Mu 101: Introduction

to Music

Instructor:Dr.AliceJones

QueensboroughCommunityCollege

Spring2019SectionsC3(W9:10-12),C5(F9:10-12),F5(F

12:10-3)

Recap

• Roundtable#1• Romanticera•  FranzSchubert•  Lieder• Midtermexamswillbereturnedtoyounextweek

Careers in music •  Composer–someonewhowritesmusic,usuallyforotherstoperform•  Performer–someonewhoperformsmusic(voice,instrument,conductor)• Musicologist–someonewhostudiesmusic,whatitis,andwhatitmeans

•  Analysis,writeprogramnotes,teach,writebooks,Spotifyalgorhythms•  Ethnomusicologist–someonewhodoeseverythingamusicologistdoes,usuallyalsothinkingaboutnon-classical(non-Western)musicandwithmoreattentiontoculturalcontextandsocialstructures

•  Sameasabove+fieldrecordings•  Artsadministration–someonewhoworksatanorganizationthatpresents,preserves,oreducatesaboutanartisticdisciplineordisciplines(schools,museums,theaters,concerthalls)

•  Fundraising,marketing,recordkeeping,financialmanagement,designingprogramsandcurricula,hiringotherartiststoteachand/orperform,productionmanagement

There is no art without economics

•  Supplies:instrumentsandrepairs,scores,paper,rehearsalspace

•  Educationandtrainingcosts/time

•  Somedegreeoffinancialcomfort

AbrahamMaslow,“ATheoryofHumanMotivation”(1943)

Different economic systems affect how art is made: Patronage system •  Typicaljobtitles:maestrodicappella(Italy),surintendantdemusiqueormaîtredemusique(France),Kapellmeister(Germany)

•  Taste,style,instruments,andallothermusicaldetailsaredeterminedbytheartist’spatronthroughfeedback,encouragement,hiring/firing,commissions

•  Theartist’spersonalexpressionisn’tthemainreasonartexists

• Patroncontrolsallaspectsofthemusician’slifeandprovideseverythingneededtomakeitpossible

JosephHaydnwrote72triosforthebaryton,a19-stringinstrumentthatno

onebuthispatronplayed

Different economic systems affect how art is made: Free market / Capitalism

•  Less(orno!)jobsecurity• Anartistdoesn’thavetopleaseawealthypatron–theyaresellinggoodsthatthepublicmayormaynotbuy

•  Commercialjingles,soundtracks,popmusic•  Disregardpublicopinion

“Contrarytogeneralbelief,anartistisneveraheadofhistimebutmostpeoplearefarbehindtheirs.”—EdgarVarèse(1883-1965)

Performers today: A look at the orchestra

•  Salary–thereare117orchestrasintheUnitedStates

•  $100,000peryear(top20orchestras)

•  $55,000peryear•  $40-150perservice

•  Let’sestimateeachorchestrahas100members

• Musicschoolgraduates–thereareapproximately60topmusicschoolsintheUnitedStates

•  Let’sestimate150studentscompletetheirbachelor’sdegreeateachoftheseschoolseachyear

11,700jobsbutnot11,700jobopportunities 9,000graduateseachyear

Musicians today: The gig economy

• Concerts• Commissions(performers)•  Teaching

•  Privatelessons•  Communitymusicschools•  Primaryeducation•  Secondaryeducation

• Grantwriting• Dayjobs

•  Streaming•  Spotify:$0.006to$0.0084perplay

•  Pandora:$0.0014to$0.0025perplay

•  Recordlabelstypicallyreceive60%ofthesepayments

•  Artistssignedwithrecordlabelsreceivemoreplays

“Musicisart,andartisimportantandrare.Important,rarethingsarevaluable.Valuablethingsshouldbepaidfor.It’smyopinionthatmusicshouldnotbefree.”—TaylorSwift

Ethnomusicological recordings, lullabies: “Bebi notsa” • PerformedbyMargaretin1943inKansas

•  TheMuscogeelivedinwhatisnowsouthernTennessee,Alabama,westernGeorgia,andnorthernFlorida

•  TheethnomusicologistwhorecordedthislullabywasemployedbytheBureauofIndianAffairstorecordasmuchNativeAmericanmusicalcultureaspossiblebeforeitwaslostforever

Ethnomusicological recordings, children’s play: Drew, Mississippi, 1940 •  ArchibaldMacLeish,LibrarianofCongress:“TheLibraryofCongressshouldpossessallbooksandothermaterials...whichexpressandrecordthelifeandachievementsofthepeopleoftheUnitedStates.”

•  “Shortenin’Bread”•  PerformedbyOraDellGraham,age12,inherschoolauditorium

•  Repurposesa(white)popularsongthatmadefunofblackfood

“Shelovedtogo,shealwayslovedtogo.Shewaswhatyoucallanightperson.Shelovedtohaveaball.Shelovedtodance.Shelovedtosing.Thatwasherthing,youknow.”—SonnyMilton,Graham’snephew

Ethnomusicological recordings, work songs: “Early in the Mornin’” •  ThisrecordingwasmadebyAlanLomaxataprisoninMississippiin1947.ThesingersareallprisonersatParchmanFarmStatePenitentiary,andthesongstheysinghavebeenpasseddownamongprisonerssinceitsfoundingin1901andbefore.

• Performedby22,LittleRed,TangleEye,andHardHair

Arts administration

Eachgroupwillreceive4biographiesofartsadministratorsand/orjobpostingsaboutartsadministrationpositions.Eachgroupwillsharewiththeclass:• Whatkindsofskillsdoesapersonworkinginartsadministrationneed?

• Whatkindsofpriorexperiencesmightapersonworkinginartsadministrationhave?

• Whatsurprisedyoumostabouttheartsadministrationpositionsorpeopleyoulearnedabout?

Reminders

• PeerCritique#1endsonSunday• Ournextonlinediscussion(Musicandgender)isMarch11-17

• Readingfornextclassisavailableonline:economics

• Howclassicalmusicgetsmadetoday•  Reflection4–dueMar22/27•  Roundtable#2–inclassMar22/27

March16,5:30pmConcertatBrooklynConservatoryofMusic(ParkSlope)FreeforDr.J.’sstudents