MSW Webinar Series...Biowaste from municipal waste comprises plant remains from green areas,...
Transcript of MSW Webinar Series...Biowaste from municipal waste comprises plant remains from green areas,...
ISWA Main Sponsors:
MSW Webinar Series
Part I: Introduction to Organic Waste Management
& Treatment Options
Mitigating SLCPs from the Municipal Waste Sector
http://waste.ccac-knowledge.net/
Presenters
2
Marta Vila
Marco Ricci
Michele Giavini
•ARS ambiente srl
•CIC – Italian
Composting
Association
•ISWA
•CIC – Italian
Composting
Association
•Urban Ecology
Agency of Barcelona
BIOWASTE: KEY FIGURES
FROM THE PRESENTERS
4Source: European Compost Network, updated by authors
Current status of biowaste management in Europe
Map focusing on food waste only
Italy: High captures with ISSO
• The Italian intensivesource separation oforganics (ISSO):maximisation offoodwaste capturerate through intensivededicated kerbsidecollection
• Central Europe: lowercapture rates,collection of co-mingledfood and garden waste,home composting forsmall municipalities.
•High Food Waste amount sent to
composting and AD
•Low amount left in the residual
•Low Food Waste amount sent to
composting and AD (mainly green
waste)
•High amount of Food Waste left in
the residual
Italy: key figures
More than 30 million people with Intensive
Source Separation of Organics (ISSO) out of 60
million
4,500,000 tonnes/y biowaste composted, 250
plants
Recently: Milan is the megacity with the highest
capture rate of quality food waste across the
world
– 1,300,000 people
– 81% people in multifamily buildings
– High population density 7,500 people/sqkm
– 90 kg/capita.year of food waste only
– Less than 5% contamination
– Video: link
Catalunya: mandatory since 1993 Waste Law
A little walk through the history...
Where do we come from: mass “composting”, poor quality “compost”, bad
odours and leachates...
7
In 1993, a new Law is
approved, obligating to
set up the separate
collection of the organic
waste in >5.000 inhab
municipalities.
In 1996, the first
composting plant was
opened and separate
collection of biowaste
started.Source: Waste Agency of Catalonia. F Giró 2013
Mandatory source separation + objectives in the programs + economic
support +landfill/Incineration tax+ infrastructure planning =
8
Source: Waste Agency of Catalonia. F Giró 2013
Waste
Law
Waste Law
inforce
Landfill
Tax
Incineration
Tax
Ley de
Residuos
Subsidies 45,7 M€
Waste
Law
9
More than 7 Million people have a container or a door-to-door collection
service (95% of the population) in 2012.
Each inhabitant participates to the separate collection of the organic
fraction, on average, with 144 daily grams. (52 kg/y)
Impurities weighted average is about 14,7%, but…
Catalunya: key figures
Source: Waste Agency of
Catalonia. M Pous 2013
303 OFMSW/dat.hab
7,5% impurities
70% Separate Collection
(2011)
139 g OFMSW/day.hab
15,3% impurities
36% Separate Collection
(2011)
· 150 municipalities > 200
g/ hab.day
· 135 municipalities < 7%
impurities
WHAT’S BIOWASTE?
10
BioWaste definition
11
Biowaste from municipal waste comprises plant remains from green
areas, gardens, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants,
caterers and local retail.
Normally, biowaste is divided in two
categories:
1. Kitchen or food waste: OFMSW
(Organic Fraction of Municipal
Solid Waste) (from households,
restaurants, canteens, food stores,
etc.)
2. Green or vegetable wastes from
public or private gardens. These
are further categorized into little-
sized garden waste that can be
sometimes included in the previous
fraction, and larger woody scraps or
pruning with different characteristics.
Source: Guía para la implantación de la recogida separada y
gestión de biorresiduos de competencia municipal. 2012. Link
Different biowaste streams - generators
Source separated
food waste•Residential
•Commercial
•Large
generators
(markets…)
Source separated
biowaste
(commingled
food + garden
waste)
Garden waste Agroindustrial
scraps
(Organic fraction
from
mechanically
selected MSW)
12
Food waste generators in municipalities
The main sources of OFMSW are:
Domestic biowaste: generated in our houses, usually
kitchen wastes and little garden green waste...
Biowastes generated by economical activities: from
generators comparable to households to large
commerces. Grocery trade such fruit and vegetable
shops, bars and restaurants, markets and
supermarkets, canteens (schools, businesses,
hospitals...)
Normally come from:
Food handling or cooking
Expired food
Surplus products that have not been sold or consumed.
13
Organic waste sources
14
Organics in MSW across the world
Source: The World Bank, What a Waste, link
BioWaste main characteristics
16
The organic fraction is the most unstable stream of all municipal
solid wastes, due to high water contain (about 80% in weight) and
readily degradable organic matter (carbohydrates, proteins and fats).
It has a pretty high density, but also variable, between 0,6 and 0,8 t/m3,
which makes it high weight - low volume, with a low compactability.
Source: Guía para la implantación de la recogida separada y gestión de biorresiduos de competencia municipal. 2012.
Link
Biowaste Green waste – Prunings
Humidity High ( 85%) Low ( 40%)
Organic Matter 85% 80%
Organic Nitrogen 5,50% 1,20%
C/N Ratio 17 32
Density 0,8 t/m3 0,4 t/m3 (shredded)
Odors/Leachates Yes No
Generation Constant (but not uniform in
type and composition)
Seasonal
BENEFITS OF ORGANIC
DIVERSION
18
Benefits of Biowaste diversion
19
Separate collection of biowaste
converts a
WASTE into a RESOURCE
Impacts Benefits
Source: Waste Concern, Bangladesh
Atmospheric
pollution
Soil, groundwater
and surface water
pollution.
Health and pest
problems
(Mosquitoes, flies,
rats…)
Open dumping practiced in most of the cities, is the cheapest and easier solution for them, but…
Also open burning of waste one of the largest sources of air pollution some cities +carcinogens emissions.
Photos: Waste Concern
Environmental & health problems due
to unmanaged waste in Urban areas
Depletion of Organic matter
in soil of Rural areas
COMPOST
Short-lived Climate Pollutants and organic fraction of
MSW Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) are agents that have short atmospheric
lifetimes and a quick warming influence on the climate.
The key SLCPs emitted from the municipal solid waste (MSW) sector are:
– Methane (from landfills and dump sites): from the decomposition of the organic fraction
– Black carbon (e.g. from open burning of dump sites)- Black carbon is a byproduct of incomplete combustion and a component of particulate matter.
Dhaka, Bangladesh (Photo
source: Stratus Consulting)
In Europe , major contributor to GHGs from inappropriate management of MSW
(4 to 11% of total GHGs come from landfills)
Benefits of Biowaste diversion
23
Besides the direct
benefits of not
landfilling organic
wastes, with the
associated methane
reduction, biowaste
separate collection
and composting /
anaerobic digestion
results in other
important benefits.
Source: Guía para la implantación de la recogida separada y gestión de biorresiduos de competencia municipal. 2012. Link
Soil
protection
Production /
Energy
savings
Sustainable
use of
resources
Combating
climate
change
Use of compost
Replacing the use of mineral fertilizers (N,
P, K) and other amendments (avoids CO2
and GHG and saves energy)
√ √ √
Recovery and contribution of organic
matter and nutrients contained in
amendment
√ √
Siequestration of Carbon in soil √ √ √
Biodiversity Increase √
Resilience of soils √ √
Erosion reduction √ √
Biological activity support prevention
of “desertification” √ √
Slow release of N sources √ √
Improve the land working √ √ √ √
Soil water retention increase √ √ √
Substitution of pesticides √ √ √
Substitution of peat √ √ √ √
Production and use of the Biogas (obtained on anaerobic digestion process)
Substitution of fossil fuels √ √ √
Benefits of Biowaste diversion
24
Some Data
Methane Production in landfills 100-150 kg CO2 eq/tonne
But not only this…
Replacement of mineral fertilisers 30-50 kg CO2 eq/tonne
Peat replacement 300-400 CO2 eq/tonne
C sequestration 11 to 326 kg CO2 eq/tonne
Benefits of Biowaste diversion
25
Indicadors de recollida selectiva
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
PaP Residu Mínim 5 cont (FORM) 5 cont
(no100%FORM)
Bicompartimentat
%re
collida s
ele
ctiv
a
Rec Sel paper-CartróRec Sel VidreRec Sel Plàstic f ilmRec Sel Plàstic rígidRec Sel BricsRec Sel Metalls FeRec Sel Metalls No Fe
26
Separate collection
indicators
DtD
(Biowaste)
Wet
Dry
(Biowaste)
5 fractions
(Biowaste)
5 fractions
(not 100%
Biowaste)
Bicomparti
mented
(Biowaste)
Total net separate
collection57% 23% 34% 19% 23%
Separate collection indicators
Different collection systems
present different grades of
separation.
Models where BioWaste is
not fully implemented
present the lowest grades of
separate collection, both
global and nearly all of the
fractions.
Example of impact assessment (SIMUR)
27
Impact Indicators- WWP
Models that destine fraction remainder to MBT or directly to the landfill and don’t have
total collection of Biowaste avaliable have a bigger affectation to the GWP
(Cálculo: inventario de emisiones gestión (+clasificación y caracterización mediante metodología de ACV)
28
Impact Indicators - WWP Emisions due to the whole model
Source: http://www.arc-cat.net/en/publicacions/pdf/agencia/programes/progremic/simur_resum.pdf
KEY CONSIDERATIONS
29
Key boundary conditions for biowaste collection
programmes: landfill gate fee, legal framework citizen
sensitization
30
1-Legal framework
(drivers, obligations, bans)
2-Treatment cost (landfill gate fee)
4-Collection system
3-Public awareness and
involvement
Biowaste collection
Key boundary conditions for organics collection
programmes. 1- Legal framework
Clear obligation for Municipalities, District and citizens (waste producers)
need to be defined
Economical instrument can act as incentives or penalities towards
producers and stakeholders so to steer them toward recycling (targets)
Bans on disposal & obligation drive MSW from disposal to separate
collection and material recycling
The goods obtained from biowaste recycling need to be addressed by
proper legislation
– Legislation on compost and fertilizers
– Legislation on Digestate and fertilizers
– A clear framework for biogas production and use
31
The regulatory context: drivers from EU
env policy
32
Revised Waste Framework Directive
– waste hierarchy
– Recycling/reuse targets
– prevention programmes
Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC)
– diversion targets for biodeg waste
– obligation for pretreatment
EU Climate Change Programme
EU Soil Strategy
Targets of the EU Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC)
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
125%1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
„Fast“ Countries
(Germany, Austria,
Benelux, Poland,...)
„Slow“
Member-Countries
(EU-10, UK, Spain)
34
Implementing Directive 99/31(and art. 11 of WFD - material recovery targets!)
Obligation on separate collection
– NL: compulsory schemes for separate collection
– AT: obligation upon households to either take part in separate collection or to compost in the backyard
– GER: KrW-AbfG revised in 2012 separate collection for all municipalities
– Catalunya (Spain): ley 6/93 compulsary for all Municipalities with a pop. > 5000; Now, compulsory for all municipalities
– SK (Act 24/04): Garden Waste to be separately collected by 2006; biowaste by 2010
Pros/contra:
– On Municipalities (e.g. NL) – may be deceived with poor performing / lowparticipation systems
– On households (e.g. AT) – very effective, if stringent control possible
– May require phased implementation
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Vimercate
Villasanta
Varedo
Trucazzano
Trezzo s/A
Rosate
Paderno D.
Novate M.
Monza
Misinto
Melegnano
Lainate
Desio
Corbetta
Cologno M.
Cinisello B.
Castano P.
Buccinasco
Brugherio
Biassono
Arese
Albiate
Albairate
Source: Provincia di Milano 1998
Germany NL
BIOWASTE INSIDE Residual waste
Key boundary conditions for organics collection
programmes: 2- Disposal costs and landfill gate fee
Biowaste and organics are the main reason for landfill environmental
impacts
Rising disposal cost makes all alternative option (i.e. separate collection
and recycling) economically attractive
Landfill taxes can be designed to promote/rise funds for separate collection
schemes for biowaste
Long-term trend makes the disposal of waste more cost-intensive (even
with incineration + energy recovery)
36
Drivers for landfill diversion
Landfillbans / taxes
Increasingpopulation
• Raising land price and lessavailability fornew landfills
Poor landfillacceptance by
citizens
Environmental policies and regulations
38
Implementing Directive 99/31(and art. 11 of WFD - material recovery targets!)
Bans on biodegradables to landfills (e.g. BR, US)
– Most stringent provisions
– May lack flexibility
– Requires codified thresholds for acceptance at landfills
Targets for sep collection / composting / recycling
– Specific biowaste processing targets (e.g. Sweden)
– General recycling + composting targets (IT & UK)
– Result-oriented + flexible
Key boundary conditions for organics collection
programs: 3-citizen awareness
The collection systems must be user-friendly (bring r pick-up schemes?)
Public awareness and communication campaigns are part of the game!
Introducing separate collection change in habits, behaviors
Doing separate collection change in everyday live (5 min/day)
inform, convince and involve
Public awareness is a key element of separate collection schemes and it must
be conceived (and budgeted) like other advertising initiatives (f.ex. on health,
education, politics, etc.)
39
Teaching HC in schools
Different tools for public awareness and involvement
Teaching HC in schools
Different tools for public awareness and involvement
What BW we can
collect
User-friendliness
Collection schemes.
Advantages/Disadvan
tatges
Other
42
Key boundary conditions for organics collection
programs: 3- collection
Key boundary conditions for organics collection
programs: user-friendliness
Option 1 Option 2
43
Collect biowaste more frequently than residual waste
Different ways to collect biowaste
• “VGF” (Vegetable, Garden, Fruit or
“GFT”):
only uncooked food residues
NL, B, sometimes D, A
• “Biowaste” (“biogene Abfälle”):
food waste + yard waste
D, A
• “Food waste”:food residues including cooked stuffs (e.g.
meat, fish)
I, E, UK, SW
.
Best practise approach for FOODWASTE collection –
Italy/Spain/UK
Foodwaste collected separately from garden waste
– Cooked food and meat&fish included in SS
– High frequency (1, up to 4/wk)
– Clean and comfortable (bags&caddies)
– FW bins taylored to HH size (from bin to wheely-bin)
– Vehicles: cheap open lorries
Gardenwaste:
– Delivered to Municipal Collection Centers
– Door-to-door at low frequency (1/month; on demand; seasonality)
– Homecomposting
Residual waste: with low content of organic waste
– Lower frequency (1/week up to 1 /month)
– Possibly charged through PAYT fees
ORGANIC WASTE
fruits and vegetables
meat
fish and seafood
uneaten food from your
plates and dishes
bread
eggs shells and dried fruits
tea bags and coffee
grounds
corks
used napkins
garden waste (leaves,
weeds and branches)
NappiesSeparate plastic
bag
Make the system easy … starting from the
kitchen
www.compost.it
Key element:
Bring schemes collection at road containers or bring-banks
Take-up schemes collection at the curbside or door to door
The type of collection scheme chosen will be the key-element for :
amounts of biowaste diverted from residual/mixed MSW
quality of the biowaste (i.e. contamination by non-compostable materials)
participation rates
50
ISWA Main Sponsors:
ISWA Main Sponsors:
ISWA Main Sponsors:
Key element:
Bring schemes collection at road containers or bring-banks
Take-up schemes collection at the curbside or door to door
The type of collection scheme chosen will be the key-element for :
amounts of biowaste diverted from residual/mixed MSW
quality of the biowaste (i.e. contamination by non-compostable materials)
participation rates
54
55
Specific amounts of biowaste collected for different
schemes (Catalonia)
Resuming: tools for intensive SS of foodwaste:
Buildings up to 6 families (HH)
Compostable bags vented kitchen-caddy 20-30 liter buckets
Buildings with Flats/appartments
Compostable bags vented kitchen-caddy 120/240 liter HDPE wheelbins
Collection tools appropriate for separate collection of
food waste for commercial activities (big producers)
vented kitchen-bin (6-10lt) Bucket (20-30 lt) Wheelbins (120-240 lt)
For offices and small businesses
with a kitchen-cornes
For bars and coffe-shopes For restaurants, canteens, schools, supemarkets, etc.
What we do when the separation is incorrect?
Communication with citizen: inform and check
The effects of source separation of organics in
boosting collection of other recyclables
Introducing separate collection of biowaste puts attention also on other
recyclables
Normally the collection of packaging waste and bulky waste strongly gets
enhanced
(residual waste collection must be lowered)
59
The effects of source separation of organics in
boosting collection of other recyclables
60
Simplify collection of residual waste
Residual waste composition with different schemes for biowaste collection
www.compost.it
Source: ISWA Study Tour 2013, Sweden, M. Ricci
Question time
63
OVERVIEW BIOWASTE
TREATMENT STRATEGIES:
COMPOSTING, AD, MBT
64
Treatment options
Mixed,
unsorted MSW
Mechanical sorting
(shredding,
screening)
Dry recyclables
Source
separation by
citizens
Clean Organic
fraction
Dirty Organic fraction
Biostabilization
Composting Anaerobic
digestion
Post -
compostingAnaerobic
digestion
(Dry
recyclables)
MBT
COMPOSTING
67
Composting: basic operational steps
Pre-treatment
Preparing mixture
Active Composting Time (ACT)
Curing
Screening
Composting at different scales
Source: Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza, link, integrated (Surabaya method + Waste Concern)
Home composting 2
Decentralized plantsModular industrial plants Centralized industrial plants
Home composting 1 Community based
composting
Composting technology: boundary conditions
Compostingtechnology
Landfill gatefee
Land price
Tolerance toodor nuisance
Transportationcost
Compostmarket value
Biowastequality
Availability ofbulking agents
Two key factors: compost value, land price
M. Giavini, personal calculations and elaborations on Waste
Concern data
-$40
-$30
-$20
-$10
+$0
+$10
+$20
+$30
100 300 500 700
Dif
fere
nce
de
cen
tral
ize
d v
s.
cen
tral
ize
d (
colle
ctio
n+
tre
atm
en
t,
US$
pe
r to
nn
e)
Land price ($/sqm)
Dhaka: difference in total costs, decentralized vs. centralized
-30 $/t (decentralized compost: free, centralized: 30$/t)
0 $/t (both decentr. And centr. @30 $/t)
+30 $/t (decentr: 60, centr: 30)
+60 $/t (decentr: 90, centr: 30)
Decentralized composting
Valuable practice also in urban
areas, in lower middle income
countries
– Dhaka, Bangladesh: Waste
Concern case study (rickshaw
collection, barrel composting
for slums, decentralized small
composting facilities)
– Surabaya, Indonesia:
Takakura Home Method
(home composting with
aerated baskets, decentralized
small composting facilities)
Better described in webinar part 2
72
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
73
Anaerobic digestion: basic operational steps
Source: DEFRA, link, adapted
Biomethane
Liquid fraction to sewage
treatment
Aerobic composting
Digestate
Anaerobic digestion at different scales
“Biogas
backpack”: linkHousehold AD for
home cooking: link
AD and agriculture: “energy
crops”
Large scale AD for source separated food
waste (or for mechanically sorted organic
fraction)
Anaerobic digestion technology: boundary conditions
Anaerobic digestion
technology
National subsidies
• Feed In Tariffs
• Renewable Obligations
• Renewable Heat Incentives
• Biomethane Incentives / biofuel for transportation
• Etc…
Digestate market value
• National End of Waste policies
• Agricultural / MSW derived digestate
Availability of sewage treatment
plants
Opportunity of district heating
Type of Biowaste
• Collection scheme (only food waste / commingled with garden waste)
• Type of bags (compostable / non compostable)
• Source separated / selected from MSW
Chang
Mai
Decentralized small scale AD? Also in urban areas…
Household AD in urban areas:
– India ARTI and others
– Dar es Salaam, Tanzania:
ARTI TZ, SimGAS
– See EAWAG reports
77
…Though most municipalities do not support the initiatives, neither financially nor ideologically,
many private investors are convinced that this rather new treatment option will solve the urban
waste problems and also produce energy…. Y. VOEGELI AND C. ZURBRÜGG, EAWAG, link
Insights: EAWAG report, link , link and linkM. WAFLER
Source:
HEEB (2009)Source: VOEGELI &
LOHRI (2009)
MECHANICAL – BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
78
Mechanical – Biological Treatment: MBT
Mixed,
unsorted MSW
Mechanical sorting
(shredding,
screening)
Dirty Organic fraction
Biostabilization
n
Anaerobic
digestion
(Dry recyclables)
MBT
MBT: key features
PROS CONS
Quick and prompt solution after
implementing nation-wide landfill
bans
Centralized solution; may not be
feasible in transitional megacities
in developing countries, with high
transportation cost
Can be easily converted to
treatment of selected OFMSW in
the future when its collection will
be implemented
The biostabilized product is not
quality compost. Can be used
mostly for land reclamation in one-
off application.
Can include advanced automatic
sorting lines for recovering dry
recyclables (MRBT)
Don’t encourage citizens in doing
separate collection
MBT as a transition
Landfilling
MBT
Compostingfor source separatedorganics
Anaerobicdigestion
MRBT for the residual
Landfill bans / taxes
Subsidies for
renewable energy
Drivers for landfill diversion
Landfillbans / taxes
Increasingpopulation
• Raising land price and lessavailability fornew landfills
Poor landfillacceptance by
citizens
Environmental policies and regulations
What next?
Landfillbans
Source separation oforganics and composting
Incineration
MBT
Cross border
shippingGermany,
1993UK, 2010
Northern Italy,
1999
Many other
places
What’s changing?
1960
1980
2011
Urban and rural population as percentage of
world population (Population Division of the
Department of Economic and Social Affairs of
the United Nations Secretariat, 2007).
Think about all possible solutions
for urban areas and particularly
transitional megacities
Don’t focus only on large and
centralized facilities. Key factors:
– Urban land price
– Compost market value
This will be addressed particularly
in Webinar Part 2.
Question time
89
WEB RESOURCES
90
ISWA knowledge base
91
http://www.iswa.org/media/publications/knowledge-base/
Additional sources
Hyperlinks inside these slides
CCAC MSW website
– Resource Library: More than 150
selected reports, guidelines, info
sheets
– Databases Directory: 32 databases,
50-500 documents each!
SSWM : Mainly solutions for low income
countries, with open source copyright:
– Composting: link
– AD: link
– Landfill management: link
92
Our organizations links
Urban Ecology Agency of Barcelona: www.bcnecologia.net
Waste Agency of Catalonia: ARC www.arc-cat.net
European Compost Network: ECN www.compostnetwork.info
SCOW Project www.scow-biowaste.eu
CIC- Italian Composting and Biogas Consortium www.compost.it
ISWA : www.iswa.org
ARS ambiente www.arsambiente.it
93
Thank you
For any further information from the
presenters:
– Marco Ricci: [email protected]
– Marta Vila: [email protected]
– Michele Giavini:
94
95
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