MTSS Frm Lang 101816 - PaTTAN - Home

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10/13/2016 The Relationship Between Language and Writing MTSS Implementer’s Forum Harrisburg, PA October 18, 2016 1 Why Language Matters? 1. Language is the foundation of literacy. 2. Language builds vocabulary, background knowledge and contextual understanding. 3. Language communicates and requires discourse knowledge. 4. Language is social; therefore, writing is also a social process. 2 1. Language is the Foundation of Literacy Language is a predictor of later reading and writing ability (Catts, Fey, Tomblin, & Zhang, 2002). Children who develop strong oral language skills (in their native language) during the preschool years create an important foundation for their later achievements in reading and writing, especially reading and writing comprehension (Storch & Whitehurst, 2002). 3 1

Transcript of MTSS Frm Lang 101816 - PaTTAN - Home

 

  

 

  

 

10/13/2016

The Relationship Between Language and Writing

MTSS Implementer’s Forum Harrisburg, PA October 18, 2016

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Why Language Matters?

1. Language is the foundation of literacy. 2. Language builds vocabulary, background knowledge and contextual understanding.

3. Language communicates and requires discourse knowledge.

4. Language is social; therefore, writing is also a social process.

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1. Language is the Foundation of Literacy

• Language is a predictor of later reading and writing ability (Catts, Fey, Tomblin, & Zhang, 2002). • Children who develop strong oral language skills (in their native language) during the preschool yearscreate an important foundation for their later achievements in reading and writing, especially reading and writing comprehension (Storch & Whitehurst, 2002).

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Language is the Foundation of Literacy Language

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What Does this Mean for Writing?

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Microstructure/Foundational skills

• Handwriting‐ accuracy and fluency

• Keyboarding (fluency– transition)

• Spelling‐ accuracy and fluency

• Vocabulary

• Sentences: structure

• Mechanics

Macrostructure/Processing skills

• Sentences: combining and complexity

• Writing process: plan, write/transcribe, edit, revise and provide feedback (collaboration) – Requires central executive function

– Higher level reasoning

– Synthesizing

2. Language Builds Vocabulary, Background Knowledge and Contextual  Understanding

“Words are not just words. They are the nexus – the interface – between communication and thought.”

– Marilyn J. Adams

• Language and our knowledge of words determines how we understand texts, define ourselves for others, and define the way we see the world (Bloom, 2001; Pinker, 2007). 

• Language and word knowledge builds our thinking (Block, Gambrell, & Pressley, 2002; Block & Pressley, 2002; RAND Study Group, 2002). 

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The stuff of thought. Language as a window into

human nature. Words and Worlds

words and reality

words and culture

words and community words and social relations

words and emotions

words and thoughts

(Pinker, 2007)

“The inability to correctly perceive reality is often responsible for humans’ insane behavior. And every time they substitute an all‐purpose, sloppy slang word for the words that would accurately describe an emotion or situation, it lowers their reality orientation, pushes them further from shore, out into foggy waters of alienation and confusion.”

‐Tom Robbins, Skinny Legs and All

(Bennet, 2014)

Leafy?!?

• I dig that dessert, it’s so leafy!

• I love how leafy this restaurant is. . .

• The wine is quite leafy, don’t you think?

• We’re having such a leafy time.

• I just wish the waiter wasn’t so leafy.

(Bennet, 2014)

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Meaningful Differences with Language

. . .By the time the children were 3 years old, parents in less economically favored circumstances had said fewer different words in their cumulative monthly vocabularies than the children in the most economically advantaged families in the same period of time (Hart & Risley, 1995).

Cumulative Expressive Vocabulary

Children from professional families 1100 words

Children from working class families 700 words

Children from economically disadvantaged families 500 words 10

Cumulative Experience

Words heard Words heard in a 4 yearsWords heard in a 100-hour 5,200-hour year per hour week

Economically Disadvantaged

616 62,000 3 million 13 million

Working Class 1,251 125,000 6 million 26 million

Professional 2,153 215,000 11 million 45 million

(Hart & Risley, 1995) 11

zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

corner

eleven

magic

machine

sky remind

pound

part corner

eleven

magic

machine

sky remind

pound

partdraw blow arrange

ancient

honest nibble

yank

= words known by most children by the end of grade 2 (Biemiller, 2010, Words Worth Teaching)

= high‐priority words known by 40‐80% of children by the end of grade 2

suppose

model

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Try It!

Word Bank #2 Word Bank #1 • cat• agent • mat • cheap • mad• neutralize • fan • stress • Sam• contraption

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What Does this Mean for Writing? Teach vocabulary explicitly and require students to use words!

• Both definitional and contextual knowledge.

• The identification and use of morphological patterns (Greek and Latin roots, base words, and frequently used affixes).

• Multiple exposures in words in varieties and authentic contexts.

• Exposure to words in meaningful groups to examine similarities and differences and to build lexical networks.

• Specific strategies and activities for acquiring new vocabulary, such as semantic mapping/webbing, semantic feature analysis, thinking trees, concept ladders, and focus questions. 14

Sample Thinking Tree

Transportation

cars planes boats buses bicycles feet

15(Kirby & Kuykendall, 1985; Nagy, 2004)

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Sample Concept Ladder Concept: Causes of:

Effects of:

Language associated with: Word that mean the same as:

Historical examples:

Contemporary examples: Evidence of:

Literature connections made: 16

Sample Focus Questions • Naming Words ‐ Nouns

Person: Animal:

Place: Thing:

Idea (e.g., hesitation, confidence):

• What does the person do? • What is the person’s job? • Where does the person work? • Where does the person live? • What are some interesting things 

• ‐What types of animal is a

about the person?

________? • ‐What does it look like? • ‐What does it eat? • ‐Where does it live? • ‐How does it survive?

• What does it look like? • What does it look like? • What do you do there? • What does it feel like? • Where is it? • What does it taste like? • What are the people like? • What do you do with it?

• Where do you find it?

• How does it feel? • What happens when you have ________?

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Word Categories Naming Words Naming Words Naming Words

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Word Categories Action Words Action Words Action Words

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Word Categories Describing Words Describing Words Describing Words

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Try It!

Let’s connect deep vocabulary learning and generation‐level processing to writing. . . • For the purpose of this Activity, you have learned (and mastered) the following vocabulary words: pupa, larva, metamorphosis, insect, nymph, egg • Think about how an author might use these words, then sequence them in the order you think the author might use them in his/orwriting. For example, which word will the author use first, second, etc.? • Talk with a partner and modify your list (if you want).

(Troia, 2015) 21

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Try It! Most insects completely change their size, shape, and color as they go through their life cycle. These changes are called metamorphosis. There are three basic kinds of life cycles in insects. Some have four phases (egg‐larva‐pupa‐adult); others have three phases (egg‐nymph‐adult). The four‐phase life cycle is usually called complete metamorphosis and the three‐phase life cycle is called incomplete or simple metamorphosis. Some insects go through no metamorphosis at all. They hatch from their eggs looking like tiny versions of adults. They simply grow larger over time, shedding their outer skin as it becomes too tight to reveal a new, larger skin underneath. (Sample from a High School Textbook)

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Try It!

• Compare your sequence with the sequence of words in the passage. What similarities and/or differences do you notice in how you sequenced your words compared to how the author sequenced his/her words? Why are the two sequences similar and/or different?

• How can you modify and/or expand the use of writing with this activity (while keeping the emphasis on vocabulary)?

(Troia, 2015) 23

3. Language Communicates and Requires 

– Expressive language

– Background knowledge

– Vocabulary‐ depth and breadth

– Syntax

– Spatial/organizational skills

– Linguistic features 

– Genre specific text structure

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Discourse Knowledge

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Who?

 

 

   

 

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What Does this Mean for Writing?

• Language is action!

• Students will write best from their own experience  and interest when telling about things they know.

• Consider the importance of selecting writing prompts that help students communicate their understanding.

• When teaching students how to respond to a writing prompt, explicitly teach students how to connect to their background knowledge (…what do you know?) during the planning phase of the writing process.

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What Does this Mean for Writing?

Justice Stephen Breyer

My name is______________. I am from______________.

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TELLING/RETELLING: MODEL (I DO!)

Who?

What? Where? When?

Why?

(Who?)

We (What?) on (When?). and we went to (Where?)

because we (Why?).

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TELLING/RETELLING: GUIDE (WE DO!)

(Who?)

We (What?)

and we went to (Where?) on (When?).

because we (Why?).

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TELLING/RETELLING: PRACTICE (YOU DO!)

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TELLING/RETELLING: PRACTICE (YOU DO WITH PARTNERS!) Now I want you to practice with your partner.  I have given you and your partner the Hand Organizer to use.  Remember to touch each of the fingers as you retell our trip to the museum.

Blue Partner you will go first.  When you are done, Yellow Partner will do the retell.  Knee to knee and go!

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Giving Feedback

• I Do We Do You Do

“Think about whether your partner said everything he or she was supposed to. If they included the who, where, when, what, AND why, tell them they did a good job. If your partner didn’t share one or more of those things, you need to tell him or her they should do so the next time.”

“Nice job. I like how you shared where you went on vacation.”

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4. Language is Social/Writing is Social

Writing is a social process for English language learners (ELLs), just as it is for any other writer. Teaching English language learners to be successful writers depends on the quality of the instructional process, practices, and classroom climate for learning.

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English Language Learners

Recent research reveals emerging promising practices on how meaningful, standards‐based writing instruction can be attainedthrough four key principles: • Writing can be taught earlier than once believed. • Explicit instruction in writing mechanics and composition is necessary for writing success. • Vocabulary and oral language development are an integral part of writing. • Culturally responsive instruction includes topics, styles and cultural knowledge into the writing themes.

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What Does this Mean for Writing?

https://www.wida.us/

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10/13/2016

Try It! Pedro Writing Can Do! Grade 1, Level 2 (Beginning) • Provide information using graphic

organizers. He has been in the ESL  • Generate lists of words/phrases Program since K. Pedro was  from banks or walls. born in the United States and  • Complete modeled sentence 

starters (e.g., “I like_______.”) lives with his parents who are • Describe people, places or objects

from Nicaragua and speak  from illustrated examples or models. mostly Spanish at home.

Design/describe a writing activity that allows Pedro to express his experience in writing: 37

Try It! Isabel  Writing Can Do! Grade 2, Level 3 (Developing)

• Engage in prewriting strategies She is from Mexico and started Isabel has been in the ESL program since K. 

(e.g., use of graphic organizers). kindergarten at a parochial school in Mexico City. Her father is attending a  • Form simple sentences. doctoral program at Lehigh University and her mother was a teacher in Mexico. • Participant in interactive journal Parents are keeping up with Isabel’s  writing.Spanish literacy at home. Both parents are bilingual, but prefer to speak Spanish at  • Give content‐based information home. using visuals or graphics.

Design/describe a writing activity that allows Isabel to express her experience in writing: 38

Try It! Kim

Writing Can Do! Grade 1, Level 1 (Entering) • Copy written language.

than a year. She came with her parents and Kim has been in the ESL Program for less 

• Use first language (L1, when L1 is 4 siblings from Cambodia in July of this year. She did not attend kindergarten in  medium of instruction) to help Cambodia. The family is in the process of  form words in English. acculturation. Kim and her two brothers (in grades 4 and 5) require extra assistance  • Communicate through drawings. from the ESL teacher. Parents and children  • Label familiar objects or pictures. only communicate in Khmer.

Design/describe a writing activity that allows Kim to express her experience in writing: 39

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Try It! Fatima

Writing Can Do! Grade 3, Level 2 (Beginning) • Make lists from labels or with 

Grade 1. She is from Syria and due to the Fatima has been in the ESL Program since 

peers. violence in her country she could not  • Complete/produce sentences from attend Kindergarten. Her mother taughther literacy skills in Arabic while they were word/phrase banks or walls. in a refugee camp. Fatima is a very bright  • Fill in graphic organizers, charts, girl and has improved her oral skills in  and tables. English. She still experiences some challenges with handwriting. The language • Make comparisons using real‐life or of communication at home is mostly  visually‐supported materials. Arabic.

Design/describe a writing activity that allows Fatima to express her experience in writing:

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2. Language builds vocabulary, background knowledge, and contextual understanding.

1. Language is the foundation of literacy.

Teach both vocabulary definitional knowledge and use.

3. Language communicates and requires discourse knowledge.

Optimize the relationship between oral language and writing.

4. Language is social; therefore, writing is also a social process.

So. . .Why Does Language Matter?

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“When one is highly alert to language, then nearly everything begs to be a poem.” James Tate

“What crazies we writers are, our heads full of language like buckets of minnows standing in the moonlight on the dock.” Hayden Carruth

“To me the greatest pleasure of writing is not what it’s about but the music the words make. Truman Capote

What Writers Say About Language

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