sylgard 1.4 kg/ha 0.2 b 0.5 c 0.4 a 1.7 a 0.1 b Carzol 1.4 kg/ha 0.3b 1.2 a 0.3 a 1.9 a 8.7 a Sylgard Alone -- 0.6 b 0.8 b 0.4 a 0.4 a 3.7 b Untreated Control -- 1.6 a 0.5 c 1.3 a 1.5 a 5.5 a 1Days after treatment 2Days after second treatment 3Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05) as determined with ANOVA and Fisher’s Protected LSD. This work was supported by the Bradford Coop, the Pest Management Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pesticide Risk Reduction Programs, and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) PEST: Onion smut (Urocystis colchici var. cepulae Cooke) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR, VANDER KOOI K1 and TAYLOR AG2

1Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph 2Dept. of Horticultural Science, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station

TITLE: EVALUATION OF VARIOUS SEED TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF

ONION SMUT IN YELLOW COOKING ONIONS, 2009 MATERIALS: L 1785-A (experimental), PRO-GRO (thiram 50%, carboxin 30%), RAXIL (tebuconazole 28.4%), SEPRESTO (clothianidin 56.25%, imidacloprid 18.75%), THIRAM (thiram 42%), and ALLEGIANCE (metalaxyl 28.4%) METHODS: Seed treatments for yellow cooking onions, cv. Arsenal, were evaluated in a field trial on organic soil (pH ≈ 6.5, organic matter ≈ 70.3%) naturally infested with Urocystis colchici at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Treatments were: PRO-GRO at 2.0 g ai/100 g seed, RAXIL at 250 mg ai/100 g seed, and L 1785-A at 125, 250, and 500 mg ai/100 g seed. An untreated check was also included. All seeds were treated with SEPRESTO 75WS at 6.15 g ai/100 g seed, THIRAM at 188 mg ai/100 g seed and ALLEGIANCE at 15 mg ai/100 g seed. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows (42 cm apart), 6 m in length. All seed treatments were seeded on 30 April using a push-cone seeder. Three random 2 m sections were staked out, and germination counts were conducted on 19 and 25 May to determine initial stands prior to the first generation assessment. Plants were examined for onion smut (OS) or damage caused by other pests within the staked-out sections on a weekly basis throughout June and July. Damaged plants were rogued out and the cause recorded. At one (5 June), and three (24 June) true leaves, one of the 2m sections was harvested and bulbs and leaves were visually evaluated for OS. The remaining 2 m section was evaluated throughout the season in the same manner until plants reached maturity (14 September) to assess OS losses for the total season. On 18 September a 2.33 m section was harvested and on 27 October removed from storage and bulbs counted and weighed to determine yield. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 & 2 CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found in percent onion smut losses at all growth stages (Table 1). Onions grown from seeds treated with 125, 250 and 500 mg ai/100 g seeds of L 1785-A or 250 ai/100 g seeds of RAXIL had significantly fewer OS losses compared to onions grown from seeds treated with PRO-GRO or the untreated check. There were no significant differences among the various rates of L 1785-A. Onion smut losses for onions grown from untreated seeds were high (53 to 76%), whereas onions grown from seeds treated with L 1785-A ranged from 0.6 to 6.2%. No significant differences were found in percent OS losses among onions grown from seeds treated with the various rates of L 1785-A or RAXIL. Significant differences in bulbs per meter and weight per bulb were found among the treatments (Table 2). Onions grown from seeds treated with PRO-GRO and the untreated check had significantly fewer bulbs per meter and larger weights per bulb compared to onions grown from seeds treated with L 1785-A and RAXIL. Losses due to onion smut resulted in fewer onions per meter and therefore higher weights per bulb. No significant differences were found in total yield among the treatments. High variability between replications may have contributed to no differences in total yield.

Table 1. Percent onion smut (OS) for onions, cv. Arsenal, treated with various fungicides, grown at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate (mg ai/100 g seed)

% OS losses within assigned 2 m sections1 1st True Leaf2 3rd True Leaf Bulb Maturity4

L 1785-A 500 0.3 a3 1.2 a 1.9 a L 1785-A 250 6.2 a 0.8 a 4.2 a L 1785-A 125 0.6 a 1.3 a 2.8 a RAXIL 250 15.8 a 3.5 a 12.6 a PRO-GRO 2,000 58.6 b 51.3 b 56.3 b Check -- 75.5 b 52.8 b 53.1 b 1 OS losses were recorded within separate 2 m sections until 5 June (1st leaf) and 24 June (3rd leaf). 2 Includes smut only in the flag leaf 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD test. 4 Bulbs were assessed for smut at maturity on 14 September. Table 2. Yield data for onions, cv. Arsenal, treated with various fungicides, grown at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate (mg ai/100 g seeds) Bulbs/meter Weight/bulb (g) Yield (t/ha)

L 1785-A 500 34.1 ab1 90.4 b 71.1 ns L 1785-A 250 36.5 a 86.7 b 73.1 L 1785-A 125 37.3 a 68.5 b 60.1 RAXIL 250 29.2 b 101.0 b 68.1 PRO-GRO 2,000 14.2 c 140.1 a 44.7 Check 13.2 c 171.9 a 49.5 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD test. 2 ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program and the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University which provided support to conduct field research as part of a larger US project on new chemistry seed treatments and by an agreement with Cornell University, Department of Food Science and Technology, under Prime Agreement Award Number 2003-NY001 from the Rutgers, State University of New Jersey. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Cornell University or those of Rutgers, State University of New Jersey.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cv. various PEST: Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor Berk. Casp. In Berk) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ONION CULTIVARS FOR RESISTANCE TO

DOWNY MILDEW (PERONOSPORA DESTRUCTOR) IN ONIONS, 2009 MATERIALS: Six onion cultivars from various seed companies METHODS: Onions of cultivars Yankee and BGS 255 (Bejo Seeds Inc.), Hamlet, Ricochet, Mars (Seminis Vegetable Seeds) and Stanley (Solar Seeds Inc.) were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) using a Stan Hay Precision seeder (Hamlet, Ricochet, Mars and Stanley) and a V-belt push seeder (Yankee and BGS 255) on 7 May, into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 38.9%, pH ≈ 7.4) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four rows, 42 cm apart, 6 m in length. Recommended control procedures for weeds and insects were followed. On 4 August, 5 plants per replicate were examined for downy mildew (DM) lesions and the numbers recorded. On 14 August, plants in a 1 m section of row per replicate were examined for DM lesions; the numbers of lesions and plants were counted and recorded. On 2 September, all the plants in two randomly selected 1/2 meter section of row per replicate were pulled. Plants were counted, green leaves removed, counted and individually examined for DM lesions and lesions counted and recorded. On 18 September a 4.64 m yield sample was taken from each replicate. The onions were weighed and graded for size on 27 October. The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C) and July (17.9°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm) and August (89 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 & 2 CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found among the cultivars in downy mildew (DM) lesions per plant, green leaves per plant and DM lesions per leaf (Table 1). At the 4 August assessment, BGS 255, Yankee and Mars had significantly fewer DM lesions per plant than Hamlet. At the 14 August and 2 September assessment, BGS 255, and Yankee had significantly fewer DM lesions per plant then Hamlet, Stanley and Ricochet. At the harvest assessment, BGS 255 and Mars had significantly more green leaves per plant than Hamlet and Stanley and BGS 255 had significantly fewer DM lesions per leaf than Hamlet, Stanley and Ricochet. Significant differences in marketable yield and percent small and large onions were found among the cultivars (Table 2). These differences may be related to plant stand and differences in phenotype rather than to downy mildew damage. Disease pressure was high in the trial as July and August were wetter than average. Cultivars BGS 255 and Yankee have been bred for disease resistance and appear to have high tolerance to downy mildew.

Table 1. Downy mildew (DM) ratings and number of green leaves per plant and number of DM lesions per leaf on 2 September for various onion cultivars grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Cultivar DM Lesions/plant 2 September (Harvest)

4 August 14 August DM Lesions/plant

Green Leaves/plant Lesions/Leaf

BGS 255 0.1 a1 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.6 ab 0.0 a

Yankee 0.1 a 0.1 ab 0.1 a 5.9 bc 0.0 a

Mars 0.2 a 2.9 bc 0.4 ab 6.7 a 0.1 ab

Hamlet 0.5 b 3.1 c 0.8 bc 5.3 c 0.2 b

Stanley 0.3 ab 3.2 c 0.9 c 5.4 c 0.2 b

Ricochet 0.3 ab 3.2 c 1.0 c 6.0 abc 0.2 b 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. Table 2. Comparison of yields of onion cultivars with various degrees of resistance to downy mildew, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Cultivar Marketable Yield Yield (%)

t/ha bu/A Small (< 44 mm)

Medium (44 - 76 mm)

Large (> 76 mm)

Ricochet 59.2 a1 959.5 a 5.6 a 87.2 ns2 7.3 bc

Hamlet 44.6 ab 721.7 ab 24.0 d 75.0 1.1 c

Stanley 43.6 ab 705.5 ab 19.2 bcd 78.9 1.9 c

BGS 255 34.8 bc 564.2 bc 11.3 abc 73.3 15.4 ab

Mars 30.0 bc 486.4 bc 7.7 ab 76.7 15.6 a

Yankee 21.4 c 347.1 c 20.6 cd 79.4 0.0 c 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments. Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program and by the Province of Ontario under Ontario Research & Development (ORD) program. The Agricultural Adaptation Council administers the ORD program on behalf of the province.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cv. Hamlet PEST: Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor Berk. Casp. In Berk) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS RATES OF EXPERIMENTAL FUNGICIDES FOR

CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW (PERONOSPORA DESTRUCTOR) IN ONIONS, 2009

MATERIALS: BAS 650 00 F (experimental), BAS 651 00 F (experimental), ALIETTE WDG (fosetyl-al 80%), ACROBAT 50 WP (dimethomorph 50%) METHODS: Onions, cv. Hamlet, were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) on 6 May using a Stan Hay Precision seeder into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 38.9 %, pH ≈ 7.4) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of eight rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. Treatments were applied on 22, 30 July, 6, 13 and 19 August using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 L/ha of water. The treatments were: BAS 650 00 F at 0.75, 1.2, and 1.5 L/ha, BAS 651 00 F at 0.57, 0.8 and 1.0 L/ha and ALIETTE at 2.8 kg/ha. An untreated check was also included. Recommended control procedures for weeds and insects were followed. On 4 August, 10 randomly chosen plants per replicate were examined for downy mildew (DM) lesions and numbers recorded. On 14 August, plants in two, 1/2 m sections of row per replicate were examined for DM lesions and the numbers of lesions and plants were counted and recorded. On 24 August, all the plants in two randomly selected 1/2 m sections of row per replicate were pulled. Plants were counted, green leaves examined for DM lesions and lesions and green leaves were counted and recorded. On 18 September a 4.64 m yield sample was taken from each replicate. The onions were weighed and graded for size on 3 November. The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C) and July (17.9°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm) and August (89 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 & 2 CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found among the treatments in DM lesions per plant at the 24 August assessment (Table 1). Onions treated with BAS 651 at 1.0 and 0.57 L/ha had significantly fewer DM lesions per plant than onions treated with ALIETTE, BAS 650 at 0.75 L/ha or the untreated check. No significant differences were found among the treatments in DM lesions per plant at the 4 and 14 August assessments (Table 1). No significant differences were found in yield, percent marketable or size distribution among the treatments (Table 2).

Table 1. Downy mildew (DM) ratings, cv. Hamlet, treated with various fungicides grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate/ha DM Lesions/plant

4 August 14 August 24 August

BAS 651 1.00 L 0.2 ns1 2.9 ns 1.3 a2 BAS 651 0.57 L 0.3 3.4 1.5 a ACROBAT 0.44 kg 0.3 3.0 1.6 ab BAS 650 1.50 L 0.4 4.4 2.0 abc BAS 651 0.80 L 0.4 3.5 2.1 abc BAS 650 1.20 L 0.2 4.2 2.3 abc ALIETTE 2.80 kg 0.4 4.2 2.7 bc Check -- 0.4 4.0 2.7 bc BAS 650 0.75 L 0.4 3.7 3.0 c 1 ns signifies there were no significant differences found among the treatments 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. Table 2. Marketable yield for onions, cv. Hamlet, treated with various fungicides grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate/ha Marketable

Yield (t/ha)

% Marketable

% of Total Weight Medium

(45 – 64 mm) Large

(64 - 76 mm) BAS 651 1.00 L 41.0 ns1 92.9 ns 78.0 ns 15.0 ns BAS 651 0.80 L 40.0 90.3 83.8 6.5 BAS 651 0.57 L 40.0 91.9 85.7 6.3 BAS 650 1.50 L 36.6 90.1 85.2 4.9 BAS 650 1.20 L 37.1 90.8 85.7 5.1 BAS 650 0.75 L 35.5 91.0 83.8 7.2 ALIETTE 2.80 kg 41.6 92.0 78.5 13.4 ACROBAT 0.44 kg 39.8 91.7 82.8 8.9 Check -- 36.8 91.0 85.0 6.0 1 ns signifies there were no significant differences found among the treatments. Funding for this project was supplied by BASF Canada, the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Productions Systems Program and by the province of Ontario under Ontario Research & Development (ORD) program. The Agricultural Adaptation Council administers the ORD program on behalf of the province.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cv. Hamlet PEST: Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor Berk. Casp. In Berk) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K

Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF DOWNY

MILDEW (PERONOSPORA DESTRUCTOR) IN ONIONS, 2009 MATERIALS: RIDOMIL GOLD MZ (metalaxyl-M 4% + mancozeb 68 %), ALIETTE WDG (fosetyl-al 80%), RANMAN 400 SC (cyazofamid 34.5%), REVUS (mandipropamid 23.3 EASON 500 SC (fenamidone 50%), DITHANE DG (mancozeb 75 %), PRESIDIO (fluopicolide 39.5%), CABRIO EG (pyraclostrobin 20%), AGRAL 90 (nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol 90%) METHODS: Onions, cv. Hamlet, were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) on 6 May using a Stan Hay Precision seeder into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 38.9 %, pH ≈ 7.4) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of eight rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. Treatments were applied on 21, 30 July, 6, 13 and 19 August using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 L/ha of water. The treatments were: RIDOMIL at 2.5 kg/ha, ALIETTE at 2.8 kg/ha, RANMAN at 200 mL/ha, REVUS + AGRAL at 600 mL + 0.125 v/v, REASON at 400 mL/ha, RIDOMIL alternated with ALIETTE at 2.5 or 2.8 kg/ha, MANCOZEB at 3.25 kg/ha, PRESIDIO + MANCOZEB at 292 mL + 3.25 kg/ha respectively, PRESIDIO at 146 and 292 mL/ha, and CABRIO at 840 g/ha. An untreated check was also included. Recommended control procedures for weeds and insects were followed. On 5 August, 10 randomly chosen plants per replicate were examined for downy mildew (DM) lesions and numbers recorded. On 14 August, all plants in two 1/2 m sections of row per replicate were examined for DM lesions; the numbers of lesions and plants were counted and recorded. On 21 August, plants in two randomly selected 1/2 m sections of row per replicate were pulled. Plants were counted, green leaves examined for DM lesions and the numbers of lesions and green leaves were counted and recorded. On 11 September a 4.64 m yield sample was taken from each replicate. The onions were weighed and graded for size on 3 November. The air temperatures in were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5C) and July (17.9°C) and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm), and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm) and August (89 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September and 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found among treatments in the number of downy mildew lesions per plant on 14 and 26 August assessment dates. Treatments of DITHANE, DITHANE + PRESIDIO and RIDOMIL had significantly fewer lesions than all other treatments except PRESIDIO at 142 ml/ha, RANMAN, RIDOMIL + ALIETTE and REVUS at the 14 August assessment. On the 26 August assessment all treatments containing either DITHANE or RIDOMIL had significantly fewer downy mildew lesions than PRESIDIO at 146 and 292 ml/ha, ALIETTE and CABRIO. Significant differences were found in the number of green leaves per plant. The DITHANE, RIDOMIL and RIDOMIL+ALIETTE treatments had significantly more green leaves per plant than REASON, PRESIDIO at 146 and 292 ml/ha and ALIETTE. Differences in marketable yield were also observed.

DITHANE alone, DITHANE + PRESIDIO, CABRIO and REASON treatments had significantly higher yield than the check and REVUS treatments. Treatments containing DITHANE had the lowest disease ratings and the highest yields in the trial. ALIETTE, REASON and CABRIO all registered downy mildew products had high disease in the trial. All products tested were non-phytotoxic on the crop. Table 1. Evaluation of various fungicides for control of downy mildew and the effect on marketable yield on onions, cv. Hamlet, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate/ha DM Lesions/plant 26 August Assessment Marketable

Yield (t/ha) 5 August 14 August DM

Lesions/plant Green

Leaves/plant

RIDOMIL 2.5 kg 0.1 ns1 0.0 a2 0.2 a 5.8 a 49.7 abc

PRESIDIO + DITHANE

292 ml + 3.25 kg 0.2 0.2 a 0.3 a 5.6 ab 53.7 a

DITHANE 3.25 kg 0.2 0.1 a 0.3 ab 5.8 a 53.3 a

RANMAN 200 ml 0.2 0.8 abc 0.4 ab 5.4 abc 51.1 ab

REVUS + AGRAL 600 ml + 0.125% v/v 0.1 0.4 ab 0.4 ab 5.3 abc 42.5 c

RIDOMIL alternated with ALIETTE

2.5 kg or 2.8 kg 0.2 0.6 abc 0.5 ab 5.8 a 52.0 ab

Check -- 0.3 2.0 de 0.7 abc 5.4 abc 44.8 bc

REASON 400 ml 0.3 1.2 bcd 1.0 bc 5.0 bc 54.0 a

CABRIO 840 g 0.2 1.5 cd 1.2 cd 5.5 ab 52.8 a

PRESIDIO 292 ml 0.4 1.7 d 1.2 cd 4.9 c 47.7 abc

PRESIDIO 146 ml 0.2 0.7 abc 1.3 cd 5.2 bc 48.0 abc

ALIETTE 2.8 kg 0.2 2.6 e 1.9 d 5.0 bc 46.7 abc 1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments. 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. Funding for this project was supplied by the Bradford Cooperative Storage, Valent Canada Inc., the OMAFRA/University of Guelph sustainable production systems program and by the Province of Ontario under the Ontario Research & Development (ORD) program. The Agricultural Adaptation Council administers the ORD program on behalf of the province.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cv. Hamlet PEST: Botrytis leaf blight (Botrytis squamosa J.C. Walker) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K1, GOSSEN BD2 & WOLF TM2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon TITLE: EFFICACY OF VARIOUS SPRAY NOZZLES & ANGLES FOR THE CONTROL

OF BOTRYTIS LEAF BLIGHT ON ONIONS, 2009 MATERIALS: COMBO-JET NOZZLES ER8001, ER8002, MR8002, DR8001, PRISTINE WG (pyraclostrobin 25.2%, boscalid 12.8%) METHODS: Onions, cv. Hamlet, were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) on 4 May using a Stan Hay Precision seeder into organic soil (organic matter ≈ 75.3%, pH ≈ 5.8) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of four rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. Treatments were applied on 10, 16, 27 July, and 5 and 14 August using a CO2 back pack sprayer equipped with various Combo-Jet nozzle combinations, spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 200 or 100 L/ha at 240 kPa. The fungicide PRISTINE at 1.0 kg/ha was applied using the following treatments: ER8002 (conventional flat fan) oriented vertically (0°), MR8002 (low-drift flat fan) oriented vertically (0°), twin arrangement of two ER8001 tips at 30° from vertical, twin arrangement of two DR8001 tips at 30° from vertical, twin arrangement of ER8001/DR8001 at 90° and 0° from vertical, respectively, all delivering 200 L/ha, and ER8001 oriented vertically (0°) delivering 100 L/ha. An untreated check was also included. On 20, 30 July and 7 August, 5 plants per replicate were randomly chosen, the oldest three leaves per plant examined for botrytis lesions, and the numbers counted and recorded. On 20 August, when the plants were near maturity, 25 plants per replicate were pulled. Dead leaves were removed and counted and the three oldest green leaves per plant with 80% or more of non-necrotic tissue were evaluated for botrytis leaf blight. The percentage of green tissue area infected was rated using The Manual of Assessment Keys for Plant Diseases by Clive James, Key No. 1.6.1. The total number of green and dead leaves was also recorded. Onions in a 4.64 m section of row were taken from each replicate on 16 September for yield assessments. The onions were weighed and graded for size on 17 November. The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C) and July (17.9°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm) and August (89 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1, 2, & 3

CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in lesions per plant were found among the treatments on all in-field assessment dates. Disease pressure was low but increased slightly from 20 July through 7 August (Table 1). No significant differences in incidence and severity of botrytis, percent dead leaves and green leaves per plant, were found among the treatments at the harvest assessment, although the untreated check had the highest percent dead leaves and the fewest green leaves per plant numerically (Table 2). No significant differences in marketable yield or size distribution were found among the treatments, although the untreated check had the fewest large and jumbo sized onions numerically (Table 3). Botrytis infection was evenly distributed throughout the plot and disease incidence was high, however severity was low. PRISTINE applied using any spray nozzle type or arrangement had no significant affect on botrytis incidence or severity.

Table 1. Botrytis ratings for onions, cv. Hamlet, using various nozzle types and angles for fungicide application, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Nozzle Type Nozzle Angle from vertical

Water Volume (L/ha)

Lesions/plant

20 July 30 July 7 August

DR 8001 twin 30° + 30° 200 0.5 ns1 4.3 ns 1.7 ns ER 8001 0° 100 0.6 6.6 1.8 ER 8001 twin 30° + 30° 200 0.5 5.0 1.9 ER 8001 + DR 8001 90° + 0° 200 0.8 4.4 2.2 MR 8002 0° 200 0.3 5.0 4.0 ER 8002 0° 200 0.6 5.1 4.2 Check -- -- 1.0 7.0 5.3 1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments Table 2. Incidence and severity of botrytis at harvest for onions, cv. Hamlet, using various nozzle types and angles for fungicide application, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Nozzle Model Nozzle Angle from vertical

Water Volume (L/ha)

% Disease DSI1 % Dead

Leaves Green

Leaves/plant

MR 8002 0° 200 53.1 ns2 16.3 ns 43.3 ns 5.4 ns ER 8001 twin 30° + 30° 200 72.0 20.4 30.9 6.5 ER 8001 0° 100 67.3 20.5 35.6 6.2 ER 8002 0° 200 68.4 23.1 40.5 5.6 ER 8001 + DR 8001 90° + 0° 200 78.6 26.4 40.5 5.6 DR 8001 twin 30° + 30° 200 77.8 29.0 40.7 5.9 Check -- 200 64.0 28.1 50.5 4.9 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(rating class)(no. of plants in each rating class)] x 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. rating classes-1) 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments Table 3. Yield data for onions, cv. Hamlet, using various nozzle types and angles for fungicide application, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Nozzle Model Nozzle Angle from vertical

Water Volume (L/ha)

Mkb Yield (t/ha)

Yield (%) Small

(<44 mm) Medium

(44-64 mm) Large

(64-76 mm) Jumbo

(>76 mm) ER 8002 0° 200 62.6 ns1 1.7 ns 51.7 ns 45.8 ns 0.8 ns MR 8002 0° 200 64.4 1.9 54.8 41.0 2.3 ER 8001 Twin 30° + 30° 200 65.4 1.6 49.1 43.9 5.4 DR 8001 Twin 30° + 30° 200 60.0 2.8 57.8 36.2 3.2 ER 8001 + DR 8001 90° + 0° 200 65.8 2.6 61.0 36.4 0.0 ER 8001 0° 100 61.6 3.1 53.0 41.4 2.5 Check -- -- 60.0 3.0 64.7 31.8 0.4

1ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments. Funding for this project was supplied by Pest Management Centre of Agriculture and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems program.

CROP: Onion (Allium cepa L.), cv. Hamlet AUTHORS: SWANTON C J, JANSE S & CHANDLER K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: CHATEAU FOR WEED CONTROL IN DRY BULB ONIONS, 2009 MATERIALS: PROWL H2O (pendimethalin 45.5%), FRONTIER MAX (dimethenamid-p 72%), PARDNER (bromoxynil 28%), GOAL (oxyfluorfen 24%), CHATEAU (flumioxazin 51%). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Chateau combinations for weed control in onions. METHODS: The trial was conducted on the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh (organic matter 79%, pH 6.1). Plots were 4m long and 1.5m wide and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. In each plot 4 rows of Hamlet onions were seeded (33 seed /m) on 4 May in 43 cm rows. The trial consisted of 6 treatments including a weedy check (see Table 1 for details). Herbicides were applied when onions were at the preemergence, loop, 2 leaf, and 3 leaf stages on 6 May, 21 May, 16 June, and 23 June, respectively. All treatments were applied in 200 L/ha. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Visual assessments for crop injury and efficacy were conducted periodically over the growing season. Onions were harvested at maturity. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and means separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test (P=0.05). RESULTS: As presented in Table 1. CONCLUSIONS: CHATEAU applied preemergence (off-label) caused slight crop injury (reduced growth) and yield was reduced (P=0.1) compared to CHATEAU applied at the 3 leaf stage. Tolerance was excellent when CHATEAU was applied alone according to the label when onions were at the 3 leaf stage. Injury in the form of necrotic spotting resulted when CHATEAU was applied as a tank-mix with PARDNER or GOAL at the 3 leaf stage but did not cause yield loss. When applied at the loop stage, FRONTIER MAX gave greater control of common groundsel than PROWL H2O at 26 DAT (days after treatment) and similar control of redroot pigweed. CHATEAU applied preemergence gave excellent early control of both weed species. Sequential treatments of GOAL and PARDNER applied at the 2 leaf stage following PROWL H2O provided similar control of redroot pigweed but control of common groundsel was reduced compared to GOAL applied following FRONTIER MAX.

Table 1. Evaluation of Chateau for weed control in onions, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009


Timing (Onion Stage)

Onion Common Groundsel

Redroot Pigweed

Onion

16 Jun

1 Jul

10 Jul

16 Jun

10 Jul

16 Jun

10 Jul

Market Yield

------ % injury ------ ----------- % control ----------- t/ha Weedy

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.63

Prowl H2O Goal Chateau

3000 120 71.4

loop 2 leaf 3 leaf 0 11 4 8 53 94 95 58.2

Chateau Goal Prowl H2O

71.4 120 3000

pre 2 leaf 3 leaf 6 8 5 91 81 91 90 42.5

Prowl H2O Pardner Chateau

3000 140 71.4

loop 2 leaf 3 leaf 0 8 3 10 73 96 100 56.7

Frontier Max Goal Chateau + Pardner

930 120 71.4 + 140

loop 2 leaf 3 leaf 0 25 11 99 96 100 100 64.2

Prowl H2O Goal Chateau + Goal

3000 120 71.4 + 120

loop 2 leaf 3 leaf 0 29 11 30 80 95 100 60.5

LSD (P=0.05) 3 7 5 16 27 9 8 15.5 Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Onion (Allium cepa L.), cv. Hamlet AUTHORS: SWANTON C J, JANSE S & CHANDLER K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: ONION HERBICIDE PERFORMANCE, 2009 MATERIALS: NORTRON (ethofumesate 48%), PROWL H2O (pendimethalin 45.5%), DUAL II MAGNUM (s-metolachlor 91.5%), FRONTIER MAX (dimethenamid-p 72%), PARDNER (bromoxynil 28%), GOAL (oxyfluorfen 24%), CHATEAU (flumioxazin 51%). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alternative herbicides and use patterns in dry bulb onions. METHODS: The trial was conducted on the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh (organic matter 79%, pH 6.1). Plots were 4m long and 1.5m wide and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. In each plot 4 rows of Hamlet onions were seeded (33 seed /m) on 30 April in 43 cm rows. The trial consisted of 8 treatments including a weedy check (see Table 1 for details). Herbicides were applied when onions were at the loop, 2 leaf, and 3 leaf stages on 21 May, 16 June, and 23 June, respectively. All treatments were applied in 200 L/ha. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Visual assessments for crop injury and efficacy were conducted periodically over the growing season. Onions were harvested at maturity. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and means separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test (P=0.05). RESULTS: As presented in Table 1. CONCLUSIONS: Onions had excellent tolerance to all treatments including FRONTIER MAX, DUAL II MAGNUM, and NORTRON applied when onions were at the 3 leaf stage. When applied at the loop stage, FRONTIER MAX gave greater control of common groundsel, reduced control of oak-leaved goosefoot and similar control of redroot pigweed at 26 DAT (days after treatment), compared to Prowl H2O. Mid-season (July 10) control of redroot pigweed was excellent with sequential treatments including FRONTIER MAX applied at the loop stage or GOAL at the 2 leaf stage. In comparison, pigweed control was poor with a similar sequential treatment with PROWL H2O and PARDNER which resulted in reduced total and marketable onion yields. PARDNER applied at the 2 leaf stage, gave greater control of oak-leaved goosefoot and yellow march cress, compared to a similar sequential treatment with GOAL. A sequential treatment with DUAL II MAGNUM following PROWL H2O and PARDNER resulted in reduced control of redroot pigweed and similar control of all other weed species compared to a similar treatment with FRONTIER MAX. Sequential treatments with CHATEAU or NORTRON following FRONTIER MAX and PARDNER resulted in reduced control of maple-leaved goosefoot and similar control of all other weed species compared to a similar treatment with PROWL H2O.

Table 1. Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in onions, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009


Timing (Onion Stage)

Common Groundsel

Redroot Pigweed

Oak-Leaved Goosefoot

Yellow Marsh Cress

Market Yield

16 Jun

10 Jul

16 Jun

10 Jul

16 Jun

10 Jul

10 Jul

---------------------------- % control ---------------------- t/ha Weedy

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Prowl H2O Goal Frontier Max

1500 120 930

loop 2 leaf 3 leaf

28 50 89 96 95 10 33 60.3

Frontier Max Goal Prowl H2O

930 120 1500

loop 2 leaf 3 leaf

88 65 93 98 60 79 45 50.2

Frontier Max Pardner Prowl H2O

930 140 1500

loop 2 leaf 3 leaf

63 78 95 95 53 94 71 48.4

Prowl H2O Pardner Frontier Max

1500 140 930

loop 2 leaf 3 leaf

23 73 93 75 95 96 65 24.8

Prowl H2O Pardner Dual II Magnum

1500 140 1373

loop 2 leaf 3 leaf

8 64 95 63 95 99 80 21.3

Frontier Max Pardner Chateau

930 140 71.4

loop 2 leaf 3 leaf

60 83 95 100 55 81 88 53.7

Frontier Max Pardner Nortron

930 140 1175

loop 2 leaf 3 leaf

68 70 94 95 55 68 73 48.5

LSD (P=0.05) 30 23 6 10 14 9 24 16.6 Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) AUTHORS: HU CL1, TSAO R2 & MCDONALD MR1 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Centre TITLE: EVALUATION OF CROP NUTRITION ON ONION TOTAL PHENOLIC

CONTENT AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, 2008 MATERIALS: Monoammonium phosphate (52% P), Ammonium nitrate, Ammonium sulphate, Urea METHODS: Onions were treated with monoammonium phosphate (MAP) combined with ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and urea. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used for the determination of total phenolic content (TPC) of the samples. Briefly, each fraction (0.2 ml) was mixed with 1 ml of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 0.8 ml of 7.5% sodium carbonate solution. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min, and then the absorbance was measured at 765 nm in a visible-UV microplate kinetics reader (EL 340, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). A standard curve was generated with gallic acid, concentration range is from 0 to 100 µg/ml (0-100 ppm), from which TPCs in the various fractions were calculated and expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of dry weight vegetable. It may be necessary to dilute some of the samples so that the phenolic concentration will fall within the range of the standard curve. The antioxidant activities were determined using Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity assay (ORAC) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay. ORAC was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of water-soluble phytochemicals. All reagents were prepared at 75 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Briefly, 25 μl sample/ standard/ blank were added in 96 well plates and 150μl of 8.68×10 -5mM fluorescein (a target of free radical attack) working solution was added into all experimental wells. The plate was allowed to equilibrate by incubating for a minimum of 30 min in the Synergy HT Multi-Detection Microplate Reader at 37°C. Then reactions were initiated by the addition of 25 μl of 2,2’-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) reagent followed by shaking at maximum intensity for 10 seconds. The fluorescence was then monitored kinetically with data taken every minute. Final results were calculated using the differences of areas under the FL decay curves between the blank and a sample and the results were expressed as micromoles Trolox equivalent (TE).The more oxygen radicals a food can absorb, the higher its ORAC score. The FRAP assay measures the ability of the antioxidants in the vegetable samples to reduce ferric-tripyridyltriazine (Fe3+-TPTZ) complex to the blue colored ferrous form (Fe2+) which absorbs light at 593 nm. Briefly, standard or sample extract (10 µl) were mixed with 300 µl of ferric-TPTZ reagent (prepared by mixing 300mM acetate buffer, pH 3.6, 10mM TPTZ in 40mM HCl and 20mM FeCl3 in the ratio of 10:1:1 (v/v/v)) and added to the wells. The plate was incubated at 37 °C for the duration of the reaction. The absorbance readings were taken at 593nm at 0 and 4 min using a visible–UV microplate kinetic reader (EL 340, Bio-Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). TAC (total antioxidant capacity) of the samples was calculated on the basis of 500 mM L-ascorbic acid and expressed as µmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per gram of dry weight vegetable. The higher the FRAP value, the stronger the antioxidant capacity. Data were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with MIXED procedure of SAS institute (1989). Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found in total phenolic content of onions among treatments. Onions treated with monoammonium phosphate (MAP) combined with ammonium nitrate had the highest total phenolic content following by onions treated with monoammonium phosphate

(MAP) combined with urea. No significant differences were found in total antioxidant activity in any of the treatments (Table 1). Table 1. Total phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity in onions treated with different crop nutritions, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2008.

Treatment1 TPC2

(mg / g )

TAC3 FRAP

(µmol /g) ORAC

(µmol /g) Ammonium nitrate + MAP 4 3.3 a5 7.0 a 21.5 a Urea + MAP 3.0 ab 8.0 a 21.6 a Ammonium sulphate + MAP 2.5 b 9.4 a 21.3 a

1 N and P applied at the rate of: 90 + 100 kg/ha 2 TPC: total phenolic content expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram dry weight. 3 TAC: total antioxidant capacity expressed as µmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per gram dry weight in FRAP assay and as μmol Trolox equivalent (TE) per gram dry weight in ORAC method. 4 MAP = monoammonium phosphate (52% P) 5Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cvs. Hamlet and Trailblazer AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, SPERANZINI D2, KESSEL C2, O’HALLORAN I3,

VANDER KOOI K1, LEVESQUE J1. 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

2 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Rural Affairs 3 University of Guelph, School of Environmental Science, Ridgetown Campus

TITLE: EVALUATION OF PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS ON ORGANIC (MUCK)

SOIL, 2009 MATERIALS: mono ammonium phosphate (11% NH4, 52% P205, 1.5% SO4), AVAIL (maleic itaconic copolymer 40%) METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil at 2 sites in the Holland Marsh, Ontario. On 4 May fertilizer treatments were applied at both site 1, Muck Crops Research Station (organic matter ≈ 73.9%, pH ≈ 6.2, P (ppm) ≈ 35) and site 2 near the Muck Crops Research Station (organic matter ≈ 38.9%, pH ≈ 6.2, P (ppm) ≈ 45 ): 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 kg P2O5/ha, 25 kg P2O5/ha + AVAIL and 50 kg P2O5/ha banded. An untreated check was also used. Nitrate (90 kg NO3/ha) and potash (250 kg K2O/ha) were also added to the treatment area. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of 8 rows (42 cm apart), 10 m in length. On 6 May onions were direct seeded (34 seeds/m) using Stan Hay Precision seeder at both site 1, cv. Trailblazer, and at site 2, cv. Hamlet. Onion leaf tissue samples were taken on 15 July and foliar phosphorus analysis was conducted at Agri-Food Laboratories in Guelph, Ontario. Post-harvest soil samples were taken on 21 September from Site 2, and were analyzed for phosphorus content at Agri-Food Labs. On 17 September (Site 1) and 24 September (Site 2) a 4.6 m length of row was harvested from each treatment and on 16 October (Site 1) and 29 October (Site 2) onions were weighed and graded for size. Samples of onion bulb tissue from Site 1 were prepared on 26 January and sent to Agri-Food Laboratories for phosphorus analysis. Data was analyzed using Statistics V. 9, and a General Analysis of Variance for linear models was used. Means were compared using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. The air temperatures in the 2009 growing season were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm), and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3 CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in yield, quality or foliar and soil phosphorus content were found in the yellow cooking onions. Based on data from 2009, phosphorus applied in the current growing season may not influence the yield or the quality of onions grown in that season; however the fertilizer may be utilized by crops in future growing seasons. Additional trials in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons will provide important information regarding phosphate management in muck soils. Soil phosphorus levels before planting were 35 ppm (Site 1) and 45 ppm (Site 2). Soil levels between 31 – 60 ppm are rated as “Low Response” because plant-available phosphorus is already contained in the soil and little more is required by the crop (Phosphorus Requirements: Vegetables on Muck Soil: Table 1-11, OMAFRA publication 363, Vegetable Production Recommendations 2008-2009). At both sites, no significant differences in yield or quality were found among the treatments (Tables 1 & 2). Post harvest soil samples ranged from 76 – 140 ppm. Soil levels between 76 – 140 ppm are rated as “Rare Response”

and “No Response” because more plant-available phosphorus is contained in the soil than is required for the crop (Phosphorus Requirements: Vegetables on Muck Soil: Table1-11, OMAFRA publication 363, Vegetable Production Recommendations 2008 - 2009). At Site 2, no significant differences in soil phosphorus content were found among the treatments (Table 3). The average foliar tissue phosphorus level at both Site 1 (0.4%) and Site 2 (0.3%) were within the suggested sufficiency range of 0.2 – 0.5% (Suggested sufficiency ranges: Table 9-57, OMAFRA publication 363, Vegetable Production Recommendations 2008-2009). At both sites, no significant differences were found in foliar tissue phosphorus content among all treatments (Table 3). Table 1. Yield of onions, cv. Hamlet, grown in soil with various rates of phosphate fertilizer, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Site 1, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009.

1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate. 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments. Table 2. Yield of onions, cv. Trailblazer, grown in soil with various rates of phosphate fertilizer, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, Site 2, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009.

1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate. 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments.

Treatment Rate (kg/ha)


Yield (%) Medium

(44 – 64 mm) Large

(64 – 76 mm) Jumbo

(> 76 mm) Check 0 71.8 ns 35.6 ns 53.3 ns 11.2 ns MAP1 25 77.9 37.3 53.5 9.2 MAP 50 76.9 40.4 53.0 6.6 MAP 75 77.8 30.2 59.7 10.1 MAP 100 74.7 40.2 53.0 6.7 MAP 150 72.3 44.4 50.0 5.5 MAP + Avail 25 76.1 41.3 52.2 6.5 MAP (Banded) 50 76.1 34.2 56.9 9.0



Yield (%) Small

(< 44 mm) Medium

(44 – 64 mm) Large

(64 – 76 mm) Jumbo

(> 76 mm) Marketable (> 44 mm)

Check 0 56.8 ns2 1.6 ns 33.8 ns 51.1 ns 13.5 ns 98.4 ns

MAP1 25 55.1 2.4 30.8 53.1 13.8 97.6

MAP 50 50.5 2.7 32.9 43.7 20.8 97.3

MAP 75 51.6 2.4 36.8 37.0 23.8 97.6

MAP 100 50.9 2.9 36.9 45.5 14.7 97.1

MAP 150 51.4 1.9 33.2 47.7 17.1 98.1 MAP + Avail 25 52.5 4.4 33.0 50.1 12.4 95.6

MAP (Banded) 50 55.3 2.4 29.1 51.6 17.2 97.8

Table 3. Foliar tissue, soil and bulb tissue phosphorus (P) content of onions, cvs. Hamlet and Trailblazer, grown in soil with various rates of phosphate fertilizer, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Sites 1 & 2, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009.

1 MAP is mono-ammonium phosphate. 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments. Funding for this project was provided by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program, Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association, Environment Canada, and Holland Marsh Growers Association.


Foliar Tissue P Content (%)

Soil P Content (ppm)

Bulb Tissue P Content (%)

Site 1 Site 2 Site 2 Site 1 Check 0 0.4 ns2 0.3 ns 139.8 ns 0.3 ns MAP1 25 0.4 0.3 108.8 0.3 MAP 50 0.4 0.3 113.0 0.3 MAP 75 0.4 0.3 95.0 0.3 MAP 100 0.4 0.3 77.3 0.3 MAP 150 0.4 0.3 76.3 0.3 MAP + Avail 25 0.4 0.3 106.0 0.3 MAP (Banded) 50 0.4 0.3 105.8 0.3

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cvs. Arsenal, Fortress, Hamlet, Highlander, Milestone, Pulsar, Tahoe and Trailblazer AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, SPERANZINI D2, KESSEL C2, O’HALLORAN I3,

VANDER KOOI K1, LEVESQUE J1 1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

2 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Rural Affairs 3 University of Guelph, School of Environmental Science, Ridgetown Campus

TITLE: PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC (MUCK) SOIL, 2009 MATERIALS: mono ammonium phosphate (11% NH4, 52% P205, 1.5% SO4) METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil at 8 sites across the Holland and Keswick Marshes, Ontario. Pre-plant soil tests were taken between 28 April - 8 May. From 28 April - 12 May tarps (9.1 x 15.2 m) were laid in the field while normal fertilizer application occurred around the tarps. The tarps were removed and three randomized phosphate treatments were applied: an untreated check (0 kg P2O5/ha), a reduced phosphate rate (20 or 40 kg P2O5/ha) and a grower’s phosphate rate (52 – 171 kg P2O5/ha depending on the site). Nitrate (90 kg NO3/ha) and potash (250 kg K2O/ha) were also applied to the treatment areas. At each site three replications per treatment were applied. The location of each treatment was recorded with a handheld GPS device. Onions were direct seeded between 30 April – 20 May (at Site 09-5 onions were transplanted). Onion leaf tissue samples were taken from 15 July - 22 July and foliar phosphorus analysis was conducted at Agri-Food Laboratories in Guelph, Ontario. A second set of onion leaf tissue samples were taken on 13 August and have not yet been analyzed. Onions yield samples were harvested in a 4.6 m section of row between 1 August - 1 October. Onions were weighed and graded [for size] from 28 September – 28 November. Samples of onion bulb tissue were dried on 2 December (from Sites 09-2, 09-5, 09-6 and 09-7) and sent to Agri-Food Laboratories for phosphorus analysis. Between 6 October – 20 October post-harvest soil samples (surface (0 - 30 cm) and deep-core (0 - 170 cm)) were taken at all sites, with the exception of Sites 09-3 and 09-5. Phosphorus levels were determined using sodium bicarbonate extraction by both the Ivan O’Halloran laboratory at the University of Guelph, Ontario and Agri-Food Laboratories. Data were analyzed using Statistic V. 9, and a General Analysis of Variance for linear models was used. Means were compared using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. The air temperatures in the 2009 growing season were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5°C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4oC) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm), and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 through 13 No significant differences in yield were found among the treatments at Sites 09-1, 09-2, 09-4, 09-6 and 09-7 (Tables 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7). At Site 09-3 (pre-plant soil test value of 86.2 ppm) there was an equal response to the reduced and grower’s phosphate rate. Both treatments produced a significantly higher yield than the untreated check and significant differences among treatments were shown in the large and medium size categories (Table 3). At Site 09-5 (pre-plant soil test value of 165.0 ppm) significant differences in yield were found between the untreated check and the reduced phosphate rate with reduced yield at the untreated rate. There were no significant differences in quality (Table 5). At Site 09-8 the pre-

plant soil test value was very low (17.1 ppm) and onions fertilized with the grower’s phosphate rate had a significantly higher yield than onions grown with no applied phosphorus (Table 8). The average foliar tissue phosphorus level from all sites ranged from 0.3 - 0.8% which is within or above the suggested sufficiency range of 0.2 – 0.5% (Suggested sufficiency ranges: Table 9-57, OMAFRA publication 363, Vegetable Production Recommendations 2008 - 2009) (Table 9). With the exception of Site 09-3, no significant differences in foliar tissue phosphorus content were found among treatments. The grower’s phosphorus rate had a significantly higher foliar tissue phosphorus level than the untreated check (Table 9). No significant differences in onion bulb tissue phosphorus content were found among treatments where samples were taken (Sites 09-2, 09-5, 09-6 and 09-7) (Table 13). Soil phosphorus levels before planting ranged from 17.1 - 164.0 ppm (Table 10). Soil phosphorus levels at harvest ranged from 30.8 - 199.3 ppm (Table 11). Soil levels > 80 ppm are rated as “No Response” because more plant-available phosphorus is contained in the soil than is required for the crop (Phosphorus Requirements: Vegetables on Muck Soil: Table1-11, OMAFRA publication 363, Vegetable Production Recommendations 2008 - 2009). Significant differences in soil P levels were found among the sites in both the untreated check and the grower’s phosphate rate (Table 11). No significant differences were found in soil test P content between the untreated check and grower’s phosphate rate at all tested sites (Sites 09-1, 09-2, 09-4, 09-6, 09-7 and 09-8) (Table 12). CONCLUSIONS: Based on data from 2009, the majority of sites displayed no significant differences in yield of yellow cooking onions. This study was site specific and therefore differences between sites may be related to individual site conditions. With the exception of one site, no significant differences were found in foliar tissue phosphorus content. At the 4 sampled sites, no significant differences in onion bulb tissue phosphorus content were found among all treatments As expected, significant differences in post harvest soil test P content were found among all sites. However no significant differences were found among treatments at all tested sites. Phosphorus applied in the current growing season may not influence the yield or the quality of onions grown in that season; however the fertilizer may be utilized by crops in future growing seasons. Additional trials in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons will provide important information regarding phosphate management in muck soils. Table 1. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Pulsar, grown in soil with various levels of phosphate fertilizer, grown at site 09-1, 2009, (pre-plant soil bicarb P = 69.9 ppm, OMAFRA phosphate recommendation = 0 kg P2O5/ha).

Treatment Rate (kg/ha) t/ha bu/A

Marketable Yield (%) Jumbo

(> 76 mm) Large

(64 – 76 mm) Medium

(44 – 64 mm) No Phosphate 0 62.3 ns1 1009.8 ns 6 ns 35 ns 53 ns

Reduced Phosphate 40 81.8 1325.2 18 41 36

Grower Phosphate 83 70.3 1138.0 22 47 28 1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments.

Table 2. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Highlander, grown in soil with various levels of phosphate fertilizer, grown at site 09-2, 2009, (pre-plant soil bicarb = 52.7 ppm, OMAFRA phosphate recommendation = 20 kg P2O5/ha).



(> 76 mm) Large


(44 – 64 mm) No Phosphate 0 49.0 ns1 793.7 ns 84 ns 14 ns 2 ns Reduced Phosphate 40 45.7 740.5 78 19 4 Grower Phosphate 95 49.8 806.2 83 16 2 1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments. Table 3. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Trailblazer, grown in soil with various levels of phosphate fertilizer, grown at site 09-3, 2009, (pre-plant soil bicarb = 86.2 ppm, OMAFRA phosphate recommendation = 0 kg P2O5/ha).


Marketable Yield (%) Culls (< 44 mm ) Large


(44 – 64 mm) No Phosphate 0 38.0 a1 615.9 a 10 a 87 b 3 ns2 Reduced Phosphate 20 47.4 b 767.9 b 23 ab 75 ab 2 Grower Phosphate 52 46.3 b 749.5 b 27 b 70 a 3 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD test. 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments. Table 4. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Tahoe, grown in soil with various rates of phosphate fertilizer, grown at site 09-4, 2009, (pre-plant soil bicarb = 45.0 ppm, OMAFRA phosphate recommendation = 30 kg P2O5/ha).


Marketable Yield (%) Culls (< 44 mm) Large

(> 76 mm) Medium

(44 – 76 mm) No Phosphate 0 56.4 ns1 913.7 ns 2.2 ns 95.7 ns 2.0 ns Reduced Phosphate 40 55.8 904.0 3.2 94.9 1.9 Grower Phosphate 120 56.1 909.1 2.6 95.1 2.3 1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments. Table 5. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Highlander, grown in soil with various levels of phosphate fertilizer, grown at site 09-5, 2009, (pre-plant soil bicarb = 164.0 ppm, OMAFRA phosphate recommendation = 0 kg P2O5/ha).



(> 76 mm) Large


(44 – 64 mm) No Phosphate 0 34.1 a1 552.7 a 37 ns2 44 ns 19 ns Reduced Phosphate 40 47.2 b 764.6 b 41 37 22 Grower Phosphate 95 39.9 ab 646.6 ab 53 36 11 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD test. 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments.

Table 6. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Fortress, grown in soil with various rates of phosphate fertilizer, grown at site 09-6, 2009, (pre-plant soil bicarb = 107.0 ppm, OMAFRA phosphate recommendation = 0 kg P2O5/ha).



(> 76 mm) Large


(44 – 64 mm) No Phosphate 0 56.3 ns1 912.6 ns 1 ns 47 ns 52 ns Reduced Phosphate 40 51.9 840.0 0 44 55 Grower Phosphate 80 53.8 872.1 4 42 54 1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments. Table 7. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Arsenal and Hamlet, grown in soil with various levels of phosphate fertilizer, grown at site 09-7, 2009, (pre-plant soil bicarb = 85.9 ppm, OMAFRA phosphate recommendation = 0 kg P2O5/ha).



(> 76 mm) Large


(44 – 64 mm) No Phosphate 0 78.4 ns1 1270.1 ns 4 ns 47 ns 49 ns Reduced Phosphate 40 69.7 1128.6 3 41 56 Grower Phosphate 115 65.9 1068.1 4 34 62 1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments. Table 8. Yield and size distribution of onions, cv. Milestone, grown in soil with various levels of phosphate fertilizer, grown at site 09-8, 2009, (pre-plant soil bicarb = 17.1 ppm, OMAFRA phosphate recommendation = 80 kg P2O5/ha).


Marketable Yield (%) Culls (< 44 mm ) Jumbo

(> 76 mm) Large


(44 – 64 mm) No Phosphate 0 35.0 a1 567.0 a 11 ns2 45 ns 41 ns 4 ns Grower Phosphate 171 61.4 b 993.9 b 47 39 15 1 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s protected LSD test. 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments. Table 9. Percentage of phosphorus found in dry weight of onion leaf tissue, grown in soil with various rates of phosphate fertilizer, at multiple sites in the Holland and Keswick Marsh, ON, 2009.


Phosphorous (%) 09-11 09-2 09-3 09-4 09-5 09-6 09-7 09-8

No Phosphate 0 0.4 ns2 0.7 ns 0.4 b3 0.4 ns 0.4 ns 0.5 ns 0.4 ns 0.3 ns Reduced Phosphate 40 0.4 0.8 0.4 ab 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 -- Grower Phosphate 52 - 171 0.4 0.8 0.5 a 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3

1 Site 09-1 through 09-8. 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments. 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test.

Table 10. Pre-plant phosphorus (P) content of soil samples taken from onion fields fertilized with various rates of phosphorus fertilizers at multiple sites in the Holland and Keswick Marshes, Ontario, 2009.

Site Pre-plant P (ppm) Composite

09-1 69.9 09-2 52.7 09-3 86.2 09-4 45.0 09-5 164.0 09-6 107.0 09-7 85.9 09-8 17.1 Table 11. Average post-harvest phosphorus (P) content of soil samples taken from onion fields fertilized with various rates of phosphorus fertilizers at multiple sites in the Holland and Keswick Marshes, Ontario, 2009.

Site Post harvest P (ppm) Post harvest P (ppm) 0 kg/ha P2O5 52 - 171 kg/ha P2O5

09-1 173.7 ab1 186.7 ab 09-2 165.7 abc 157.0 bc 09-4 126.0 c 164.4 abc 09-6 190.3 a 199.3 a 09-7 142.7 bc 144.3 c 09-8 30.8 d 50.7 d 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. Table 12. Post-harvest phosphorus (P) content of soil samples taken from onion fields fertilized with different rates of phosphorus fertilizers at multiple sites in the Holland and Keswick Marshes, Ontario, 2009.

1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. Table 13. Percentage of phosphorus found in dried onion bulb, grown in soil with various rates of phosphate fertilizer, at multiple sites in the Holland and Keswick Marsh, ON, 2009.

Treatment Rate (kg P2O5/ha)

Phosphorus (%) Site 09-2 Site 09-5 Site 09-6 Site 09-7

No Phosphate 0 0.4 ns1 0.4 ns 0.4 ns 0.3 ns Reduced Phosphate 40 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 Growers Phosphate 86 - 164 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 1 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments. Funding for this project was provided by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program, Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association, Environment Canada, and Holland Marsh Growers Association.

Treatment Rate (kg P2O5/ha)

Post-harvest P (ppm) Site 09-1 Site 09-2 Site 09-4 Site 09-6 Site 09-7 Site 09-8

No Phosphate 0 173.7 ns1 165.7 ns 126.0 ns 190.3 ns 142.7 ns 30.8 ns Growers Phosphate 52 - 171 186.7 157.0 164.4 199.3 144.3 50.7

CROP: Canola (Brassica napus L.) PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K1, GOSSEN BD2 & PENG G2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon TITLE: EVALUATION OF VARIOUS BIOFUNGICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF

CLUBROOT ON CANOLA, 2009 MATERIAL: PRESTOP® WP (32% Gliocladium catenulatum strain J1446), SERENADE® ASOTM (1.34% Bacillus subtilis QST 713), ALLEGRO500F (40% fluazinam), RANMAN 400 SC (34.5% cyazofamid) METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, on organic soil (organic matter ≈ 74.0%, pH ≈ 6.2) naturally infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae. On 14 July, canola, Pioneer line 04-2, was seeded by hand at the rate of ≈ 40 seeds/m. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Each experimental unit consisted of two 5 m long rows, 40 cm apart. Treatments were: PRESTOP at 8 g/L, SERENADE at 40 mL/L, ALLEGREO at 50 mL/100 L, and RANMAN at 133.7 mL/100 L. An untreated check was also included. Treatments were applied as a drench application to seeds in an open furrow at the rate of 50 mL/m using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a single TeeJet 1104 nozzle. The furrow was closed with a rake. On 4 September, 25 plants per replicate were pulled, and roots examined for clubroot incidence and classified by severity using a scale of 0 to 3: 0 = no clubbing, 1 = <1/3 of root clubbed, 2 = 1/3 – 2/3 of roots clubbed and 3 = > 2/3 of roots clubbed. Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for July (17.9°C) and average for August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for September (51 mm) and above average for, July (135 mm) and August (89 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: July 76 mm and August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As shown in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were found in clubroot incidence or severity among the treatments (Table 1). Clubroot incidence was relatively low in this trial but incidence varied within the plot area regardless of treatment, which suggests that the resting spores were not evenly distributed within the plot.

Table 1. Clubroot incidence and severity index (DSI) for canola treated with various biofungicides and fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Concentration Clubroot Incidence (%) DSI1

RANMAN 133.7 mL/100 L 9.6 ns2 6.2 ns

PRESTOP 8 g/L 9.9 6.2

ALLEGRO 50 mL/100 L 39.6 27.6

SERENADE 40 mL/L 26.4 20.3

Check -- 18.8 12.5 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:


x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1) 2 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments Funding for this project was provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and the sustainable Production Systems Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs & University of Guelph.

CROP: Canola (Brassica napus L.) cv. 34-65RR PEST: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K1, GOSSEN BD2 & STRELKOV S3 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon 3 University of Alberta, Dept. of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science TITLE: POTENTIAL FOR SEED TRANSMISSION OF PLASMODIOPHORA

BRASSICAE INOCULUM ON CANOLA SEEDS, 2009 METHODS: Canola line 34-65RR (Dekalb) which had been inoculated with various concentrations of spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae at the University of Alberta, was direct seeded using an Earthway push seeder on 15 July. Seeding rate was rate ≈ 40 seeds/m. Plots were mineral soil free of Plasmodiophora brassicae (organic matter ≈ 4.5%, pH ≈ 8.0) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four 5 m long rows, 40 cm apart. Canola seed was inoculated with 103, 104, 105, 106 spores per seed of Plasmodiophora brassicae (pathotype 3). An untreated check was also included. On 15 September, 50 plants per replicate were harvested, and roots examined for clubroot incidence and classified by severity using a scale of 0 to 3: 0 = no clubbing, 1 =<1/3 of root clubbed, 2 = 1/3 – 2/3 of roots clubbed and 3 = > 2.3 of roots clubbed. Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for July (17.9°C) and average for August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for September (51 mm) and above average for, July (135 mm) and August (89 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: July 76 mm and August 57 mm and September 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As shown in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: No clubroot symptoms were found in canola plants grown from seeds inoculated with any concentration of Plasmodiophora brassicae (Table 1). Table 1. Clubroot incidence and disease severity index (DSI) for canola inoculated with various rates of clubroot spores, grown on mineral soil near Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009. Rate of Inoculum Clubroot Incidence (%) DSI

Check 0.0 ns1 0.0 ns 103 0.0 0.0 104 0.0 0.0 105 0.0 0.0 106 0.0 0.0

1 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments Funding for this project was provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and the sustainable Production Systems Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs & University of Guelph.

CROP: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) cvs. Music, Legacy PEST: Fusarium rot (Fusarium oxysoporum f. spl. cepae (H.N. Hans) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR, & VANDER KOOI K

Muck Crops Research Station, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph TITLE: EFFICACY OF SCHOLAR 230C ON FUSARIUM ROT OF GARLIC, 2008-9 MATERIALS: MAXIM® 480FS (fludioxonil 40.3%), SCHOLAR® 230C (fludioxinil 50%) METHODS: In two separate trials, garlic, cvs. Music and Legacy (Rocambole type), were planted by hand (10 cloves/m) into organic soil, (pH ≈ 6.0, organic matter ≈ 60%) near the Muck Crops Research Station on 23 and 24 October, 2008 or 5 May 2009 for fall and spring planted treatments respectively. Randomized complete block designs with four replicates per treatment were used for both trials. Each experimental unit consisted of two 4.5 m (Music) and 6.25 m (Legacy) long rows spaced 40 cm apart. Both trial areas were inoculated with barley infected with Fusarium oxysporum prior to planting. Inoculum was spread over the soil surface at a rate of 47 g/m2 and cultivated into the soil at a depth of 10-15 cm. Beds were formed after cultivation. Treatments to fall seeded garlic for both cultivars were: a seed treatment of MAXIM at 10.4mL/100 kg seed, a seed treatment of MAXIM at 10.4/100 kg seed + SCHOLAR at 1065 mL/ha applied as a foliar drench at the 2-leaf stage, SCHOLAR at 533, 1065 and 2130 mL/ha applied as a foliar spray at the 2-leaf stage, SCHOLAR at 1065 mL/ha applied as an in-furrow application, SCHOLAR at 1065 mL/ha applied as an in-furrow application + SCHOLAR at 1065 mL/ha applied as a foliar drench at the 2-leaf stage. Treatments to spring seeded garlic were: SCHOLAR at 1065 mL/ha applied as a foliar drench at the 2-leaf stage and as an in-furrow application. Untreated checks were also included. For both trials, treatments were applied on 24 October (fall seeded in-furrow), 6 May (fall seeded foliar drench and spring seeded in-furrow) and 25 May (spring seeded foliar drench) using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with 1 TeeJet XR8004 flat nozzle calibrated to deliver 2000 L/ha. Garlic was monitored for phytotoxicity and diseased plants throughout the growing period. At maturity garlic was harvested and stalks were removed from the bulbs. Bulbs were air dried for several weeks to remove loose skins and soil from the bulbs. All bulbs were assessed and rated for the presence of Fusarium oxysporum. Diseased garlic bulbs were rated for disease severity on a scale of 0 to 5 where 0 = no disease, 1 = <25% of the bulb with disease, 2 = 26% - 50% of the bulb with disease, 3 = 51 – 75% of the bulb with disease, 4 = >75% of the bulb with disease. Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(rating class)(no. of bulbs in each rating class)] x 100 (total no. of bulbs rated)(no. classes – 1) The air temperature for October (7.4°C) in 2008 was below the long term (10 year) average, the long term (10 year) average temperature for October was 9.0°C, monthly rainfall was average for October (54 mm) and the long term (10 year) rainfall average for October was 59 mm. The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5C) and July (17.9°C) and average for May (12.6°C), August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.1°C, June 18.2°C, July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C and September 15.5°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm) and August (89 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 86 mm, June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September and 72 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained by using Tukey’s HSD at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 & 2

CONCLUSIONS: Disease incidence and severity was low to moderate for the trial of cultivar Music and high for Legacy. Symptoms of Fusarium oxysporum were not evident on the garlic plants throughout the growing season for either cultivar. At harvest for cultivar Music, no significant differences in disease incidence or severity were observed among the treatments. The MAXIM seed treatment and the furrow drench of SCHOLAR at 2130 ml/ha had the lowest disease incidence numerically of any treatments (Table 1). For cultivar Legacy, significant differences in disease incidence and severity were found among the treatments. Garlic planted in the spring, treated with SCHOLAR at 1065 ml/ha applied in furrow, had significantly less disease than the fall planted garlic treated with SCHOLAR at 533 ml/ha applied as a foliar drench and the fall planted garlic treated with SCHOLAR at 1065 ml/ha applied as an in furrow drench (Table 2). Spring planted garlic of both cultivars did not develop mature bulbs and therefore harvest weights and disease severity rating were not performed on those treatments in both trials. There were no signs of phytotoxicity of any treatments, and no effect of treatments on the survival of the bulbs. Table 1. Total number of bulbs, percent disease and DSI (disease severity index) for fall and spring planted garlic, cv. Music, treated with various rates, application methods of SCHOLAR, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, 2008-09.

Product Application Rate (per 100 kg seed or per ha)

Time of Seeding

ApplicationMethod1

Total # Bulbs

% Disease DSI2

MAXIM 10.4 mL fall ST 56.3 ns3 16.3 ns 9.4 ns

SCHOLAR 2130 mL fall FD 64.5 16.3 6.4

SCHOLAR + SCHOLAR 1065 mL + 1065 mL fall IF + FD 63.3 20.4 6.9

SCHOLAR 1065 mL fall IF 60.5 22.9 7.6


check -- fall -- 60.8 25.4 10.0


SCHOLAR 1065 mL spring FD 59.5 30.2 --

SCHOLAR 1065 mL spring IF 53.3 30.7 --

MAXIM + SCHOLAR 10.4 mL + 1065 mL fall ST + FD 48.3 38.1 14.2

1 ST = seed treatment, FD = foliar drench, IF = in-furrow application 2 Percent disease was calculated based on numbers of bulbs diseased and disease severity (DSI) was calculated using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(rating class)(no. of bulbs in each rating class)] x 100 (total no. of bulbs rated)(no. classes – 1) 3 ns indicates no significant differences among the treatments

Table 2. Total number of bulbs, percent disease and DSI (disease severity index) for fall and spring planted garlic, cv. Legacy among the treatments, treated with various rates, application methods of Scholar, grown near the Muck Crops Research Station, 2008-09.

Product Application Rate (per 100 kg seed or per ha)

Time of Seeding

ApplicationMethod1

Total # Bulbs

% Disease DSI2

MAXIM 10.4 mL fall ST 62.5 ns3 73.4 ab4 44.8 ns

SCHOLAR 2130 mL fall FD 70.3 70.0 ab 41.8

SCHOLAR + SCHOLAR 1065 mL + 1065 mL fall IF + FD 65.3 72.8 ab 36.8

SCHOLAR 1065 mL fall IF 69.0 80.8 b 47.2

SCHOLAR 533 mL fall FD 48.8 80.8 b 45.3

check -- fall -- 59.3 69.0 ab 36.9

SCHOLAR 1065 mL fall FD 56.5 56.6 ab 30.4

SCHOLAR 1065 mL spring FD 46.8 58.9 ab --

SCHOLAR 1065 mL spring IF 44.5 48.4 a --

MAXIM + SCHOLAR 10.4 mL + 1065 mL fall ST + FD 63.3 68.8 ab 40.0

1 ST = seed treatment, FD = foliar drench, IF = in-furrow application 2 Percent disease was calculated based on numbers of bulbs diseased and disease severity (DSI) was calculated using the following equation:

DSI = ∑ [(rating class)(no. of bulbs in each rating class)] x 100 (total no. of bulbs rated)(no. classes – 1) 3 ns indicates no significant differences among the treatments 4 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. Funding for this project was supplied by the Pest Management Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph sustainable production systems program.

CROP: Head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Mighty Joe PEST: Sclerotinia drop (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary; Sclerotinia minor Jagger) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K1& GOSSEN BD2 1University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon TITLE: EVALUATION OF POLYVERSUM FOR CONTROL OF SCLEROTINIA DROP

ON INOCULATED LETTUCE, 2009 MATERIALS: POLYVERSUM (Pythium oligandrum DV 74 1 x 105 cfu/g), PRISTINE (pyraclostrobin 12.8%, boscalid 25.2%) METHODS: Lettuce was seeded into 128-cell plug trays on 13 July and hand-transplanted (4 plants/m) into organic soil (pH ≈ 6.3, organic matter ≈ 72.0%) on 12 August at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh Ontario. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of four 6.0 m long rows, 42 cm apart. Treatments were: PRISTINE at 1.7 kg/ha, and POLYVERSUM at 100 and 200 g/ha on lettuce inoculated with both Sclerotinia minor, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum species. An untreated, naturally infected check and untreated checks inoculated with both species were also included. Treatments were applied on 28 August, 8and 16 September using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 250 L/ha at 240 kPa. On 28 August, S. sclerotiorum and S. minor-inoculated strips, 0.5 cm by 3.0 cm, were spread on the soil in between plant rows and on top of the plants respectively, at the rate of 1.5 g/m. Inoculum was obtained from Dr. B. Gossen, AAFC. The trial was monitored weekly for disease and infected plants were counted and removed. On 1 October, all heads were cut and examined for disease. Ten heads from each replicate were weighed to determine yield. The air temperatures in the 2009 growing season were below the long term (10 year) average for October (7.3 C°), and average for August (19.4 C°) and September (14.9 C°). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: August 19.3 C°, September 15.5 C° and October 8.9 C°. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for September (51 mm), and above average for August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in the percentage of sclerotinia drop or weight per head were observed among the treatments (Table 1). Low levels of sclerotinia infection was observed in the trial. Weather conditions during the month of September were drier than average and may have contributed to low disease pressure.

Table 1. Percentage of sclerotinia drop in lettuce inoculated with S. minor and S. sclerotiorum strips and treated with fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Inoculum Rate (per ha)

% Plants with Sclerotinia Yield1 Wgt/head (g) Minor Sclerotiorum Total

PRISTINE both 1.7 kg 2.2 ns2 0.0 ns 2.2 ns 918.0 ns

POLYVERSUM both 100 g 3.7 0.0 3.7 812.8

POLYVERSUM both 200 g 2.8 0.6 3.4 866.3

Check both -- 3.5 0.9 4.4 965.8

Check natural infection -- 3.2 0.3 3.5 920.5 1 Yield was based on a sample of 10 heads. 2 ns indicates no significant differences found among the treatments Funding for this project was provided by Beta Biologics, and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

CROP: Head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Mighty Joe PEST: Downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: EVALUATION OF POLYVERSUM (PYTHIUM OLIGANDRUM) FOR

CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW (BREMIA LACTUCAE) ON LETTUCE, 2009 MATERIALS: POLYVERSUM (Pythium oligandrum 1 x 105 cfu/g), RIDOMIL GOLD MZ (metalaxyl-M 4% + mancozeb 64%), ALIETTE (fosetyl-al 80%) METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil at two separate times. Lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, was seeded into 128-cell plug trays on 28 April (Run 1) and 13 July (Run 2) and hand-transplanted (4 plants/ m) into organic soil (pH ≈ 6.3, organic matter ≈ 72.0% on 8 June (Run 1) and 12 August (Run 2) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of four 6 m long rows, 42 cm apart. Treatments were: POLYVERSUM at 100 and 200 g/ha, and a commercial standard which consisted of ALIETTE at 2.8 kg/ha alternated with RIDOMIL GOLD MZ at 2.5 kg/ha (for Run 1) and POLYVERSUM at 100 and 200 g/ha, PRISTINE at 1.7 kg/ha, and ROVRAL at2 kg/ha (for Run 2). An untreated check was also included for both runs. For Run 1, treatments were applied on 10, 24 July (ALIETTE) and 17 July (RIDOMIL GOLD MZ) and for Run 2 on 28 August, 8 and 16 September using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with 4 TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 300 L/ha at 240 kPa (boom). Prior to the 1st assessment, 12 plants (Run 1) and 10 plants (Run 2) per experimental unit to be assessed were randomly chosen and marked with stakes. Plants were assessed for disease severity on a scale of 1 to 5: 0 = no lesions, 1 = 1 lesion, 2 = 2-5 lesions, 3 = 6-10 lesions, 4 = 11-15 lesions, 5 = >15 lesions on 16, 21 and 27 July. On 27 July (Run 1) and 1 October (Run 2), 15 (Run 1) and 10 (Run 2) non-marked plants were harvested and untrimmed and trimmed weights recorded. The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5 C°), July (17.9 C°) and October (7.3 C°), and average for August (19.4 C°) and September (14.9 C°). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: June 18.2 C°, July 19.9 C°, August 19.3 C°, September 15.5 C° and October 8.9 C°. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: June 74 mm, July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analysed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1, 2, 3 & 4 CONCLUSIONS: Disease pressure was high and increased over the assessment period for both Run 1 and Run 2. Significant differences in downy mildew (DM) incidence and severity were found at all assessment dates. At the 16, 21 and 27 July assessment dates, lettuce treated with the standard fungicide treatment (ALIETTE or RIDOMIL) had significantly lower DM incidence and severity than lettuce treated with POLYVERSUM at 100 or 200 g/ha and the untreated check. At the 27 July (Run 1) and the 1 October (Run 2) assessment dates, disease incidence was 100% in lettuce treated with POLYVERSUM at 100 or 200 g/ha and the untreated check (Tables 1 & 3). No significant differences were found among DM incidence or severity in lettuce treated with POLYVERSUM and the untreated check at any assessment date (Table 1 & 3). However, at the 15 September assessment (Run 2), POLYVERSUM at 200 g/ha was as effective as the fungicide treatment.

Significant differences were found in marketable yield and trimmed weight per head among the treatments for Run 1. Lettuce treated with the commercial standard (ALIETTE or RIDOMIL) had significantly higher percent marketable and trimmed weight per head (Table 2). No significant differences in trimmed weight per head were found among the treatments in Run 2 (Table 4). Table 1. Downy mildew (DM) incidence and disease severity ratings for lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, treated with fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, 2009 (Run 1).

Treatment Rate (per ha)

DM Incidence (%) Disease Severity Index1

16 July 21 July 27 July 16 July 21 July 27 July

RIDOMIL or ALIETTE 2.5 or 2.8 kg 27.1 a2 47.9 a 91.7 a 7.1 a 12.9 a 41.7 a

POLYVERSUM 100 g 91.7 b 100.0 b 100.0 b 45.4 b 96.7 b 99.2 b

POLYVERSUM 200 g 93.8 b 100.0 b 100.0 b 46.3 b 85.8 b 99.6 b

Check -- 95.8 b 100.0 b 100.0 b 51.7 b 85.0 b 100.0 b 1 DSI= ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1) 2Numbers in a column followed by a different letter were significantly different at P= 0.05, fisher’s Protected LSD test. Table 2. Yield data for lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, treated with fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, 2009 (Run 1). Treatment Rate (per ha) % Marketable Trimmed Wgt/Head (g) RIDOMIL or ALIETTE 2.5 or 2.8 kg 83.0 a1 1040.5 a POLYVERSUM 200 g 77.3 b 780.3 b POLYVERSUM 100 g 78.5 b 865.3 b Check -- 76.6 b 839.0 b 1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD test. Table 3. Downy mildew (DM) incidence and disease severity ratings for lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, treated with fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, 2009 (Run 2).

Treatment Rate (per ha)

DM Incidence (%) Disease Severity Index3

15 Sept 1 Oct 15 Sept 1 Oct

PRISTINE 1.7 kg 37.5 ab1 97.5 ns2 10.0 ns 44.6 a

ROVRAL 2.0 kg 22.5 a 100.0 4.2 67.1 b

POLYVERSUM 100 g 70.0 bc 100.0 17.9 81.3 b

POLYVERSUM 200 g 50.0 abc 100.0 10.4 75.8 b

Check -- 85.0 c 100.0 31.7 70.8 b 1 Numbers in a column followed by a different letter were significantly different at P= 0.05 Tukey’s HSD 2 ns indicate no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 DSI= ∑ [(class no.)(no. of plants in each class)] x100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. classes – 1)

Table 4. Yield data for lettuce, cv. Mighty Joe, treated with fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, 2009 (Run 2).

Treatment Rate (per ha) % Marketable Trimmed

Weight/Head (g)

ROVRAL 2.0 kg 98.7 ns1 893.3 ns

PRISTINE 1.7 kg 98.5 918.0

POLYVERSUM 100 g 98.7 812.8

POLYVERSUM 200 g 97.6 866.3

Check -- 100.0 920.5 1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments Funding for this project was supplied by Beta Biologics and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production systems Program.

CROP: Snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Strike PEST: White mould (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: EVALUATION OF A BIOLOGICAL FUNGICIDE FOR CONTROL OF WHITE

MOULD ON INOCULATED SNAP BEANS, 2009 MATERIALS: SERENADE MAX (Bacillus subtilis (QST 713 strain) 7.3 x 109 CFU/g), LANCE WDG (boscalid 70.0%) METHODS: The trial was conducted at an off-station site near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in mineral soil (pH ≈ 8. 0, organic matter ≈ 4.5%). Beans, cultivar Strike, were direct seeded at 20-25 seeds/m, using an Earthway push seeder, on 31 July. A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of three, 6 m long rows, 55 cm apart. Treatments were: SERENADE MAX at 1.5 kg/ha, LANCE at 385 g/ha and SERENADE MAX at 1.5 kg/ha + LANCE at 385 g/ha. Treatments were applied on 31 September using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 250 L/ha at 240 kPa. On 17 September, all treatments were inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by spreading S. sclerotiorum-inoculated filter paper strips at the rate of 1.5 g/m evenly over the foliage of the plants of every treatment. Inoculum strips, 0.5 by 3.0 cm, were obtained from Dr. B. Gossen, AAFC. Strips were further cut into pieces approximately 0.06 cm by 0.05 cm to resemble bean flower petals. The trial was monitored weekly for phytotoxicity and the presence of white mould. On 6 October white mould foci were counted and recorded. The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for August (19.4°C) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for September (51 mm) and above average for July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: No disease was found in the trial, even though the trial was inoculated. Table 1. White mould incidence and yield data for snap beans, cv. Strike, treated with LANCE and SERENADE, grown at Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate/ha # Disease Foci 6 October % Diseased Beans

LANCE 385 g 0.0 ns1 0.0 ns SERENADE + LANCE 1.5 kg + 385 g 0.0 0.0 SERENADE 1.5 kg 0.0 0.0 Check -- 0.0 0.0

1 ns indicates no significant differences found among the treatments Funding for this project was supplied by AgraQuest, Inc., and the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production /Systems Program.

CROP: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) PEST: Ascochyta blight, (Ascochyta rabiei) (Pass.) Labr. (teleomorph, Didymella

rabiei (Kov.) Arx.) AUTHORS: THAHER N1, GOSSEN BD2 & MCDONALD MR1 1University of Guelph, Department of Plant Agriculture 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon TITLE: SENSITIVITY OF FIELD ISOLATES OF ASCOCHYTA RABIEI TO

STROBILURIN FUNGICIDES IN 2007 AND 2008 MATERIALS: Ten isolates of A. rabiei collected from commercial chickpea fields in 2007 (three sensitive, four intermediate, and three insensitive to strobilurin fungicides) and isolates of A. rabiei obtained from chickpea fields in Saskatchewan in 2008, technical grade pyraclostrobin (Group 11 strobilurin fungicide), Headline 250 EC (pyraclostrobin), and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, 99%). OBJECTIVES: To determine: 1) the effect of pyraclostrobin and SHAM on radial growth and conidial germination of A. rabiei, 2) if single-spore and mass-transfer isolates differ in sensitivity to pyraclostrobin, 3) if sensitivity to pyraclostrobin differs in tests using formulated product versus technical grade active, and 4) the sensitivity to pyraclostrobin of isolates of A. rabiei collected in Saskatchewan in 2008. METHODS: The 10 isolates of A. rabiei collected in 2007 were selected based on the percent reduction of radial growth compared to the nontreated check. Reduction in growth of < 40%, 40 - 70%, and > 70% at 5 µg pyraclostrobin per mL was chosen to indicate insensitive, intermediate and sensitive isolates, respectively. For the isolates collected in 2007, fungicide sensitivity was evaluated based on radial growth and conidial germination on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with formulated product of pyraclostrobin (Headline) with and without the addition of SHAM to achieve final concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg pyraclostrobin mL-1 for radial growth assessments, and 0, 000.1, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 µg pyraclostrobin mL-1 for conidial germination assessments. SHAM was dissolved in methanol at 100 µg mL-1. Control treatments were amended with methanol (0.1% by volume) when SHAM was added to the media, and control treatments were unamended when SHAM was not added to the media.

For assessments of radial growth, there was one Petri dish per replicate and three replicates per isolate x concentration combination. Dishes were inoculated with a 5-mm agar plug of each isolate and incubated at 12/12 h light/dark period and 20 ± 2 ºC for two weeks. The width of each colony at its widest point and perpendicular to the first measurement was measured at 14 days after inoculation. The percentage inhibition of colony growth relative to the control was calculated as: [1 – (growth on amended medium / growth of control)] x 100%.

To assess the effects of fungicide concentration on conidial germination, conidial suspension (100 µL, 1 x 105 conidia mL-1) of each isolate was pipette onto fungicide-amended agar. After 24 h of incubation in the dark at 20 ± 2 ºC, 100 conidia per plate were assessed microscopically (100x magnification) for germination. The percentage of germination inhibition relative to the control was calculated as: [1 – (germination on amended media / germination of control)] x 100.

To assess the impact of genetic homogeneity on sensitivity assessments, four single-spore isolates were produced and compared to each of the 10 mass-transfer isolates from 2007 that they were taken from. Radial growth of the10 isolates was assessed on agar containing 5 µg a.i mL-1 pyraclostrobin (as Headline) plus SHAM. This dose was selected as a discriminatory dose based on the previous experiments.

To assess the impact of formulation on sensitivity assessments, the reaction of the 10 isolates from 2007 was assessed on media amended with technical grade pyraclostrobin and on formulated pyraclostrobin (Headline). Headline and pyraclostrobin were dissolved in acetone. The control dishes were amended only with acetone and methanol at 0.1% by volume.

The radial growth of 81 mass-transfer isolates of A. rabiei collected in 2008 in Saskatchewan was assessed on PDA amended with formulated pyraclostrobin (Headline) at 5 µg mL-1 a.i. plus SHAM. Reduction of < 40%, 40–70%, and > 70% was used to indicate insensitive, intermediate and sensitive isolates, respectively.

The percent reduction of radial growth or conidial germination for each isolate in relation to fungicide concentration (log10) was used to calculate the EC50 value (the concentration required to inhibit 50% of radial growth or conidial germination) in each replicate using PROC PROBIT in SAS 9.1. The effect of including SHAM in assessments of pyraclostrobin sensitivity was examined in factorial experiments on radial growth and conidial germination; SHAM (presence or absence) and isolate category (sensitive, intermediate, insensitive) were fixed factors, and repetition, replicate and isolate nested within category were random factors. EC50 values for each rep were subjected to analysis of variance using PROC MIXED in SAS. A correlation analysis of response based on the EC50 values of the two assessment techniques with and without SHAM was conducted using PROC CORR in SAS to determine if the same pattern of response was observed for both assessment techniques.

The response of individual isolates from single-spore and mass-transfer isolates to the discriminatory dose of pyraclostrobin was compared using contrasts within analysis of variance using PROC MIXED in SAS. The percent of growth inhibition of the four single-spore colonies of each isolate was compared to that of a mass-transfer subculture of the same isolate. Isolate category was a fixed factor, and repetition, replicate, and isolate within isolate category were random factors in this analysis.

The impact of fungicide formulation (technical grade active vs. formulated product) was determined using PROC ANOVA in SAS.

All experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment and all were performed twice. In each case, the two runs of each experiment did not differ significantly, so the data were pooled for subsequent analyses. Differences were significant at P ≤ 0.05 unless otherwise stated. RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 and 2, and Figures 1 and 2 CONCLUSIONS: Seven of the 81 isolates collected in 2008 were sensitive to pyraclostrobin (Headline) at 5 µg mL-1 a.i., 27 isolates were intermediate and 34 isolates were insensitive in a radial growth assay. Previous studies had shown that there is strong cross-resistance among the actives in the strobilurin fungicides (Group 11), so less than 10% of the population is sensitive to strobilurins.

SHAM reduced EC50 values for both radial growth and conidial germination, but the effect was small and did not influence the differentiation of sensitive isolates versus insensitive isolates for either assessment (Table 1). There was a SHAM x isolate interaction in both assessments, but it did not affect the identification of sensitive versus insensitive isolates in our analysis. Within each testing technique (radial growth and conidial germination), there was a strong and highly significant positive correlation of isolates assessed with and without SHAM (Table 2). The correlations were not as strong (but still highly significant) across techniques. In both techniques, sensitive isolates were readily separated from intermediate and insensitive isolates, but intermediate isolates did not differ from insensitive isolates (Figs. 1, 2). We conclude that the isolates that were categorized as having intermediate sensitivity to pyraclostrobin can be characterized as insensitive to strobilurin fungicides.

The pattern of strobilurin sensitivity in single-spore versus mass-transfer isolates of A. rabiei isolates did not differ substantially (data not shown). For the sensitive and insensitive isolates, all of the single-spore isolates showed a similar response to the mass-transfer isolate that they were taken from. Variability among single-spore isolates in the intermediate category was somewhat higher than in the other categories, but all of the single-spore isolates still fell in the intermediate to insensitive isolate category.

We conclude that using mass-transfer isolates would result in substantial saving in time, labour, and expense.

There were no differences in inhibition of radial growth for isolates grown on agar amended with the formulated product (Headline) compared to technical grade pyraclostrobin.

A discriminatory dose of 5 µg a.i mL-1 as Headline (without SHAM) in radial growth assessments was selected for future assessments of strobilurin sensitivity. This concentration was well above the mean EC50 value for sensitive isolates and provided effective separation of sensitive and insensitive isolates of A. rabiei.

Funding for this project was provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Agriculture Development Fund of Saskatchewan. Thanks to BASF for providing technical grade pyraclostrobin and to Ken Bassendowski for technical assistance.

Table 1. Effect of SHAM on sensitivity to pyraclostrobin (assessed as EC50 µg/mLZ) of sensitive, intermediate and insensitive isolates of Ascochyta rabiei based on radial growth and conidial germination assessments.

Isolate and category

Radial growth Conidial germination + SHAM - SHAM + SHAM - SHAM

Insensitive

Jul08132 10.9 bc 15.2 a 0.2 d 0.4 a Jul08125 9.6 c 12 b 0.1 de 0.3 bc Jul0866 4.2 e 7.0 d 0.1 de 0.3 ab Intermediate Jul0864 4.5 e 7.2 d 0.1 e 0.3 bc Jul0880 3.1 e 4.1 e 0.1 de 0.3 c Jul08120 2.9 ef 4.4 e 0.1 de 0.3 a Jul0871 2.6 efg 3.9 e 0.1 de 0.3 c Sensitive Jul08124 0.3 h 0.6 fgh 0.002 f 0.003 f Jul0878 0.3 h 0.6 gh 0.002 f 0.002 f Jul0861 0.3 gh 0.5 gh 0.001 f 0.001 f

Z Values within pairs of columns followed by the same letter do not differ based on Tukey’s multiple means comparison test at P ≤ 0.05. Table 2. Correlation matrix for assessment techniques in Ascochyta rabiei based on radial growth (RG) and conidial germination (CG) assessments with (+) and without (-) SHAM.

Assessment technique RG - SHAM CG + SHAM CG - SHAM

RG + SHAM 0.97Y 0.67 0.61 <.0001Z <.0001 0.0004

RG - SHAM 0.70 0.63 <.0001 0.0002

CG + SHAM 0.88 <.0001

Y r = correlation coefficient. Z P value for the correlation coefficient.

Figure 1. Inhibition of mycelial growth by pyraclostrobin with and without SHAM in sensitive, intermediate, and insensitive isolates of Ascochyta rabiei.

Figure 2. Inhibition of conidial germination by pyraclostrobin with and without SHAM in sensitive, intermediate, and insensitive isolates of Ascochyta rabiei.

0

20

40

60

80

100

-1 0 1 2 3

Gro

wth

inhi

bitio

n % Sensitive

IntermediateInsensitive

+SHAM LSD5%= 3.04

-1 0 1 2 3

Log pyraclostrobin concentration (µg mL-1)

Sensitive

IntermediateInsensitive

- SHAM LSD5%= 2.96

0

20

40

60

80

100

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 0.5

Ger

min

atio

n in

hibi

tion

% Sensitive

Intermediate

Insensitive

+ SHAM LSD5%= 2.07

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 0.5

Log pyraclostrobin concentration (µg mL-1)

Sensitive

Intermediate

Insensitive

- SHAMLSD5%= 1.59

CROP: Leek (Allium porrum L.), cv. Tadorna AUTHORS: SWANTON C J , JANSE S & CHANDLER K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: TOLERANCE OF LEEKS TO HERBICIDES, 2009 MATERIALS: LOROX (linuron 50%), CHATEAU (Flumioxazin 51%), GESAGARD (prometryne 48%), PROWL H2O (pendimethalin 45.5%), PARDNER (bromoxynil 28%). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tolerance and efficacy of selected herbicides in transplanted leeks. METHODS: The trial was conducted at a site with organic soil (organic matter 79%, pH 6.1) on the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh. Plots were 4m long and 1.5m wide and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Leeks were seeded in a green house on 6 April and transplanted (7/m) in 43 cm rows on 5 June. The trial consisted of 8 treatments including an untreated check and herbicides at 1X and 2X the proposed use rate (see table 1 for details). Herbicides were applied 1 week after planting (1 WAP) and repeated at 3 WAP. Treatments were applied on 16 and 4 July when leeks were at the 4 and 6 leaf stages, respectively. All treatments were applied in 200 L/ha of water. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Visual assessments for crop injury and weed control were conducted periodically over the growing season. Marketable leeks were harvested on 10 September. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and means separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test (P=0.05). RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 and 2 CONCLUSIONS: All treatments caused <5% crop injury when applied 1 WAP (week after planting). When a second application of each treatment was applied 3 WAP, injury was more severe with CHATEAU at 143 gai/ha (2 x the registered rate in onions). Injury with CHATEAU at 71.5 gai/ha, PARDNER at 140 and 280 gai/ha, LOROX at 500 gai/ha, and PROWL H2O at 1000 gai/ha, was similar or less than with the registered treatment of GESAGARD. Leek yields from the weed-free section of each plot were similar in all treatments. GESAGARD, the standard treatment, CHATEAU at 1X, and LOROX gave similar excellent/good mid-season (August 5) control of common groundsel, redroot pigweed, and oak-leaved goosefoot (Table 2). PROWL H2O gave excellent control of oak-leaved goosefoot but poor control of common groundsel and redroot pigweed which reduced leek yield. PARDNER at 1X provided initial control of emerged common groundsel, redroot pigweed, and oak-leaved goosefoot but by mid-season control of all species except oak-leaved goosefoot was poor, resulting in yield loss.

Table 1. Tolerance of transplanted leeks to selected herbicides, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009

Treatment (2 applications: 1 and 3 weeks after planting)

Dose (gai/ha)

Crop injury Market yield

23 Jun 4 Jul 10 Jul 5 Aug

--------------------- % --------------------- kg/m row

Untreated 0 0 0 0 1.59

Gesagard 1800 1 1 5 0 1.72

Chateau 71.5 5 1 9 0 1.67

Chateau 143 4 0 18 0 1.59

Prowl H2O 1000 0 0 1 1 1.69

Pardner 140 0 0 3 0 1.86

Pardner 280 0 0 10 0 1.73

Lorox 500 3 1 1 0 1.83

LSD (P=0.05) 3 NS 6 NS NS Table 2. Efficacy of selected herbicides in transplanted leeks, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009

Treatment (2 applications: 1 and 3 weeks after planting

Dose (gai/ha)

Common Groundsel

Redroot pigweed

Oak-leaved goosefoot

Market yield

10 Jul 5 Aug 10 Jul 5 Aug 10 Jul 5 Aug

--------------------------- % ----------------------------- kg/m row

Untreated 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.19

Gesagard 1800 99 98 98 89 100 100 1.46

Chateau 71.5 98 81 99 91 99 93 1.14

Chateau 143 100 95 100 100 100 99 1.24

Prowl H2O 1000 33 13 51 0 100 91 0.43

Pardner 140 100 70 84 27 100 93 0.71

Pardner 280 100 77 95 37 100 90 0.88

Lorox 500 99 80 95 81 100 100 1.27

LSD (P=0.05) 13 22 11 14 1 7 0.38 Funding for this project was supplied by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

PESTS: Common lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album), pigweed (Amaranthus sp.), creeping yellow cress (Rorippa sylvestris), hairy galinsoga, (Galinsoga ciliate), oak-leaved goosefoot (Chenopodium glaucum), celery-leaved buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus), hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides), mustard family (Cruciferae), chickweed (Stellaria media), lady’s thumb (Polygonum persicaria)

AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KOOI K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station TITLE: EFFICACY OF FLUMIOXAZIN ON MUCK SOIL, 2009 MATERIALS: CHATEAU WDG (flumioxazin 51%), GOAL 2XL (oxyfluorfen 240 g/L) METHOD: The trial was conducted at two sites near the Muck Crops Research Station, organic matter ≈ 60%, pH ≈ 6.0 (Site 1) and organic matter ≈ 7.5, pH ≈ 6.8 (Site 2). On 13 and 15 May land at both sites was disked and then cultivated to prepare the plots as if for seeding. Beds were formed to separate treatments and left undisturbed for the duration of the trial. Treatments were: CHATEAU at the rates of 140 and 70 g/ha applied on 15 May (Site 1) and 28 May (Site 2) and the commercial standard (GOAL 2XL) at the rate of 500 mL/ha applied on 12 June (Site 1) and 6 July (Site 2). A water check was also included. Treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a four TeeJet XR8002 nozzles spaced 40 cm apart, calibrated to deliver a water volume of 250 L/ha at 240 kPa. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of an area 6 m in length and 1.75 m wide. Within each plot, four 1 m2 areas were staked-out, one for each assessment date. On 29 May, 19 June, 14 and 31 July (Site 1) and 12 June, 3 and 27 July, 13 August (Site 2), all weeds in a staked-out area were removed, identified, counted and recorded. Percent weed control was calculated by comparing the average number of weeds of all species in treated plots to the average of the weedy check. All data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.9. Means separation was obtained using Tukey’s HSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: as presented in Tables 1 through 8 CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in the numbers of all species of weeds were found among the treatments at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th assessments at both sites (Tables 1 & 2). Plots sprayed with CHATEAU at 140 or 70 g/ha had significantly fewer weeds compared to the water check at Sites 1 & 2 on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th assessments. There was no significant difference in total weeds found in plot sprayed with CHATEAU at 140 or 70 g/ha at Sites 1 & 2 on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th assessment dates.

Significant differences in the numbers of common lamb’s quarters were found among the treatments at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th assessments at Site 1 (Tables 3). Plots sprayed with CHATEAU at 140 or 70 g/ha or the commercial standard had significantly fewer common lamb’s quarters than the water check at Site 1. There were no significant differences in the numbers of common lamb’s quarters at Site 2 (Table 4).

Significant differences in the numbers of pigweed were found in plots sprayed with CHATEAU at 140 or 70 g/ha compared to the water check at Site 1 on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th assessment dates and at site 2 on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd assessments. There were no significant differences in numbers of pigweed between plots sprayed with CHATEAU at 140 or 70 g/ha at either site (Tables 5 & 6).

Significant differences in percent weed control were found between plots sprayed with CHATEAU compared to plots sprayed with GOAL 2XL at the 3rd assessment (Site 1) and at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th assessments (Site 2) (Tables 7 & 8). Plots sprayed with CHATEAU at 140 or 70 g/ha had a significantly higher percent weed control (87 and 78% respectively) compared to plots sprayed with GOAL 2XL (37%) at the 3rd assessment at Site 1 (Table 7). At Site 2, plots sprayed with CHATEAU at 140 or 70 g/ha

had significantly higher percent weed control (92 to 96% and 67 to 90% respectively) compared to plots sprayed with GOAL 2XL (30 to 38%) on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th assessment dates (Table 8). CHATEAU was as effective as GOAL 2XL in controlling all weeds on six assessments (both sites), as effective in controlling lamb’s quarters on 3 assessments and as effective in controlling pig weed on five assessment dates. Table 1. Weed counts for muck soil treated with CHATEAU and the commercial standard (GOAL 2XL), Site 1, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate/ha # Weeds1

1st Assessment 29 May

2nd Assessment 19 June

3rd Assessment 14 July

4th Assessment 31 July

CHATEAU 140 g 16.3 ns2 3.3 a3 12.5 a 14.0 a CHATEAU 70 g 26.8 7.8 a 22.0 ab 22.8 a GOAL 2XL 500 mL 73.8 21.8 a 63.0 bc 72.8 ab Check -- 82.0 91.8 b 99.3 c 112.5 b 1 Average number of all annual weeds in 1 m2 plot 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test. Table 2. Weed counts for muck soil treated with CHATEAU and the commercial standard (GOAL 2XL), Site 2, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate/ha # Weeds1

1st Assessment 12 June

2nd Assessment 3 July


4th Assessment 13 August

CHATEAU 140 g 2.0 ns2 6.8 a3 10.5 a 5.5 a CHATEAU 70 g 1.8 16.5 a 14.0 a 19.7 ab GOAL 2XL 500 mL 57.3 102.8 b 85.0 b 45.8 bc Check -- 50.5 164.3 b 123.5 b 65.3 c 1 Average number of all annual weeds in 1 m2 plot 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test. Table 3. Numbers of common lamb’s quarters for muck soil treated CHATEAU and the commercial standard (GOAL 2XL), Site 1, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate/ha # Common Lamb’s Quarters1





CHATEAU 140 g 3.0 ns2 0.0 a3 0.5 a 0.3 a CHATEAU 70 g 8.3 1.0 a 2.3 a 0.8 a GOAL 2XL 500 mL 18.8 0.5 a 0.3 a 1.0 a Check -- 28.0 13.0 b 15.5 b 17.0 b 1 Average number of common lamb’s quarters in 1 m2 plot 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test.

Table 4. Numbers of common lamb’s quarters for muck soil treated CHATEAU and the commercial standard (GOAL 2XL), Site 2, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate/ha # Common Lamb’s Quarters





CHATEAU 140 g 1.3 ns1 1.5 ns 1.8 ns 1.8 ns CHATEAU 70 g 1.3 6.3 4.3 5.0 GOAL 2XL 500 mL 27.8 28.5 13.5 6.5 Check -- 15.0 37.5 25.8 17.0 1 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments Table 5. Numbers of pigweed for muck soil treated CHATEAU and the commercial standard (GOAL 2XL), Site 1, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate/ha # Pigweed1





CHATEAU 140 g 1.0 ns2 0.0 a3 0.5 a 0.5 a CHATEAU 70 g 4.0 0.3 a 1.3 a 0.5 a GOAL 2XL 500 mL 10.5 2.3 ab 0.3 a 0.0 a Check -- 5.0 6.3 b 5.3 b 4.5 b 1 Average number of both red and green pigweed in 1 m2 plot 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test. Table 6. Numbers of pigweed for muck soil treated CHATEAU and the commercial standard (GOAL 2XL), Site 2, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate/ha # Pigweed1





CHATEAU 140 g 0.0 a2 3.0 a 3.8 a 2.3 ns3 CHATEAU 70 g 0.5 a 3.8 a 3.5 a 2.0 GOAL 2XL 500 mL 18.0 b 17.5 ab 15.5 ab 6.3 Check -- 22.0 b 20.8 b 23.3 b 12.5 1 Includes both red and green pigweed 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test. 3 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments

Table 7. Percent control of all species of weeds found on muck soil treated with CHATEAU and the commercial standard (GOAL 2XL), Site 1, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate/ha % Weed Control1 29 May 19 June 14 July 31 July

CHATEAU 140 g 80.2 ns2 95.0 ns 87.4 a3 87.6 a CHATEAU 70 g 67.4 90.4 77.8 a 79.8 ab GOAL 2XL 500 mL 10.1 72.4 36.6 b 35.3 b Check -- -- -- -- -- 1 Compared to the average number of all species of weeds occurring in the check on each assessment date. 2 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments 3 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test. Table 8. Percent weed control compared to the weedy check for muck soil treated with CHATEAU and the commercial standard (GOAL 2XL), Site 2, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2009.

Treatment Rate/ha % Weed Control1

12 June 3 July 27 July 13 August CHATEAU 140 g 96.0 ns2 95.9 a3 91.5 a 91.6 a CHATEAU 70 g 96.5 90.0 a 88.7 a 69.8 a GOAL 2XL 500 mL -13.4 37.5 b 31.2 b 29.9b Check -- -- -- -- -- 1 Compared to the average number of weeds occurring in the check on each assessment date. 2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test. 3 ns indicates no significant differences were found among the treatments Funding for this project was provided by the Pest Management Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Sustainable Production Systems Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs & the University of Guelph

CROP: Celery (Apium graveolens L.var. dulce (Miller) Pers.), cv. Florida 683 AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR1, VANDER KOOI K1, O’HALLORAN I2, & SPERANZINI, D3

1 University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 University of Guelph, School of Environmental Science, Ridgetown Campus 3 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Rural Affairs

TITLE: EVALUATION OF PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR CELERY GROWN

ON ORGANIC (MUCK) SOIL, 2009 MATERIALS: mono ammonium phosphate (11% NH4, 52% P205, 1.5% SO4) METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil at an off-station site near the Muck Crops Research Station (organic matter ≈ 46.8%, pH ≈ 7.7), Holland Marsh, ON. Pre-plant soil samples were collected in May. On 2 July fertilizer treatments were applied: mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) at 50 kg P2O5/ha, 75 kg P2O5/ha and 100 kg P2O5/ha. An untreated check was included. Treatments were broadcast by hand. Nitrate (80 kg NO3/ha) and potash (100 kg K2O/ha) were also applied to the treatment areas. Nitrogen, phosphorus (P) and potassium requirements were determined by OMAFRA recommendations and soil sample results. A randomized complete block design with four replications per treatment was used. On 8 July, celery seedlings, cv. Florida 683, were transplanted by hand with in-row spacing of 18 cm. Each replicate consisted of 6 rows (55 cm apart), 5 m in length. On 14 October 20 plants per treatment were cut, weighed and measured to determine harvest weight and average height. Celery was trimmed to 40 cm, weighed to obtain marketable yield and assessed for greenness on a scale of 1 to 3, where 1 = yellow green, 2 = green and 3 = dark green. One celery stalk per treatment was dried and sent to Agri-Food Laboratories, Guelph, Ontario for tissue analysis. The air temperatures in the 2009 growing season were below the long term (10 year) average for July (17.9°C) and October (7.3°C), and average for August (19.4oC) and September (14.9°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: July 19.9°C, August 19.3°C, September 15.5°C and October 8.9°C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for September (51 mm), and above average for July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: July 76 mm, August 57 mm, September 72 mm and October 59 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V. 9. Means separation was obtained using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences in total and trimmed yield, plant greenness, plant height or tissue phosphorus content were found among all treatments (Table 1). Pre-plant soil test results were 113 ppm. Levels >80 ppm are rated as “No Response”. The average tissue phosphorus level was 0.3% which is within the suggested sufficiency range of 0.3 – 0.6%. (Suggested sufficiency ranges: Table 9-27, OMAFRA publication 363, Vegetable Production Recommendations 2008 - 2009.)

Table 1. Yield, plant greenness and dried tissue phosphorus content of celery, cv. Florida 683, grown in soil with various rates of phosphate fertilizer, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, ON, 2009.

Treatment Rate (kg/ha) Harvest Height (cm)

Weight (kg) (20 plants) Plant Greenness3

Tissue Phosphorus

(%) Harvest Trimmed2 Check 0 65.3 ns4 12.4 ns 10.8 ns 2.0 ns 0.3 ns MAP1 50 53.8 13.5 11.0 2.3 0.3 MAP 75 51.4 12.2 10.5 1.8 0.3 MAP 100 52.1 12.8 10.8 2.3 0.3 1 MAP is mono ammonium phosphate. 2 Plants were trimmed to 40 cm. 3 Plant greenness rating is based on a scale of 1 to 3, where 1 = yellow green, 2 = green, and 3 = dark green. 4 ns indicates that no significant differences were found among the treatments. Funding for this project was provided by the OMAFRA/University of Guelph Sustainable Production Systems Program.

Variety

Trials

2009

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASONAL SUMMARY - 2009

Air temperatures for most of the summer months were slightly below seasonal to seasonal with most months having above average

rainfall. The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year) average for June (16.5 °C), July (17.9°C) and October (7.3 °C), and

average for May (12.6 °C), August (19.4 °C) and September (14.9 °C). Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49

mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for May (117 mm), July (135 mm), August (89 mm) and October (62 mm).

The carrot trial was seeded on May 20 & 21. Soil moisture levels and temperatures were fair at seeding. Air temperatures

fluctuated between 15oC - 19°C for two weeks after seeding. A heavy downpour occurred on May 27 with 41 mm of rain. Making

soil moisture levels quite wet during germination. Germination was slightly uneven, and stand counts were a little poor. Slightly below

seasonal air temperatures and the slightly above average rainfall of the summer resulted in fair growth.

Weed pressure in the trial was controllable throughout the entire season. Two Lorox & Assist Oil applications at the end of

June kept most of the weeds at manageable levels. Some hand weeding was necessary to clean up larger escaped weeds and was

occasionally needed throughout the season to keep the trial free of weeds.

Carrot weevil populations at the Muck Station started approximately two weeks earlier and were at high levels until July.

Cumulative weevil counts were over 17 weevils per trap compared to only 10 weevils per trap in 2008. Imidan was applied twice to

control the weevil population; however, weevil damage at harvest was still a concern. Carrot rust fly levels were higher compared to

previous years. On three separate occasions at approximately 3 week intervals rust flies reached threshold in the first two months. By

mid July carrot rust fly levels dropped below threshold and never reached threshold again for the rest of the season. The carrot rust fly

damage at harvest was low to moderate.

…/continued

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASONAL SUMMARY – 2009 - continued

Alternaria and Cercospora leaf blight appeared early and was high in pressure throughout the Marsh. A regular spray program

was used to keep the blight below economic thresholds during the summer months. To observe cultivar tolerance to both pathogens,

regular fungicide sprays were discontinued in early September. Strong storms moved through the Marsh on July 11 and August 9. On

both occasions strong winds and heavy downpours flatten the carrot tops level with the soil. The carrot tops straighten out within 3 to

4 days, with little visible damage. On the Grower Field Day in early September, the majority of cultivars had a moderate number of

forked and/or split carrots. Some insect pest problems were noted. Some cultivars had a few seeders present. Most carrot cultivars

were of average size.

Harvest conditions in October were slightly damp and temperatures were a little below seasonal. The average to above average

rainfall of the summer months increased disease pressure from Sclerotinia, some large pockets of disease were found in the trial.

Alternaria and Cercospora disease levels were surprisingly average. When yield samples were taken there was a noticeable increase in

forked and split carrots. One third of the cultivars in the trial had seeders but at very low numbers. All cultivars appeared to have

weaker tops most likely due to heavy frost the week before harvest. The carrots were placed in the Filacell storage immediately after

harvest.

At evaluation in November, the trial as a whole had close to average yields with total weight down slightly, and some carrot

varieties being a bit shorter in length. This year there was a noticeable spike in splits. Rot issues also were increased compared to the

previous year. The degree of cavity spot was on average a Light Medium sized lesion and a moderate percentage of carrots infected.

No marbling of exterior colour was found compared to the last few years. Exterior colour was quite even throughout all varieties.

Generally most varieties had a fairly smooth skin. Interior colour blending was fair, with fewer rings around cores or translucent cores.

Green shoulders were not present on most carrot varieties and if found was just starting to develop. Insect damage increased compared

to the last couple of years. The number of culls increased significantly compared to the 2008 season. The number of carrots infected

with aster yellows was almost zero.

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2009

MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES

Fertilizer:

50 kg/ha Nitrogen (Ammonium Nitrate 34-0-0) + 120 kg/ha Phosphorous (MAP 11-52-0) + 100 kg/ha Potassium (Potash 0-0-50) + 100 kg/ha

K-Mag (0-0-20) and 3.5 kg/ha of Boron (14%) was worked into the soil.

Seeded:

All trials were seeded 20 & 21 May using a V-Belt seeder equipped with a 5 cm wide scatter shoe. Germination of 95 to 100%, a target of 26-22

seeds per foot was desired for Cello type carrots and 15-18 seeds per foot for Jumbo type carrots. All trials were seeded on beds 86 cm apart. The

seeding rate was according to germination. RIDOMIL 1G was applied at 25 kg/ha in the seed furrow. Main Trial was replicated three times.

Adaptation Trial was not replicated.

Weed Control:

Pre-emergence: 1 application: GESAGARD 480 at 7.0 L/ha on 22 May.

Post-emergence: 1 application: LOROX DF at 0.5 kg/ha + ASSIST OIL at 1.0 L/ha on 19 June.

1 application: LOROX DF at 0.75 kg/ha + ASSIST OIL at 1.0 L/ha on 22 June.

1 application: LOROX DF at 1.0 kg/ha + ASSIST OIL at 1.0 L/ha on 9 July.

Minor Elements:

Three foliar sprays: Calcimax on 5 Aug (1.0 L/ha), 28 July & 12 Aug (2.0 L/ha).

Two foliar sprays: Supra Feed on 28 July & 27 Aug (2.0 kg/ha).

Two foliar sprays: Magical Max on 24 July & 27 Aug (2.0 kg/ha).

One foliar spray: MagMax on 3 July (3.0L/ha).

One foliar spray: Epsom Salt on 12 Aug (2.0 kg/ha).

One foliar spray: Alexin on 24 July (1.0L/ha).

One foliar spray: ManMax on 5 Aug (2.5 L/ha).

Insect and Disease Control:

According to IPM recommendations.

IMIDAN 50 WP was applied at 2.25 kg/ha on 26 June & 3 July.

DITHANE DG at 2.5 kg/ha + DIAZINON at 1.1 L/ha and Minor Elements on 24 July.

BRAVO at 3.0 L/ha + RIPCORD at 175 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 28 July.

POLYRAM at 2.25 kg/ha + RIPCORD 175 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 5 Aug.

PRISTINE at 0.735 kg/ha and Minor Elements on 12 Aug.

DITHANE DG at 2.0 kg/ha + RIPCORD at 200 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 27 Aug.

… / continued

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2009 - continued

Harvest:

The Main Trial and Adaptation Trial were harvested 19, 20, & 22 October. All trials were immediately placed in a temperature and humidity

controlled storage (0oC, 95 % RH) respectively.

Irrigation: No irrigation water was applied for the 2009 season.

EVALUATION PROCEDURES

The cultivars were evaluated on 17 through 27 November after 4 weeks in storage.

# Carrots Harvested:

Total number of carrots harvested from 2.32 m of row.

Harvest Weight: Weights from the harvested 2.32 m of row.

Marketable Yield t/ha + B/A: Marketable yield includes the packaging size, 2.0 cm to 4.4 cm (¾” to 1¾") as well as the oversize > 4.4 cm (> 1¾").

% Oversize: The percentage of carrots > 4.4 cm (> 1¾ ") and greater.

Majority of Culls:

SP = Splits F = Forked SM = Small (< 2.0 cm) R = Rot A = Aster Yellows

Shape:

GP = Gold Pak N = Nantes Imp = Imperator Cyl = Cylindrical LD = Long Danver SP = Spartan Bonus

Resistance to Greening: The higher the number the less green tissue on the crown of the carrot 10.0 = no green tissue, 6.0 = moderated green tissue, 1.0 = total green tissue.

... / continued


External Colour:

DO = Dark Orange O = Orange BO = Bright Orange LO = Light Orange

Internal Colour: DO = Dark Orange O = Orange BO = Bright Orange LO = Light Orange

Blight Rating: Regular fungicide applications were discontinued on 27 Aug to allow the cultivars to be evaluated for tolerance to leaf blights. Evaluation took

place at harvest. 10.0 = Most Desirable, no lesions. 8.0 = Good, mild lesions on leaves, nothing on petioles. 6.0 = Moderate, lesions on leaves,

some lesions on petioles. 3.0 = Poor, numerous lesions on leaves, numerous lesions on petioles. 1.0 = Severe, tops completely rotted, crop cannot

be harvested.

Score:

The average of the 9 marks from Uniformity of Shape to Blight Rating. 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average.

% Cavity Spot & Degree:

The number indicates the percentage of roots with cavity spots.

The letters indicate the degree to which the roots were infected.

VL = Very Light, cavity spots are few and barely visible. Lesion size < 1mm.

L = Light, few small spots. Lesion size 1 - 2 mm.

M = Medium, roots borderline marketable. Lesion size 2 - 5 mm.

H = Heavy, large cavity spots, roots unmarketable. Lesion size 5 -10 mm.

VH = Very Heavy, many large cavity spots, roots unmarketable. Lesion size > 10 mm.

Example: 50 H = 50% of the roots were heavily infected with cavity spots, roots unmarketable.

Shape of Crown: CV = Convex (no indentation around crown) CC = Concave (indentation around crown)

Root Length (cm): Twenty centimetres is approximately eight inches.

… / continued


Root Width (cm):

One inch is approximately two and half cementers.

Stand per Foot:

Stand per Foot times 3.28 equals Stand per Metre.

Top Length (cm):

The average length of 20 random carrot tops from all three replicates from the crown of the carrot to the leaf tips as taken on 23 July.

Leaf Colour:

LG = Light Green G = Green DG = Dark Green PG = Pale Green

% Weevil & Rust Fly Damage:

Percent of carrot roots damaged by carrot weevil & carrot rust fly that were found in the 2.32 m harvest sample.

Average Number of Seeders: Average number of seeders found in each cultivar of 15 m of row.

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

# C

arro

ts H

arv

este

d

#

> 4

.4 c

m

# 2

.0 t

o 4

.4 c

m

To

tal

Har

ves

t W

eig

ht

(kg

)

Wei

gh

t >

4.4

cm

(k

g)

Wei

gh

t 2

.0 t

o 4

.4 c

m (

kg

)

Mar

ket

able

Yie

ld t

/ha

Mar

ket

able

Yie

ld B

/A

STANDFORD UNF 131 17 bcd* 101 a 21.69 b-e 4.37 bcd 15.46 a 99.1 1596 abc

ENVY Sto 134 28 a 87 a 23.04 abc 9.58 a 11.06 a 103.2 1661 ab

DOMINION Sto 152 22 ab 106 a 22.34 a-d 6.88 ab 12.96 a 99.2 1597 abc

JOSHI UNF 131 25 ab 89 a 23.45 ab 7.13 ab 13.43 a 102.8 1655 ab

HY 7826 RZ 137 12 cde 106 a 19.56 de 3.21 cde 13.76 a 84.8 1366 cd

CELLOBUNCH Sto 176 20 abc 127 a 25.66 a 6.78 ab 15.15 a 109.6 1765 a

BAYON UNF 126 10 de 99 a 21.84 bcd 3.23 cde 15.04 a 91.4 1471 bc

ENTERPRISE Sto 182 6 e 137 a 19.84 cde 1.85 de 14.75 a 83.0 1337 cd

OLYMPUS Sto 167 20 abc 117 a 22.04 bcd 5.29 bc 12.82 a 90.6 1458 bc

CX 171 Vil 165 19 a-d 111 a 20.90 b-e 5.38 bc 11.64 a 85.1 1370 cd

IBIZA BEJO 140 3 e 106 a 16.04 f 0.73 e 11.92 a 63.3 1019 e

ANKARA BEJO 120 12 cde 86 a 18.48 ef 4.19 bcd 9.92 a 70.6 1136 de

PX 2289 Sem 123 21 abc 77 a 23.69 ab 7.00 ab 10.92 a 89.6 1443 bc

TRIAL AVERAGE 145 16 104 21.43 5.05 12.99 90.2 1452

Listed in order of % Marketable.

* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... / continued

CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL CELLO TYPES - 2009

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

# C

arro

ts H

arv

este

d

#

> 4

.4 c

m

# 2

.0 t

o 4

.4 c

m

To

tal

Har

ves

t W

eig

ht

(kg

)

Wei

gh

t >

4.4

cm

(k

g)

Wei

gh

t 2

.0 t

o 4

.4 c

m (

kg

)

Mar

ket

able

Yie

ld t

/ha

Mar

ket

able

Yie

ld B

/A

VAC 48 Vil 123 57 a* 55 bcd 22.24 de 14.48 a-d 6.60 b-e 105.4 1697 a

HY 8567 RZ 105 32 e 64 abc 21.01 e 9.85 e 9.62 abc 97.4 1567 a

FONTANA BEJO 110 50 ab 46 bcd 23.64 b-e 15.13 ab 6.76 b-e 109.5 1763 a

BALTIMORE BEJO 119 36 cde 70 ab 26.04 abc 12.91 b-e 11.13 a 120.2 1935 a

BERLANDA BEJO 149 39 b-e 88 a 26.57 abc 12.74 b-e 11.30 a 120.2 1935 a

HY 8520 RZ 115 34 de 72 ab 25.90 a-d 10.79 e 12.29 a 115.4 1858 a

FINLEY BEJO 107 41 b-e 49 bcd 23.08 cde 13.63 a-e 6.86 b-e 102.5 1650 a

VAC 50 Vil 125 56 a 54 bcd 25.30 a-d 16.09 ab 6.27 cde 111.8 1800 a

BASTIA BEJO 157 47 abc 85 a 26.58 abc 13.19 b-e 10.25 ab 117.2 1887 a

ABBOTT Sol 112 33 e 64 abc 22.98 cde 10.95 cde 9.31 a-d 101.3 1631 a

COSTELLO Sol 140 31 e 86 a 24.88 a-d 9.66 e 12.12 a 108.9 1753 a

BELGRADO BEJO 94 46 a-d 34 d 27.32 ab 17.39 a 5.25 e 113.2 1822 a

ACHIEVE Sto 104 41 b-e 38 cd 24.96 a-d 14.92 abc 4.85 e 98.9 1591 a

PX 9281 Sem 113 41 b-e 39 cd 27.68 a 14.84 a-d 5.65 de 102.5 1650 a

TRIAL AVERAGE 120 42 60 24.87 13.33 8.45 108.9 1753



CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL JUMBO TYPES - 2009

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

% M

ark

etab

le

% O

ver

size

Maj

ori

ty o

f C

ull

s

Sh

ape

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f S

hap

e

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f W

idth

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f L

eng

th

Ap

pea

ran

ce

Res

ista

nce

to

Gre

enin

g

STANDFORD UNF 91.1 a* 19.8 bcd SP N 9.3 7.0 6.7 7.7 a 9.0 b

ENVY Sto 89.6 ab 41.7 a F Imp 7.3 5.7 4.7 7.7 a 9.0 b

DOMINION Sto 88.9 ab 30.8 ab SM Imp 8.0 4.7 6.0 7.5 a 9.3 ab

JOSHI UNF 87.4 abc 30.4 ab F GPCyl 4.3 6.0 5.3 5.0 d 7.0 c

HY 7826 RZ 86.7 abc 16.4 bcd F N 6.3 6.0 6.3 7.5 a 8.7 b

CELLOBUNCH Sto 85.6 abc 26.3 ab F ImpCyl 6.0 5.3 4.7 6.0 bcd 9.0 b

BAYON UNF 84.3 a-d 15.0 bcd F Cyl 8.7 6.3 5.7 5.7 cd 4.7 d

ENTERPRISE Sto 83.7 a-e 9.2 cd SM Imp 7.7 4.3 3.7 6.3 bc 9.0 b

OLYMPUS Sto 81.8 b-e 24.7 bc F Imp 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.3 bc 10.0 a

CX 171 Vil 81.2 b-e 26.1 ab F Imp 5.3 4.7 4.3 5.7 cd 9.3 ab

IBIZA BEJO 78.9 cde 4.5 d SP ImpCyl 7.3 5.0 4.7 5.7 cd 10.0 a

ANKARA BEJO 76.3 de 23.1 bc SP Imp 7.3 6.7 5.7 7.0 ab 9.0 b

PX 2289 Sem 75.5 e 29.6 ab SP ImpCyl 6.7 5.3 4.7 5.7 cd 9.0 b

TRIAL AVERAGE 83.9 22.9 6.9 5.6 5.3 6.4 8.7

Listed in order of % Marketable. 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average


CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL CELLO TYPES - 2009 - continued

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

% M

ark

etab

le

% O

ver

size

Maj

ori

ty o

f C

ull

s

Sh

ape

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f S

hap

e

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f W

idth

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f L

eng

th

Ap

pea

ran

ce

Res

ista

nce

to

Gre

enin

g

VAC 48 Vil 94.8 a* 64.8 a SM GP 6.3 8.0 7.0 8.7 a 9.0 a

HY 8567 RZ 92.7 a 47.5 cd F GPN 7.2 8.2 7.0 5.3 d 7.0 cde

FONTANA BEJO 92.7 a 64.1 ab F GP 7.0 6.7 6.3 7.2 bc 8.7 ab

BALTIMORE BEJO 92.4 a 49.5 bcd SM GPCyl 6.7 8.0 6.3 7.3 bc 6.0 ef

BERLANDA BEJO 90.3 ab 47.2 cd SM GP 7.0 7.2 5.7 6.7 c 8.3 ab

HY 8520 RZ 89.1 ab 41.8 d SP GPN 7.3 8.0 7.5 6.7 c 5.7 f

FINLEY BEJO 88.9 ab 59.8 abc F GP 7.3 7.0 6.0 7.3 bc 8.0 abc

VAC 50 Vil 88.3 ab 63.5 ab F LD 7.3 7.0 7.8 8.7 a 7.7 bcd

BASTIA BEJO 88.1 ab 49.2 bcd SM GP 7.3 8.0 7.3 7.7 b 8.0 abc

ABBOTT Sol 88.1 ab 47.7 cd SP GPN 7.3 7.7 6.7 7.5 bc 7.7 bcd

COSTELLO Sol 87.5 abc 38.8 d F Cyl 6.7 7.3 7.0 7.3 bc 6.7 def

BELGRADO BEJO 82.6 bc 64.4 ab SP GPN 8.0 7.3 6.0 7.2 bc 7.0 cde

ACHIEVE Sto 80.0 cd 59.8 abc SM GP 7.3 7.0 6.0 7.7 b 8.3 ab

PX 9281 Sem 74.3 d 53.8 a-d SM GP 7.7 7.3 7.0 7.2 bc 8.0 abc

TRIAL AVERAGE 87.8 53.7 7.2 7.5 6.7 7.3 7.6



CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL JUMBO TYPES - 2009 - continued

CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL CELLO TYPES - 2009 - continuedC

ult

ivar

So

urc

e

Ex

tern

al C

olo

ur

Ex

tern

al C

olo

ur

Rat

ing

Inte

rnal

Co

lou

r

Inte

rnal

Co

lou

r R

atin

g

% C

ore

of

To

tal

Wid

th

Bli

gh

t R

atin

g

Sco

re

% C

avit

y S

po

t &

Deg

ree

Sh

ape

of

Cro

wn

STANDFORD UNF LO 8.7 O 6.7 37.8 ab* 8.2 a 7.86 a 47LM ab CC

ENVY Sto O 8.0 LO 6.3 43.9 bc 7.2 a 6.95 bc 75LM cde CC

DOMINION Sto O 7.7 O 6.7 41.2 bc 8.0 a 7.12 b 83LM de CV

JOSHI UNF O 7.3 O 5.3 41.6 bc 7.8 a 5.76 f 75LM cde CC

HY 7826 RZ DO 7.0 O 6.3 36.4 ab 7.7 a 6.88 bc 73L cde CC

CELLOBUNCH Sto O 6.0 O 6.0 50.8 c 8.7 a 6.14 def 57L bc CC

BAYON UNF LO 8.0 O 5.3 35.2 ab 8.0 a 6.33 c-f 30L a CC

ENTERPRISE Sto O 6.3 O 6.7 30.6 a 8.2 a 6.29 c-f 55L abc CV

OLYMPUS Sto LO 6.0 LO 6.3 39.5 ab 7.8 a 6.62 b-e 78LM cde CV

CX 171 Vil O 6.0 LO 6.3 35.2 ab 6.8 a 5.95 ef 60LM bcd CV

IBIZA BEJO DO 8.0 LO 6.7 36.6 ab 6.5 a 6.76 bcd 87LM d CV

ANKARA BEJO O 7.3 O 5.7 35.9 ab 7.7 a 6.95 bc 55L abc CV

PX 2289 Sem O 6.7 O 6.8 35.9 ab 7.8 a 6.40 c-f 92M d CV

TRIAL AVERAGE O 7.2 O 6.2 38.5 8 6.62 67LM CV



Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

Ex

tern

al C

olo

ur

Ex

tern

al C

olo

ur

Rat

ing

Inte

rnal

Co

lou

r

Inte

rnal

Co

lou

r R

atin

g

% C

ore

of

To

tal

Wid

th

Bli

gh

t R

atin

g

Sco

re

% C

avit

y S

po

t &

Deg

ree

Sh

ape

of

Cro

wn

VAC 48 Vil O 8.0 LO 5.7 47.1 efg* 8.7 ab 7.52 a 28LM a CC

HY 8567 RZ O 7.2 O 6.8 41.6 g 8.3 abc 6.95 a 65LM a CV

FONTANA BEJO O 7.0 LO 5.3 49.9 c-f 6.0 g 6.88 a 48LM a CC

BALTIMORE BEJO O 7.7 LO 4.7 52.0 b-e 8.8 a 6.67 a 80LM a CV

BERLANDA BEJO O 6.7 LO 7.0 59.5 a 7.3 def 6.93 a 50L a CV

HY 8520 RZ O 7.0 O 6.0 41.7 g 8.3 abc 6.88 a 43LM a CC

FINLEY BEJO O 7.0 O 6.0 52.5 b-e 7.0 ef 6.95 a 65LM a CC

VAC 50 Vil O 7.0 O 7.7 47.1 efg 7.7 cde 7.60 a 42L a CC

BASTIA BEJO DO 7.0 O 7.3 52.9 bcd 7.3 cde 7.52 a 68LM a CV

ABBOTT Sol O 7.7 O 7.0 44.4 fg 8.3 abc 7.36 a 72LM a CC

COSTELLO Sol O 7.3 O 6.0 45.8 fg 8.3 abc 6.90 a 57LM a CV

BELGRADO BEJO LO 7.7 LO 6.0 55.9 ab 7.7 cde 7.02 a 63LM a CV

ACHIEVE Sto O 7.3 O 7.0 54.1 abc 7.7 bcd 7.24 a 65LM a CC

PX 9281 Sem O 7.3 LO 6.3 47.6 def 6.7 fg 7.26 a 85LM a CC

TRIAL AVERAGE O 7.3 O 6.3 49.4 7.7 7.12 59LM CC




Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

Ro

ot

Len

gth

(cm

)

Ro

ot

Wid

th (

cm)

Sta

nd

per

Fo

ot

To

p L

eng

th (

cm)

Lea

f C

olo

ur

% W

eev

il D

amag

e

% R

ust

Fly

Dam

age

Av

erag

e N

um

ber

of

See

der

s

STANDFORD UNF 18.2 f* 3.9 ab 17 a 49.6 G 1.3 a 2.0 a 0.0 a

ENVY Sto 24.9 b 4.1 a 18 a 61.0 G 4.2 a 4.8 b 0.0 a

DOMINION Sto 23.9 bc 3.3 cde 20 a 58.5 DG 1.7 a 1.8 a 0.7 a

JOSHI UNF 21.6 e 3.7 abc 17 a 52.2 G 0.7 a 2.0 a 1.0 a

HY 7826 RZ 19.2 f 3.6 bcd 18 a 50.2 DG 1.5 a 1.5 a 0.0 a

CELLOBUNCH Sto 22.2 cde 3.3 cde 23 a 59.4 G 1.2 a 0.4 a 0.0 a

BAYON UNF 23.6 bcd 3.5 b-e 17 a 42.9 G 0.3 a 0.0 a 0.0 a

ENTERPRISE Sto 24.2 bc 3.1 de 24 a 57.7 G 7.0 a 1.0 a 0.0 a

OLYMPUS Sto 23.0 b-e 3.5 b-e 22 a 55.5 LG 4.4 a 7.7 c 0.0 a

CX 171 Vil 21.8 de 3.3 cde 22 a 54.8 G 1.9 a 1.5 a 0.0 a

IBIZA BEJO 26.9 a 3.0 e 18 a 53.3 G 0.9 a 0.7 a 1.3 a

ANKARA BEJO 24.6 b 3.3 cde 16 a 49.2 G 2.1 a 1.8 a 0.3 a

PX 2289 Sem 23.5 b-e 3.4 b-e 16 a 58.8 G 0.9 a 4.8 b 0.7 a

TRIAL AVERAGE 22.9 3.5 19 54.1 G 2.2 2.3 0.3


* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.

CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL CELLO TYPES - 2009 - continued

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

Ro

ot

Len

gth

(cm

)

Ro

ot

Wid

th (

cm)

Sta

nd

per

Fo

ot

To

p L

eng

th (

cm)

Lea

f C

olo

ur

% W

eev

il D

amag

e

% R

ust

Fly

Dam

age

Av

erag

e N

um

ber

of

See

der

s

VAC 48 Vil 19.8 e* 5.0 a 16 b-e 64.7 LG 2.4 a 2.4 a 2.0 b

HY 8567 RZ 21.9 bcd 4.6 a 14 de 49.3 G 3.6 a 1.0 a 0.0 a

FONTANA BEJO 23.2 ab 5.0 a 14 cde 55.1 G 0.0 a 3.9 a 0.0 a

BALTIMORE BEJO 24.0 ab 5.0 a 16 b-e 55.6 G 2.3 a 0.3 a 0.3 a

BERLANDA BEJO 24.3 a 4.9 a 20 ab 57.4 G 3.4 a 3.8 a 0.0 a

HY 8520 RZ 23.5 bcd 4.5 a 15 cde 47.3 LG 0.6 a 0.6 a 0.0 a

FINLEY BEJO 23.0 abc 5.0 a 14 de 60.5 G 0.0 a 2.4 a 0.0 a

VAC 50 Vil 20.4 de 5.2 a 16 a-d 63.2 G 1.0 a 4.5 a 0.0 a

BASTIA BEJO 23.2 ab 5.0 a 21 a 57.8 LG 0.4 a 0.4 a 0.7 bc

ABBOTT Sol 21.1 cde 4.3 a 15 cde 55.6 G 2.2 a 1.7 a 0.0 a

COSTELLO Sol 22.7 abc 4.5 a 18 abc 58.9 LG 2.2 a 3.0 a 0.0 a

BELGRADO BEJO 23.9 ab 5.3 a 12 e 56.8 G 0.8 a 3.1 a 0.3 a

ACHIEVE Sto 24.5 a 5.2 a 14 de 65.6 G 1.3 a 6.1 a 0.0 a

PX 9281 Sem 22.7 abc 5.5 a 15 cde 68.0 G 5.0 a 1.2 a 6.7 c

TRIAL AVERAGE 22.7 4.9 16 58.3 G 1.8 2.5 0.7




MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL CELLO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES

Standford: Nantes type carrot, Exterior colour slightly pale, Good length & width, Interior blends fair, Translucent cores (70%), A

touch ringy, Some noticeable lenticels.

Envy: Taper but full ends, Fairly smooth, Red ring around core (30%), Length uneven, Interior colour blends okay, Slightly larger

core, Overall “Good”.

Dominion: Jumbo is an over sized packer, Good length, Width a little uneven, Tapered ends, Fairly smooth, Red ring around core

(30-60%), Interiors blend fair, Nice External colour.

Joshi: Length & width good but a touch uneven, Uneven uniformity of shape, Dead center of core translucent (70%), Interior blends

a little poor, Yellowish ring around core (40-60%), Slightly ringy, Overall “Okay” but a rough appearance.

Hy 7826: A touch ringy, A few short, Tips full, Exterior colour a little uneven, Interior colour blends okay, Overall “Average”.

Cellobunch: Ringy, Length a little uneven, Fuller tips, Exterior colour a little uneven, Odd bend & curve, Interior colour blends okay,

Dead center of core translucent (30-60%), Rougher appearance, Overall “Average”.

…/continued

MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL CELLO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES - continued

Bayon: Width a little uneven, Full tips, Pale exterior colour, Greening of shoulders a concern, Interior colour blends so-so, Dead

center of core translucent, Some slightly ringy, Some raised lenticels, Some bends & curves, Slicer potential.

Enterprise: Uneven lengths & widths, Some white in cores, Interior colour blends fair, A bit ringy, Red ring around core (20%), Some

a bit rough in appearance, Cut & Peel type, Overall “Average” packer.

Olympus: Width uneven some thin, Tips fairly full, Exterior colour a little uneven, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Some insect

damage, Red ring around cores (50-80%), Smoothness fair, “Average” packer.

Cx 171: Length & width very uneven, Slightly tapered ends, Exterior colour uneven, Rough appearance, Interior colour blends fair,

Red ring around core (30-40%), Ringy, “Poorer” packer due to size issues.

Ibiza: Long, A little thin, Length & width uneven, Fairly full tip, Bends and curves, Core has a touch of white (70%), Red ring

around core (80%), Slightly ringy, Rougher appearance, Cut & Peel type.

Ankara: Long but a little uneven, Greenish ring around core (20%), Tips fairly full, Width a touch uneven, A little ringy, “ Average”

packer.

Px 2289: Long & uneven, Tip fairly full, Exterior colour a little uneven, Cavity Spot a concern, Core blends fair, Some are a touch

rough & ringy, Jumbo is oversized packer, Red ring around core (30%).

MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL JUMBO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES

Vac 48: Bit short, Good width, Slightly tapered ends, Low Cavity Spot, Interior colour blends a little poor, Translucent cores,

Quite smooth, “Nice” jumbo but a touch short.

8567: Good width, Fairly ringy, Uniformity of shape a little uneven, Interior colour blends okay, White in core (30%), Slightly

rougher appearance, Translucent core (40-70%), Packers are more like a Nantes.

Fontana: Good weight, Slightly ringy, Odd lenticels noticeable, White in cores (60%), Blending of interior a poor, Dead center of

core translucent (100%), Red ring around core ( 40%), Overall “Average”.

Baltimore: Good size, Some to short, Smooth, Slicer potential, Exterior colour a touch uneven, Some lenticels noticeable,

Translucent cores (30-60%), Packers are Nantes, Interiors do not blend well.

Berlanda: Even length & width, Good weight, Full tips, White in cores (20-30%), Exterior colour uneven, Interior colour blends fair,

Fairly smooth, Cores are a little translucent, Odd noticeable lenticels, Overall “Average to Good” jumbo.

H y 8520: Lenticels a bit noticeable, Decent sized Jumbo, Exterior colour slightly pale, Slightly ringy, Packer carrots are nice, Some

white & yellow in cores, Interior blends a little uneven, Green ring around core (10-20%).

Finely: Length a little uneven, Good width, Tip full but slightly tapered, White in cores (30%), Interior a little disappointing,

Sligthly ringy, Overall “Good” jumbo.

…/continued

MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL JUMBO TYPES EVALUATION NOTES - continued

Vac 50: Some a little short, Slightly taped tips, Exterior colour slightly uneven, Low Cavity Spot, Interior colour blends fair,

Translucent cores (60%), Nice and smooth.

Bastia: Good Jumbo, Fairly smooth, Even lengths & widths, Ends a bite tapered, Some a touch short, Red ring around cores (10-

40%), Interior colour blends pretty good.

Abbott: Some a touch short, Nice width, Makes good Jumbo & Packer, Interior colour blends fair, Smooth, Odd lenticels showing,

Overall “Nice” jumbo.

Costello: Larger cores, Uneven lengths, Full tips, Interior colour blends okay, Dead center of cores translucent (60%), Smoothness

pretty good, “Good” jumbo, Some Packers bit short.

Belgrado: Nice big size, Fairly smooth, Odd noticeable lenticels, Large core, Exterior colour a touch pale, Interior colour blends a

little poor, Slight ringy feel, Red ring around core (30-60%).

Achieve: Fairly smooth, Good weight, Length a little uneven, Slightly tapered ends, Interior colour blends fair, Red ring around core

(20-50%), Overall “Good” jumbo.

Px 9281: Good weight, Full tips, Cavity Spot slight concern in size, Interior colour blends okay, Somewhat translucent cores (70%),

Red ring around core (20-60%), Smoothness pretty good, Odd noticeable lenticels.

MARKETABLE

# YEARS LENGTH YIELD %

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED cm Inches t/ha B/A MARKETABLE SCORE *

STYLUS Sem 2 26.7 10.5 83.2 1341 84 7.30

ENVY Sem 6 25.8 10.2 106.0 1707 87 6.81

ACHIEVE Sto 3 25.4 10.0 115.8 1864 86 6.69

INDIANA BEJO 7 25.3 10.0 73.2 1193 81 7.20

ENTERPRISE Sto 8 25.0 9.8 86.4 1416 85 6.89

SIX SHOOTER HM 5 24.8 9.8 87.4 1408 82 6.96

NEVADA BEJO 4 24.7 9.7 83.1 1338 75 6.72

HY 8520 RZ 4 24.2 9.5 104.8 1687 86 6.81

BASTIA BEJO 5 23.8 9.4 117.2 1887 89 7.06

ORANGE PAK Nor 7 23.7 9.3 85.1 1369 87 6.82

CARO-CHIEF Sem 4 23.7 9.3 76.1 1359 82 7.25

MAGNUM HM 4 23.7 9.3 95.3 1534 86 6.75

ORANGETTE Sto 5 23.4 9.2 96.2 1368 87 6.90

CANADA SUPER X Sol 14 23.3 9.2 80.8 1376 83 6.95

FONTANA BEJO 8 23.2 9.1 116.9 1883 89 6.39

CELLOBUNCH Sem 20 23.1 9.1 97.7 1613 85 6.78

SIX PAK HM 20 23.0 9.1 79.0 1273 86 6.98

SUNRISE Cro 15 23.0 9.1 86.0 1438 86 6.82

ORLANDO GOLD Sto 7 22.6 8.9 69.2 1235 86 7.35

LEGEND Sem 4 22.5 8.8 62.7 1119 75 6.80

Listed in order of length. * 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average

.../ continued

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS

MARKETABLE

# YEARS LENGTH YIELD %

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED cm Inches t/ha B/A MARKETABLE SCORE *

SIX PAK II HM 15 22.1 8.7 78.0 1328 84 6.80

PRONTO Sem 5 21.9 8.6 90.4 1482 85 7.35

IMPERATOR 58 Cro 9 21.7 8.5 50.3 899 78 6.40

AVENGER Sem 7 21.5 8.5 81.0 1369 80 6.90

DAWN DEE Sol 4 21.4 8.4 58.0 928 69 7.15

ITHACA BEJO 3 21.4 8.4 78.0 1256 81 7.30

ORANGE SHERBET Sto 10 21.2 8.3 73.4 1310 84 6.75

CAROPAK Sem 8 20.9 8.2 74.1 1323 85 6.85

CHANCELLOR Sem 7 20.9 8.2 76.8 1371 83 6.85

FLAME Rog 4 20.8 8.2 73.5 1313 79 6.00

GOLD PAK 28 FM 12 20.8 8.2 55.9 998 85 6.65

BRADFORD BEJO 4 20.8 8.2 129.6 2087 94 6.75

PAK MOR HM 5 20.7 8.2 62.4 1114 81 6.55

PARAMOUNT Sem 7 20.6 8.1 82.1 1467 85 6.75

PROSPECTOR Sem 5 20.2 8.0 95.0 1696 83 7.15

DOMINATOR NUN 13 19.7 7.8 63.9 1141 85 6.80

FLORIDA BEJO 3 19.7 7.8 127.5 2053 97 6.9

KLONDIKE NANTES Sto 10 19.6 7.7 72.1 1288 85 6.85

SIX PENCE HM 4 19.6 7.7 79.5 1419 80 6.70

DELPHI RZ 3 19.5 7.7 94.0 1678 83 6.80

Listed in order of length. * 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - continued

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

# C

arro

ts H

arv

este

d

#

> 4

.4 c

m

# 2

.0 t

o 4

.4 c

m

To

tal

Har

ves

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(kg

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kg

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ket

able

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Mar

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% M

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size

Maj

ori

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NILAND BEJO 149 12 129 20.31 3.37 15.94 96.6 1554 95.1 16.6 F

SOPRANO Vil 119 34 71 23.57 9.91 11.22 105.7 1701 89.6 42.0 F

BREST BEJO 113 34 64 20.66 10.2 8.29 92.5 1488 89.5 49.4 SM


... / continued

CARROT CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2009

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

Sh

ape

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f S

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Un

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g

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re

Bli

gh

t R

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g

NILAND BEJO N 8 7 6 8 9 LO 7 LO 7 7.43 9

SOPRANO Vil GP 8 8 9 8 7 O 8 LO 6 7.71 8

BREST BEJO GP 9 8 8 7 8 O 8 O 7 7.86 9


CARROT CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2009 - continued

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

% C

ore

of

To

tal

Wid

th

Lea

f L

eng

th (

cm)

% C

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Deg

ree

Sh

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Cro

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(cm

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Sta

nd

per

Fo

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olo

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% W

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e

% R

ust

Fly

Dam

age

Av

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um

ber

of

See

der

s

NILAND BEJO 44.6 48.8 35L CC 19.9 3.7 19.6 G 4.7 4.0 0

SOPRANO Vil 36.5 53.2 40M CC 22.4 4.8 15.6 G 0.0 0.0 0

BREST BEJO 55.9 53.6 95M CV 23.9 4.9 14.8 LG 2.7 4.4 1


CARROT CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2009 - continued

ADAPTATION CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

Niland: Nantes carrot, Good length, Width a touch uneven, Full tips, Exterior colour a little light, Interior colour blends good,

Translucent core (30%), Green ring around core (40%), Nice and smooth, Odd lenticel showing, Overall “Good”.

Sorpano: Some a little short, Width a touch thin, Tips full, Interior colour blends a little poor, Translucent core (70%), Greenish ring

around core (40%), Very smooth, Some lenticels noticeable, “Good” jumbo.

Brest: Good length & width, Full tip, Uniformity of shape very even, Concern Cavity Spot, Interior colour blends fair, Red ring

around core (30%), Smoothness is fair, Some lenticels are noticeable, “Good” jumbo.

Did you know that in the last 25

years over 256 different varieties of

carrots have been evaluated in the

Main Cultivar Trial.

That averages out to approximately

10 new varieties each year.

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

% M

ark

etab

le

% W

eig

ht

Lo

ss

% D

ecay

Deg

ree

of

Ro

t *

*

% R

oo

t S

pro

uts

% T

op

Sp

rou

ts

MAGNUM HM 80.4 a* 16.7 abc 2.7 ab 4.5 ab 9 ab 83 a

RZ 7826 RZ 79.1 ab 18.7 abc 1.8 a 4.7 a 33 cde 93 bcd

RZ 8567 RZ 77.3 abc 19.5 bc 2.9 ab 4.4 abc 30 cde 90 a-d

DOMINION Sem 76.9 abc 15.3 ab 7.5 abc 3.6 de 32 cde 93 bcd

BELGRADO BEJO 73.3 a-d 17.3 abc 9.2 a-d 3.6 de 5 a 92 a-d

8520 RZ 73.0 a-d 19.4 bc 7.3 abc 3.9 bcd 15 abc 98 d

FONTANA BEJO 71.8 a-d 14.4 ab 13.6 b-e 4.0 a-d 9 ab 90 a-d

CELLOBUNCH Sto 71.1 a-d 16.4 ab 12.1 a-e 3.8 b-e 28 cde 92 a-d

ACHIEVE Sto 71.0 a-d 17.4 abc 11.3 a-e 3.9 b-e 20 a-d 95 bcd

BASTIA BEJO 70.7 a-d 16.5 ab 12.4 a-e 3.9 bcd 6 a 88 abc

SVR 9225 Nor 69.6 a-d 17.0 abc 12.9 a-e 3.7 cde 23 a-e 93 bcd

SVR 712289 Sem 69.3 bcd 19.0 abc 11.6 a-e 4.1 a-d 20 a-d 95 bcd



** 10 = No Disease, 6.0 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified) … / continued

CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2008 - 2009

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

% M

ark

etab

le

% W

eig

ht

Lo

ss

% D

ecay

Deg

ree

of

Ro

t *

*

% R

oo

t S

pro

uts

% T

op

Sp

rou

ts

ENVY Sto 69.1 bcd* 13.7 a 16.7 cde 4.1 a-d 42 e 95 bcd

3315 Sol 68.1 cd 22.3 c 9.4 a-d 3.8 b-e 28 cde 98 d

HM2287 HM 67.3 cd 18.4 abc 13.9 b-e 4.1 a-d 17 abc 90 a-d

BALTIMORE BEJO 67.0 cd 15.8 ab 16.9 cde 3.8 b-e 25 b-e 92 a-d

B2745 BEJO 66.9 cd 17.5 abc 15.2 cde 3.7 cde 8 ab 90 a-d

4315 Sol 66.5 cd 16.9 abc 16.4 cde 4.0 a-d 7 ab 98 d

NEVADA BEJO 66.0 d 16.8 abc 16.9 cde 3.1 e 5 a 90 a-d

PURSUIT Sto 65.6 d 18.4 abc 15.7 cde 3.9 b-e 15 abc 97 cd

7853 RZ 63.0 d 17.0 abc 19.4 de 4.1 a-d 38 de 88 abc

B2724 BEJO 62.5 d 14.8 ab 22.4 e 4.0 a-d 25 b-e 87 ab

TRIAL AVERAGE 70.3 17.2 12.2 3.9 20 92



** 10 = No Disease, 6.0 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified)

CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2008 - 2009 - continued

MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

Magnum: Top sprouts just starting, Tip rot just starting & small, Stored “Good”.

RZ 7826: Top sprouting uneven & a slight concern, Root sprouts just starting, Mostly tip rot just started, Stored “Pretty Good”.

RZ 8567: Tip rot just starting, Rot is dry, Root sprouting a concern, Top sprouts uneven in length, Stored “Fair”.

Dominion: Mostly tip rot, Rot is quite moist, Sprouting is a concern & quite uneven in length, Stored “Okay”.

Belgrado: Top sprouts just starting, Mostly tip rot, Rot is well established, Stored “ So-So”.

8520: Root sprouts small & just starting , Top sprouts very uneven in length, Tip rot just starting, Stored “Okay”.

Fontana: Mostly tip rot & just starting, Some canker rot, Odd root sprout, Slightly uneven lengths in top sprouts, Stored “Good”.

Cellobunch: Uneven top & root sprouting, Some carrots dried out, Mostly tip rot, Rot slightly established & moist, Stored “Fair”.

Achieve: Uneven tip rot, Root sprouts just starting to well established, Moderate top sprout lengths, Stored “Okay”.

Bastia: Canker rot & tip rot, Rot is drier but established, Top sprouting quite uneven in length, Stored “Poor to Okay”.

SVR 9225: Thicker top sprouts uneven in length, Some root sprouts just starting, Tip rot just starting, Canker rot more established, Rot

on the drier side, Stored “Poor”.

SVR 71-2289: Uneven top & root sprouts, Mostly tip rot & established, Some canker rot, Stored “Okay”.

.../continued

MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

Envy: Mostly tip rot & quite established, Concern of top & root sprouts, Some crown & canker rot, Stored “Fair”.

3315: Tip & canker rot, Rot is dry but fairly established, Top & rot sprouts uneven lengths, Stored “Fair”.

HM 2287: Top sprouts a bit long & uneven, Root sprouts just starting, Mostly tip rot but established, Rot is dry, Stored “Okay”.

Baltimore: Root sprouts just starting, Mostly tip rot slight concern, A little canker rot, Some top sprouts uneven lengths, Stored “Okay”.

B 2745: Some canker rot, Mostly tip rot, Rot is established, Botrytis rot, Uneven top sprouting, Stored “Okay”.

4315: Mostly tip rot, Some canker rot, Rot is a concern, Rot is dry, Top sprouts quite uneven in length, Stored “Fair”.

Nevada: Canker rot concerns, Some tip rot, Rot is moist & established, Top sprouting uneven lengths, Stored “Fair”.

Pursuit: Mostly tip rot, Some canker rot, Rots are slightly established, Top sprouts are a concern & long, Stored “Okay”.

7853: Top & root sprouts uneven in size & slight concern, Mostly tip rot, Rot just started to established, Stored “Okay”.

B-2724: Mostly tip rot just starting to well established, Rot is a concern, Rot is dry, Most top & root sprouting just starting, Stored

“Poor”.

Note Well: The entire carrot storage trial experience a higher than normal amount of desiccation during the storage period.

% WEIGHT DEGREE*

# YEARS % LOSS % OF

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE IN STORAGE DECAY DECAY

SPARTAN CLASSIC 80 Sto 4 97.6 6.8 2.4 3.5

DELPHI RZ 3 96.5 12.4 3.5 4.0

BLAZE Rog 4 95.2 10.0 4.8 3.2

LEGEND Sem 3 94.7 8.4 5.3 3.3

HM 03 HM 3 94.6 16.0 5.4 4.1

HM 02 HM 3 94.0 15.8 6.0 4.3

EXCELLENCE Sem 3 93.8 19.8 6.2 4.0

KLONDIKE NANTES Sto 4 93.7 8.1 6.3 3.7

PAK MOR HM 6 93.5 11.5 6.5 2.6

ORANGETTE Sto 5 92.4 16.8 7.6 3.8

ORANGE SHERBET Sto 6 91.9 9.0 8.1 2.8

AVENGER Sem 7 91.3 11.5 8.7 4.0

CANADA SUPER X Sol 14 90.8 11.9 9.2 3.5

CARO-CHIEF Sem 5 89.0 10.1 11.0 3.3

ORLANDO GOLD Sto 6 87.9 12.7 12.1 2.2

SIX PAK II HM 15 87.7 12.3 12.3 3.5

DISCOVERY Rog 3 86.8 8.5 13.2 2.7

CHANCELLOR Sem 7 86.7 11.3 13.3 2.2

PROSPECTOR Sem 4 86.7 6.3 13.3 2.7

TEMPTATION Sem 2 86.2 16.3 13.8 4.4

Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period is approximately 9 months.

* 5.0 = No Disease, 3.7 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified) ... / continued

LONG TERM AVERAGES - CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIALS

% WEIGHT DEGREE *

# YEARS % LOSS % OF

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE IN STORAGE DECAY DECAY

INFINITY BEJO 5 83.4 11.4 4.9 4.2

GROWERS CHOICE Pol 3 83.2 11.2 5.4 3.9

FLAME Rog 4 82.6 11.4 17.4 2.9

ENTERPRISE Sem 6 82.5 10.8 6.6 4.0

BRADFORD BEJO 5 82.1 10.0 7.9 4.2

SIX PENCE HM 4 81.6 8.4 18.4 2.0

TRIGGER Sem 4 81.6 10.6 7.6 3.8

SIX PAK HM 20 79.8 11.5 8.6 3.6

CELLOBUNCH Sem 17 79.5 12.8 7.8 3.8

ORANGE PAK Nor 8 78.6 13.2 8.1 3.9

SUNRISE Cro 15 78.6 12.8 8.2 3.9

CAROPAK Sem 4 77.7 10.7 22.3 2.2

BREMEN BEJO 3 77.3 9.9 12.6 3.7

DAWN DEE Sol 4 76.5 19.7 23.6 3.7

FONTANA BEJO 8 76.2 10.9 12.7 4.1

INDIANA BEJO 7 75.7 15.4 8.5 4.0

SIX SHOOTER HM 5 71.5 11.0 17.5 3.7

BASTIA BEJO 4 69.2 15.3 15.2 3.9

NEVADA BEJO 4 69.1 16.5 14.2 3.6

ENVY Sem 6 67.1 12.7 20.0 3.9

Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period is approximately 9 months.

* 5.0 = No Disease, 3.7 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified)

LONG TERM AVERAGES - CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIALS - continued

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASON SUMMARY – 2009

A warm late April allowed for some early land preparation. Limited onion seeding began in late April, with most of the onions

going in during the first week of May. The growing season was less than ideal for onion production. Air temperatures for most of the

summer months were slightly below seasonal to seasonal. For most of the growing season there was a lack of sunshine. Two strong

storms on July 11 and August 9 damaged the leaves the onion crop. The air temperatures in 2009 were below the long term (10 year)

average for June (16.5 °C) and July (17.9 °C), and average for May (12.6 °C), August (19.4 °C) and September (14.9 °C). Monthly

rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (49 mm) and September (51 mm) and above average for May (117 mm),

July (135 mm) and August (89 mm).

Onion seeding occurred on May 4, approximately the same time as last year. Spring soil moisture levels were good. Air

temperatures at seeding were seasonal in the mid teens oC. Night temperatures for most of the month of May fluctuated with a few

night frosts occurring until 18th. There were two heavy rain falls (1+ inches) in the month of May. Plant vigour was better than the

previous two years with most cultivars showing fairly even germination.

Average and above average rainfall conditions for the season meant no irrigation was required for crop development. Plant

growth was steady for most of the season. Strong storms moved through the Marsh with strong winds and heavy downpours on July 11

and August 9. On both occasions the storms took a toll on the onion crop leaving behind severe bruising on the leaves and most leaves

bent or broken.

Herbicide application followed standard practices. An application of Frontier was applied and appeared to give good control.

This year Chateau was applied on July 6 and it gave very good weed control for the rest of the season; however, herbicide burn

occurred on all varieties. The third and fourth leaves seem to be the most affected by the Chateau. The onions did grow out of the

herbicide damage. The trial was hand weeded several times throughout the summer months. At the Muck Crops Research Station, the

first generation of onion maggot peaked in early June. The second & third generation population numbers were low and no peaks

occurred. For most of the season onion maggot populations were low. Thrips populations were very low for most of the season and

reached spray threshold only once. In 2009, as in 2008, leaf diseases continued to be the number one problem. The Downy Mildew

Forecasting System (DOWNCAST) predicted the possibility of disease development. Downy mildew was found on station in several

…/continued

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASON SUMMARY - 2009 - continued

trials in July and throughout August. Ridomil, Aliette and Cabrio applications were applied but complete control never occurred.

Downy mildew was found in late July in the Main Onion Trial and damage was quite severe in all three replicates. A more detailed list

of the cultivars affected is in Management Procedures. Botrytis leaf blight was noticed in late June and through a steady spray program

remained at near manageable levels for the entire season. Bacteria rots were noticed in the Main Onions in late June. Bruising from the

two heavy downpours and Chateau burn damage caused leaf wounding which may have allowed bacteria to establish.

Poorer than average weather conditions lead to delayed onion bulb development to the latter part of July. Cultivars Highlander

and Ex 13517 were the first to lodge, beginning on August 7. It took approximately 2 weeks for the majority of the cultivars to reach

85% lodged. There was an increase in the number of days each cultivar took to mature. Seeders were found in the trial with some

cultivars having high counts. A sample of each cultivar was pulled for Grower Field Day on September 3. Even though onions lodged

in a reasonable time, the lack of sunshine slowed down leaf desiccation and tops remained green for an extended period of time. At

harvest on September 25, the tops appeared to be dried satisfactorily; in fact the inner most 2 or 3 leaves were still slightly moist and

left a rough neck finish. Onions were placed in storage on October 26 and cured artificially for approximately 24 hours to sufficiently

remove any field moisture.

At evaluation in November, yields varied among the cultivars with some having good yields and others having poor yields. The

levels of infection from Downy mildew in the trial may have contributed to a reduction in yield. The majority of the onion bulbs were

in the 2½" size range for most cultivars. Several cultivars had many onions in the 3" diameter range. The number of culls increased

compared to the last two years. A few cultivars had issues with doubles, or suspicion of doubles. Neck and skin rot was present.

Sprouting was also found in several varieties, something which has not been seen in many years. The Main Onion Trial had a drop in

percentage of marketable onions compared to the last 4 years. Most onion cultivars had fair skins, good even colour and skin

attachment was good. Greening of the outer scales, along with yellow or white speckling on the outer skins was very limited. The neck

finish was only fair on most cultivars and a few cultivars had poor neck finish. The majority of the onions maintained good firmness

from harvest to evaluation. In most cultivars uniformity of shape was uneven. Onion maggot damage ranged from 3.2 % to 23.6% for

onions in the evaluation sample. The trial average for onion maggot damage was 8.3% which was 3.0% higher than last year. Most of

the onion maggot damage appeared as very small pinholes, which most likely occurred late in the season even though onion maggot fly

counts were low. Overall, yields were average and some aspects of quality were slightly poor.

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2009

MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES

Fertilizer:

90 kg/ha Nitrogen (Ammonium Nitrate 34-0-0) + 120 kg/ha Phosphorous (MAP 11-52-0) +200 kg/ha Potassium (SOP 0-0-50) + 100 kg/ha K–

Mag (0-0-22) + 5 kg/ha Copper (99% Cu) was worked into the soil.

A side dressing of 10 kg/ha of MAP + 20 kg/ha of Potash + 30 kg/ha of K-Mag + 75kg /ha Cal-U-Sol was applied on 22 July.

Seeded:

All trials were seeded 4 May. Pelletized onion seed was seeded with a Stan-Hay precision seeder. Raw onion seed was seeded with a V-Belt

seeder equipped with a 5 cm wide scatter shoe. Row spacing was 43 cm. The raw seed was coated with PRO GRO at 60 g/2.3 kg seed plus methyl

cellulose at 100 ml/2.3 kg seed. LORSBAN 15G was applied at 18.5 kg/ha plus DITHANE DG at 8.8 kg/ha in the seed furrow. Main Trial was

replicated three times.

Weed Control:

Pre-emergence: 1 application: PARDNER at 500ml/ha on 13 May.

Post-emergence: 1 application: FRONTIER at 1.8 L/ha on 22 May.

2 applications: PARDNER at 105 ml/ha and Manganese at 2.0 kg/ha on 25 May & 5 June.

1 application: PROWL 400 at 5.0 L/ha on 16 June.

1 application: CHATEAU at 140 g/ha on 6 July.

Minor Elements: Five foliar sprays: Calcimax on 19 June (1.0 L/ha), 26 June, 15 & 28 July & 17 Aug (2.0 L/ha)

Five foliar sprays: Suprafeed on 26 June & 3 July (1.0 kg/ha), 28 July & 7 Aug (2.0 kg/ha) and 17 Aug (2.5 kg/ha)

Three foliar sprays: Mancozin on 19 June (1.0L/ha), 26 June and 3 July (2.0L/ha)

Three foliar sprays: Manganese on 15 & 24 July and 7 Aug (2.5 kg/ha)

Three foliar sprays: Magical Max on 24 July, 7 & 13 Aug (2.0 L/ha)

Two foliar sprays: 20-20-20 on 10 & 19 June (1.0 kg/ha)

One foliar spray: ZincMax on 10 June (2.0 L/ha)

One foliar spray: Alexin on 24 July (1.0 L/ha)

.../continued

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2009 - continued

Insect and Disease Control:

According to IPM recommendations.

LANCE at 475 g/ha + RIPCORD at 175 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 15 July.

RIDOMIL GOLD 68 WP at 2.5 kg/ha on 20 July.

CABRIO at 840 g/ha on 24 July.

BRAVO at 2.5 L/ha + RIDOMIL GOLD 68 WP at 2.5 kg/ha + RIPCORD at 175 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 28 July.

ALIETTE at 2.8 kg/ha on 5 Aug.

ZINEB at 2.5 kg/ha and Minor Elements on 7 Aug.

DITHANE DG at 3.0 kg/ha + KOCIDE 101 at 2.0 kg/ha + RIDOMIL 250ml/ha and Minor Elements on 13 Aug.

DIBROM at 550 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 15 Aug.

DITHANE DG at 2.5 kg/ha + ROVRAL 1.5 kg/ha + RIPCORD at 175 ml/ha on 19 Aug.

MATADOR at 188 ml/ha and Minor Elements on 22 Aug.

Harvest:

The Main Trial was pulled on 14 & 15 September and topped 25 September. The trial was placed in a forced air and temperature controlled

storage 26 October. The trial was cured for 24 hours (25oC, minimum 65% RH). After curing the temperature was lowered 5

oC per week until 0

oC

was attained.

Sprout Inhibition: Royal MH 60SG at 3.75 kg/ha in 550 L/ha water on 21 & 27 Aug.

EVALUATION PROCEDURES The cultivars were evaluated 7-10 and 11-18 December after 5 weeks in storage.

# Bulbs Harvested: Total number of onions harvested from 4.66 m of row.

Harvest Weight: Weights from the harvested 4.66 m of row.

.../continued

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL – 2009 - continued

Marketable Yield B/A:

Number of onions > 76 mm (> 3"), 76 mm to 64 mm (3” to 2 ½) and 64 mm to 32 mm (2 ½" to 1¼").

Majority of Culls:

D = Double PW = Pee Wee R = Rot OC = Off Colours S = Seeders SP = Sprouts

Shape: HG = High Globe FG = Flatten Globe G = Globe Sp = Spindle TD = Tear Drop T = Top

Colour:

LG = Light Golden G = Golden DG = Dark Golden LC = Light Copper C = Copper DC = Dark Copper DR = Dark Red

Skin Thickness: 10.0 = Most Desirable 7.5 = Good 6.0 = Average

Skinning: 10.0 = Most Desirable, skins well attached 7.5 = Good, skins have a few small cracks 6.0 = Average, skins have cracks but still attached

Overall Score:

Based on quality and general appearance.

Score: The average of nine marks at evaluation from Uniformity of Shape to Firmness.

Average Weight/Bulb (g):

The total weight in grams of all bulbs divided by the total number of bulbs. A bulb 51 mm (2") in diameter weighs approximately 70 g. A bulb 57

mm (2¼") in diameter weighs approximately 100 g. A bulb 64 mm (2½") in diameter weighs approximately 135 g.

Days to Harvest:

Numbers of days from seeding until 85% of the tops were down.

Percent Onion Maggot Damage: Percent of onions damaged by onion maggot ranging from pin hole to completely unmarketable that were found in the 4.66m harvest sample.

.../continued

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2009 - continued

Top Height (cm):

The average length of 20 random onion tops from the all three replicates from the ground to the tips as taken on 31 July.

50 cm is equal to 20 inches.

Seeders: Average number of seeders found in each cultivar of 20m of row.

Irrigation: No irrigation water was applied during the 2009 season.

Downy Mildew Outbreak: A Downy Mildew outbreak occurred in the Main Onions during late July thru the early part of August.

All replicates of the trial were infected.

Varieties: Talon, Trail Blazer Livingston and Centerstone did not show any visible signs of the disease

The following Varieties had noticeable Downy Mildew infection:

Found in one Replicate Found in two Replicates Found in three Replicates

Pulsar Tamara Tahoe

Braddock Ricochet Arsenal

Highlander Saffrane Nebula

Norstar Prince Tenshin

Corona Frontier

Medeo Polo

Stanley La Salle

Infinity Milestone

Patterson Marco

Mountaineer Alpine

Ex 13517

Adventure

Hamlet

Fortress

Ruby Ring

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

# B

ulb

s H

arv

este

d

To

tal

Har

ves

t W

eig

ht

(kg

)

Wg

t. J

um

bo

> 7

6 m

m

(kg

)

Wg

t. L

arg

e 7

6-6

4 m

m

(kg

)

Wg

t. M

ediu

m 6

4-3

2 m

m

(kg

)

Mar

ket

able

Yie

ld B

/A

% M

ark

etab

le

Maj

ori

ty o

f C

ull

s

HAMLET Sto 111 16.03 2.12 i-l* 10.15 3.48 1188 b-f 96.1 a R

TRAIL BLAZER Tak 108 18.04 6.93 b-g 9.24 1.42 1327 abc 96.0 a R

FRONTIER Tak 112 17.75 5.26 c-k 10.28 1.65 1297 b-e 95.5 ab R

La SALLE Sem 105 17.12 5.48 c-j 9.40 1.72 1252 b-f 95.3 ab PW

ARSENAL Sto 112 17.62 3.95 f-l 11.08 2.31 1307 a-e 95.2 ab PW

LIVINGSTON Sol 92 15.90 6.48 c-g 7.35 1.39 1147 c-i 93.1 abc D

TAMARA BEJO 102 16.36 5.52 c-j 8.14 2.09 1187 b-f 92.8 a-d R

MOUNTAINEER Tak 102 18.35 8.91 abc 7.33 1.12 1310 a-d 92.8 a-d R

PATTERSON BEJO 106 16.84 4.10 e-l 9.36 2.60 1211 b-f 92.8 a-d D

TALON BEJO 105 15.86 4.35 e-l 8.51 2.30 1143 c-i 92.7 a-d R

ADVENTURE Tak 105 17.55 6.13 c-h 9.38 1.26 1265 b-f 92.7 a-d PW

TENSHIN UNF 133 15.67 1.95 i-l 7.15 5.96 1135 c-j 92.5 a-d PW

Listed in order of % Marketable. .../ continued


ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2009

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

# B

ulb

s H

arv

este

d

To

tal

Har

ves

t W

eig

ht

(kg

)

Wg

t. J

um

bo

> 7

6 m

m

(kg

)

Wg

t. L

arg

e 7

6-6

4 m

m

(kg

)

Wg

t. M

ediu

m 6

4-3

2 m

m

(kg

)

Mar

ket

able

Yie

ld B

/A

% M

ark

etab

le

Maj

ori

ty o

f C

ull

s

RUBY RING Tak 106 13.28 0.94 l* 7.09 4.64 955 g-k 92.2 a-d R

RICOCHET Sto 84 14.90 8.58 a-d 4.67 1.13 1084 d-j 91.7 a-d R

PRINCE BEJO 102 15.92 5.76 c-i 7.13 2.28 1144 c-i 90.8 a-d SP

MILESTONE Tak 104 18.98 5.60 c-j 10.27 1.79 1332 abc 90.0 a-d SP

FORTRESS Sto 104 14.64 1.49 kl 9.86 2.54 1047 f-k 89.7 a-e PW

Ex 13517 Sem 107 20.58 10.43 ab 7.01 0.80 1376 ab 89.1 a-e D

BRADDOCK BEJO 106 16.83 4.96 d-k 8.21 2.28 1165 b-h 89.0 a-e D

POLO Sol 94 13.37 3.08 g-l 7.07 2.26 935 ijk 88.3 a-e SP

HIGHLANDER Tak 104 23.15 12.19 a 7.01 1.02 1524 a 87.9 b-e R

TAHOE BEJO 98 13.40 1.91 jkl 7.26 3.00 917 jk 87.1 c-f PW

STANLEY Sol 105 16.88 5.02 d-k 8.00 1.85 1122 c-j 87.0 c-f D

SAFRANE BEJO 107 17.75 4.91 d-k 8.48 2.16 1172 b-g 87.0 c-f S



ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2009 - continued

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

# B

ulb

s H

arv

este

d

To

tal

Har

ves

t W

eig

ht

(kg

)

Wg

t. J

um

bo

> 7

6 m

m

(kg

)

Wg

t. L

arg

e 7

6-6

4 m

m

(kg

)

Wg

t. M

ediu

m 6

4-3

2 m

m

(kg

)

Mar

ket

able

Yie

ld B

/A

% M

ark

etab

le

Maj

ori

ty o

f C

ull

s

PULSAR Num 95 13.32 2.42 h-l* 7.94 1.94 928 ijk 85.7 c-g R

NEBULA Num 110 17.05 4.52 e-l 9.07 1.63 1147 c-i 85.5 c-g R

NORSTAR Tak 112 17.56 3.84 f-l 9.94 1.69 1167 b-h 84.8 d-g R

CENTERSTONE Tak 102 16.91 4.74 d-l 7.87 1.75 1083 e-j 81.7 e-h SP

ALPINE Tak 87 15.69 7.39 b-f 4.10 1.07 946 h-k 79.8 f-i D

MARCO Sol 99 16.06 4.89 d-k 5.40 2.39 956 g-k 77.9 ghi D

CORONA BEJO 108 18.77 7.83 b-e 5.32 1.87 1133 c-j 76.0 hij D

MEDOC BEJO 116 16.27 4.30 e-l 4.99 3.22 943 h-k 73.6 ij D

INFINITY Num 97 15.21 5.27 c-k 4.42 1.35 833 k 68.6 j S

TRIAL AVERAGE 109 15.13 2.71 8.22 3.17 1063 89.1




Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

Sh

ape

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f S

hap

e

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f S

ize

Co

lou

r

Co

lou

r R

atin

g

Sk

in T

hic

kn

ess

Sk

inn

ing

Nec

k F

inis

h

Ov

eral

l S

core

Sco

re

HAMLET Sto HG 5.7 6.5 G 6.7 5.7 d-h* 8.7 a-e 7.3 cde 7.2 6.92 b-e

TRAIL BLAZER Tak FG 5.8 6.8 G 6.7 6.0 b-g 8.3 b-e 7.2 cde 7.3 7.00 a-e

FRONTIER Tak FG 6.8 8.0 G 6.8 7.0 ab 7.7 de 8.0 abc 7.7 7.56 a

La SALLE Sem HG 5.3 7.8 G 7.3 5.8 c-g 7.7 de 7.0 c-f 7.5 6.98 b-e

ARSENAL Sto HG 5.0 7.7 LG 5.7 5.8 c-g 9.0 abc 6.7 d-g 6.8 6.81 c-g

LIVINGSTON Sol G 5.7 6.3 LG 7.7 6.5 a-d 9.3 abc 5.0 ij 7.2 6.96 b-e

TAMARA BEJO G 6.3 6.5 LG 7.7 6.5 a-d 9.3 abc 4.0 j 7.2 6.94 b-e

MOUNTAINEER Tak FG 6.0 7.5 G 6.3 7.0 ab 8.3 b-e 7.0 c-f 7.5 7.21 abc

PATTERSON BEJO G 6.8 7.0 G 7.0 7.2 a 9.7 a 6.3 e-h 7.2 7.44 ab

TALON BEJO G 5.3 7.0 G 7.0 5.5 d-h 9.3 ab 5.7 ghi 7.3 6.96 b-e

ADVENTURE Tak G 6.7 7.0 G 7.3 6.3 a-e 8.0 cde 6.3 e-h 6.8 7.04 a-e

TENSHIN UNF G 6.8 5.5 LG 7.0 5.5 d-h 7.5 e 7.7 bcd 6.3 6.71 c-g


* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. .../ continued


Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

Sh

ape

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f S

hap

e

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f S

ize

Co

lou

r

Co

lou

r R

atin

g

Sk

in T

hic

kn

ess

Sk

inn

ing

Nec

k F

inis

h

Ov

eral

l S

core

Sco

re

RUBY RING Tak TD 5.3 7.7 DR 6.8 5.3 e-h* 7.7 de 6.0 f-i 6.0 6.48 e-j

RICOCHET Sto G 6.7 6.3 G 6.0 5.7 d-h 9.0 abc 7.0 c-f 6.8 6.88 b-f

PRINCE BEJO G 7.3 6.3 G 6.3 6.0 b-g 8.0 cde 5.0 ij 6.0 6.67 c-h

MILESTONE Tak SpG 6.0 7.0 G 5.7 6.3 a-e 8.5 a-e 5.8 ghi 6.7 6.67 c-h

FORTRESS Sto HG 6.0 6.5 DG 7.3 6.0 b-g 8.3 b-e 5.7 ghi 6.7 6.81 c-g

Ex 13517 Sem G 4.0 5.7 LG 5.7 5.5 d-h 4.7 gh 8.7 ab 5.3 5.69 lm

BRADDOCK BEJO G 5.7 6.7 G 7.0 6.3 a-e 9.0 abc 5.3 hi 6.8 6.75 c-g

POLO Sol TD 5.3 6.3 G 7.3 5.0 gh 8.8 a-d 5.3 hi 6.7 6.52 d-j

HIGHLANDER Tak SpG 6.5 6.7 LG 6.0 6.0 b-g 4.3 h 8.0 abc 4.7 5.96 j-m

TAHOE BEJO SpG 5.3 6.8 G 7.7 5.8 c-g 8.7 a-e 6.3 e-h 6.3 6.83 c-g

STANLEY Sol G 5.7 7.3 LG 7.3 6.2 a-f 8.7 a-e 6.3 e-h 7.2 7.19 abc

SAFRANE BEJO HG 6.3 6.7 G 7.7 5.8 c-g 9.2 abc 5.0 ij 7.5 7.06 a-d




Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

Sh

ape

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f S

hap

e

Un

ifo

rmit

y o

f S

ize

Co

lou

r

Co

lou

r R

atin

g

Sk

in T

hic

kn

ess

Sk

inn

ing

Nec

k F

inis

h

Ov

eral

l S

core

Sco

re

PULSAR Num G 7.7 6.7 LG 6.0 5.3 e-h* 7.7 de 6.3 e-h 6.0 6.56 d-i

NEBULA Num G 6.3 7.5 DG 6.0 5.3 e-h 7.7 de 7.3 cde 7.0 6.90 b-f

NORSTAR Tak TD 5.3 7.7 LG 7.0 5.2 fgh 6.0 f 8.0 abc 5.5 6.33 f-k

CENTERSTONE Tak SpG 4.7 6.3 G 6.7 5.7 d-h 8.7 a-e 5.0 ij 6.0 6.29 g-k

ALPINE Tak G 5.3 5.3 LG 5.3 6.8 abc 4.0 h 9.0 a 4.7 5.83 klm

MARCO Sol Sp 5.7 5.0 LG 5.7 4.7 h 5.7 fg 6.3 e-h 5.0 5.46 m

CORONA BEJO SpG 6.0 5.3 LG 6.7 5.7 d-h 7.7 de 6.3 e-h 6.0 6.33 f-k

MEDOC BEJO G 6.0 4.0 DG 5.7 5.5 d-h 9.0 abc 5.3 hi 6.0 6.04 i-l

INFINITY Num FG 6.3 5.3 G 5.7 4.7 h 8.8 a-d 5.3 hi 5.7 6.13 h-l

TRIAL AVERAGE 6.3 6.8 6.7 5.6 8.0 6.4 6.5 6.70




Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

Fir

mn

ess

at H

arv

est

Fir

mn

ess

Av

erag

e W

eig

ht/

Bu

lb (

g)

Sta

nd

/Fo

ot

Day

s to

Har

ves

t

% O

nio

n M

agg

ot

Dam

age

% J

um

bo

> 7

6 m

m

To

ps

Hei

gh

t (c

m)

To

tal

# S

eed

ers

HAMLET Sto 8.5 7.7 b-f* 144.8 e-j 7.3 bc 110 6.5 a-d 8.8 ghi 73.5 a-f 2.0 ab

TRAIL BLAZER Tak 8.7 7.8 b-e 167.3 b-h 7.1 bcd 108 5.0 ab 27.9 a-e 74.6 a-d 0.3 a

FRONTIER Tak 9.0 8.5 ab 158.2 c-h 7.3 bcd 104 15.1 ef 21.5 c-h 69.6 d-h 0.0 a

La SALLE Sem 8.8 7.3 def 162.7 b-h 6.9 bcd 109 6.0 a-d 24.6 b-g 75.5 abc 3.7 abc

ARSENAL Sto 8.7 7.8 b-e 157.4 c-h 7.3 bc 108 5.5 abc 15.6 e-i 73.1 a-f 7.3 abc

LIVINGSTON Sol 8.8 8.0 a-d 172.4 b-f 6.0 ef 121 13.0 c-f 29.3 a-e 73.6 a-f 1.0 ab

TAMARA BEJO 9.0 8.0 a-d 160.0 c-h 6.7 bcd 128+ 9.6 a-f 23.6 c-g 68.2 f-i 1.7 ab

MOUNTAINEER Tak 8.2 8.0 a-d 181.6 bcd 6.7 cde 107 8.4 a-f 37.6 abc 71.0 b-h 0.0 a

PATTERSON BEJO 9.0 8.3 abc 159.3 c-h 6.9 bcd 110 8.6 a-f 16.9 e-i 78.2 a 5.7 abc

TALON BEJO 8.7 8.5 ab 151.5 d-i 6.8 cde 121 8.6 a-f 18.7 e-i 63.5 ij 8.0 abc

ADVENTURE Tak 8.5 7.8 b-e 168.8 b-g 6.8 cde 116 8.4 a-f 26.1 b-f 70.9 b-h 1.7 ab

TENSHIN UNF 8.2 7.3 def 117.9 j 8.7 a 107 13.5 def 6.7 hi 66.8 g-j 0.0 a




Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

Fir

mn

ess

at H

arv

est

Fir

mn

ess

Av

erag

e W

eig

ht/

Bu

lb (

g)

Sta

nd

/Fo

ot

Day

s to

Har

ves

t

% O

nio

n M

agg

ot

Dam

age

% J

um

bo

> 7

6 m

m

To

ps

Hei

gh

t (c

m)

To

tal

# S

eed

ers

RUBY RING Tak 8.8 7.0 efg* 124.8 ij 7.0 bcd 117 11.7 b-f 4.1 i 75.6 abc 0.0 a

RICOCHET Sto 8.7 7.5 c-f 178.3 bcd 5.5 f 112 9.0 a-f 43.0 a 69.8 c-h 0.3 a

PRINCE BEJO 8.8 8.3 abc 157.8 c-h 6.7 cde 117 6.5 a-d 26.0 b-f 68.4 e-i 3.0 abc

MILESTONE Tak 8.3 7.3 def 185.6 bc 6.8 bcd 110 7.2 a-e 24.7 b-g 68.3 e-i 1.0 ab

FORTRESS Sto 8.8 8.0 a-d 141.0 g-j 6.8 cde 112 5.2 abc 6.1 hi 74.1 a-e 10.3 c

Ex 13517 Sem 8.2 6.0 hi 192.7 ab 7.0 bcd 99 10.4 a-f 39.9 ab 69.3 d-h 0.7 ab

BRADDOCK BEJO 9.0 7.2 def 159.7 c-h 6.9 bcd 115 4.4 ab 20.3 d-i 71.0 b-h 5.0 abc

POLO Sol 8.8 7.3 def 142.7 e-j 6.1 bcd 118 10.2 a-f 14.4 e-i 66.6 g-j 2.0 ab

HIGHLANDER Tak 7.2 5.5 i 221.6 a 6.8 cde 100 15.9 fg 43.3 a 66.7 g-j 0.0 a

TAHOE BEJO 9.0 7.7 b-f 137.2 hij 6.4 cde 110 23.6 g 9.2 ghi 71.8 b-g 8.7 bc

STANLEY Sol 8.8 8.8 a 161.9 b-h 6.9 cde 113 9.2 a-f 21.5 c-h 76.4 ab 7.7 abc

SAFRANE BEJO 9.5 8.3 abc 165.2 b-h 7.0 bcd 121 3.4 a 18.9 e-i 70.6 c-h 40.0 e




Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

Fir

mn

ess

at H

arv

est

Fir

mn

ess

Av

erag

e W

eig

ht/

Bu

lb (

g)

Sta

nd

/Fo

ot

Day

s to

Har

ves

t

% O

nio

n M

agg

ot

Dam

age

% J

um

bo

> 7

6 m

m

To

ps

Hei

gh

t (c

m)

To

tal

# S

eed

ers

PULSAR Num 8.7 6.8 fgh* 139.5 g-j 6.2 ef 108 9.8 a-f 11.4 f-i 66.9 g-j 1.7 ab

NEBULA Num 8.8 8.0 a-d 155.7 c-i 7.2 bc 109 5.0 ab 18.2 e-i 67.2 g-j 24.0 d

NORSTAR Tak 7.5 6.0 hi 157.6 c-h 7.3 bc 101 3.2 a 14.9 e-i 71.7 b-g 0.0 a

CENTERSTONE Tak 8.5 7.3 def 165.6 b-h 6.7 cde 121 7.4 a-e 18.8 e-i 66.6 g-j 0.3 a

ALPINE Tak 8.0 6.2 ghi 178.8 bcd 5.7 f 104 9.3 a-f 35.5 a-d 61.6 j 0.0 a

MARCO Sol 8.0 5.7 i 162.7 b-h 6.5 cde 113 12.2 b-f 20.4 d-h 62.8 ij 0.0 a

CORONA BEJO 8.7 7.0 efg 173.5 b-e 7.1 bc 121 5.8 a-d 28.7 a-e 65.5 hij 0.0 a

MEDOC BEJO 8.3 6.8 fgh 141.7 f-j 7.6 b 116 6.5 a-d 15.3 e-i 66.6 g-j 2.7 abc

INFINITY Num 8.7 7.2 def 154.4 c-i 6.3 def 119 9.9 a-f 21.8 c-h 66.9 g-j 134.3 f

TRIAL AVERAGE 8.7 7.4 139.8 7.1 111 8.3 11.1 70.3 6.8




MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

Hamlet: Medium run, Good skin, Firmness a little uneven, Good neck finish, “Average to good” onion, Uniformity of

shape a touch uneven, Mid to Longer term storage onion.

Trail Blazer: “Nice” onion, Medium to large run, Fairly solid onion, Skins are a little thin & odd one cracking, Suspicion of

doubles, Good neck finish, Good appearance, Mid storage onion.

Frontier: Medium run, Fair skin with some cracks, Odd greening of scales, Nice colour, Nice neck finish tight, Fairly

solid, Nice packer, Longer storage type, “Nice” appearance.

La Salle: Medium to large run, Good neck finish, Odd greening of scales, Some skin cracking, Skins a touch thin, Shape

very uneven, Colour even, Suspicion of doubles, Mid storage onion.

Arsenal: Shape inconsistent, Medium to larger run, Neck finish fair, Fairly firm, Odd greening of scales, Colour a little

uneven, Thinner skin, Shape uneven, Mid to late storage onion.

Livingston: Medium run, Neck finish rough, Good thicker skin left, Good even firmness, A bit of yellowing on skin, Shape

uneven, “Nice” appearance, Mid to late storage onion.

Tamara: A copper shine to skins, Good thicker skin, Very rough neck finish, Good size onion, Solid onion, Good

packer, Good appearance, Medium run, “Good” onion, Long term storage onion.

Mountaineer: Larger run, Odd greening of scales, Nice skin odd one cracking, Good neck finish, Fairly firm, “Nice”

appearance, Suspicion of doubles, “Nice” onion, Mid to late storage onion.

Patterson: Good appearance, Good thicker skin, Colour a little uneven, Neck finish rough but tight, Solid & firm onion,

Medium run, Odd greening of scales, Good packer, Longer term storage onion.

... / continued

MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – continued

Talon: Medium run, Uniformity of colour slightly uneven, Skins have a copper shine, Neck a little rough, Firm onion,

Uniformity of shape uneven, Good thicker skin left, Good yield, Longer term storage onion.

Adventure: Medium run, Odd vertical skin cracks, Colour a little uneven, Fair neck finish, Fairly solid onion, Average to

good appearance, Some greening of scales, Longer term storage onion.

Tenshin: Smaller run, Neck finish pretty good, “Good” appearance, Fair amount of skin cracking, Thinner skin, Colour a

little uneven, Some greening of scales, Yield a little disappointing, Early to mid onion.

Ruby Ring: Dark red colour with paler vertical veins, Okay skin with some cracking, Neck finish rough, Nice interior, Dark

rings, Dead center is white, Some double centers, Medium run, Firmness a little uneven, Shape a little

inconsistent, Mid storage onion.

Ricochet: Medium to larger run, Good skin, Neck finish average, Good appearance, Okay firmness, Good packer,

Colour a little uneven, Mid storage onion.

Prince: Medium run, Colour a touch uneven, Thicker skin, Rough neck finish, Fair appearance, Odd skins cracking,

Good firmness, Longer term storage onion.

Milestone: Larger run, Thicker skin, Rough but tight neck finish, Odd skin cracking, “Average” onion, Uniformity of

shape inconsistent, Colour a little uneven, Mid storage onion.

Fortress: Darker colour, Medium run, Good skin left, Rough neck finish, Shape uneven, “Average to good” onion, Odd

greening of scales, Solid onion, Mid to late term storage.

Ex 13517: Larger run, Colour pale, Fantastic neck finish, Softer onion, Very uneven uniformity of shape, Suspicion of

doubles, Fair amount greening of scales, Skin cracking a lot, Thinner skin left, Early onion.

... / continued

MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – continued

Braddock: Large to medium run, Good thicker skin, Neck finish rough but tight, A copper shine to skins, “Average” onion,

Odd yellowing on skin, Fairly firm, Uniformity of shape uneven, Suspicion of doubles, Mid to late storage onion.

Polo: A little yellowing on skins, Neck finish a touch rough, Good skin, Medium run, Shape quite uneven, Suspicion

of doubles, Good qualities, Mid storage onion.

Highlander: Paper thin skin, A lot of skin cracking, Soft onion, Large run, Great neck finish, Uniformity of shape very

uneven, Suspicion of doubles, Poor appearance, A lot of greening of scales, Early onion.

Tahoe: Small to medium run, Nice even colour, Good skin, Neck finish a few rough, Firmness a little uneven, Shape

very uneven, Suspicion of doubles, A touch of greening on scales, Mid storage onion.

Stanley: Shape uneven, Medium run, Good skin, Colour a bit pale, Some yellowing on skins, Neck finish a touch rough,

Solid onion, Suspicion of doubles, “Average to good” onion, Longer storage onion.

Saffrane: Medium run, Thicker skin, Rough neck finish, Odd yellowing on skins, Uniformity of shape a little uneven,

Solid onion, “Nice” appearance, “Nice “ onion, Mid to longer term storage onion.

Pulsar: Medium run, Neck finish tight but rough, Some skin cracks, Skin a bit thin, “Average” onion, Fairly firm,

Colour a little uneven, Odd greening of scales, Sprouting issues, Early to mid storage onion.

Nebula: Shape a little uneven, Fair skin with odd one cracking, Nice neck finish, Colour uneven, Good medium run,

Fair packer, Fairly firm onion, Odd greening of scales, A little skin rot present, Mid to late storage onion.

Norstar: Medium run, Great neck finish, Soft onion, Thinner skin left with some cracking, Uniformity of shape uneven,

Poor appearance, Suspicion of doubles, A lot of greening of scales, Early type onion.

... / continued

MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - continued

Centerstone: Medium run, Shape very uneven, Firmness a little uneven, Rough neck finish, Pretty good skin left, Colour a

touch uneven, “Average” onion, Early to mid onion.

Alpine: Poor skin attachment, Great neck finish, Thinner skin, Some greening of scales, Soft onion, Poorer appearance,

Medium run, Shape a little uneven, Suspicion of doubles, Mechanical damage to skin, Early season onion.

Marco: Early softer onion, Greening of scales a concern, Medium to larger run, Paper thin skin with a lot cracking, Neck

finish good, Shape uneven, Colour pale & a little uneven, Skin rot issues, Suspicion of doubles.

Corona: Medium to large run, Neck finish a little rough, Softer onion, Shape is uneven, Doubles concern, A few skin

cracks, Thinner skin left, Colour a little uneven, Odd greening of scales, “Average” onion, Early type onion.

Medoc: Size very uneven, Small run, Shape a touch uneven, Pretty good skin with odd crack, Neck finish a bit rough,

Suspicion of doubles, Firmness uneven, “Nice” appearance, Colour a little uneven, Early to mid storage onion.

Infinity: Good medium run, Pretty good skin, Neck bit big & rough, Colour a little uneven, A touch of greening of scales,

Okay appearance, Seed stalk issues, Some neck rot problems, Mid storage onion.

# YEARS MARKETABLE YIELD DAYS TO FIRMNESS*

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED t/ha B/A MATURITY A B

HIGHLANDER Tak 5 70.1 1157 95 8.34 5.88

HUSTLER HM 11 46.7 832 96 8.10 5.15

WOLF Tak 7 72.5 1272 103 8.80 5.80

ADVANCER HM 11 60.5 1078 104 8.54 6.05

NORSTAR Tak 21 64.7 1121 104 8.02 5.74

RICOCHET Sem 8 71.3 1179 105 9.64 8.05

TRAPP-7 Cro 5 65.5 1166 105 9.79 7.80

FRONTIER Tak 16 71.9 1226 105 9.85 8.14

ARSENAL Sem 13 72.9 1232 106 9.58 8.09

MOUNTAINEER Tak 8 67.2 1107 107 9.51 8.26

TARMAGON Sto 7 64.8 1157 108 8.43 5.88

CORONA BEJO 14 74.7 1287 109 9.52 7.16

ROCKET Sem 13 54.6 972 109 NA 6.37

SPECTRUM NUN 6 74.8 1312 109 8.91 6.38

MILESTONE Tak 9 81.5 1342 109 9.31 7.79

CALISTO BEJO 4 77.3 1310 110 8.30 6.00

FLAGSHIP Sto 8 68.8 1195 110 9.89 8.57

TAHOE BEJO 5 76.4 1236 110 9.65 8.40

STANLEY Sol 12 70.8 1200 111 9.81 8.43

TAURUS Sem 12 54.0 961 111 NA 6.27

... / continued

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION CULTIVAR TRIALS

# YEARS MARKETABLE YIELD DAYS TO FIRMNESS*

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED t/ha B/A MATURITY A B

PARAGON NUN 8 62.5 1110 112 8.85 7.38

TALON BEJO 6 75.3 1219 112 9.63 8.85

CAVALIER Sto 6 73.5 1287 112 9.92 8.21

CAPABLE NUN 7 55.3 979 112 8.16 6.39

TRAPP #8 E.J. 12 57.7 1027 112 8.30 7.72

TOPNOTCH Cro 5 60.0 1067 112 9.92 8.36

CORTLAND BEJO 6 76.4 1338 112 10.00 8.50

HAMLET Sem 16 73.9 1263 112 9.73 8.21

LIVINGSTON Sol 12 68.7 1166 113 9.73 8.36

FORTRESS Sem 16 62.3 1060 113 9.59 7.89

BARRAGE Sem 5 76.6 1363 113 9.00 4.02

SALEM BEJO 6 70.0 1227 113 9.80 8.50

UNIGLOBE 100 Sem 4 68.8 1225 114 9.80 8.39

TAMARA BEJO 11 68.5 1196 115 9.81 8.55

PRINCE BEJO 17 71.2 1224 115 9.79 8.60

MILLENNIUM NUN 9 71.2 1228 115 9.89 8.42

BENCHMARK Sem 6 62.3 1087 115 9.85 8.42

FESTIVAL BEJO 6 67.3 1159 115 9.62 8.25

INFINITY NUN 9 68.1 1122 115 9.76 7.70

CANADA MAPLE Sto 17 57.2 1018 116 NA 7.72

Listed in order of Days to Maturity. * 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average

* Firmness: A = Evaluated at time of Harvest B = Evaluated in December

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION CULTIVAR TRIALS - continued

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

# B

ulb

s H

arv

este

d

To

tal

Har

ves

t W

eig

ht

(kg

)

Wg

t. J

um

bo

> 7

6 m

m

(kg

)

Wg

t. L

arg

e 7

6-6

4 m

m

(kg

)

Wg

t. M

ediu

m 6

4-3

2 m

m

(kg

)

Mar

ket

able

Yie

ld B

/A

% M

ark

etab

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Maj

ori

ty o

f C

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s

Av

erag

e W

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Bu

lb (

g)

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m

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ps

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gh

t (c

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NN-0833 UNF 46 11.37 9.04 1.31 0.19 795 91.3 R 247.2 69.6 3.0 0.0 54.4

NIZ 9130 UNF 121 13.88 2.38 6.62 4.09 987 89.3 PW 114.7 8.3 7.9 1.0 71.6

DESPERADO BEJO 93 12.37 3.15 4.80 3.58 869 89.2 R 133.0 14.0 6.1 4.0 60.4

RAWHIDE BEJO 115 15.08 2.75 7.54 3.66 1052 87.8 D 131.1 10.4 7.5 0.0 60.5

IKARUS UNF 133 15.77 2.31 7.17 5.79 1151 86.5 PW 118.6 7.5 8.7 6.0 75.3

ADONIS UNF 112 16.08 6.08 5.94 2.77 1115 85.7 D 143.6 22.3 7.3 2.0 66.2

KALADO UNF 102 12.47 2.64 5.90 3.18 884 83.3 PW 122.3 10.8 6.7 0.0 68.0

AN-1169 UNF 113 11.84 1.96 3.92 3.82 731 71.7 D 104.8 8.0 7.4 10.0 59.0

NN-0834 UNF 24 8.15 4.67 0.51 0.20 406 70.8 R 339.6 50.0 1.6 0.0 52.8

AN-1158 UNF 112 10.62 2.09 3.27 3.22 647 67.0 D 94.8 8.9 7.3 26.0 72.8

AN-1215 UNF 117 14.03 2.56 5.07 2.72 780 63.2 R 119.9 9.4 7.7 11.0 65.4

AN-1213 UNF 97 9.71 2.16 2.38 2.09 500 54.6 S 100.1 10.3 6.3 57.0 64.9


.../ continued

ONION CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2009

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

Sh

ape

Un

ifo

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y o

f S

hap

e

Un

ifo

rmit

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f S

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Co

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Co

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atin

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Sk

in T

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Sk

inn

ing

Nec

k F

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h

Ov

eral

l S

core

Sco

re

Day

s to

Har

ves

t

% O

nio

n M

agg

ot

Dam

age

NN-0833 UNF G 6.0 7.0 8.5 DG 8.0 8.0 9.0 6.0 7.0 7.44 128 28.3

NIZ 9130 UNF FG 7.0 6.0 7.5 DG 7.0 5.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.81 115 3.3

DESPERADO BEJO SpG 7.0 6.0 7.0 DG 7.0 6.5 5.0 5.0 5.5 6.13 128 11.8

RAWHIDE BEJO G 6.0 7.0 7.5 DG 8.0 7.0 9.0 6.0 7.0 7.19 120 12.2

IKARUS UNF G 5.0 7.0 7.0 G 6.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.50 110 2.3

ADONIS UNF HG 5.0 6.0 8.5 G 8.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 7.5 7.00 128 0.9

KALADO UNF HG 5.0 6.0 7.0 G 6.0 7.0 9.0 6.0 8.0 6.75 120 2.9

AN-1169 UNF HG 6.0 5.0 8.0 LG 6.5 6.0 8.0 6.0 6.5 6.50 128+ 7.1

NN-0834 UNF G 4.0 8.0 8.0 G 8.0 7.0 10.0 4.0 5.0 6.75 128+ 20.8

AN-1158 UNF G 4.0 5.0 8.5 G 5.0 7.0 7.0 4.0 6.0 5.81 128 10.7

AN-1215 UNF SpG 6.0 6.0 7.0 G 5.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 6.00 120 16.2

AN-1213 UNF FG 3.0 4.0 7.5 R 6.0 6.0 9.0 2.0 6.0 5.44 128+ 6.2


ONION CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2009 - continued

ADAPTATION ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

NN-0833: Larger run, Neck finish a touch rough, Solid onion, Suspicion of doubles, Appearance bit rough, Thicker skin,

Darker colour, White flecking on skins, Longer term storage onion.

Niz 9130: Small to medium run, Good neck finish, Nice appearance, Odd skin crack, Thicker skin left, Slight copper shine

to skin, Overall “Nice”, Mid storage onion.

Desperado: Medium run, Thinner skin left, Colour a little uneven, Neck finish is rough, Some skin cracking, Early to mid

storage onion, Overall “Okay”.

Rawhide: Medium run, Good skin left, Colour a touch uneven, Neck finish average, Shape is uneven, Suspicion of doubles,

Good appearance, Mid storage onion, Odd greening of scales, Overall “Good”.

Ikarus: Shape uneven, Medium run, Good neck finish, Nice appearance, Skin cracking concerns, Thinner skin, A little

greening of scales, Overall “Good”, Mid storage onion.

Adonis: Rougher neck finish, Medium run, Solid onion, Shape very uneven, Some doubles, Thicker skin, Colour very

even, Some yellowing of skins, Overall “Nice”, Longer term storage onion.

…/continued

ADAPTATION ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - continued

Kalado: Average neck finish, Small to medium run, Size bit small, Shape a little uneven, Suspicion of doubles, Good

skin, Nice packer, A lot of white flecking, Overall “Nice”, Mid storage onion.

An-1169: Small run, Uneven neck finish, Fairly firm, Doubles are a concern, Some skin cracks, Thinner skin, Overall

“Okay”, Mid storage onion.

NN-0834: Poor stand, Very rough neck finish, Solid onion, Rough appearance, Thick skin, Skin rot issues, Overall “Poor”.

An-1158: Rough neck finish, Small run, Firm, Shape uneven, Suspicion of doubles, Vertical skin cracks, Colour a little

uneven, Overall “Average”, Longer term storage onion.

An-1215: Sprouting & skin rot concerns, Medium run, Poor neck finish, Softer onion, Shape uneven, A little skin cracking,

Thinner skin, Colour a little uneven, Overall “Poor”.

An-1213: Small to medium run, Very poor neck finish, Shape uneven, Doubles concern, Thicker skin, Deep red colour,

Nice interior colour, Double centers, Dead center is white.

Cu

ltiv

ar

So

urc

e

% M

ark

etab

le

% W

eig

ht

Lo

ss

% S

pro

uts

% R

ot

% S

oft

Fir

mn

ess

In *

*

Fir

mn

ess

Ou

t *

*

TRAIL BLAZER Tak 91.7 a* 4.8 a 1.5 ab 0.8 a-d 0.5 a 9.2 7.3

ADVENTURE Tak 91.3 a 5.3 ab 0.8 ab 1.8 a-e 0.0 a 10.0 7.3

TAHOE Bejo 90.9 a 5.3 ab 1.2 ab 0.6 a-d 1.5 a 9.7 7.2

PULSAR Nun 90.9 a 5.2 ab 0.7 ab 2.5 a-e 0.0 a 9.3 7.5

INFINITY Nun 90.5 ab 5.2 ab 0.7 ab 1.9 a-e 0.8 a 9.5 6.8

POLO Sol 90.3 ab 5.7 ab 2.5 ab 0.5 a-d 0.4 a 9.5 7.2

PATTERSON Bejo 90.0 abc 6.1 abc 0.5 a 2.7 a-e 0.0 a 9.5 7.0

SAFRANE Bejo 89.8 abc 5.2 ab 0.4 a 2.4 a-e 1.3 a 9.5 6.7

NEBULA Nun 89.3 a-d 5.4 ab 3.3 abc 1.1 a-e 0.4 a 9.7 7.3

HAMLET Sto 89.1 a-d 5.4 ab 1.3 ab 0.0 a 3.2 abc 9.7 6.2

SVR 18504 Sem 88.0 a-d 9.1 de 1.1 ab 0.7 a-d 4.3 abc 9.8 6.2

FORTRESS Sto 88.0 a-d 6.7 abc 0.5 a 0.0 a 1.1 a 10.0 6.8

Listed in Order of Percent Marketable.

* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 Fisher's Protected LSD Test.

** 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average .../continued

ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2008 - 2009

Cu

ltiv

ar

% M

ark

etab

le

% W

eig

ht

Lo

ss

% S

pro

uts

% R

ot

% S

oft

Fir

mn

ess

In *

*

Fir

mn

ess

Ou

t *

*

STANLEY Sol 87.1 a-e* 6.1 abc 3.1 abc 1.5 a-e 1.7 ab 9.7 7.3

ARSENAL Sto 86.3 a-e 5.3 ab 1.5 ab 0.9 a-e 5.4 abc 9.7 5.5

PRINCE Bejo 85.8 a-e 6.5 abc 1.4 ab 2.9 b-e 2.9 abc 9.3 6.7

FRONTIER Tak 85.7 a-e 6.1 abc 5.9 a-d 1.1 a-e 0.0 a 9.8 6.5

SVR 18273 Sem 84.7 a-e 5.2 ab 1.5 ab 3.2 def 4.9 abc 9.2 5.8

TALON Bejo 84.5 a-e 6.2 abc 7.2 a-d 0.2 ab 1.2 a 9.7 6.3

CENTENNIAL Bejo 84.1 a-e 5.6 ab 2.9 abc 3.0 c-f 3.7 abc 8.8 4.7

LIVINGSTON Sol 83.7 a-e 6.6 abc 8.4 a-d 0.0 a 0.6 a 9.2 6.2

SVR 18275 Sem 80.9 a-f 6.4 abc 9.4 bcd 0.6 a-d 2.2 ab 9.7 6.8

MILESTONE Tak 80.2 a-f 6.3 abc 2.1 ab 2.2 a-e 9.2 bcd 9.0 4.3

MOUNTAINEER Tak 78.2 b-g 5.3 ab 13.8 de 0.7 a-d 0.9 a 9.5 5.8

MACKENZIE Sem 77.6 c-g 6.3 abc 11.4 cd 0.9 a-e 2.8 abc 9.0 6.0



** 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average .../continued

ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2008 - 2009 - continued

Cu

ltiv

ar

% M

ark

etab

le

% W

eig

ht

Lo

ss

% S

pro

uts

% R

ot

% S

oft

Fir

mn

ess

In *

*

Fir

mn

ess

Ou

t *

*

RICOCHET Sto 77.0 d-g* 5.5 ab 6.5 a-d 0.3 abc 10.1 cd 9.2 4.7

RUBY RING Tak 74.9 efg 7.0 a-d 1.7 ab 5.7 f 10.1 cd 9.00 5.50

CHAMPLAIN Sem 69.8 fg 7.4 bcd 11.5 cd 3.7 ef 6.8 abc 9.3 5.0

CAMRY Bejo 69.1 fg 6.3 abc 3.1 abc 1.9 a-e 18.8 e 8.3 3.3

MEDEO Bejo 66.1 g 7.6 bcd 21.2 e 2.5 a-e 1.9 ab 8.8 4.8

MARCO Sol 66.0 g 4.9 a 8.5 a-d 1.9 a-e 17.8 e 8.0 4.0

ALPINE Tak 49.3 h 8.2 cd 14.7 de 3.2 def 23.8 e 8.5 2.7

COWBOY Bejo 35.2 i 11.1 e 35.3 f 1.4 a-e 16.5 de 8.3 3.7

TRIAL AVERAGE 80.8 6.2 5.8 1.7 4.8 9.3 5.9



** 10.0 = Most Desirable, 7.5 = Good, 6.0 = Average

ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2008 - 2009 - continued

MAIN ONION STORAGE CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

Trail Blazer: Fairly firm, 15% basal plates just starting to push out, Firmness slightly uneven, Stored “Very well”.

Adventure: Fairly firm, 10-20% basal plates just starting to pushing out, Stored “Very well”.

Tahoe: Firm, 10-20% basal plates just starting to push out, Skins still well intact, Stored “Nice”.

Pulsar: Firm, 10-15% basal plates just starting to push out, Storage onion, Stored “Very well”.

Infinity: Firmness a little uneven, Storage onion, 5% basal plates just starting to push out, Stored “Good”.

Polo: 10-20% basal plates pushing out, Firmness a touch uneven, Mid storage onion, Stored “Good”.

Patterson: 15-30% basal plates pushing out, Fairly firm, Stored “Pretty good”.

Safrane: Still fairly firm, 10% basal plates pushing out, Longer storage onion, Stored “Good”.

Nebula: 10-30% basal plates just starting to push out, Still fairly firm, Stored “Quite well”.

Hamlet: Firmness a little uneven, 10-50% basal plates pushing out, Stored “Fair”.

SVR 18504: Firmness slightly uneven, Bit on the soft side, Stored “Okay”.

Fortress: Still fairly firm, Firmness a little uneven, 10-25% basal plates pushing out, Stored “Good”.

... / continued

MAIN ONION STORAGE CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – continued

Stanley: 10-20% basal plates are just starting to push out, Quite firm, Stored “Good”.

Arsenal: Firmness is uneven, 15-80% basal plates just pushing out, Stored “Fair”, Mid storage onion.

Prince: Storage onion, A touch of neck rot, 10% basal plates pushing out, Stored “Pretty good”.

Frontier: Still pretty firm, 10-50% basal plates pushing out, Top & root sprouting just starting, Stored “Pretty good”.

SVR 18273: Firmness slightly uneven, Some skin rot, 5-50% of basal plates just starting to push out, Stored “Fair”.

Talon: 60-90% of basal plates pushing out, Firmness a little uneven, Stored “Okay”.

Centennial: Firmness is uneven, 15-80% basal plates pushing out, Slightly soft, Some rot issues, Stored “Okay”.

Livingston: Firmness inconsistent, 10-90% basal plates pushing out, Some root sprouts, Stored “Fair”.

SVR 18275: Still pretty firm, 10-70% of basal plates just starting to push out, A few top sprouts just starting, Stored “Good”.

Milestone: 30-60% of basal plates pushing out, A touch soft, Firmness uneven, Stored “Poor”.

Mountaineer: 25% basal plates pushing out, Firmness a little uneven, Still fairly firm, Top sprouts just starting, Stored “Well”.

Mackenzie: 10-80% of basal plates pushing out, Touch on the soft side, Top & root sprouting just starting, Stored “Okay”.

... / continued

MAIN ONION STORAGE CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES – continued

Ricochet: Firmness slightly uneven, 20-70% basal plates pushing out, Top sprouts just starting, Stored “A little poor”.

Ruby Ring: Some neck rot issues, Firmness a little uneven, Bit soft, Stored “Poor”.

Champlain: Slightly soft, Firmness a little uneven, 10-70% of basal plates just starting to push out, Stored “Poor”.

Camary: 50-100% basal plates pushing out, Soft early onion, Not a storage onion.

Medeo: Soft, 20-40% of basal plates just starting to push out, Root sprouts just starting, Stored “Okay”.

Marco: Soft, 15-80% basal plate pushing out, Sprouting issues, Stored “A little poor”.

Apline: 90% basal plates pushing out, Sprouting concern, Very soft, Not a storage onion.

Cowboy: Skin rot concern, 90-100% basal plates pushing out, Soft, Sprouting issues, Not a storage onion.

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION STORAGE TRIALS

% WT LOSS % ROT,

# YEARS % IN SOFT & FIRMNESS *

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE STORAGE SPROUT IN OUT

MUSTANG BEJO 4 88.2 7.0 3.9 9.85 6.90

INFINITY NUN 8 88.2 5.5 5.0 9.80 6.70

CAVALIER Sem 6 87.8 6.4 6.9 9.85 7.30

COPRA BEJO 5 86.2 8.6 5.7 8.00 7.25

FLAGSHIP Sem 7 83.6 6.8 9.6 4.94 7.08

CANADA MAPLE Sto 9 83.3 8.3 8.3 NA 7.40

TAURUS Sem 9 82.9 7.3 9.8 NA 5.85

MILLENNIUM NUN 8 82.8 6.6 10.5 4.95 6.85

STANLEY Sol 10 82.1 7.1 10.2 9.91 7.26

TRAPPS #8 E.J. 9 79.9 8.9 11.3 NA 6.35

CORTLAND BEJO 5 79.0 7.7 13.6 9.85 6.85

SALEM BEJO 5 79.0 8.1 14.0 9.85 6.80

BASTILLE Sem 4 77.6 6.4 16.8 9.70 6.70

TALON BEJO 5 77.4 5.2 16.9 9.90 6.82

HAMLET Sem 17 75.8 8.3 17.2 9.58 6.18

FORTRESS Sem 15 75.4 9.0 16.1 9.41 6.73

TRAPPS # 7 Cro 4 74.2 9.7 18.5 7.30 5.80

PARAGON NUN 10 73.5 11.2 17.1 9.00 6.90

SPECTRUM NUN 6 73.5 11.2 18.9 8.85 5.50

ARSENAL Sem 12 74.3 7.2 18.9 9.73 5.96

* 10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average …/continued

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION STORAGE TRIALS - continued

% WT LOSS % ROT,

# YEARS % IN SOFT & FIRMNESS *

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE STORAGE SPROUT IN OUT

PRINCE BEJO 16 73.0 9.9 18.7 9.67 6.79

LIVINGSTON Sol 10 73.0 7.1 16.0 9.83 6.85

MOUNTAINEER Tak 7 72.1 5.8 21.9 9.49 6.33

TAMARA BEJO 9 71.9 9.9 21.8 9.85 6.75

TARMAGON Sto 6 70.5 10.1 19.1 8.25 5.25

BENCHMARK Sem 5 70.5 12.8 21.3 9.45 6.91

CAPABLE NUN 9 70.1 11.1 18.8 7.85 5.30

MILESTONE Tak 8 69.2 6.0 24.2 9.50 5.90

GUARDIAN HM 6 68.4 12.1 20.3 8.50 6.25

FRONTIER Tak 14 67.2 8.1 26.6 9.86 7.06

TIMBERLAND Tak 5 66.8 6.5 28.0 9.30 5.45

ADVANCER HM 11 65.5 11.0 26.6 8.30 4.00

HUSTLER HM 11 64.1 9.9 27.8 8.00 5.30

TURBO Cro 6 63.3 11.3 28.9 9.00 5.80

SWEET SANDWICH Sol 8 62.3 11.3 29.6 7.25 4.75

AUTUMN KEEPER Cro 5 61.1 12.6 26.4 7.42 5.65

RICOCHET Sem 7 59.3 5.7 32.6 9.77 5.87

CORONA BEJO 13 56.0 11.3 36.8 9.42 5.00

NORSTAR Tak 20 49.9 10.8 42.4 8.26 5.30

NEW YORK EARLY NUN 3 46.7 13.7 39.6 6.71 4.00

Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period approximately 11 months.

* 10.0 = Most Desirable, 8.0 = Good, 6.0 = Average

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Muck Vegetable Cultivar Trial & Research Report 2009 Green book complete.pdf · Muck Vegetable...

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