Ms. V. Redmond, Presentation Wexford, 2011. A Region is an area on the earth’s surface which is...

Ms. V. Redmond, Presentation Wexford, 2011

• A Region is an area on the earth’s surface which

is different to all areas around it. It has different

characteristics e.g. physical (climate soils, rocks,

drainage), cultural, administrative, economic,

human.

World Climatic RegionsWorld Climatic Regions

• Where: Western Europe - From Northern Norway to North West Spain

(including Ireland)

• Temperatures: Summer average 15 - 17 (can go to 23) Degrees,

lower averages along coasts, higher inland (South Westerlies=Trade

winds / North Atlantic Drift=warm current). Winter average 4 - 5

Degrees - Moderating influences of S. Westerlies / North Atlantic Drift

current.

• Precipitation: all year round - Cyclonic and Relief Rainfall but with

Winter Maximum 750mm (Rain Shadow Dublin)- 2,600mm (West)

• Effects: Positive (irrigation) and negative (leaching) effects of

precipitation on soils

• Upland terraced limestone region with beds of rock dipping gently to South and covered by shale in some parts - KARST LANDSCAPE

• Formed when African and European Plates collided - Munster mountains were folded at this time also (Armorican Foldings)

• Soil cover eroded by glaciers and early farmers and strong coastal winds

• Large expanses of Limestone Pavements (Clints & Grikes) containing Swallow Holes, Uvalas, Poljes and few surface streams

• Underground Passages and Caverns

• Unique Flora and Fauna

7

• Underground and Surface features result from the process of CARBONATION

H2O + CO2 ¨ H2CO3

[carbonic acid] which dissociates to:

H2CO3 ¨ H+ + HCO3-

and the proton reacts with calcite:

CaCO3 (s) + 2H+ (aq) ¨ Ca++ (aq) + CO2 (g)

+ H2O

• IRELAND - SINGLE TIER SYSTEM

Central Government

County Councils/City Councils/ Boroughs

9

•Dates back to Norman times 12th Century

•By mid 13th Century we had 8 counties

•1606 - 1994 26 counties

•1994 Dublin subdivided into 3 new counties - Dublin,Fingal, Dun Laoghaire - Rathdown

•Many county boundaries are distinguished by natural physical boundaries eg River Slaney/ Wicklow Mountains

Jim Ryan SPC 11

•CITY COUNCILS - 5 - Dublin, Cork, Waterford, Galway, Limerick - The suburbs of these areas have grown so much that in some cases they are spreading into neighbouring councils eg Limerick into Clare County Council

•BOROUGH & TOWN COUNCILS BOROUGH COUNCILS -The 5 medium sized towns

below the city councils eg Wexford Town TOWN COUNCILS - 75 of these eg New Ross

•REGIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS - Not an effective Regional level of admin in Ireland. We have Regional Authorities but they really only cater for specific elements eg Health and TourismJim Ryan SPC

12

Multiple Tier System Central Government 22 Regional

Governments 92 Departments

• System dates back to French Revolution after which the pattern of local government based on the department was developed. These were all approximately the same size in terms of area and population and also ensured that all areas within them had the same focus on culture

• Responsible for a number of functions - social services/co-ordinating urban and regional planning

• Prefet is the administrative officer and is centrally appointed

• One main town is the focus for each department

• Aftre World War 2 (1955) 22 Regional Centres were formed but had little power

• 1970 - Policy of Decentralisation to give them more power - Regional Assemblies and Direct Elections Helped develop cities such as TOULOUSE

Mostly defined by distinctive Language/Religion

Language Regions - Gaeltacht (Ireland)/ Belgium

GAELTACHT -

• 1.6 Million claim to speak Gaeilge!

• Only used everyday in Fior Gaeltacht

• 1925 ( Commission for Irish Speaking Districts) - Broken into Fior Gaeltacht and Breac Gaeltacht

• Gaeltacht Regions reducing in size (2002 Census - 86,500 people) Why?

• Government system of Positive Discrimination in Gaeltacht Region - Grants/Incentives

• Flanders• Flemish speaking,

culturally linked to Netherlands

• Historically poor - Prospered since 1960’s attracting growth industries to places such as Antwerp

• Brussels is the capital of Belgium and located here but is Bilingual

• Wallonia• Mainly French speaking• During 1800’s became

prosperous based on coal & steel in Sambre-Meuse Valley

• Collapse of these industries in 1950’s led to massive decline - (Maladjusted Region)

• German Enclave• Territory received from

Germany after WW 1

• Flanders has received much industrial investment but still feels under threat from the more dominant French language in the south

• Possible break up of Belgium has been averted many times

• This led to fundamental governmental reforms and the creation of a Federal Government which recognises all three regions - each has a certain amount of Autonomy

• Flemish display a defensive attitude over the spread of French and have created a new Pro Flemish political party - Vlaams Belang

18

REGIONS IN IRELANDREGIONS IN IRELAND

cCCC

• A model that helps explain differences in economic development

• Economic development does not affect all areas in the same way.

• Some regions develop strongly because of a number or factors eg. Raw materials/strategic location for trade

• Other areas may not develop to the same extent because of poor resources/unfavourable environments/poor access to trade routes

Regions shown on maps depends on Regions shown on maps depends on scalescale

Large scale shows a large area but Large scale shows a large area but

little detail e.g. world map – 1: little detail e.g. world map – 1: 1,000,000cm1,000,000cm

Small scale shows a small area but a Small scale shows a small area but a lot of detail e.g. street map of Dublin lot of detail e.g. street map of Dublin – 1:16000– 1:16000

Jim Ryan SPC21

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHARACTERISTICS OF A REGIONREGION• All regions have different chacteristics but some All regions have different chacteristics but some

characteristics are the same.characteristics are the same. AREAAREA: Regions occupy an area of the earths surface that is : Regions occupy an area of the earths surface that is

different from all other areas around it. different from all other areas around it. BOUNDARIESBOUNDARIES: Regions are seperated by boundaries from : Regions are seperated by boundaries from

surrounding regions. Some boundaries are clear e.g. surrounding regions. Some boundaries are clear e.g. mountain ranges, rivers. Some boundaries are not clear e.g. mountain ranges, rivers. Some boundaries are not clear e.g. local government boundaries e.g. Mayo co. council v local government boundaries e.g. Mayo co. council v Castlebar Town Council.Castlebar Town Council.

IMAGEIMAGE: By naming a region people can conjure up an idea : By naming a region people can conjure up an idea of a place e.g. France – Eiffel Tower, Garlic , USA – of a place e.g. France – Eiffel Tower, Garlic , USA – McDonalds, Disneyland, Gaeltacht – Aran sweaters, McDonalds, Disneyland, Gaeltacht – Aran sweaters, Thatched cottages.Thatched cottages.

CHANGECHANGE: Regions change over time e.g. Dublin –Why? – : Regions change over time e.g. Dublin –Why? – Transport, Industry. Urban Sprawl, Satellite Towns, Suburbs, Transport, Industry. Urban Sprawl, Satellite Towns, Suburbs, Commutor Belts. Commutor Belts.

REGIONAL DEFINITIONSREGIONAL DEFINITIONS

• CORE REGIONSCORE REGIONS - - A core region is A core region is the wealthiest part of an area of land. the wealthiest part of an area of land. It is the centre of economic,political It is the centre of economic,political and administrative life in a region and administrative life in a region e.g. Dublin, Paris Basin, Manchester-e.g. Dublin, Paris Basin, Manchester-Milan-Berlin axis = core of EU.Milan-Berlin axis = core of EU.

• Usually the capital of a country is in Usually the capital of a country is in the core region.the core region.

PERIPHERAL REGIONSPERIPHERAL REGIONS

• A peripheral region is a region which A peripheral region is a region which is distant from the core and lacks is distant from the core and lacks economic, political and economic, political and administrative investment e.g. BMW, administrative investment e.g. BMW, Mezzogiorno, Greece, Scottish Mezzogiorno, Greece, Scottish HighlandsHighlands

• Usually the poorest part of the Usually the poorest part of the country.country.

• Usually will have negative aspects to Usually will have negative aspects to its physical geography eg drought, its physical geography eg drought, boggy soilsboggy soils

MALADJUSTED REGIONSMALADJUSTED REGIONS

REGIONS OF INDUSTRIAL DECLINE:REGIONS OF INDUSTRIAL DECLINE:

These are regions which were once These are regions which were once dependent on an industry or natural dependent on an industry or natural resource which is now in decline or has resource which is now in decline or has declined e.g. Sambre - Meuse (coal), declined e.g. Sambre - Meuse (coal), Greater Cork AreaGreater Cork Area

• CORE - South & East

Study under these headings

• Physical Processes

• Economic Processes

• Human Processes

• Periphery - BMWStudy under these

headings

• Physical Processes

• Economic Processes

• Human Processes

Regional Contrasts in Ireland

BMW - SOUTH & EASTE a ch R e g io n to be s tu d ie d un de r th e se he a d in gs

E co n o m ic P roce ssesP rim a ry S e c to r

S e con d ary S e c to rT e rtia ry S e c to r

H u m an P ro ce ssesR u ra l-U rba n D iv ide

P o pu la tio n S truc tu reM ig ra tion

S ke tch R e g ion2 M a in U rb a n A re as2 D ra in ag e Fe a tu res

2 R e lie f F ea tu res

P h ys ica l P ro ce ssesR e lie f

C lim a teS o ils /D ra in a ge

• Migration – Causes and Consequences

• Birth Rates/Death Rates• Rural Depopulation• Urbanisation – Positives/Negatives• Openess to Change• Education Opportunities • Employment Opportunities

• Population Decline since Famine Times – Migration• Aprx. 50% of total area but 27% of population• Few large urban areas – Galway biggest @ 50,000

(Dominant Urban Area)• Lack of Education Facilities – One of the seven

Universities – Most young students leave for education and do not come back

• Low rates of natural increase due to low birth rates due to so few young people left – Ageing Population

• Gaeltacht areas find it very difficult to attract FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)

• Some In migration during 1996-2006 due to Celtic Tiger Economy

• Population decrease = Decpletion of Infrastructure• Tradition = Extensive Agriculture = Poor

Development

CORE REGION - PARIS BASIN

E a ch R e g io n to be s tu d ie d un de r th e se he a d in gs









Jim Ryan SPC

• Population of the City of Paris (Ile de France) doubled between 1921-2004 to aprx. 12 Million but the Greater Urban area has a population of 22 Million- 1/3 of French population (Huge suburbs and New Towns – Evry/Marne-lá-Valée)

• Ile de France – High density/Birth Rate 15 per 1,000 – Death Rate 7 per 1,000- Natural Increase of 0.8% means an increase in population before migration is taken into account

• Contrast with France in general- Birth Rate 12 per 1,000 and death rate of 9 per 1,000

• Outskirts of the Paris Basin are experiencing net Emmigration while Ile de France is experiencing net Immigration

• 40% of all foreign migrants in France live in Paris Region• 13% of the region's population are migrants – mostly from

North and West Africa (Former Colonies) and Portugal

• Lack of jobs and stricter migration control has slowed migration into the region in past ten years

• Many French people have left parts of the Ile deFrance and some of these areas have been replaced by migrant ghettos

• Unemployment has led to ethnic instability and Paris riots in early 2000's

• Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism – Dress codes in schools• Overcrowding/High Cost of living/Inner city

decline/deindustrialisation = Major Human problems• Urban Renewal projects have tried to improve parts of

the city – Develipment of 8 Nodes (centres) in the greater Paris region (modern housing/employment opportunities/improved services) Example of one is Lá Defense

• Also New Towns built outside the Ile de France with populations of over 100,000/good range of services and employment eg. Evry/Marne-le-Vallée)

•Ireland - Greater Cork Area

• Belgium - Sambre-Meuse Valley

•United Kingdom - South Wales

• Core Region of Belgium has changed from Wallonia - Flanders

• 1750 - 1950’s major coal and steel/associated industries base around major coalfields of the area - Kampen/Liege/Sambre- Meuse

• Engineering/chemicals/iron and steel

• Decline due to new cheaper imports/decline in coal and steel/new cheaper sources of energy (oil/gas)/ new technologies = DEINDUSTRIALISATION

• Flow of people to North/Loss of industry to North led to Flanders becoming the new core of Belgium

• Wallonia became an Objective 2 Region - Attempts by government and EU to REINDUSTRIALISE the region eg. Charleroi Airport/Caterpillar

• Since 1960 Flanders has experienced significant economic growth - Antwerp/Zelzate

• EU designated the area Objective 2 (Convergence Region) – Structural Funds from The Common Regional Policy

• Investment in transport network -motorways to Randstad/Rhur/Paris

• Development of new Industrial Estates near citiies such as Charleroi/La Louviere

• Upgrading of airports to International standard eg. Charleroi (Ryanair Hub)

• Cleaning up of derelict landscape to make it more attractive for investment

Jim Ryan SPC 37

• 1973 - Ireland joined EEC - Began process of INDUSTRIALISATION

• Verholme Shipyard/Oil Refinery/Ford/Dunlop/Irish Steel/Sunbeam Textiles added to traditional industries eg processing - Cork became a Growth Centre for the National Economy

• 1980’s Recession - Industrial decline hit the Cork area. Long established industries closed down. MNC’s eg. Ford & Dunlop closed the branch plants in Cork - DEINDUSTRIALISATION - Massive unemployment

• 1990’S - REINDUSTRIALISATION - due to booming world economy

• Lots of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) led by IDA• PFIZER/JOHNSON&JOHNSON/WYETH/APPLE/BOSTON

SCIENTIFIC• Unlike Wallonia Cork has recoveredJim Ryan SPC 38

• 60% of Irish people live in cities and towns - Dublin has by far the largest proportion - Primate City

• Ireland - One of least urbanised in Europe (European Average - 80%)

• Dublin’s development traced back to Vikings - Site-Woodquay,Christchurch/ Lowest bridging point -Further developed by Nornans and Plantations

• Situation - Deep sheltered bay on East Coast development of infrastructure focused here/Liffey Valley providing access to central lowlands/

• Agricultural Hinterland - Market City

• Large population - led to development of Industries and Services eg Guinness/Intel - IFSC/Transport system centralised in Dublin

• Urban Sprawl - Eastwards and Northwards and along coast but restricted by Irish Sea and Dublin/Wicklow mountains

Jim Ryan SPC 39

Jim Ryan SPC40

PERIPHERAL REGIONMEZZOGIORNO










Jim Ryan SPC 41

2 Drainage Features Agri/Sinni Rivers flowing into Gulf of Metapontino

• 40% of Italy's territory• 36% of population• 25% of GDP• 50% of agricultural employment

Jim Ryan SPC 42

• Pre 1950's – most employed in Farming/Fishing

• Very Low incomes – 50% of average

• Latifundia – Extensive Farming-Hiltops

• Only1/4 owned own land• 70% of holdings smaller

than 3 Hectares of poor land

• Minifundia – overgrazing/overcultivation= soil erosion

• Post 1950 land reform/Casa per il Mezzogiorno

• Land redistribution larger holdings 5-50 hectares

• Retraining = more Intensive farming-new machinery/new crops-citrus and olives/vines(cash crops) for large EU market- 2 seasons

• Irrigation eg Gulf of Metapontino(was malaria swamp)-5 rivers (coastal lowlans now the most successful area)

Jim Ryan SPC 43

• Pre 1950's – most employed in Farming/Fishing

• Very Low incomes – 50% of average

• Latifundia – Extensive Farming-Hiltops

• Only1/4 owned own land• 70% of holdings smaller

than 3 Hectares of poor land

• Minifundia – overgrazing/overcultivation= soil erosion

• Post 1950 land reform/Casa per il Mezzogiorno

• Land redistribution larger holdings 5-50 hectares

• Retraining = more Intensive farming-new machinery/new crops-citrus and olives/vines(cash crops) for large EU market- 2 seasons

• Irrigation eg Gulf of Metapontino(was malaria swamp)-5 rivers (coastal lowlans now the most successful area)

Jim Ryan SPC 44

• By 1950's only 17% of Italian workforce in Mezzogiorno

• Government help-Casa per ilMezzogiorno/Grants/TaxRelief

• Infrastructure developed-Autostrada/Ports/Airports

• State companies 80% of new investment

• Development of Industrial Zones-Brindisi/Palermo/Bari/

Naples

• Between 1960-2000 workforce almost tripled to 1.4ml/reduction on Primary sector dependance

• 75% 0f new jobs in Steel /Chemicals/Engineering –

located on coast• Inland areas remain

depressed• Most successful area=

Bari/Brindisi/TarantoDeep water port@

Taranto=Oil Refining/SteelMill

• Car Assembly@ Latina-Fronsione 16,000 workers

• Oil Refining/Potash@Siracusa

Jim Ryan SPC 45

• Traditionally very poorly developed – Fascist regime of Mussolini and Mafia influence didn't help

• Under Casa major investment in transport system – Autostrada del Sol running from Swiss Border to toe of Calabria. Also other large motorway connecting West to East of Mezzogiorno. Both help to connect it to the Core

• Port developments in South West have improved accessibility – Taranto/Bari/Brindisi

• Long hot dry summers thanks to anticyclone settling over the South has helped develop tourist numbers

• Also the historical Roman sites, expansive underdeveloped beaches and coastal scenery have helped develop the tourist sector

• Cheaper than other Italian holiday areas eg. The Northern Lakes and Amalfi coast

Jim Ryan SPC 46

• Over 12 Million tourists now visit the Mezzogiorno annually

• 9 Million come from other parts of Italy – Need to further develop foreign tourists to help bring in further revenue

• Geomorphological sites are very popular eg. Mt Vesuvius near Naples and Mt. Etna in Sicily

• Herculaneum and Pompeii and the Isle of Capri are hugely popular with tourists and bring valuable revenue to this area

• The area is not overly commercialised unlike high profile tourist areas of Spain, Portugal and France so still has a natural feel to it

• The tourist season in the Mezzogiorno should be able to overcome seasonality which is a problem in other areas. This is due to warm weather for large parts of the year particularly in the East which also receives less rainfall due to the rain shadow of the Apennines

Jim Ryan SPC 47

Jim Ryan SPC48

Subcontinental Region - India










Jim Ryan SPC 50

INDIA - BASIC STATISTICSGeographical Location: Between latitudes 804’ and 3706’ North and longitudes 6807’ and 97025’ East.

Land Area: 3.29 Million Square Kilometers.

Climate: Mainly tropical with temperatures ranging from 100C – 400C in most parts of the country.

Capital: New Delhi.

Population: 1.147 Billion (estimated as at March 2008).

Population growth rate: 1.606% per annum.

Population density: 348 persons / square kilometer. (Population / land area in sqkm)

Life expectancy at birth: 66.28 years, male; 71.17 years, female.

Literacy rate: 65.47% (as per 2001 Census).

Languages spoken: Eighteen principal languages; majority speak Hindi; business language: English.

Major religions: Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism.

International Airports: Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bangalore, Chennai, Dabolim, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kochi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Nagpur, New Delhi, Shrinagar and Thiruvananthapuram.

Major Seaports: Chennai, Ennore, Haldia, Kandla, Kochi, Kolkata, Marmagao, Mumbai, New Mangalore, Paradip, Tuticorin and Vishakhapatnam.

• 3 Main Regions – Northern Mountains/Indus-Ganges Plain/ Southern Plateau

• NORTHERN MOUNTAINS • Extremely high and separate India from

neighbours• Extend from Hindu Kush in North West to

Himalayas in North East containing Mt Everest and next 23 highest peaks in world

• Formed by tectonic collision of Eurasian Plate (Continental) and Indian Plate (Oceanic)

• Collision caused uplifting at the convergent boundary and formed fold mts approx. 35 Million years ago (Alpine Fold System)

• Indus-Ganges Plain• A huge depression formed south of the fold mts..

Follows the Indus river valley from Pakistan through Ganges valley and ends in Bangladesh as a double Delta – Ganges/Brahmaputra

• Covered in thousands of metres of rich Alluvial soils washed down by Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra which are swollen by summer meltwater from these rivers causing flooding of their floodplains

• Flooding is positive from soil formation point of view but negative as valuable land can be destroyed

• Southern Plateaux:• The south is made up of a number of plateaux• Largest is Deccan Plateau which tilts from West

to East• 2 mountain ranges – Western Ghats/Eastern

Ghats, border narrow coastal ranges• Both mountain ranges have an effect on

onshore winds and the amount of rainfall falling on the peninsula area of India

• CLIMATE• Tropical Continental Monsoon – most of India is in the

Tropics• Frost only happens in mountains of North and North

West• Temperatures are generally high all year round but

summer maximum inland can reach 40c+• 2 Seasons: Dry Monsoon/Wet Monsoon• DRY MONSOON• October-February cool winds blow outwards from area

of high pressure in centre of Asia. Dry winds bringing freezing temperatures and snow to North

• March-June these winds become warmer and can bring temperatures up to 49c to Ganges Valley

• WET MONSOON• Mid June-September warm ocean winds are sucked in to

a low pressure area – 2 winds• First wind is a South-West monsoon from Arabian Sea. Air

rises to come in over Western Ghats and falls as intense relief rain

• Second wind blows from Bay of Bengal and goes northwards along Brahmaputra and Ganges river valleys – Can give up to 10,000mm over a six week period

• The further west along the Ganges valley they go the lighter the rains become. By the time they get to extreme North West they have become dry and lead to Desert conditions

• Monsoons bring essential water supplies to India and if they are late or do not arrive at all can bring widespread famine to the country as crops fail

• India has the same amount of cultivated land as in the whole of the EU

• Cereal production is the main type of farming• Holdings are small aprx. 0.5 Hectares – some have no land at all• 2/3 of India's population depend directly on the land• ¼ of agricultural land owned by less than 5% • Intensive subsistence• Rice is main crop – also wheat and millet in drier Northern areas• Very labour intensive – most done by hand• Double-Cropping is widespread. Rice grown in wet season and

other cereals grown in dry season

• The population is ever increasing which means output also needs to increase – huge demand

• Genetically Modified varieties of rice/wheat giving high yields and resistant to disease/pests have been introduced - This is the 'Green Revolution' and has led India to become a net exporter of some foods

• Largest livestock numbers in the world but of poor quality. Slaughter of cows is outlawed in many states of India due to religious beliefs (Hindu)

• Most beef comes from malnourished cattle who have died of old age and is not very nutritious

• Agriculture totally dependent on the arrival of the 2 Monsoon periods

Jim Ryan SPC59

• Large reserves of Iron Ore and Copper• Also Bauxite which makes Aluminium,

Zinc/Gold/Silver• Oil reserves in the Arabian Sea and brought to shore

in Mumbai• Coal produced in West Bengal and Bihar

Jim Ryan SPC60

• Independence achieved in 1947 and only 2% of labour force was employed in Industry at that time

• Most industry concentrated on main cities (colonial legacy) – Kolkata/Mumbai/Chennai due to large cheap labour force/large home market and natural resources(coal & iron)

• New Indian govt focused on: 1. Agri-Industry – Food Processing/Fertilisers 2. Craft Industries – employing large amounts of people with

traditional skills 3. Rural Community based projects to reduce migration from

rural areas to cities 4. High tech industries – Computers/Engineering – located

mostly in Kolkata/Mumbai/Chennai/Bangalore

New growth sectors include call centres in cities such as Mumbai and Bangalore

Jim Ryan SPC

• New Capital City set up after independence – New Delhi- a new urban centre to attract economic development

• Major growth areas were also developed in the established cities – shift focus from Industries developed during British occupation

• MUMBAI: Electronics/Pharmaceuticals (to add to traditional industries such as food processing and textiles)

• CHENNAI: Computer Software (to add to textiles and light engineering)

• KOLKATA: Cotton /Clothing/Jute/Heavy engineering had always been here(British) but it became enhanced with the development of the Indian owned TATA IRON AND STEEL COMPANY

• Very poorly developed and typical of a poor population with little money to spend on services

• 2 Types of Services:• 1. Regular Services for Wealthy members of society (5% of

population)2. The Informal Sector (Black Market?) Unlicensed vendors/street traders/organised begging rackets/prostitution/drug dealing

• Transport• Very poor road infrastructure – most of rural India does not

have access to tarred roads suitable for cars and other vehicles• Many rural communities depend on dirt-tracks and cattle-

drawn carts

Tourism: India has such a vast and diverse landscape that it could offer

much for potential tourists:• Mountain Climbing/Trekking – Himalayas/Ghats• Religious temples – Hindu/Buddhist/Sikh/Muslim• Rivers – Transport/Adventure/Spirituality-

Ganges/Brahmaputra/Indus• Wide variety of wildlifeThe problem is that the poor development of the country's

infrastructure and safety issues in cities along with racial/religious tensions in areas such as Kashmir restrict the potential of tourism

Poverty and disease can be off putting for potential tourists

Population:

Jim Ryan SPC67

Population: 1.2 billion (1/4 of everyone on planet)Only a quarter of them have access to clean water Half are illiterate

• Natural Increase – 1.6% per year -ie its population increases by aprx. 16 Million per year! This will continue as a trend as India's population is very young

• Estimates suggest the Indian population could reach 2 Billion by 2040• Death Rates are quite high despite improvements in healthcare• Large rural families due to social reasons (looking after

parents)/religious/cultural beliefs• Food supply is becoming a major challenge• Insufficient jobs for this population growth = further poverty• Rural-Urban migration is almost out of control • India has only recently entered the third stage of the 'POPULATION

CYCLE'• Population distribution is uneven. High population densities in the Ganges

river valley/coastal lowlands but low population densities in the interior regions – areas such as Thar Desert/Mountainous regions

Jim Ryan SPC

India's culture has been influenced by:• Migration of Indo-Europeans• Spread of Islam• British Colonialism• India has over 1,600 languages and dialects (Disunity)• Schools teach 58 different languages• National newspapers printed in 87 different languages• These languages/dialects can be arranged into 2Main

Groups: 1. Indo-European 2. Dravidian • Hindi is the official state language – resented by other

language groups

HINDUISM:• Multi-layered CASTE system – Highest ranked such as priests

(Brahmins) at the top. The bottom are the unclean (Untouchables)• It is frowned upon to socialise or marry outside your own caste –

happening somewhat now in large urban centres• Hindus regard cow as sacred• The dominant religion

ISLAM:• Introduced by traders• 200 Million muslims in India• Most common in Indus/Ganges river basins• Not common in peninsular India• A growing religion – accepts converts disillusioned with other religions

Sikhism:• Founded in 15th century• No caste system• Powerful cultural group• Focal area is the Punjab region

Buddhism:A minority religion in IndiaChristianity:A minority religion in India

Jim Ryan SPC

Jim Ryan SPC74

1947 – Creation of the two countriesSecular, mostly Hindu IndiaMuslim nation of Pakistan

Conflict between Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir dates back to British rule before partition.

India and Pakistan are technically still waiting for a UN decision on where the final border between the two countries will be.

Civil war has erupted repeatedly and sporadic fighting continues along the boundary line. Both India and Pakistan have nuclear weapons.

Ms. V. Redmond, Presentation Wexford, 2011. A Region is an area on the earth’s surface which is...

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