MSc Criminology and Criminal Justice

RACE AND GENDER Michaelmas Term 2016

Dr Alpa Parmar

alpa.parmar@crim.ox.ac.uk

Tuesdays 2.00-3.30 (Except Seminars 5 & 6, see changes below)

Venue: Seminar Room D _____________________________________________________________________ Introduction and Aims Too often issues around race and gender are paid only lip service in criminological research and teaching. Despite empirical data and theoretical writings providing evidence that both victims and offenders’ experiences of crime and criminal justice are significantly influenced by their race and gender, many mainstream criminological courses provide only a cursory analysis of these topics. This course provides a systematic examination of the impact of race and gender on criminological theory and the administration of criminal justice in the UK and beyond, looking not only at these variables separately but also at ways in which they intersect. When race and gender are shifted to being the lens of analysis through which criminal justice processes are examined, issues such as disproportionality, unfairness and the impact of social factors on crime, are both compelling and uncomfortable. Using this lens, we will examine the causes of crime, trends in offending and victimization, policing, sentencing and imprisonment. We will think critically about the concepts of race, racism and gender and how their application continues to shape the structure of societies today. We will consider how issues of increasing salience in contemporary society such as terrorism and immigration link with debates on securitization, the politics of fear and citizenship and belonging. The course will draw mainly on scholarship from the UK and USA and the two contexts will be examined comparatively – in terms of their sameness and difference, their reinforcement and mutual dependence. We will also consider, where possible, places beyond these jurisdictions in order to incorporate the breadth of criminology’s global and transnational research. Seminar Schedule 1. Setting the Scene: Conceptual and theoretical approaches to understanding race and gender 11th October 2016 2. Victims* 18th October 2016 3. Offenders* 25th October 2016 4. Policing 1st November 2016 5. Sentencing 8th November 2016 (2.00 – 3.30pm) 6. Imprisonment* 8th November 2016 (4.00pm – 5.30pm) 7. Criminalization, Security and Citizenship* 22nd November 2016 8. Race, Gender, Crime and Representation 19th November 2016

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* In each of the sessions marked with an asterisk, students will be given the opportunity to make a short presentation based on the readings, which focuses on one of the themes raised in the seminar. Seminars and Assessment This outline details the eight seminars that the course encompasses. Students are expected to come to the seminars ready to engage in discussion and for each seminar, you are expected to read all of the essential reading and if possible some of the further reading specified in this outline. The introductory paragraph to the readings for each week provides a guide to the key issues you should be considering when preparing for class. The questions for discussion are there to assist in critical reading of the materials. As you do the reading you should also formulate your own questions and raise these in the class for discussion. You will be expected to participate and address the discussion questions during the seminars. Students will be asked to partake in one of the planned 10-15 minute presentations, which have been planned for seminars 2, 3, 6 and 7. The option will be taught as a series of weekly ninety-minute seminars. The seminars will take place on Tuesdays 2.00-3.30pm, weeks 1,2,3,4, 7 and 8. Please note that seminars 5 and 6 will both be held on 8th November at 2.00-3.30 and 4.00-5.30pm and no seminar will be held in week 6. Any questions regarding the option should be addressed to Alpa Parmar: alpa.parmar@crim.ox.ac.uk. By way of assessment, you will be required to submit one essay of 5,000 words in December 2016. Preparatory Reading Some of the following texts will provide a useful overview of the topics covered during the course: Heidensohn, F. and Silvestri, M. (2012) ‘Gender and Crime’ in M. Maguire et al (eds) Oxford

Handbook of Criminology 5th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schulze, C. (2015) History of Gender and Social Control in the Criminal Justice System. Boca Raton:

CRC Press. [Available on google books]. Smith, D. (1997) ‘Ethnic Origins, Crime, and Criminal Justice in England and Wales’, in M. Tonry,

(ed), Ethnicity, Crime and Immigration, Crime and Justice vol 21. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [Also see Preface (Tonry) and Chapter by Sampson and Lauritsen in the same volume].

Parmar, A. (2014) ‘Ethnicities, Racism and Crime in England and Wales’, in S. Buceris and M. Tonry, (ed), The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime and Immigration, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Parmar, A. (2013) ‘Race and Ethnicity in the Criminal Justice Process’ in, A. Hucklesby and A.Wahidin (eds) Criminal Justice, Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Phillips, C. and Bowling, B. (2012) ‘Ethnicities, Racism, Crime and Criminal Justice’ in M. Maguire et al (eds) Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 5th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rowe, M. (2012) Race and Crime. London: Sage. Ch1 (Race, Crime and Society). Singh, B. (2008) Race and Criminal Justice. London: Sage. Walklate, S. (2004) Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice. Cullompton: Willan. Ch 1 (on feminism) &

Ch 2 (on masculinity). We will also be discussing most of the articles from the special issue of Theoretical Criminology on race and criminology published August 2008. For each seminar students are encouraged to look at press reports on the various issues and also to read scholarship wider than the items listed on the reading lists, should they wish.

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Seminar 1: Setting the scene: Conceptual and theoretical approaches to understanding race and gender This week we will consider the definition and concepts used to discuss race and gender. We will discuss the relevance and position of these concepts within the broader discipline of criminology and how, if at all they are affected by globalization. We will spend some time discussing how race and gender intersect, and what an intersectional approach might bring to our understanding of crime, punishment and victimization. We will also consider the influence of factors such as faith and nationality and how they provide new contours to the debate. We will think about how race, ethnicity, difference and racism connect as processes and their varied meanings in different geographical and political contexts. In connecting the concepts to criminology, we will also review how ethnic minorities and women feature in criminal justice statistics and look at the patterns of their crime and victimization. Essential Reading Bosworth, M., Bowling, B. and Lee, M. (2008) ‘Globalization, ethnicity and racism: An

introduction’, Theoretical Criminology, 12: 263-273. Connell, RW. (2009). ‘The Question of Gender’, pp. 1 – 12, and ‘Sex Differences and Gendered

Bodies’, pp. 50 - 71. In R.W Connell (ed) Gender: Short Introduction, Second Edition. Cambridge: Polity.

Crenshaw, K. W. (1991) Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence Against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review 43: 1241-1299.

Henne, K. and Troshnyski, E. (2013) ‘Mapping the margins of intersectionality: Criminological possibilities in a transnational world’, Theoretical Criminology, Online First: http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/07/17/1362480613494990

Potter, H. (2015) Intersectionality and Criminology. Disrupting and Revolutionizing Studies of Crime. Chapter 1 ‘Disrupting Criminology’, London: Routledge.

Phillips, C. and Bowling, B. (2003) ‘Racism, Ethnicity and Criminology: Developing minority perspectives’, British Journal of Criminology, 43:269-90. http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/43/2/269

Smith, D. (2009) ‘Key Concepts and Theories about ‘Race’’ in H. Singh Bhui (ed) Race & Criminal Justice. London: Sage. pp 9 – 29.

Jones, N. (2010) Between Good and Ghetto: African American Girls and Inner City Violence. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Ch 1: The Social World of Inner City Girls

For reference look at: Statistical Overview of race and gender in the criminal justice system Ministry of Justice (November 2015) Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System – 2014: A Ministry of Justice Publication under Section 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/480250/bulletin.pdf Ministry of Justice (November 2014) Statistics on Gender and the Criminal Justice System – 2013: A Ministry of Justice Publication under Section 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/380090/women-cjs-2013.pdf Also see: http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/nov/22/women-criminal-justice-system-statistics-representation

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Discussion Questions 1. What is race? 2. What is gender? 3. What is intersectionality? 4. What is feminism? 5. What is critical race theory? 6. What is the relevance of race and gender for criminology? 7. How, if at all, does globalization affect our understanding of race and gender? 8. What is the value of race and crime statistics? Is the current system of ethnic categorization

adequate in the UK? 9. How do official and scholarly conceptions of crime differ? Further Reading Back, L. and Solomos, J. (2000) Theories of Race and Racism. London: Routledge. Bosworth, M. (2000) ‘Confining Femininity: A History of Gender, Power and Imprisonment’,

Theoretical Criminology, 8(4) 265 - 284. Bosworth, M. and Flavin F. (2007) (eds) Race, Gender and Punishment: From Colonialism to the

War on Terror. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Bowling, B. (2013) ‘Epilogue: The borders of punishment’, in M. Bosworth and K.F. Aas, The

Borders of Punishment: Migration, Citizenship, and Social Exclusion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Burgess-Proctor, Amanda. (2006) ‘Intersections of Race, Class, Gender, and Crime: Future Directions for Feminist Criminology’, Feminist Criminology, 1(1) 27 – 47.

Chesney-Lind, M. (2006) ‘Patriarchy, Crime, and Justice: Feminist Criminology in an Era of Backlash’, Feminist Criminology, 1(1): 6-26.

Daly, K. (1997) ‘Different Ways of Conceptualizing Sex/Gender in Feminist Theory and their Implications for Criminology,’ Theoretical Criminology, 1(1) 25 – 51.

Hudson, B. (2003) ‘Giving Difference its Due: Discourse and Alterity’ in Justice in the Risk Society. London: Sage. Ch 6.

Palmer, S. (2013) ‘Black Perspectives on Race, Crime and Justice’, in C. Phillips and C. Webster (eds) New Directions in Race, Ethnicity and Crime. London: Routledge.

Phillips, O. (2006) ‘Gender, Justice and Human Rights in Post-colonial Zimbabwe and South Africa’ in F. Heidensohn (ed) Gender and Justice: New concepts and approaches. Cullompton: Willan.

Shedd, C. and Hagan, J. (2006) ‘Toward a Developmental and Comparative Conflict Theory of Race, Ethnicity, and Perceptions of Criminal Injustice’ in R. Peterson, Krivo and J. Hagan (eds) The Many Colors of Crime: Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity and Crime in America. New York: New York University Press.

Smith, D. (2009) ‘Criminology, Contemporary Society, and Race Issues’, in H. Singh Bhui. (ed), Race & Criminal Justice. London: Sage. pp. 30 – 48.

Webster, C. (2008) ‘Marginalized White Ethnicity, Race and crime’. Theoretical Criminology, 12: 293-312.

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Seminar 2: Victims In this seminar we examine the literature on victims and consider the experiences of minority ethnic group people as victims of crime as well as the gendered nature of victimization, particularly with regard to domestic violence and rape. We explore the research on racist violence, victimization and fear. We also consider the way in which particular groups are perceived and constructed as victims of crime, whilst others are not. We will think about the new forms of victimization associated with globalization and international and transnational conflict and will explore how seeing through the lens of race and gender illuminates some aspects of victimization whilst neglecting others. Essential Reading Bowling, B. (1998) Violent Racism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch 7. Bowling, B. and Phillips, C. (2002) Racism, Crime and Justice. Harlow: Longman. Chapter 5, pp108-

127. Hargreaves, J. (2015) ‘Half a Story? Missing Perspectives in the Criminological Accounts of British

Muslim Communities, Crime and Criminal Justice System’ British Journal of Criminology, 55(1) 19-38. http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/1/19.full.pdf+html

Hoyle, C. (2007) ‘Feminism, Victimology and Domestic Violence’, in S Walklate (ed) The Handbook of Victims and Victimisation. Cullompton: Willan.

Ray, L., Smith, D. and Wastell, L. (2004) ‘Shame, Rage and Racist Violence’, British Journal of Criminology 44: 350-368. http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/44/3/350

Or Chakraborti, N. and Garland, J. (2015) Hate Crime. Impact, Causes and Responses. 2nd Edition.

London: Sage. Ch 2 & 3. Patel, T. and Tyrer, D. (2011) Chapter 7: Victims’ Rights and the Challenge of Discrimination,

London: Sage. Ritchie, B. (2012) Arrested Justice: Black women, violence and America’s Prison Nation. New York:

NYU Press. Ch 1 & 4. Sokoloff, N. and Dupont, I. (2005) ‘Domestic Violence at the Intersections of Race and Gender’,

Violence Against Women, 11(1) 38 - 64. Discussion Questions 1. How does victimization vary by race and gender? 2. What is the relevance of race and gender for an understanding of violence and fear of crime? 3. What about male victims? 4. Why doesn’t the literature on victimization adequately reflect the experiences of ethnic

minorities? 5. What are the patterns of racist violence? 6. Is ‘hate crime’ a useful concept? 7. What are your thoughts on the policy and legal responses to racist violence and hate

crimes? 8. Do theories of race and gender help illuminate transnational forms of victimization like sex

trafficking? 9. Do theories of race and gender help explain how and why rape is used as a weapon of war? *Student Presentation: Are Hate Crime Penalties Justified? Select your own readings from the list Or *Student Presentation: On Rape as a weapon of war Boesten, J. (2012) ‘The State and Violence Against Women in Peru: Intersecting Inequalities and

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Patriarchal Rule’. Gender and Social Policy, Social Politics,19 (3). Carlson, E. (2006) ‘The Hidden Prevalence of Male Sexual Assault During War’, British Journal of

Criminology, 46(1): 16 – 25. Skjelsbaek, I. (2001) ‘Sexual Violence and War: Mapping Out a Complex Relationship’, European

Journal of International Relations, 7(2) 211 - 237. Further reading Victimization and Racist Victimization Bowling, B. (1998) Violent Racism: Victimization, policing and social context, Oxford: Oxford

University Press. pp 234 - 317. Bowling, B. (2009) ‘Violent racism, policing, safety and justice 10 years after Lawrence’. In Hall, N.

Grieve, J. and Savage, S. (eds) (2009). Policing and the Legacy of Lawrence. Collumpton: Willan. pp 41 - 64

Chakraborti, N, and Garland, J. (2009) Hate Crime: Impact, Causes and Responses. London: Sage. Gadd, D. (2009) ‘Aggravating Racism and Elusive Motivation’ British Journal of Criminology Vol 49

No 6 p755-71. http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/6/755.short ICAR (2004) Media image, community impact: Assessing the impact of media and political images

of refugees and asylum seekers on community relations in London. London: ICAR http://www.icar.org.uk/micifullreport.pdf

James, Z. (2013) ‘Offenders or Victims? An exploration of gypsies and travellers as a policing paradox’, in C. Phillips and C. Webster (eds) New Directions in Race, Ethnicity and Crime. London: Routledge.

Macpherson, Sir William (1999) Stephen Lawrence Inquiry. London: TSO. Ray, L. and Smith, D. (2004) ‘Racist Offending, Policing and Community Conflict’, Sociology 38 (4). Gender and Victimization Albanese, P. (2001) Nationalism, War and Archaization of Gender Relations in the Balkans,

Violence Against Women, 7(9) 999 – 1023. Allen, S. (2002) ‘Male Victims of Rape: Responses to a Perceived Threat to Masculinity’, in C. Hoyle

and R. Young (eds), New Visions of Crime Victims. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Bales, K. (2005) Understanding Global Slavery, Berkeley: University of California Press. De-Hart, D. and Lynch, S. (2013) ‘Chapter 6: Gendered Pathways to Crime: The relationship

between victimization and offending’ in The Routledge International Handbook of Crime and Gender Studies, Renzetti, C., Miller, S and Gover, A. (eds), London: Routledge.

Goodey, J. (2003) ‘Migration, Crime and Victimhood: Responses to sex trafficking in the EU’, Punishment and Society, 5(4): 415 - 431.

Davies, P. (2011) Chapter 3: ‘Gender Patterns to Crime and Victimisation’ in Gender, Crime and Victimization (P. Davies ed), London: Sage.

Goodey, J. (2005), 'Sex Trafficking in the European Union', in J. Sheptycki and A. Wardak (eds), Transnational and Comparative Criminology, Glasshouse Press. pp 269 - 284.

Hoyle, C. and Sanders, A. (2000) ‘Domestic Violence: From victim choice to victim empowerment’, British Journal of Criminology, 40: 14 - 36.

Jiwani, Y. (2005) ‘Walking a Tightrope: The many faces of violence in the lives of racialized immigrant girls and young women’, Violence Against Women, 11(7): 846 – 875.

Kempadoo, K. (ed.), (2005), Trafficking and Prostitution Reconsidered: New Perspectives on Migration, Sex Work, and Human Rights. Boulder, Colorado: Paradigm Publishers. Ch5.

Klein, J. (2006) ‘An Invisible Problem: Everyday Violence Against Girls in Schools’, Theoretical Criminology, 5 (10) 147 - 177.

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Lee, M. (2005) 'Human Trade and the Criminalization of Irregular Migration' International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 33: 1-15.

Munro, V. (2006) Stopping Traffick? British Journal of Criminology, 46(2) 318 – 333. Walklate, S. (2004) Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice. Cullompton: Willan. Ch 3. Risk and Fear of Crime Chan, W. and Rigakos, G.S. (2002) Risk, Crime and Gender, British Journal of Criminology, Autumn

2002, 42: 743 – 761. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/r237.pdf Joseph, J. (1997) ‘Fear of Crime among Black Elderly’, Journal of Black Studies, 27(5) 698 - 717. Lane, J. (2013) ‘Chapter 3: Theoretical explanations for gender differences in fear of crime:

research and prospects’ in The Routledge International Handbook of Crime and Gender Studies, Renzetti, C., Miller, S and Gover, A. (eds), London: Routledge.

Salisbury, H. and Upson, A. (2004) Ethnicity, victimisation and worry about crime: findings from the 2001/02 and 2002/03 British Crime Surveys, Home Office Findings 237. London: Home Office.

Sutton, R.M. and Farrall, S. (2005) ‘Gender, Socially Desirable Responding and the Fear of Crime: Are Women Really More Anxious about Crime?’ British Journal of Criminology, March 45: 212 - 224.

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Seminar 3: Offenders This week we consider how offending varies by race and gender. We will examine the reporting of offences and specific crimes committed by women and minority ethnic group people. We will also consider how race and gender intersect in individuals’ experiences of offending. We will ask what the consideration of race and gender brings to a criminological understanding of offending behaviour by focusing on crimes of violence and drug offending. We look at various sources of data about crime and consider how offenders are stereotyped and associated with certain types of crime and processes of criminalization. We consider the debate about the over-representation of young black men in the criminal justice system and the differences in offending patterns between minority ethnic groups. Essential Reading Chesney-Lind, M. (2004) “Girls and Violence: Is the Gender Gap Closing?” National Resource

Center on Domestic Violence. De Coster, S. and Heimer, K. (2006) ‘Crime at the Intersections: Race, Class, Gender and Violent

Offending’ in Peterson, Krivo and Hagan (eds) The Many Colors of Crime: Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity and Crime in America. New York: New York University Press.

FitzGerald, M., Stockdale, J.E. and Hale, C. (2003) Young People & Street Crime: Research into Young People's Involvement in Street Crime. London: Youth Justice Board.

Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J. and Roberts, B. (1978) Policing the Crisis. London: Macmillan. pp 165 - 9, 181 - 6, 357 - 62, 389 - 97.

Russell-Brown, K. (2004) Underground Codes-Race, Crime, and Related Fires. New York University Press. Ch 3 ‘Gangsta Rap and Crime: Any Relationship?’, pp 35-54.

Press reports on gun crime http://www.guardian.co.uk/gun/Story/0,2763,869428,00.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/gun/Story/0,2763,1349594,00.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/gun/Story/0,2763,869434,00.html *Student Presentation: Drugs and Crime Bowling, B. (1999) ‘The Rise and Fall of New York Murder: Zero tolerance or crack’s decline? British

Journal of Criminology, 39(4) 531 - 555. Maher, L. (1999) Sexed Work. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Ch 4 ‘A reserve army’ and Ch 7

‘Intersectionalities: Gender-Race-Class.’ Provine, D. M. (2006) ‘Creating Racial Disadvantage: The Case of Crack Cocaine’ in Peterson, Krivo

and Hagan (eds) The Many Colors of Crime: Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity and Crime in America, New York: New York University Press.

Sandberg, S. (2008) ‘Black Drug Dealers In A White Welfare State: Cannabis Dealing and Street Capital in Norway’. British Journal of Criminology, 48: 604 – 619.

Discussion Questions 1. To what extent do racial stereotypes and media images make it impossible to speak of ‘real’

rates of crime among different ethnic groups? 2. Are certain types of crime associated certain groups of people? 3. How can the over-representation of young black men in the criminal justice system be

explained? 4. Which groups are under-represented in offending statistics? What hypotheses can you

propose for these patterns? 5. How important is culture when trying to unpack the causes of offending? What problems

arise when considering cultural arguments?

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Further Reading Race, crime and violence Anderson, E. (1999) Code of the Street. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Bourgois, P. (1994) In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press. Clancy, A., Hough, M., Aust, R. and Kershaw, C. (2001) Crime, Policing and Justice: the experience

of ethnic minorities; Findings from the 2000 British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study 223. London: Home Office.

Gilroy, P. (1987) There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation. London: Hutchinson. Ch 3.

LaFree, G., O’Brien, R. and Baumer, E. (2006) ‘Is the Gap between Black and White Arrest Rates Widening? National Trends for Personal Contact Crimes, 1960 to 2002’ in R. Peterson, Krivo and J. Hagan (eds) The Many Colors of Crime: Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity and Crime in America. New York: New York University Press.

McLagan, G. (2005) Guns and Gangs: Inside Black Gun Crime. London: Allison & Busby. Wacquant, L. (2002) ‘Scrutinizing the Street: Poverty, Morality, and the Pitfalls of Urban

Ethnography’, American Journal of Sociology, 107(6) 1468 - 1532. Webster, C. (2007) Understanding Race and Crime. London: Open University Press. West, C. (1991) Race Matters. New York: Vintage Books. pp 17 - 31 Gender and violence Anderson, T. (2005) ‘Dimensions of Women’s Power in the Illicit Drug Economy’, Theoretical

Criminology, 11(9) 371 - 400. Hagan, J., Boehnke, K. and Merkens, H. (2004) ‘Gender Differences in Capitalization Processes and

the Delinquency of Siblings in Toronto and Berlin’, British Journal of Criminology, 44: 659 - 676. Hansen, K. (2006) ‘Gender Differences in Self-reported Offending’ in F. Heidensohn (ed) Gender

and Justice: New concepts and approaches. Cullompton: Willan. Hayslett-McCall, K. and Bernard, T. (2002) ‘Attachment, Masculinity and Self-control: A theory of

male crime rates’, Theoretical Criminology 2(6): 5 - 33. Keitner, C.I. (2002) ‘Victim or Vamp? Images of Violent Women in the Criminal Justice System’,

Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 11: 38. Miller, J. (2002) ‘The Strengths and Limits of 'Doing Gender' for Understanding Street Crime’,

Theoretical Criminology, 11(6) 433 – 460. Rafter, N. (2006) ‘Gender, Genes and Crime: An evolving feminist agenda’ in F. Heidensohn (ed)

Gender and Justice: New concepts and approaches. Cullompton: Willan. Saunders, D. (2002) ‘Are physical assaults by wives and girlfriends a major social problem? A

review of the literature’, Violence Against Women, 8(12) 1424 - 1448. Swan, S. and Snow. D. (2006) ‘The Development of a Theory of Women’s Use of Violence in

Intimate Relationships’, Violence Against Women, 12(11) 1026 – 1045. Intersectional Approaches Alexander, C. (2004) ‘Imagining the Asian Gang: Ethnicity, masculinity and youth after “the riots”’,

Critical Social Policy, 24: 526 - 549. Harris, A. (2000) ‘Gender, Violence, Race, and Criminal Justice, Stanford Law Review, 52: 777-807. Kalunta-Crumpton, A. (2003) ‘Race and Problem Drug Use in an English City’, International Journal

of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47(6) 677. Maher, L. (1999) Sexed Work: Gender, Race and Resistance in a Brooklyn Drug Market. Oxford:

Clarendon Press.

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Seminar 4: Policing This week we will begin to consider institutional responses to offending and victimization in light of the literature on race and gender. We will examine police practices including stop and search, arrest and custody and we will consider the role of racism and discretion in the disproportionate outcomes that we see. We will focus on the Lawrence case and responses to it and discuss the utility of the notion of ‘institutional racism’ when examining the response of the police. We will also touch upon the theories about gender and policing and whether there is an analogous institutionalization of gender stereotypes. Essential Reading Bowling, B., Parmar, A. and Phillips, C. (2008) ‘Policing Ethnic Minority Communities’, in T. Newburn

(ed) The Handbook of Policing. Cullompton: Willan. pp 528 - 55. Foster, J., Newburn, T. and Souhami, A. (2005) Assessing the Impact of the Stephen Lawrence

Inquiry. Home Office Research Study 294. London: Home Office. Heidensohn, F. (2008) ‘Gender and Policing’ in T. Newburn (ed) Handbook of Policing. pp 642 -

666. Loftus, B. (2008) Police Culture in a Changing World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch 5 & Ch 7. Parmar, A. (2011) ‘Stop and Search in London: Counter-terrorist or counter-productive?’ Policing

and Society, 21(4). [Same article is reprinted as a chapter in Weber, L. and Bowling, B. (2012) Stop and Search: Police power in global context. London: Routledge].

Or Epp, C., Maynard-Moody, S. and Haider-Markel, D. (2014) Pulled Over: How police stops define race

and citizenship. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Ch 4: Experiences during the Stop. Goffman, A. (2014) On the Run. Fugitive Life in an American City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ch 2 Discussion Questions 1. Is the police service institutionally racist? In what ways is racism manifest in the police organization and in the operation of its powers? Is institutional racism a useful concept? 2. What policies have been suggested to remove racism from policing and to provide equality and fairness of service? Have these policies worked and what does “success” look like? 3. Has police culture changed since the 1970s? How? 4. Is policing ‘gendered’? 5. Is there any research evidence to document the experience of minority ethnic group women with the police? What does the research suggest? 6. How are the boundaries of traditional policing changing and how does race and gender impact on this change? 7. What are the differences in the relationship between policing and race in the US and the UK? Further Reading

Race, Racism and Policing Bland, N., Mundy, G., Russell, J. and Tuffin, R. (1999) Career Progression of Ethnic Minority Police

Officers. Home Office Police Research Series Paper 107. London: Home Office. Bolton, K. and Feagin, J. (2004) Black in Blue: African American Police Officers and Racism. London:

Routledge. Bowling, B. & Phillips, C. (2002) Racism, Crime & Justice. Harlow: Longman. Ch 6. Bowling, B. and Phillips, C. (2007) ‘Disproportionate and Discriminatory: Reviewing the Evidence on

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Police Stop and Search Powers’ Modern Law Review, 70 (6) 936-61. Bowling, B. and Sheptyki, J. (2012) Global Policing. London: Sage. or Bowling, B. (2010) Policing the Caribbean: Transnational Security Cooperation in Practice. Oxford:

Oxford University Press. Ch 1, 2 and 9. Bowling, B., Phillips, C., Campbell, A. and Docking, M. (2004) Policing and human rights:

eliminating discrimination, xenophobia, intolerance and the abuse of power from police work. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. http://unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/httpNetITFramePDF?ReadForm&parentunid=B26DCF2059E2F3E5C1256EC300495016&parentdoctype=paper&netitpath=80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/B26DCF2059E2F3E5C1256EC300495016/$file/bowling.pdf

Bowling, B. and Weber, L. (2011) ‘Stop and Search in Global Context’, Policing and Society, 21(4). (Introduction to special issue).

Bridges, L. (1999) ‘The Lawrence Enquiry-Incompetence, Corruption and Institutional Racism’, Journal of Law and Society, 26 (3): 298-322.

Britton, N.J. (2000) ‘Race and Policing: A Study of Police Custody’, British Journal of Criminology, 40: 639-58. http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/40/4/639

Brunson, R. (2007) “”Police Don’t Like Black People”: African American Young Men’s Accumulated Police Experiences.” Criminology and Public Policy 6(1): 71-101.

Cashmore, E. and McLaughlin, E. (1991) Out of Order: Policing and Black People. London: Routledge.

Fassin, D. (2013) Enforcing Order: An ethnography of urban policing. Cambridge: Polity Press. Ch 5 Discrimination.

FitzGerald, M. and Sibbitt, R. (1997) Ethnic monitoring in police forces: A beginning. Home Office Research Study 173. London: Home Office

Garland, J. and Chakraborti, N. (2007) `Protean times?' Community and 'race' in rural England’ Criminology and Criminal Justice, 7(4): 347 – 365.

Hall, N. Grieve, J. and Savage, S. (eds) (2009) Policing and the Legacy of Lawrence. Cullompton: Willan. Hall, S. et al (1978) Policing the Crisis. London: Macmillan. Holdaway, S. (2009) Black Police Associations: an analysis of race and ethnicity within constabularies.

Oxford: Oxford University Press. Holdaway, S. & O’Neill, M (2006) ‘Institutional Racism after Macpherson: An Analysis of Police

Views’, Policing & Society, 16(4) 349 - 269. Kempa, M. and Singh, A.M. (2008) ‘Private Security, Political Economy and the Policing of Race:

Probing global hypotheses through the case of South Africa’, Theoretical Criminology, 12: 333 - 354.

Lea, J. (2000) ‘The Macpherson Report And The Question Of Institutional Racism’, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(3).

Lustgarten, L. (2002) ‘The Future of Stop and Search’, Criminal Law Review, 603-618. Newburn, T., Shiner, M. and Hayman, S. (2004) ‘Race, Crime and Injustice? Strip Search and the

Treatment of Suspects in Custody’ British Journal of Criminology, 44 (5) 677 - 694. http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/44/5/677

Quinton, P. (2011) ‘The Formation of Suspicions: Police stop and search practices in England and Wales’, Policing and Society, 21(4). [Same article is reprinted as a chapter in Weber, L. and Bowling, B. (2012) Stop and Search: Police power in global context. London: Routledge].

Quinton, P., Bland, N. and Miller, J. (2000) Police Stops, Decision-Making and Practice. Police Research Paper 130. London: Home Office.

Rowe, M. (ed) (2007) Policing beyond Macpherson: issues in policing, race and society. Cullompton: Willan.

Scarman, L. (1981/6) The Scarman Report. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Smith, D and Gray, J. (1983) Police and People in London Vol 4: The Police in Action. London: Policy

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Studies Institute. Ch on ‘Race’. Van der Leun, J. and van der Loude, M. (2011) ‘Ethnic Profiling in the Netherlands? A reflection on

expanding police preventive powers, ethnic profiling and a changing social and political context’, Policing and Society, 21(4). [Same article is reprinted as a chapter in Weber, L. and Bowling, B. (2012) Stop and Search: Police power in global context. London: Routledge].

Waddington, P., Stenson, K. and Don, D. (2004) ‘ In Proportion: Race, and Police Stop and Search’, British Journal of Criminology, Nov 2004; 44: 889 - 914.

Whitfield, J. (2004) Unhappy Dialogue: The Metropolitan Police and London’s West Indian Community. Cullompton: Willan.

Gender (and Race) and Policing Brunson, R., and J. Miller (2006) ‘Gender, Race, and Urban Policing: The Experience of African-

American Youths’, Gender and Society, 20(4): 531 – 552. Brunson, R., and J. Miller. (2006) Young, Black Men and Urban Policing in the United States, British

Journal of Criminology, 46(4): 613 – 640. Cammiss, S. (2006). The Management of Domestic Violence Cases in the Mode of Trial Hearing,

British Journal of Criminology, 46(4) 704 – 718. Chan, J., Doran, S. and Marel, C. (2010) ‘Doing and Undoing Gender in Policing’, Theoretical

Criminology, 14(4): 425-446. Cole, D. (1999) No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System. New

York: New Press. Ch 5 ‘See No Evil, Hear No Evil’ and Ch 1 ‘Policing Race and Class.’ Grady, A. (2002) ‘Female-on-Male Domestic Violence: Uncommon or Ignored?’ in C Hoyle and R

Young (eds) New Visions of Crime Victims. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Matthews, R. (2005) ‘Policing Prostitution’, British Journal of Criminology, 45(6) 877 – 895. Miller, S. (1999) Gender and Community Policing: walking the talk. Northeastern University Press. Westmarland, L. (2001) Gender and Policing: Sex, Power and Police Culture. Cullompton: Willan.

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Seminar 5: Sentencing This week, we consider the way in which the criminal justice system responds to minority ethnic groups and women once they have been arrested by for a crime and entered the justice process. We will examine the sentencing patterns and experiences of probation and parole for minority ethnic groups and women, and will ask why these topics have attracted the attention of scholars interested in difference. We will discuss the variation in sentencing of Asian and Black minority ethnic groups, consider whether religion is increasingly important within sentencing and decision-making processes in criminal courts. We will also consider how gender and race interact in the sentencing and probation process. Essential Reading Frohmann, L. (1997) “Convictability and Discordant Locales” Reproducing Race, Class and Gender

Ideologies in Prosecutorial Decision making.” Law and Society Review 31(3): 531-56. Hood, R. (1992) ‘Sentencing Women’ in Race and Sentencing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch

11. Marchetti, E. (2008) ‘Intersectional Race and Gender Analyses: Why Legal Processes just don’t get

it’, Social & Legal Studies, 17(2) 155 – 174. Steen, S., Rodney, E. and Gainey, R. (2005) “Images of Danger and Culpability Walklate, S. (2004) Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice. Cullompton: Willan. Ch 6. Discussion Questions 1. Are the criminal courts a venue where justice and fairness are achieved? Or are they ‘institutionally racist’? 2. To what extent can the over-representation in prison of people from certain minority groups be explained by reference to the work of the criminal courts? 3. Are women treated leniently or harshly by the courts? 4. How might implicit bias operate in the courtroom? 5. What factors might engender change in the decision-making process and outcomes for minority ethnic groups in the courtroom? Further Reading Gender and Courts Condry, R. (2006) ‘Stigmatised Women: Relatives of serious offenders and the broader impact of

crime’ in F. Heidensohn (ed) Gender and Justice: New concepts and approaches. Cullompton: Willan.

Cossins, A. (2003) ‘Saints, Sluts and Sexual Assault: Rethinking the Relationship between Sex, Race and Gender’, Social & Legal Studies, 12(1) 77 – 103.

Gaarder, E., Rodriguez, N. and Zatz, M. (2004) “Criers, Liars and Manipulators: Probation Officers’ Views of Girls.” Justice Quarterly 21(3): 547-78.

Hales, L. and Gelsthorpe, L. (2012) The Criminalisation of Migrant Women. Cambridge: Institute of Criminology. [Available Online]

Hudson, B. and Bramhall, G. (2005) ‘Assessing the ‘Other’: Constructions of Asianness in risk assessments by probation officers’, British Journal of Criminology 45(5):721-740.

Hudson, B. (1998) ‘Doing Justice to Difference’ in A. Ashworth and Wasik (eds) Fundamentals of Sentencing Theory. pp 223-249.

Race and Sentencing Abbas, T. (2004) ‘Race’, Ethnicity and the Courts: A Review of Existing and Ongoing Research,

internet journal of criminology Kang, J. et al (2012) Implicit Bias in the Courtroom, UCLA Law Review 59(5):1124-86.

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Hood, Shute and Seemungal, F. (2003) Ethnic Minorities in the Criminal Courts: Perceptions of Fairness and Equality of Treatment, Lord Chancellor’s Department, Research Series No. 2/03. pp: i-vi; 1-12 and 133-137.

Shute, Hood and Seemungal (2005) A Fair Hearing? Ethnic Minorities in the Criminal Courts, Cullompton: Willan. [This is the full version of Hood, Shute and Seemungal, F. (2003) Ethnic Minorities in the Criminal Courts: Perceptions of Fairness and Equality of Treatment]

Tonry, M. (1995) Malign Neglect. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch 4-6. von Hirsch, A. and J. Roberts (1997) ‘Racial Disparity in Sentencing: Reflections on the Hood Study’,

Howard Journal, 36 (3): 227-236.

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Seminar 6: Imprisonment In this seminar we consider how the prison population is shaped by race and gender. The numbers of Black and Asian people imprisoned in the UK has been steadily rising over the years and in particular we will examine the gross racial disproportionality and the reasons for this. The imprisonment rate in US has more than quintupled over the last four decades and are the highest for Black people. We also consider the interaction of the death penalty and race and think about the overall consequences of the racialized process of incarceration in the UK and the USA. We examine race relations within prisons and their impact on those ‘doing time’. We also consider why women are imprisoned and the policy decisions that have resulted in the patterns of their imprisonment and the impact of foreign national prisoners on the overall prison population. Essential Reading Alexander, M. (2010) The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New

York: New York University Press. Ch: Introduction and Chapter 1 “The Rebirth of Caste”. Bosworth, M. (2004) ‘Theorising Race and Imprisonment: Towards a New Penality’, Critical

Criminology, 12: 221 – 242. Bowling, B. and Phillips, C. (2002) Racism, Crime and Justice. Harlow: Longman. Ch 7. Tonry, M. (2011) Punishing Race. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch 2. Wacquant. L. (2000) “Deadly Symbiosis: When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh”, Punishment

and Society. 3(1): 95-134. Discussion Questions 1. Why are particular ethnic groups over-represented in prison relative to their numbers in the general population whereas other groups are under-represented? 2. What explains why racist violence and other forms of ethnic conflict are so prevalent inside prison? Is religion of growing importance in prison? 3. What does research evidence tell us about which crimes women are imprisoned for and what defines their experiences in prisons? 4. What is the importance of foreign national prisoner numbers when considering the number of minority ethnic group women in prison? *Student Presentation: Prisons and Race Cheliotis, L. and Liebling, A. (2006) ‘Race Matters in British Prisons: Towards a Research Agenda’,

British Journal of Criminology, 46: 286 - 317. Crewe, B. (2006) ‘Male prisoners’ orientation towards female officers in an English prison,

Punishment & Society, 8: 395-421. Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons (2009) Race Relations in Prison: Responding to Adult Women

from Black and Minority Ethnic Backgrounds. London: HMIP. Keith, B. (2006) Report of the Zahid Mubarek Inquiry. HC 1082-I, London: HMSO. Phillips, C. (2013) ‘Ethnic Identities, Faith and the Dynamics of Multicultural Con-Viviality’ and

‘From Boys to Men’ in The Multicultural Prison: Ethnicity, masculinity, and social relations among prisoners. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch 4 and Ch 5.

Race, Religion and Imprisonment Bright, S. (2006) ‘Discrimination, Death and Denial: The tolerance of racial discrimination in

infliction of the death penalty’ in C Ogletree and A Sarat From Lynch Mobs to the Killing State: Race and the death penalty in America, New York: New York University Press.

Earle, R. (2011) 'Boys' Zone Stories: Perspectives from a Young Men's Prison', Criminology and Criminal Justice, 11 (2): 129-143.

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Earle, R. (2013) ‘Inside white – racism, social relations and ethnicity in English Prison’ in C. Phillips and C. Webster (eds) New Directions in Race, Ethnicity and Crime. London: Routledge.

Edgar, K. and Martin, C. (2004) Perceptions of Race and Conflict: Perceptions of Minority Ethnic Prisoners and Prison Officers. Home Office Research Study. London: Home Office.

Hamm, M.S. (2009) Prison Islam in the Age of Sacred Terror’, British Journal of Criminology, 49(2) 175-95.

Her Majesty’s Inspector of Prisons (2009) Race Relations in Prisons: Responding to Adult Women from Black and Minority Ethnic Backgrounds. London: HMIP.

Her Majesty’s Inspector of Prisons (2005), Parallel Worlds: A Thematic Review of Race Relations in Prisons. London: HMIP.

Her Majesty’s Inspector of Prisons (2010), Muslim Prisoners’ Experiences: A Thematic Review. London: HMIP.

Joly, D. (2007) ‘Race relations and Islam in the prison service’, International Journal of Human Rights, 11(3) 307 - 26.

Kruttschnitt, C. and Hussemann, J. (2008) ‘Micropolitics of Race and Ethnicity in Women’s Prisons in Two Political Contexts’, British Journal of Sociology, 59(4) 709-28.

Pager, D. (2007) Marked: Race, Crime and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Ch 5 and 6.

Phillips, C. (2007) ‘Ethnicity, identity and community cohesion in prison’ in Wetherell, M., Lafleche, M. and Berkeley, R. (eds.) Identity, ethnic diversity and community cohesion. London: Sage. pp 75 - 86.

Phillips, C. (2010) ‘Reading difference differently? Identity, epistemology and prison ethnography, British Journal of Criminology, 50 (2) 360-78 http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/2/360.short

Phillips, C. (2013) The Multicultural Prison: Ethnicity, masculinity, and social relations among prisoners. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Prison Reform Trust (2012) No Way Out: A briefing paper on foreign national women in prison in England and Wales January 2012. London: Prison Reform Trust. http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/NoWayOut.pdf

Spalek, B. and El-Hassan, S. (2007) ‘Muslim converts in prison’, Howard Journal, 46(2) 99 - 114. Spalek, B., Lambert, R. and Baker, A.H. (2009) ‘Minority Muslim Communities and Criminal Justice:

Stigmatized UK faith identities post 9/11 and 7/7, in H.S. Bhui (ed), Race, Crime and Criminal Justice. London: Sage. pp 170 - 187.

Wacquant, L. (2001) 'Deadly Symbiosis: When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh', in D. Garland (ed), Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences. London: Sage Publications.

Wilson, D. (2003) '"Keeping Quiet" or "Going Nuts": Some Emerging Strategies Used by Young Black People in Custody at a Time of Childhood Being Re-Constructed', Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(5) 411–25.

Gender and Imprisonment Comfort, M. (2003) “In the Tube at San Quentin: The ‘Secondary Prisonization’ of Women Visiting

Inmates.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 32(1): 77-107.

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Seminar 7: Criminalization, Security and Citizenship In this seminar we examine some of the contemporary issues facing scholars of race, gender and the sociology of crime. We will pay particular attention to issues of migration, citizenship and concerns about security and consider how responses to terrorism and border control have reconfigured understandings of criminality and modes of governance in racialized ways. We look broadly and theoretically at the way in which these developments have impacted on multi-cultural living and difference and how they have raised questions about citizenship and belonging. We examine processes of criminalization and think about if/how the race, crime and gender nexus has shifted. We ask what the implications are of going beyond dominant conceptions of racism as a colour coded phenomenon to bring into view other modalities of racism that increasingly shape the criminological landscape. Essential Reading Bosworth, M. and Guild, M. (2008) ‘Governing through migration control: Security and citizenship

in Britain, British Journal of Criminology, 48(6) 703 – 719. Hudson, B. (2008) ‘Difference, diversity and criminology: The cosmopolitan vision’, Theoretical

Criminology, 12: 275-292. Pantazis, C. and Pemberton, S. (2009) ‘From the “old” to the “new” suspect community: Examining

the impacts of recent UK counter-terrorist legislation’, British Journal of Criminology, 49:646-666.

Parmar, A. (2013) Configuring ethnic identities: resistance as a response to counter-terrorist policy in C. Phillips and C. Webster (eds) New Directions in Race, Ethnicity and Crime. London: Routledge. Ch 7.

Weber, L. and B. Bowling. (2008) ‘Valiant beggars and global vagabonds: Select, eject, immobilize’, Theoretical Criminology, 12: 355 - 375.

Discussion Questions 1. What evidence is there to suggest that Muslim or Asian groups have been criminalized following the US and UK terrorist attacks? What impact (if any) did the attacks have on the perception of British Asians? 2. How have concerns about (in)security had an effect on multicultural society? 3. Can human rights and perceived threats to security be balanced? 4. Is it important to incorporate religion in contemporary criminological analyses? 5. How does gender feature in the new paradigms of (in)security? Further Reading The Securitization of Race Blackwood, L., Hopkins, N. and Reicher, S. (2012) ‘I know who I am, but who do they think I am?

Muslim perspectives on encounters with airport authorities,’ Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(6) 1090 - 1108.

Bosworth, M. (2008) ‘Border control and the limits of the Sovereign State’, Social and Legal Studies, 17(2) 199 – 215.

Cole, D. (2003) Enemy Aliens: Double standards and constitutional freedoms in the war on terrorism. New York: The New Press. Ch 13 ‘Legitimacy and Double Standards’ and Ch 3 ‘Ethnic profiling.’

Gott, G. (2005) ‘The devil we know: Racial subordination and national security law’, 50 Villanova Law Review, 1073.

Hussain, Y. and Bagguley, P. (2012) ‘Securitized Citizens: Islamophobia, racism and the 7/7 London

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bombings’, The Sociological Review, 60: 715–34. Parmar, A. (2011) ‘Stop and Search in London: Counter-terrorist or counter-productive?’ Policing

and Society, 21(4). [Same article is reprinted as a chapter in Weber, L. and Bowling, B. (2012) Stop and Search: Police power in global context. London: Routledge].

Pratt, A. and Thompson, S.K. (2008) ‘Chivalry, ‘Race’ and Discretion at the Canadian Border’, British Journal of Criminology, 48: 620 – 640.

Provine, D.M. and Sanchez, G. (2011) ‘Suspecting Immigrants: Exploring links between racialised anxieties and expanded police powers in Arizona’, Policing and Society, 21(4). [Same article is reprinted as a chapter in Weber, L. and Bowling, B. (2012) Stop and Search: Police power in global context. London: Routledge].

Sanchez, L. (2007) ‘The Carceral Contract: From Domestic to Global Governance’ In M. Bosworth and J. Flavin (eds.) Race, Gender and Punishment: From Colonialism to the War on Terror. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp 167 – 183.

Spalek, B. (2002) Islam, Crime and Criminal Justice. Cullompton: Willan. Spalek, B. and McDonald, L.Z. (2009) ‘Terror Crime Prevention: Constructing muslim practices and

beliefs as anti-social and extreme through CONTEST 2’, Social Policy and Society, 9: 123 – 132. Immigration, Citizenship and Crime Aas, K.F. (2011) ‘Crimmigrant bodies and bona fide travellers: surveillance, citizenship and global

governance’, Theoretical Criminology, August 2011, 15(3): 331-346. Albrecht, H-J. (2000) ‘Foreigners, Migration, Immigration and the Development of Criminal Justice

in Europe’ in Green and Rutherford (eds) Criminal Policy in Transition. pp132-150. Angel-Ajani, A. (2003) A Question of Dangerous Races?, Punishment & Society, 10 (5): 433 - 448. Barker, V. (2012) ‘Global Mobility and Penal Order: Criminalizing Migration, a view from Europe’,

Sociology Compass 6 (2): 113-121. [Available Online] Blick, A., Choudhury, T and Weir, S. (2006) The Rules of the Game: Terrorism, Community and

Human Rights. A Report by Democratic Audit, Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, York: Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust. [Available Online]

Bosworth, M. (2012) ‘Subjectivity and identity in detention: Punishment and Society in a global age’, Theoretical Criminology, May 2012, 16(2): 123-40.

Bosworth, M. and Kellezi, B. (2013) ‘Citizenship and belonging in a women’s immigration detention centre’ in C. Phillips and C. Webster (eds) New Directions in Race, Ethnicity and Crime. London: Routledge.

Bosworth, M. and Aas, K.F. (2013) The Borders of Punishment: Migration, Citizenship, and Social Exclusion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cole, D. (2003) ‘Enemy Aliens: Double standards and constitutional freedoms in the war on terrorism.’ New York: The New Press (see chapters not already on the reading list).

Fekete, L. (2001) ‘The Emergence of Xeno-Racism’, in Race and Class (the three faces of British racism: a special report) vol. 43, no. 2. pp 23-40.

Fekete, L. (2006) ‘Enlightened Fundamentalism? Immigration, feminism and the Right’, Race & Class, 48(2): 1 - 22.

Fekete, L. (2006) ‘Europe: ‘Speech crime’ and deportation’, Race & Crime, 47(3): 82 – 92. Fekete, L. (2009) A Suitable Enemy. Racism, Migration and Islamophobia in Europe. London: Pluto

Press. Ch 1,2,6. Idriss, M. (2005) ‘Laicite and the banning of the ‘hijab’ in France’, 25 Legal Studies, 260. Lee, M. and Martinez, R. (2009) “Immigration Reduces Crime: An emerging Scholarly Consensus.”

Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance, 13:3-16. Malloch, M and Stanley, E. (2005) The detention of asylum seekers in the UK: Representing risk,

managing the dangerous, Punishment and Society, 7: 53-71. Martinez, R. Jr. (2006) ‘Coming to America: The Impact of the New Immigration on Crime’ in

Ramiro Martinez, Jr. and Abel Valenzuela, Jr., (eds.) Immigration and Crime: Race, Ethnicity, and Violence. New York: New York University Press.

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Mathur, S. (2006) ‘Surviving the Dragnet; ‘Special interest’ detainees in the U.S. after 9/11.’ Race & Class, 47(3) 31 – 46.

Murdolo, A. (2002) ‘Keeping ‘our’ women safe: Containing Australian fear and danger through immigration detention’, Hecate, 28(1): 123 – 131.

Rose, D. (2004) Guantanamo: America’s War on Human Rights. London: Faber and Faber. Stumpf, J. (2006) ‘The Crimmigration Crisis: Immigrants, Crime and Sovereign power’, American

University Law Review, 56 (367). Weber, L. (2011) ‘It Sounds Like They Shouldn’t Be Here: Immigration checks on the streets of

Sydney’, Policing and Society, 21(4). [Same article is reprinted as a chapter in Weber, L. and Bowling, B. (2012) Stop and Search: Police power in global context. London: Routledge.

Welch, M. and Schuster, L. (2005) ‘Detention of Asylum Seekers in the UK and USA: Deciphering noisy and quiet constructions’, Punishment and Society, 7(4): 397-417.

Post-Colonialism and Cosmopolitanism Cuneen, C. (2011) ‘Post-colonial Perspectives for Criminology’, in M. Bosworth and C. Hoyle (eds),

What is Criminology? Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gilroy, P. (2004) After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture? London: Routledge. Gilroy, P. (2006) ‘Multiculture on Times of War: An Inaugural Lecture Given at the London School

of Economics’, Critical Quarterly, 48(4) 27 - 45. Phillips, C. and Webster, C. (2013) New Directions in Race, Ethnicity and Crime. London: Routledge.

Ch 1 and Ch 10.

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Seminar 8: Race, Gender, Crime and Representation

In the final seminar of the course we will draw on representations of race, gender and crime in visual media and consider the role of images in creating, reproducing and contesting relationships between race, gender and crime. We will examine film and photography as part of this seminar to explore how surveillance and the capacity to ‘capture’ can function to ratify commonly held perceptions, or what we already ‘know’ in relation to race, gender and notions of who belongs. We will also watch part of one of the documentary pieces (or another chosen during the course) and discuss the issues raised in a class discussion. Reading Biber, K. (2007) Captive Images: Race, Crime and Photography. Cavendish: Routledge.

Documentaries The House I Live In (2012) by Eugene Jarecki The Grim Sleeper (2014) by Nick Broomfield