M.Tech. (OPTOELECTRONICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY) (FOUR SEMESTERS - FULL TIME)

CURRICULUM

SEMESTER – I

Sl.No.

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P C

THEORY

1 MA616 Applied Mathematics 3 1 0 4

2 EC641 Optoelectronics 3 0 0 3

3 EC642 Electromagnetic theory and applications 3 0 0 3

4 PH601 Radiation Sources and Detectors 3 0 0 3

5 PH602 Modern Optics 3 0 0 3

6 PH603 Laser Technology 3 0 0 3

PRACTICAL

7 PH604 Laser Laboratory 0 0 4 2

TOTAL 18 1 4 21

SEMESTER - II

Sl.No.

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P C

THEORY

1 EC643 Optical Fiber Communication 3 0 0 3

2 EC644 Digital Signal Processing 3 0 0 3

3 PH605 Photonic Materials and Devices 3 0 0 3

4 PH606 Laser Applications 3 0 0 3

5 E1 Elective-I 3 0 0 3

6 E2 Elective-II 3 0 0 3

PRACTICAL

7 PH607 Optics Laboratory 0 0 4 2

TOTAL 18 0 4 20

SEMESTER - III

Sl.No.

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P C

THEORY

1 PH701 Nonlinear Optics 3 0 0 3

2 E3 Elective-III 3 0 0 3

3 E4 Elective-IV 3 0 0 3

PRACTICAL

4 PH702 Industrial Training 0 0 * 1

5 PH703 Project Work – Phase I 0 0 12 **

TOTAL 09 0 12 10

SEMESTER IV

Sl. No.

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P C

PRACTICAL

1 PH704 Project Work –Phase II & Viva 0 0 - 18

TOTAL CREDIT 0 0 - 24

TOTAL CREDITS: 75

Total Number of Credits to be earned for the Award of the Degree : 75 * Minimum15 days of industrial training in a single slot is required

** 6 Credit of Project Work – Phase I will be accounted in the Phase II of the project work

LIST OF ELECTIVES

Sl.No.

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P C

THEORY

1 ECY008 Optical Communication Networks 3 0 0 3

2 EC602 Modern Digital Communication Techniques 3 1 0 4

3 EC621 Advanced Digital System Design 3 0 0 3

4 PHY001 Nonlinear Fiber Optics 3 0 0 3

5 PHY002 Optical Computing 3 0 0 3

6 PHY003 Fiber Optic Sensors 3 0 0 3

7 PHY004 Materials Processing by Lasers 3 0 0 3

8 PHY005 Laser Spectroscopy 3 0 0 3

9 PHY006 Medical Application of Lasers 3 0 0 3

10 PHY007 Integrated Optics 3 0 0 3

11 PHY008 Nanophotonics 3 0 0 3

12 PHY009 Biophotonics 3 0 0 3

13 PHY010 Dye Lasers 3 0 0 3

SEMESTER – I

MA616 APPLIED MATHEMATICS L T P C 3 1 0 4

UNIT I LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS 9 System of Equation - Solution by Gauss Elimination, Gauss-Jordan and LU decomposition method – Jacobi, Gauss – Sedial iteration method – Eigen values of a matrix by Jacobi and Power methods. UNIT II WAVE EQUATION 9 Solution of initial and boundary value problems - Characteristics- D Alembert`s Solution – Significance of characteristics curve – Laplace transform solution for displacement in a long string – a long string under its weight – Longitudinal vibration of a elastic bar with prescribed force on one end - free vibration of string. UNIT III SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 9 Beta and Gamma functions - Legendre, Bessel, Hermite and Lagurre polynomials - generating functions - recurrence relations, orthogonal relations, associated polynomials and their properties - confluent hyper geometric functions and their properties, Zernike polynomials, Gaussian function. UNIT IV FOURIER TRANSFORMATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 9 Fourier series - Fourier transform and spectra - Parseval's theorem - Dirac delta function - unit step function - two dimensional signals - Fresnel & Fraunhofer diffraction - examples FT by lens – point source - single slit, double slit - circular aperture - cosine grating - coherent optical filtering - holographic filters - discrete Fourier transform - Fourier transformation in optics, convolution and correlation, 2-D FT. UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 9 Classification - methods of solving linear ODE and PDEs - separation of variables - wave equation - Laplace equation -nonlinear PDEs - approximation methods for nonlinear differential equations - Painleve analysis for PDEs - AKNS, bilinear and BT methods - applications.

L – 45, T – 15 Total – 60 REFERENCES: 1. M.K. Jain, S.R.K. Iyengar & R.K.Jain, “Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering

Computation”, New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, 2003. 2. K. Sankara Rao, “Introduction to Partial Differential Equation”, Prentice Hall of India, 1997. 3. B.S. Grewal, “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Khanna Publishers, 2005. 4. K.F.Riley, M.P.Hobson and S.J.Bence, “Mathematical methods for physics and

engineering”, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1998. 5. L.W. Couch, “Digital and analog communication systems”, Pearson Education, New Delhi,

2001. 6. W. Lauternorn, T. Kurz and Wiesenfeldt., “Coherent optics and applications”, Springer,

Berlin, 1995. 7. M. Lakshmanan and S. Rajasekar. “Nonlinear dynamic: Integrability, chaos and patterns”,

Springer. Berlin, 2003. 8. Joseph W. Goodman, ”Introduction to Fourier Optics”, Roberts, 3rd Edition,2004. 9. Saleh and Tiech, “Fundamentals of Photonics”, Wiley Intsc, 2007.

EC641 OPTO ELECTRONICS L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I BASICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS 9 Nature of light - light sources- black body - colour temperature - units of light - radiometric and photometric units - basic semiconductors - PN junction-carrier recombination and diffusion - injection efficiency - hetero junction - internal quantum efficiency - External quantum efficiency - double hetero junction - fabrication of hetero junction - quantum wells and super lattices. UNIT II OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES 9 Optoelectronic devices - Optical modulators - modulation methods and modulators – transmitters - optical transmitter circuits - LED and laser drive circuits- LED – power and efficiency - double hetero LED - LED structure - LED characteristics - Junction laser operating principles - Condition for laser action - Threshold current – Homojunction – Heterojunction - Double heterojunction lasers - Quantum well laser - Distributed feedback laser - laser modes, strip geometry- gain guided lasers- index guided lasers. 9 UNIT III OPTICAL MODULATORS Modulation of light – birefringence - electro optic effect - EO materials - Kerr modulators - scanning and switching - self electro optic devices - MO devices, AO devices - AO modulators. 9 UNIT IV OPTICAL DETECTORS Photo detectors - thermal detectors – photoconductors – detectors - photon devices - PMT- photodiodes - photo transistors - noise characteristics - PIN diode - APD characteristics - APD design of detector arrays – CCD - Solar cells UNIT V DISPLAY DEVICES 9 Display devices – photoluminescence - EL display - LED display - drive circuitry - plasma panel display - liquid crystals – properties - LCD display - numeric displays.

L – 45

TEXT BOOKS: 1. J. Wilson & J.F.B. Hawkes, “Optoelectronics – An Introduction”, Prentice Hall, India, 1996. 2. P. Bhattacharya, “Semiconductor optoelectronic devices”, Second Edn Pearson Education,

Singapore, 2002. REFERENCES: 1. J. M. Senior, “Optical fiber communication”, Prentice-Hall India, 1985. 2. J. Gowar, “Optical fiber communication systems”, Prentice–Hall, 1995. 3. J .Palais, “Introduction to optical electronics”, Prentice–Hall, 1988. 4. Jasprit Singh, “Semiconductor optoelectronics”, McGraw–Hill, Inc, 1995. 5. R. P. Khare, “Fiber optics and Optoelectronics”, Oxford University Press, 2004.

EC 642 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND APPLICATIONS L T P C

3 0 0 3

UNIT I PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 9 Introduction – Maxwell’s equations – plane waves in a dielectric – Poynting vector – complex notation – wave propagation in lossy medium. UNIT II REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 9 Interface of two homogeneous nonabsorbing dielectrics – total internal reflection and evanescent waves – reflection and transmission by a film – extension of two films – interference filters – periodic media – presence of absorbing media: reflection and transmission. UNIT III WAVE PROPAGATION IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 7 Introduction – double refraction – polarization devices – plane waves in anisotropic media – wave refractive index – ray refractive index – ray velocity surface – index ellipsoid – phase velocity and group velocity. UNIT IV WAVEGUIDE MODES 10 Introduction – classification of modes for planar waveguide – TE modes in a symmetric step index planar waveguide – TM modes – relative magnitudes – power – radiation modes – excitation – Maxwell’s equations in inhomogeneous media. UNIT V OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES 10 Quasimodes in planar structure – leakage of power from the core – determination of propagation characteristics – calculation of bending loss – optical fiber – numerical aperture – modal analysis for step index and parabolic index medium – multimodes – modes in an asymmetric planar waveguide – Ray analysis – WKB analysis – coupled mode theory. L – 45

REFERENCES: 1. A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, “Optical electronics”, Cambridge Univ. Press, New Delhi,

2002. 2. M.N.O. Sadiku, “Elements of electromagnetics”, Oxford Univ. Press., New York, 2001. 3. F.T. Ulaby, “Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics”, Prentice Hall., New York, 2001. 4. A. Yariv, “Quantum electronics”, Wiley, New York, 1989. 5. G. P. Agrawal, “Nonlinear fiber optics”, Academic, San Diego, 2003. 6. David J. Griffiths, “Introduction to Electromagnetics”, Pearson Education, 2002. 7. E.F. Jordan and K.G.Belmain, “Electromagnetic waves and Radiating System”, Prentice- Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1982.

PH601 RADIATION SOURCES AND DETECTORS L T P C

3 0 0 3 UNIT I SOURCES OF RADIATION 12 Sources - Natural and luminescent sources of radiation., blackbody radiation - Infrared, Ultraviolet, Visible radiation sources - radiometric measurements and calibration- The angular range – Radiometric– geometrical radiation transfer - Radiant intensity and their profiles – Lambertian – point – exponent profiles UNIT II SPECTROSCOPY AND OPTICAL DEVICES 8 Electromagnetic spectrum – Wave and quantum aspects - Atomic, molecular and vibrational spectroscopy - Electronic, vibrational and rotational transitions - Selection rules – IR, VIS, UV radiation - Absorption & Emission Spectroscopy - Devices – Materials for reflection and transmission - Reflective losses and their reduction UNIT III DETECTOR CHARACTERISTICS 9 Basic detector mechanisms - radiometric instruments and detector interfaces - Photon detection process – Photon effects – Thermal effect – wave interaction effect – Noise in radiation detectors – Figure of merit - Spectral response – Responsivity – Noise equivalent power – Detectivity – Frequency response – Response time – Negative Electron Affinity (NEA) - Optical receivers - preamplifiers. UNIT IV CONVENTIONAL DETECTORS 9 Photomultipliers, microchannel analyzer, photoresistors, nonselective detectors - photoemissive detectors-photovoltaic detectors, performance limits. Photographic, thermoplastic materials - Sensitivity, time and frequency response - eye and vision, photographic film - Camera tubes. UNIT V MODERN DETECTORS 7 Imaging detectors - solid-state arrays, video, Detector electronics, detector interfacing - Digital camera – Optical Multichannel Analyzer – Monochromator – Photo thyristors – Triac - Box-car Averager – Integrating Sphere – Streak Camera.

L – 45

TEXT BOOKS: 1. R.J. Keyes, “Optical and Infrared Detectors”, Topics in Applied Physics, Springer Verlag,

1977. REFERENCES : 1. H.E. White, “Introduction of Atomic Spectra”, McGraw Hill, International Students Edition, 1985. 2. G.M. Barrow, “Molecular Spectroscopy”, McGraw Hill, Kugakusha, New Delhi, 1982. 3. Roger M. Wood, “Optical Materials”, The Institute of Materials, London, UK, 1993. 4. E.L. Dereniak and D.G. Crowe, “Optical Radiation Detectors”, John Wiley, New York, 1984. 5. Endel UIGA, “Optoelectronics”, Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1995. 6. B.P. Bhattacharya, “Semiconductor and Optoelectronic Devices”, Second Edn Pearson

Education, Singapore, 2002. 7. S.M. Sze, “High Speed Semiconductor Devices”, John Wiley, 1990.

PH602 MODERN OPTICS L T P C

3 0 0 3 UNIT I THEORY OF DIFFRACTION 9 Kirchoff's theorem - Fresnel–Kirchoff integral formula and its application to diffraction problems - Wave propagation in free space - Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction, Fraunhofer diffraction by a single slit, double slit, diffraction grating, circular aperture - Fresnel diffraction, Fresnel zones, Fresnel integrals. UNIT II FOURIER OPTICS 9 Concept of spatial Frequencies, Impulse response and transfer functions- Fourier Transform properties of lens - spatial filtering - theory of imaging (Focussed and non-focussed) - Pupil functions - Abbe’s principle. UNIT III ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY 9 Reflection & refraction of electromagnetic waves – Polarization - Different polarization states, Stokes parameters and their measurements - Jone's vectors and matrices - Fresnel’s equations - Boundary Conditions.. UNIT IV RAY PROPAGATION 9 Ray in a medium - Matrix method in ray propagation - ray path in an inhomogenous medium -Ray vector and ray matrices - Lens waveguide - Rays in a lens like medium - Propagation of beams - Gaussian beam propagation - ABCD law - Focussing of Gaussian beams UNIT V COHERENCE 9 Theory of Partial coherence: Spatial and temporal coherence - Coherence length and coherence time - Degree of coherence - Young's double slit experiment with an extended source - Michelson's interferometer - Mach–Zehnder interferometer - Interference filters - Sagnac effect - Sagnac Interferometer. L – 45 TEXT BOOKS : 1. E. Hecht & A. R. Ganesan, “Optics”, Pearson Edn (4th Ed), 2008. 2. R. D. Guenther, “Modern Optics”, John Wiley, 1990. REFERENCES : 1. Amnon Yariv, “Quantum Electronics”, Academic Press, 1980. 2. Born and Wolf, “Principles of Optics”, Cambridge University press, 1981. 3. Saleh and Tiech, “Fundamentals of photonics”, Wiley Intsc, 2007.

PH603 LASER TECHNOLOGY L T P C

3 0 0 3 UNIT I INTERACTION OF LIGHT WITH MATTER 9 Spontaneous and stimulated emission - Population inversion - Threshold condition - Gain profile – super-radiance Laser - Rate equation for 3 level and 4 level systems - conditions for CW and pulsed laser action. UNIT II RADIATION IN A CAVITY 9 Black body radiation - Modes of oscillation - Einstein coefficients - relation between the absorption coefficients and Einstein coefficients - Lifetime of excited state- Line Broadening mechanisms. UNIT III OPTICAL RESONATORS ANDGAIN AND SATURATION EFFECTS 6 General considerations - Laser resonators - Plane and spherical mirror cavities - general conditions of stability - confocal resonator - Multimode oscillation. Theory of Gain saturation - Gain narrowing - Hole burning effects UNIT IV Q-SWITCHING, MODE LOCKING AND COHERENCE OF LASER 9 Theory of Q-switching and experimental methods - cavity dumping -Theory of Mode locking and experimental methods - Spatial and Temporal coherence - Methods of detection and measurement of ultrashort pulses. UNIT V DIFFERENT LASER SYSTEMS 12 Laser systems – General description-Laser structure-excitation mechanism-Different laser systems- He-Ne laser, Argon-ion laser, Nitrogen laser, Carbon-dioxide laser - Excimer laser - X-ray laser - Free electron laser, Nd:YAG; Nd:Glass, Alexandrite laser - Ti-Sapphire laser – Diode pumped solid state laser, Pulsed-CW dye laser.

L – 45 REFERENCES : 1. William T. Silfvast, “Laser Fundamentals”, Cambridge University press, 1996. 2. Ammon Yariv, “Quantum Electronics”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1989. 3. Koechnor, “Solid State Laser Engineering”, Springer Verlogs, Fifth Revised Ed, 2004. 4. J. Verdeyen, “Laser Electronics”, Prentice Hall, 1989. 5. O. Svelto, “Laser Physics”, Plenum Press, New York, 1982. 6. A. Ghatak & K.Thiagarajan, “Optical Electronics”, Cambridge University, 1994. 7. B.B. Laud, “Laser and Non-Linear Optics”, Second Edition, New Age International (p)

Limited publishers, 1996. 8. K.R. Nambiar, “Lasers Principle, Types and Applications”, New Age International (p) Ltd,

2004.

PH604 LASER LABORATORY L T P C 0 0 4 2 1. Transversely Pumped Dye Lasers

2. Longitudinally Pumped Dye Lasers

3. Distributed Feedback Dye Laser

4. Tuning of Dye Laser using DFDL Arrangement

5. Laser Doppler Velocimetry ( LDV)

6. Stimulated Raman Scattering

7. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering

8. Phase Conjugation

9. Brewster Angle Determination

10. Faraday Effect Study

11. Fraunhofer Diffraction Experiments

12. Fourier Filtering Experiments

13. Measurement of beam divergence of He-Ne laser

Total - 60

SEMESTER II EC643 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I FIBER OPTICS 8 Total internal reflection - Phase shift & attenuation during total internal reflection - Hybrid modes - cutoff frequencies - meridinal rays & skew rays - different types of fibers. UNIT II TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBERS 8 Dispersion - Fiber attenuation, absorption loss & scattering loss measurement - Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) and its uses - Interferometric method to measure fiber refractive index profile. UNIT III OPTICAL FIBERS CABLES & CONNECTORS 8 Fiber materials - Fiber fabrication- fiber optic cables design - fiber connectors - fiber splices - Lensing schemes for coupling improvements. UNIT IV METHODS OF MODULATION AND DETECTION 11 Advantages - Elements of an optical fiber communication system – and detectors for communication – Injection laser – Homojunction and Heterojunction lasers – Injection laser to fiber coupling – Fiber lasers – Surface Emitting, edge emitting and superluminescent LEDs – Optical Detectors – Pin photodiodes – Avalanche photodiodes - Multiplexers - wavelength division multiplexing - Electrooptic and Acoustooptic modulation - Coherent optical fiber communication system - ASK, FSK and PSK modulated waveforms - Basic coherent receiver model - heterodyne and homodyne detections. UNIT V OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS 10 Local Area Networks - Bus, ring and star topologies - optical fiber regenerative repeater - optical amplifiers - basic applications - Active and passive taps - Low speed industrial optical fiber networks - IEEE 802.4H and IEEE 802.5C - Integrated optical switches.

L – 45

TEXT BOOKS: 1. Gerd Keiser, “Optical fiber Communications”, McGraw Hill Inc. Company, Tokyo, 1995. REFERENCES: 1. Allen H. Cherin, “An Introduction to Optical Fibers”, Mc Graw Hill Inc., Tokyo, 1995. 2. John M. Senior, “Optical Fiber Communications”, Prentice Hall International Ltd., London

1992. 3. Govind P. Agrawal, “Fiber Optic Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New

York, 1997.

EC644 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING L T P C 3 0 0 3 I DISCRETE – TIME SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 9 Standard discrete-time signals – classification – simple manipulation of discrete-time signals. Discrete-time systems – Linear, Time - Invariant, stable and casual systems - Response of LTI systems - Difference equation representation - Sampling of analog signals - Sampling Theorem - aliasing. II ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 9 Z-Transform – Properties, Rational Z-Transforms – Poles and Zeros – ROC. System function of LTI Systems, Inverse Z-Transform methods. Analysis of LTI systems in Z-domain, Frequency analysis of Discrete-Time signals - Discrete Fourier Series, Discrete - Time Fourier Transform – Properties – Power Spectral Density – Wiener-Khintchine Theorem. III DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM 9 Discrete Fourier Transform – Properties of DFT, circular convolution. Analysis of signals using DFT. FFT algorithms, Introduction to Radix 2 FFT’s – decimation in time FFT algorithm – decimation in frequency FFT algorithm – computing inverse DFT using FFT. IV FIR AND IIR FILTERS 9 Design of IIR Butterworth Filters using Impulse Invariance method and Bilinear transformation. Implementation of IIR Filters using Direct Form I and II - Cascade and Parallel forms - Design of FIR Filters using Windowing Technique and Frequency Sampling method - Realization of FIR Filters using transversal and linear phase structures. V MULTIRATE DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 9 Sampling - rate conversion - Interpolation and Decimation, Decimation by an integer factor - Interpolation by an integer factor, Sampling rate conversion by a rational factor, Polyphase filter structures. Multistage implementation of multirate system - Application to sub band coding - QMF banks - Wavelet transform and filter bank implementation of wavelet expansion of signals.

L- 45

TEXT BOOKS: 1. John G. Proakis & Dimitris G. Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing Principles, Algorithms

and Applications”, Pearson Education, 3rd Edition. 2. P. P. Vaidyanathan, “Multirate Systems and Filter Banks”, Prentice Hall. REFERENCES : 1. Alan V. Oppenheim, Ronald W. Schafer and John R. Buck, “Discrete Time Signal

Processing”, Processing Pearson Education Ltd. 2. Andreas Antoniou, “Digital Filters: Analysis, Design and Applications”, Tata McGraw Hill. 3. Sanjit Mitra, “Digital Signal Processing”, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill. 4. Monson H. Hayes, “Digital Signal Processing”, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing

Company Limited.

PH605 PHOTONIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS 7 Band gaps - density of states – materials - optical and electronic properties - carrier generation and recombination - mobility and diffusion - low dimensional structures - quantum wells - wires and dots - heterostructures. UNIT II OPTICAL PROCESSES IN SEMICONDUCTORS 10 Electron-Hole formation and recombination – absorption in semiconductors – effect of electric field on absorption – absorption in quantum wells and the quantum-confined Stark effect – Kramer-Kroning relations – radiation in semiconductors – deep level transitions – auger recombination – Luminescence from quantum wells – measurement of absorption and luminescence spectra – time resolved photoluminescence. UNIT III MATERIALS GROWTH & FABRICATION 10 Types of photonic materials – growth methods – nucleation – homogeneous – heterogeneous – LEC technique – epitaxy - growth of photonic materials by LPE, VPE, MBE, MOCVD, Plasma CVD, photochemical deposition. Interfaces and junctions - interface quality, interdiffusion and doping. Quantum wells and bandgap engineering (examples of structures). Post-growth processing (patterning by photolithography, contacting, annealing). UNIT IV DEVICES 13 Photodiodes: current-voltage equation – operation-spectral response – quantum efficiency – response time – diffusion time – drift – capacitance of diodes, measurement – photoconductivity – LEDs: electroluminescent process – choice of LED materials – device configuration and efficiency – structures – device performance – manufacturing process – defects and reliability – laser diode – heterojunction lasers – quantum well lasers – surface emitting lasers – rare-earth doped lasers – device fabrication. UNIT V CHARACTERIZATION 5 Measurements using lenses, monochromators, spectrometers, grating, mirrors, lock-in amplifiers – characterization of photodiodes, LEDs and laser diodes – modulation of lasers – rate equations.

L – 45

REFERENCES: 1. P. Bhattacharya, “Semiconductor optoelectronic devices”, Prentice-Hall India, New Delhi,

2003. 2. B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich., “Fundamentals of photonics”, John Wiley., New York, 1991. 3. J. Singh, “Optoelectronics: An introduction to materials and devices”, Mc-Graw-Hill Co., New

York, 1996. 4. S.O. Kasap, “Optoelectronics and photonics: Principles and practices”, Prentice-Hall, New

York, 2001. 5. T.P. Pearsall, “Photonics essentials: An introduction to experiments”, Mc-Graw-Hill

Professional, New York, 2002.

PH606 LASER APPLICATIONS L T P C

3 0 0 3 UNIT I METROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 10 CW and Pulsed laser beam characteristics and its measurements - Beam focusing effects - spot size - Power and Energy density Measurements - Distance measurement - Interferometric techniques – Calibration Methods - LIDARS - Theory and different experimental arrangements - Pollution monitoring by remote sensing - Applications - Laser gyroscope UNIT II MATERIAL PROCESSING 9 Models for laser heating - Choice of a laser for material processing - Laser welding, drilling, machining and cutting - Laser surface treatment - Laser vapour deposition - Thin film applications. UNIT III SPECTROSCOPIC APPLICATIONS 9 Photochemical reactions - Steady and excited state techniques - Comparison of one photon and Multiphoton effect and its applications – Photo ionization – Photo isomerism - Isotope separation - Laser fusion – Laser trapping of atoms and cooling. UNIT IV BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 10 Biological effects of laser radiation - Applications of scattered laser light - Thermal and Non Thermal applications – Biostimulation - Laser Imaging of tissues - Fluorescent Life time Imaging - Optical Coherence Tomography (FLIM- OCT) - Laser hazards and control. UNIT V LASER INSTRUMENTATION 7 Laser for measurement of length, current and voltage – Laser Doppler Velocimetry - Holography and speckle in displacement and deformation measurements - Laser for communication with fiber optics as channel L – 45 REFERENCES : 1. F.T. Arecchi, “Laser Handbook”, Vol.2, North Holland Publication, 1974. 2. R.E. Lidder, McGraw Hill, London, “Fundamental and Applied Laser Physics”, John Wiley,

New York, 1985. 3. W.W. Duley, “Laser Processing and Analysis of Materials”, Plenum Press, New York, 1983. 4. J. Wilson & J.F.B. Hawkes, “Opto Electronics - An Introduction”, Prentice Hall, 1992. 5. A.J. Welch and M.J.C.Van Gamert, “Optical Thermal Response of Laser Irradiated Tissue”,

Plenum Press, New York, 1995. 6. William M.Steen, ”Laser Material Processing”, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,Third Edn., 2005.

PH607 OPTICS LABORATORY L T P C

0 0 4 2

1. Setting up of Fiber Optic Analog Link

2. Setting up of Fiber Optic Digital Link

3. Measurement of Losses in Optical Fiber

4. Measurement of Numerical Aperture

5. Time Division Multiplexing of Signals

6. Fiber-Optic System Bandwidth estimation

7. Single Mode Fiber Characteristics

8. Characteristics of LED

9. Characteristics of LD

10. Characteristics of PD & APD

11. Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

12. Kerr effect

13. Pockel’s effect

14. Spectral characteristics of LED and LD

15. Wavelength division multiplexing of signals

Total - 60

SEMESTER III

PH701 NONLINEAR OPTICS L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I ORIGIN OF OPTICAL NONLINEARITIES 9 Effects due to quadratic and cubic polarization – Response functions – Susceptibility tensors – Linear, second order and nth order susceptibilities – Wave propagation in isotropic and crystalline media – The index ellipsoid. UNIT II SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION (SHG) AND PARAMETRIC 9 OSCILLATION Optical SHG – Phase Matching – Experimental verification – Parametric oscillation – Frequency tuning – Power output and pump saturation – Frequency up conversion – Materials. UNIT III THIRD ORDER NONLINEARITIES 9 Intensity dependent refractive index – Nonlinearities due to molecular orientation – Self-focusing of light and other self-action effects - Optical phase conjugation – Optical bistability and switching - Pulse propagation and temporal solitons. UNIT IV ELECTRO –OPTIC AND PHOTOREFRACTIVE EFFECTS 8 Electro-optic effects – Electro-optic modulators - Photorefractive effect - Two beam coupling in Photorefractive materials – Four wave mixing in Photorefractive materials. UNIT V STIMULATED SCATTERING PROCESSES 10 Stimulated scattering processes – Stimulated Brillouin scattering – Phase conjugation – Spontaneous Raman effect – Stimulated Raman Scattering – Stokes – Anti-Stokes Coupling in SRS – Stimulated Rayleigh - Wing Scattering.

L – 45

REFERENCES: 1. Robert W. Boyd, “Non-linear Optics”, Academic Press, London, 2008. 2. A.Yariv, “Opto Electronics”, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1990. 3. P.N. Butcher and D. Cotter, “The Elements of Nonlinear Optics”, Cambridge Univ. Press,

New York, 1990.

LIST OF ELECTIVES ECY008 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS L T P C

3 0 0 3

UNIT I OPTICAL NETWORKING COMPONENTS 9 First and second-generation optical networks - Components: couplers, isolators, circulators, multiplexers, filters, amplifiers, switches, and wavelength converters.

UNIT II SONET AND SDH NETWORKS 9 Integration of TDM signals – Layers – Framing - Transport overhead – Alarms – Multiplexing -Network elements – Topologies - Protection architectures - Ring architectures - Network Management.

UNIT III BROADCAST – AND- SELECT NETWORKS 9 Topologies - Single-hop – Multihop - and Shufflenet multihop networks - Media-Access control protocols - Test beds.

UNIT IV WAVELENGTH-ROUTING NETWORKS 9 Node designs - Network design and operation - Optical layer cost Tradeoffs - Routing and Wavelength assignment - Wavelength routing test beds.

UNIT V HIGH CAPACITY NETWORKS 9 SDM, TDM, and WDM approaches - Application areas - Optical TDM Networks: Multiplexing and demultiplexing – Synchronization - Broadcast networks - Switch-based networks - OTDM test beds. L – 45

REFERENCES : 1. Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar Sivarajan, “Optical Networks: A practical perspective”, Morgan

Kaufmann, 2nd Edition, 2001. 2. Vivek Alwayn, “Optical Network Design and Implementation”, Pearson Education, 2004. 3. Hussein T. Mouftab and Pin-Han Ho, “Optical Networks: Architecture and Survivability”,

Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002. 4. Biswanath Mukherjee, “Optical Communication Networks”, McGraw Hill, 1997.

EC 602 MODERN DIGITAL COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES L T P C

3 1 0 4

UNIT I POWER SPECTRUM AND COMMUNICATION OVER MEMORYLESS CHANNEL 9 PSD of a synchronous data pulse stream; M-ary Markov source; Convolutionaly coded modulation; Continuous phase modulation – Scalar and vector communication over memoryless channel – Detection criteria.

UNIT II COHERENT AND NON-COHERENT COMMUNICATION 9 Coherent receivers – Optimum receivers in WGN – IQ modulation & demodulation – Noncoherent receivers in random phase channels; M-FSK receivers – Rayleigh and Rician channels – Partially coherent receives – DPSK; M-PSK; M-DPSK,-BER Performance Analysis. UNIT III BANDLIMITED CHANNELS AND DIGITAL MODULATIONS 9 Eye pattern; demodulation in the presence of ISI and AWGN; Equalization techniques – IQ modulations; QPSK; QAM; QBOM; - BER Performance Analysis. – Continuous phase modulation; CPFM; CPFSK; MSK,OFDM. UNIT IV BLOCK CODED DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 9 Architecture and performance – Binary block codes; Orthogonal; Biorthogonal; Transorthogonal – Shannon’s channel coding theorem; Channel capacity; Matched filter; Concepts of Spread spectrum communication – Coded BPSK and DPSK demodulators – Linear block codes; Hammning; Golay; Cyclic; BCH ; Reed – Solomon codes. UNIT V CONVOLUTIONAL CODED DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 9 Representation of codes using Polynomial, State diagram, Tree diagram, and Trellis diagram – Decoding techniques using Maximum likelihood, Viterbi algorithm, Sequential and Threshold methods – Error probability performance for BPSK and Viterbi algorithm, Turbo Coding.

L – 45, T – 15 Total – 60

REFERENCES: 1. M.K. Simon, S.M. Hinedi and W.C. Lindsey, “Digital communication techniques”, Signaling

and detection, Prentice Hall India, New Delhi, 1995. 2. Simon Haykin, “Digital communications”, John Wiley and sons, 1998. 3. Wayne Tomasi, “Advanced electronic communication systems”, 4th Edition Pearson

Education Asia, 1998. 4. B.P. Lathi, “Modern digital and analog communication systems”, 3rd Edition, Oxford

University press, 1998. 5. Ian Glover & Peter Grant, “Digital Communications”, Prentice Hall 2003 edition, ISBN –

0130893994. 6. Bernard Skler, “Modern Digital Communication Technique – Fundamental & Applications”,

Prentice Hall, 2001 edition, ISBN – 0130847881.

EC621 ADVANCED DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT DESIGN 9 Analysis of Clocked Synchronous Sequential Networks (CSSN) Modelling of CSSN – State Stable Assignment and Reduction – Design of CSSN – Design of Iterative Circuits – ASM Chart – ASM Realization, Design of Arithmetic circuits for Fast adder- Array Multiplier. UNIT II ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT DESIGN 9 Analysis of Asynchronous Sequential Circuit (ASC) – Flow Table Reduction – Races in ASC – State Assignment Problem and the Transition Table – Design of ASC – Static and Dynamic Hazards – Essential Hazards – Data Synchronizers – Designing vending Machine Controller – Mixed Operating Mode Asynchronous Circuits. UNIT III FAULT DIAGNOSIS AND TESTABILITY ALGORITHMS 9 Fault Table Method – Path Sensitization Method – Boolean Difference Method – Kohavi Algorithm – Tolerance Techniques – The Compact Algorithm – Practical PLA’s – Fault in PLA – Test Generation – Masking Cycle – DFT Schemes – Built-in Self Test. UNIT IV SYNCHRONOUS DESIGN USING PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES 9 Programming Techniques -Re-Programmable Devices Architecture- Function blocks, I/O blocks, Interconnects, Realize combinational, Arithmetic, Sequential Circuit with Programmable Array Logic; Architecture and application of Field Programmable Logic Array UNIT V NEW GENERATION PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES 9 Foldback Architecture with GAL, EPLD, EPLA , PEEL, PML; PROM – Realization State machine using PLD – FPGA – Xilinx FPGA – Xilinx 2000 - Xilinx 3000

L – 45 Total – 45

REFERENCES: 1. Donald G. Givone, “Digital principles and Design”, Tata McGraw Hill 2002. 2. Stephen Brown and Zvonk Vranesic, “Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Deisgn”,

Tata McGraw Hill, 2002. 3. Mark Zwolinski, “Digital System Design with VHDL”, Pearson Education, 2004. 4. Parag K. Lala, “Digital System design using PLD”, BS Publications, 2003. 5. John M. Yarbrough, “Digital Logic applications and Design”, Thomson Learning, 2001. 6. Nripendra N. Biswas, “Logic Design Theory”, Prentice Hall of India, 2001. 7. Charles H. Roth Jr., “Fundamentals of Logic design”, Thomson Learning, 2004.

PHY001 NONLINEAR FIBER OPTICS L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I FIBER NONLINEARITIES 9 Introduction - Nonlinear Refraction - Maxwell's Equations - Fiber Modes - Eigen value Equations - Single Mode Condition - Nonlinear pulse Propagation - Higher Order Nonlinear Effects. UNIT II GROUP VELOCITY DISPERSION AND PHASE MODULATION 10 Gaussian Pulse - Chirped Gaussian Pulse - Higher Order Dispersions - Changes in Pulse Shape – Self Phase Modulation (SPM) induced Spectral Broadening - Non-linear Phase Shift - Effect of Group Velocity Dispersion - Self Steepening - Application of SPM- Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) - Coupling between Waves of Different Frequencies - Non-linear Birefringence - Optical Kerr Effect - Pulse Shaping. UNIT III OPTICAL SOLITONS AND DISPERSION MANAGEMENT 9 Soliton Characteristics - Soliton Stability - Dark Solitons – Other kinds of Solitons - Effect of Birefringence in Solitons - Solitons based Fiber Optic Communication System (Qualitative treatment) – Demerits - Dispersion Managed Solitons (DMS). UNIT IV SOLITON LASERS 8 Non-linear Fiber Loop Mirrors - Soliton Lasers - Fiber Raman Lasers - Fiber Raman Amplifiers - Fiber Raman Solitons - Erbium doped fiber amplifiers. UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF SOLITONS 9 DMS for single channel transmission – WDM transmission - Fiber Gratings- Fiber Couplers – Fiber Interferometers – Pulse Compression – Soliton Switching – Soliton light wave systems.

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REFERENCES: 1. Govind P. Agrawal, “Nonlinear Fiber Optics”, Academic Press, New York, 1995. 2. A. Hasegawa and M. Matsumoto, “Optical Solitons in Fibers”, Springer, Berlin, 2003. 3. Govind P. Agrawal, “Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics”, Academic Press, New York,

2001. 4. M. Lakshmanan and S. Rajasekar, “Nonlinear Dynamics: Integrability, Chaos and Patterns”,

Springer, Berlin, 2003. 5. Y. S. Kivshar and Govind Agrawal, “Optical Solitons : From Fibers to Photonic Crystals”,

Academic Press, New York, 2003.

PHY002 OPTICAL COMPUTING L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING FUNDAMENTALS 5 Digital Image Fundamentals- Sampling and Quantization- Image Enhancement- Image Restoration, Image filtering. UNIT II ANALOG OPTICAL COMPUTING 7 Optical Computing 4f - fourier system - Spatial filtering - Inverse filtering – Deblurring - Analog Optical Arithmetic - Halftone processing – Non-linear Optical processing - Matched filter - Joint transform correlation - Phase only filter - Amplitude-modulated recognition filters - Generalized correlation filter. UNIT III DIGITAL LOGIC 14 Number Systems - Number representations – Codes - Arithmetic Operations - Logic elements and Operations - Basic Logic Operations – Logic function formulations - Boolean Algebra - Minimization of function using K-map – Universal Logic gates – Logic functions using Multiplexers - Threshold Logic – Combinational Logic- Binary Adders – Carry-Look Ahead adder - Arithmetic Logic Unit- Decoders and encoders – Sequential Logic – Flip-flops- Synchronous sequential circuits – Counters. UNIT IV DIGITAL OPTICAL COMPUTING 14 Non-linear devices – Integrated Optics - Threshold Devices – Spatial Light Modulators - Theta Modulation Devices – Shadow casting and Symbolic substitution - Design Algorithm – POSC Logic operations – POSC Multiprocessor Parallel and Sequential ALU using POSC – POSC Image Processing – Symbolic Substitution- Optical Implementation- Limitations and Challenges – Optical Matrix Processing – Multiplication using Convolution – Matrix Operations – Cellular Logic Architecture – Programmable Logic Array. UNIT V OPTICAL NEURAL NETWORKS 5 Neural Networks - Associative Memory – Optical Implementations – Interconnections - Artificial Intelligence.

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REFERENCES: 1. Mohammad A. Karim and Abdul A.S. Awwal, “Optical Computing – An Introduction”, John

Wiley & Sons, 2003. 2. Alistair D. McAulay, “Optical Computer Architectures”, John Wiley & Sons, 1991. 3. Dror G. Fritelson, “Optical Computing”, The MIT Press, 1988. 4. B.S. Wherrett and F.A.P. Tooley, “Optical Computing”, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh,

1988. 5. Henri H. Arsenault et al., “Optical Processing and Computing”, Academic Press, London,

1989. 6. Morris Mano, “Fundamentals of Digital Logic Circuits”, Prentice Hall, 2002.

PHY003 FIBER OPTIC SENSORS L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBERS 9 Refraction and Total Internal Reflection - Meridional rays - Skew rays - Bent Fibers - Mechanisms of Attenuation - Evanescent waves - Cross coupling - Mode patterns - Types of fibers. UNIT II INTENSITY AND PHASE MODULATED SENSORS 9 Transmissive concept - Reflective concept - Microbending concept - Intrinsic concept - Transmission and Reflection with other optic effect - Interferometers - Mach Zehnder - Michelson - Fabry-Perot and Sagnac - Phase detection - Polarization - Maintaining fibers UNIT III DISPLACEMENT AND TEMPERATURE SENSORS 9 Displacement sensors based on the reflective technology and Microbending Technology - Applications of displacement sensors - Temperature Sensors - Reflective concept - Microbending – Interferometric & Luminescence concepts - Applications. UNIT IV PRESSURE AND FLOW SENSORS 9 Pressure sensors - Transmissive concepts -Microbending - Intrinsic concepts - Interferometric concepts - Applications - Turbine flow meters - Differential pressure flow sensors - Vortex Shedding Flow sensor - Laser Doppler velocity sensors - Applications - Sagnac Interferometer for rotation sensing. UNIT V MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELD SENSORS 9 Magnetic field sensors - Intensity and phase modulation types - Electric field - Intensity and phase modulation types – Applications.

L – 45

REFERENCES: 1. Frederich C. Allard (Ed.), “Fiber Optics Hand Book”, McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New

York, 1990. 2. C.M. Davis et al, “Fiber Optic Sensor Technology Hand Book”, Dynamic Systems, Reston,

Virginia, 1992. 3. D.A. Krohn, “Fiber Optic Sensors - Fundamentals and Applications”, Instrument Society of

America, U.S.A, 1988.

PHY004 MATERIALS PROCESSING BY LASERS L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I INDUSTRIAL LASER SYSTEMS 9 High power laser systems - Focusing optics - Steering optics - Mechanisms - Overview of industrial lasers - CW & pulsed - Q-switched and Mode locked. UNIT II THERMAL PROCESSES IN INTERACTION ZONE 15 Depth of penetration with respect to laser energy density - Reflectivity of Metals with respect to wavelength - Rate of heating and cooling - Maximum temperature rise and depth of hardened layer - Different gases used during laser materials processing - Operational parameters in laser materials processing - Key hole effect. UNIT III SURFACE TREATMENT 7 Surface modification:- surface cladding - surface alloying - Hard facing - Shock hardening - laser parameters for surface alloying - process variables - Beam profiles - Different methods to obtain desired penetration depths - Experimental set-up. UNIT IV LASER WELDING 7 Different modes of laser beam welding - Comparison between laser beam and electron beam welding - Influence of different parameters - Absorptivity - Welding speed - Focussing conditions - Advantages and limitations of laser welding - Laser welding of industrial materials - Recent developments in laser welding techniques UNIT V LASER CUTTING AND DRILLING 7 Laser energy density for cutting and drilling - Melt flashing mechanism - Various assisting gases and their importance - Advantages of laser cutting - Laser instrumentation for cutting and drilling - Factors affecting cutting rates - Effect of laser pulse energy on diameter and depth of drilled hole.

L – 45

TEXT BOOKS: 1. Rykalni, A. Ugloo and A. Kokona, “Laser and Electron Beam Material Processing Hand

Book”, MIR Publishers, 1987. REFERENCES: 1. J. Wilson & J.F.B. Hawkes, “Optoelectronics - An Introduction”, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1996. 2. J.F. Reddy, “High Power Laser Applications”, Academic Press, 1977. 3. Ian W. Boyd, “Laser Processing of Thin Films and Microstructures”, Springer - Verlag, 1987. 4. W.W. Duley, “Laser Processing and Analysis of Materials”, Plenum Press, New York, 1983. 5. William M.Steen, ”Laser Material Processing”, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,Third Edn., 2005.

PHY005 LASER SPECTROSCOPY L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I BASIC PRINCIPLES 10 Comparison between conventional Light Sources and Lasers – Saturation – Excitation methods: Single-step excitation – Multistep excitation – Multi-photon absorption - Detection Methods: Fluorescence – Photoionization – Collisional ionization – field ionization – Laser wavelength setting. UNIT II DOPPLER – LIMITED TECHNIQUES 7 Absorption measurements – Intra-cavity absorption measurements – Absorption measurements on excited states – Level labelling – Two-photon absorption measurements – Opto-Galvanic spectroscopy – Single atom detection – Opto-acoustic spectroscopy – Optical double resonance and level-crossing experiments with laser excitation. UNIT III TIME-RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY 10 Generation of short optical pulses – generation of ultra short optical pulses – Measurement techniques for Optical Transcients: Transient – Digitizer - Boxcar – Delayed coincidence– Streak-camera & Pump-probe techniques. Basics of lifetime measurements – Methods of measuring radiative properties - linewidth measurements – ODR and LC – Beam foil techniques – Beam laser techniques – Time resolved spectroscopy with pulsed lasers – Phase-shift method and emission method – The hook method – Quantum-Beat spectroscopy. UNIT IV HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY 8 Spectroscopy on collimated atomic beams: Detection through fluorescence - detection by photoionization - detection by the recoil effect - detection by magnetic deflection. Saturation spectroscopy and related techniques - Doppler-free two-photon absorption - spectroscopy of trapped ions and atoms. UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF LASER-SPECTROSCOPY 10 Diagnostics of combustion processes: Background - Laser-induced fluorescence and related techniques - Raman spectroscopy - coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering - Velocity measurements. Laser remote sensing of the atmosphere: Optical heterodyne detection - long path absorption techniques - LIDAR techniques. Laser-induced fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy in liquids and solids: Hydrospheric remote sensing - monitoring of surface layers. Laser-induced chemical processes: Laser-induced chemistry - laser isotope separation - spectroscopic aspects of lasers in medicine.

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REFERENCES: 1. S. Svanberg, “Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy”, Springer Verlag, Germany, 1992. 2. J. R. Lakowicz, “Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy”, Kluwer Academic/Plenum

Publishers, New York, 1999. 3. Z. Wang and H. Xia, “Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy”, Springer Series in Chemical

Physics, Vol.50, 1991.

PHY006 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF LASERS L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER-TISSUE INTERACTION 9 Laser Characteristics as applied to medicine and biology - Laser tissue interaction - Photophysical process - Photo biological process - Absorption by biological systems - Different types of interaction - Thermal photochemical (one photon and multiphoton) - Electromechanical - Photoablative processes UNIT II PHOTOBIOLOGY AND MEDICAL LASERS 9 Study of biological functions - Microradiation of cells - optical properties of tissues (normal and diseased state) - Experimental methods to determine the reflectance, absorption, transmittance and emission properties of tissues - Laser systems in medicine and biology - Nd:YAG, Ar ion, CO2, Excimer, N2, Gold Vapour laser - Beam delivery and measuring systems UNIT III THERMAL APPLICATIONS 9 Surgical applications of lasers - Sterilization - hermostasis - Cancer Liver stomach gynecological surgeries - Performance evaluation - Lasers in Opthalmology - Dermatology and Dentistry – Cosmetic Surgery. UNIT IV NON THERMAL APPLICATIONS 13 Trace element detection - Laser induced fluorescence studies - Cancer diagnosis - Photo radiation therapy of tumours - Lasers in endoscopy – Lasers in laproscopy - Lasers in trapping of cells and genetic engineering - Bio simulation - Holographic and speckle application of lasers in biology and medicine. UNIT V SAFETY REGULATIONS 5 Protection standards for lasers - Safety regulation - Specific precautions- Medical surveillance.

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REFERENCES: 1. S.S. Martellucci and A.N. Chester, “Laser Photobiology and Photomedicine”, Plenum Press,

New York, 1985. 2. R. Pratesi and C.A. Sacchi, “Lasers in Photomedicine and Photobiology”, Springer verlag,

West Germany, 1980. 3. Carruth JAS & AL Mckenzie, “Medical Lasers Science and Clinical Practice”, Adam Hilger

Ltd., Bristol, 1991. 4. T. Kaluylu and M. Tsukakoshi, “Laser Microradiation of cells”, Harward Academic publishers,

New York, 1990.

PHY007 INTEGRATED OPTICS L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS 10 Concepts – principles of optical amplification – optical amplifiers: general considerations – semiconductor optical amplifier – applications – advantages and drawbacks – EDFAs – optical fiber amplifiers – coherent sources for IO – MQW – photonic switching principles. UNIT II OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES 10 Applications of coupled mode theory – theory of gratings in waveguide structures – WDM MUX/DEMUX – guided wave control – electrooptic, acoustooptic, magnetooptic, thermooptic and nonlinear optical effects – fabrication of optical waveguides in glass, Lithium Niobate substrates. UNIT III OPTICAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 10 Microfabrication techniques in optical integrated circuits – guided wave excitation and waveguide evaluation – passive waveguide devices – functional optical waveguide devices. UNIT IV ACTIVE IOC AND HYBRID OICS 8 Integrated semiconductor sources, detectors and active switches on substrates – optoelectronic integrated circuits – recent trends in optical integrated circuits. UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 7 Optical switches – A/D converters – RF spectrum analyzers – convolvers – correlators – modulators – integrated optic sensors.

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REFERENCES: 1. D.K. Mynbaev and L.L. Scheiner, “Fiber-optic communications technology”, Pearson

Education, New Delhi, 2001. 2. H. Nishihara, M. Haruna and T. Suhara, “Optical integrated circuits”, McGraw Hill Book Co.,

Tokyo, 1989. 3. B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich., “Fundamentals of photonics”, John Wiley., New York, 1991. 4. G. Keiser, “Optical fiber communications”, McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1983. 5. P. Bhattacharya, “Semiconductor optoelectronic devices”, Prentice-Hall India., New Delhi,

1998. 6. A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, “Optical electronics”, Cambridge Univ. Press, New Delhi,

2002.

PHY008 NANOPHOTONICS L T P C 3 0 0 3

UNIT I QUANTUM CONFINED MATERIALS 9 Quantum dots – optical transitions – absorption-inter-band transitions-quantum confinement intraband transitions-fluorescence/ luminescence–photoluminescence /fluorescence optically excited emission – electroluminescence emission . UNIT II PLASMONICS: 9 Internal reflection and evanescent waves- plasmons and surface plasmon resonance (SPR)- Attenuated total reflection- Grating SPR coupling- Optical waveguide SPR coupling- SPR dependencies and materials- plasmonics and nanoparticles. UNIT III NEW APPROACHES IN NANOPHOTONICS 9 Near-Field Optics- Aperture near-field optics- Apertureless near-field optics- Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM or SNOM)- SNOM based detection of plasmonic energy transport- SNOM based visualization of waveguide structures- SNOM in nanolithography- SNOM based optical data storage and recovery. UNIT IV ELECTRONIC AND PHOTONIC MOLECULAR MATERIALS 9 Preparation –Electroluminescent Organic materials - Laser Diodes - Quantum well lasers:- Quantum cascade lasers- Cascade surface-emitting photonic crystal laser- Quantum dot lasers- Quantum wire lasers:- White LEDs - LEDs based on nanowires - LEDs based on nanotubes- LEDs based on nanorods High Efficiency Materials for OLEDs- High Efficiency Materials for OLEDs - Quantum well infrared photo detectors. UNIT V PHOTONIC CRYSTALS 9 Important features of photonic crystals- Presence of photonic bandgap- Anomalous Group Velocity Dispersion- Microcavity-Effects in Photonic Crystals- Fabrication of photonic crystals- Dielectric mirrors and interference filters- Photonic Crystal Laser- PC based LEDs- Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs)- Photonic crystal sensing. L - 45 REFERENCES: 1. H. Masuhara, S. Kawata and F. Tokunaga, “Nano Biophotonics”, Elsevier Science, 2007. 2. V.M. Shalaev and S. Kawata, “Nanophotonics with Surface Plasmons (Advances in Nano- Optics and Nano-Photonics)”, 2007. 3. B.E.A. Saleh and A.C. Teich, “Fundamentals of Photonics”, John-Wiley & Sons, New York, 2007. 4. M. Ohtsu, K.Kobayashi, T.Kawazoe, and T.Yatsui, “Principles of Nanophotonics (Optics and Optoelectronics)”, University of Tokyo, Japan, 2003. 6. J.D. Joannopoulos, R.D. Meade and J.N. Winn, “Photonic Crystals”, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1995. 7. W. Ranier, “Nano Electronics and Information Technology”, Wiley, 2003. 8. K.E. Drexler, “Nano systems”, Wiley, 1992.

PHY009 BIOPHOTONICS L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I INTERACTION OF LIGHT WITH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 9 Interaction of light with cells, tissues, non-linear optical processes with intense laser beams, photo-induced effects in biological systems. UNIT II IMAGING TECHNIQUES 9 Imaging techniques: Light microscopy, wide-field, laser scanning - confocal, multiphoton, fluorescence lifetime imaging, FRET imaging - Frequency-Domain lifetime imaging. Cellular Imaging - Imaging of soft and hard tissues and other biological structures. UNIT III SINGLE MOLECULE SPECTROSCOPY 9 Single molecule spectroscopy: UV-VIS spectroscopy of biological systems, single molecule spectra and characteristics – IR and Raman spectroscopy and Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for single molecule applications. UNIT VI OPTICAL FORCE SPECTROSCOPY 9 Optical Force Spectroscopy: Generation optical forces – Optical trapping and manipulation of single molecules and cells in optical confinement - Laser trapping and dissection for biological systems - single molecule biophysics, DNA protein interactions. UNIT V BIOSENSORS 9 Biosensors, Principles- DNA based biosensors – Protein based biosensors – materials for biosensor applications- fabrication of biosensors.

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REFERENCES: 1. Michael P. Sheetz, “Laser Tweezers in Cell Biology in Methods in Cell Biology”, Vol.55, (Ed.), Academic Press. 2. G. Marriot & I. Parker, “Methods in Enzymology”, Vol.360, 2003. 3. G. Marriot & I. Parker, “Methods in Enzymology”, Vol.361, 2003. 4. W. Ranier, “Nano Electronics and Information Technology”, Wiley, 2003. 5. K.E. Drexler, “Nano systems”, Wiley, 1992. 6. P.N. Prasad, “Introduction to Biophotonics”, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.

PH 010 DYE LASERS L T P C 3 0 0 3 UNIT I PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF LASER DYES 9 Absorption – Spontaneous emission – Stimulated emission – Emission cross sections, Quantum yield. Fluorescence life time, triplet state absorption – Phospherescence – Laser dye family – Structural dependence, environment effect (solvent polarity, viscosity, temperature). UNIT II PULSED DYE LASERS 9 Rate equations – Amplified spontaneous Emission (ASC) – Threshold conditions – Flash lamp pumped dye lasers – laser excited pulsed dye lasers – Tuning method – Dye laser amplifiers – Narrow line width oscillator – Amplifier system – Distributed feedback dye laser. UNIT III CW DYE LASERS 9 Rate equations – Threshold conditions – System configuration – Tuning - Performance. UNIT IV HARMONIC GENERATION 9 Second harmonic generation – Sum frequency mixing – Difference frequency generation – Short Pulse generation – Mode locking. UNIT V APPLICATIONS 9 Industrial Application – combution diagnostics – Monitoring industrial pollution – Nonlinear spectroscopy – Photo chemistry – Medical Applications.

L - 45 REFERENCES: 1. F.P. Schafer, “Dye Lasers”, Springer Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1972. 2. F.J. Durate and L.W. Hillman, “Dye Laser Principles with Applications”, Academic

Press Inc, New York, 1990. 3. L.G. Nair, Dye Lasers, “Progress in Quantum Electronics”, Vol.7, PP.153-268, 1982

(Review article).