Ms. Susan M. Pojer, Debra SolomonHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua,

NY

Ms. Susan M. Pojer, Debra SolomonHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua,

NY

TheWars ofReligion

(1560s-1648)

TheWars ofReligion

(1560s-1648)

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

Religious Riots and Civil War in Religious Riots and Civil War in France 1559-1598France 1559-1598

• 1559: Power shift from France to 1559: Power shift from France to Spain:Spain: Henry II, last powerful Henry II, last powerful Valois King, dies at marriage Valois King, dies at marriage tournamenttournament

• Daughter Elizabeth of Valois Daughter Elizabeth of Valois married Phillip II of Spainmarried Phillip II of Spain

• Connects two Catholic powersConnects two Catholic powers

• Because of monarchial weakness, Because of monarchial weakness, 2/5-1/2 French nobles become 2/5-1/2 French nobles become CalvinistCalvinist

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

After Henry II’s death,

Three weak sons followed: Francis II Charles IX Henri III

Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:

Was mother to the boys Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty

Catherine de MediciCatherine de Medici

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

First War of Religion 1562-First War of Religion 1562-15631563

• Begun by Massacre at Vassy Begun by Massacre at Vassy in 1562in 1562

• Duke of Guise stopped in a Duke of Guise stopped in a Calvinist worship service at Calvinist worship service at VassyVassy

• Catholic Servants argued with Catholic Servants argued with HuguenotsHuguenots

• Guise factions fired on unarmed Guise factions fired on unarmed HuguenotsHuguenots

–Burned the churchBurned the church

–Killed much of the congregationKilled much of the congregation

–Series of small battles/sieges Series of small battles/sieges followfollow

–Duke of Guise assassinatedDuke of Guise assassinated

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War There were two sides:

Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in South

-Navarre, Coligny, Conde, Montmorency Fighting for the royal inheritance

Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 15721572

• To solve religious issues, To solve religious issues, Catherine de Medici arranged a Catherine de Medici arranged a wedding: Aug 17, 1572: Henri de wedding: Aug 17, 1572: Henri de Navarre married Margot de Valois Navarre married Margot de Valois

• Festivities last until Aug. 23Festivities last until Aug. 23

• Aug 22: Admiral de Coligny shot Aug 22: Admiral de Coligny shot by assassin--by assassin--

• Suffers broken arm, severely Suffers broken arm, severely woundedwounded

• Suspected the GuisesSuspected the Guises

• Huguenots wanted justice from Huguenots wanted justice from King; and they wanted Coligny King; and they wanted Coligny to fleeto flee

• The king holds a meeting at The king holds a meeting at the Louvrethe Louvre

At the LouvreAt the Louvre• Charles IX, Catherine de Charles IX, Catherine de

Medici, Henri d’Anjou, Medici, Henri d’Anjou, encouraged by the Guises, encouraged by the Guises, decide to kill Coligny and decide to kill Coligny and Huguenots Huguenots

• Charles IX: “Well kill them all Charles IX: “Well kill them all that no man be left to reproach that no man be left to reproach me.”me.”

• Charles’ soldiers go to Charles’ soldiers go to Coligny’s door; shot guard; ran Coligny’s door; shot guard; ran through the house; dragged through the house; dragged Coligny from bed—stabbed him Coligny from bed—stabbed him thru/ threw body from windowthru/ threw body from window

• Duc de Guise mocked the Duc de Guise mocked the body/kicked in face/said it was body/kicked in face/said it was King’s willKing’s will

• Militia/general population went Militia/general population went on rampage, sanctioned by on rampage, sanctioned by church and king:church and king:

• Wore white crosses on hatsWore white crosses on hats

• Butchered their neighborsButchered their neighbors

• Killing lasted 3 days in Paris, Killing lasted 3 days in Paris, but much longer in the but much longer in the provinces.provinces.

Henri de NavarreHenri de Navarre• Slept in bridal suite in LouvreSlept in bridal suite in Louvre

• His entourage of 40 His entourage of 40 Huguenots killedHuguenots killed

• Henri de Navarre/Henri de Henri de Navarre/Henri de Conde dragged before King Conde dragged before King Charles IX and threatened Charles IX and threatened w/death unless they converted w/death unless they converted to Catholicismto Catholicism

• Both converted; Navarre Both converted; Navarre became prisoner of court for 4 became prisoner of court for 4 yearsyears

• In Provinces: massacres In Provinces: massacres lasted for monthslasted for months

1572-15761572-1576

• Several more wars occur, Several more wars occur, and Henri of Navarre and and Henri of Navarre and his cousin escape the his cousin escape the court. They are court. They are excommunicatedexcommunicated

55thth War (1576) War (1576)• 1574--Charles IX died “sweating 1574--Charles IX died “sweating

blood and tormented w/guilt for blood and tormented w/guilt for Massacre”Massacre”

• Henri d’Anjou, Charles IX’s Henri d’Anjou, Charles IX’s brother, becomes King Henri IIIbrother, becomes King Henri III

• He has lots of problemsHe has lots of problems

• Henri III’s brother, Duc d’Alencon, Henri III’s brother, Duc d’Alencon, began anti-royalist campaign that began anti-royalist campaign that portrayed himself as an alternate portrayed himself as an alternate king: more fair and tax-cuttingking: more fair and tax-cutting

• They formed a strong alliance: They formed a strong alliance: Catherine de Medici could not Catherine de Medici could not counter it—20,000 troops invade counter it—20,000 troops invade France under Jan CasimirFrance under Jan Casimir

• Casimir’s troops met up Casimir’s troops met up w/additional armies and Catherine w/additional armies and Catherine forced to negotiate.forced to negotiate.

• Edict of Beaulieu (Peace of Edict of Beaulieu (Peace of Monsieur) signed in MayMonsieur) signed in May

–Great settlements for leaders:Great settlements for leaders:

–Navarre made governor of Navarre made governor of GuyenneGuyenne

–Conde—governor of PicardyConde—governor of Picardy

–Alencon—Duc d’Anjou and Alencon—Duc d’Anjou and given many titlesgiven many titles

–Jan Casimir—crown paid for his Jan Casimir—crown paid for his mercenariesmercenaries

–Henry III angry; Parlament of Henry III angry; Parlament of Paris did not register the Paris did not register the settlement; some towns ceded settlement; some towns ceded to Protestants did not let them into Protestants did not let them in

• Several more wars occur, Several more wars occur, but the culmination is the but the culmination is the War of the Three HenriesWar of the Three Henries

War of the 3 Henries (1584-1589)War of the 3 Henries (1584-1589)

• Crown was CatholicCrown was Catholic

• Role of “Most Christian Role of “Most Christian King”King”

• Fundamental ideals for Fundamental ideals for FranceFrance

• Henry III begs Henry de Navarre Henry III begs Henry de Navarre to convert to make the throne to convert to make the throne legitimatelegitimate

• Navarre not ready: needed Navarre not ready: needed current base of support in the current base of support in the SouthSouth

• Duc de Guise revived Catholic Duc de Guise revived Catholic League: To prevent a heretic from League: To prevent a heretic from coming to the thronecoming to the throne

Dec 1584: Treaty of JoinvilleDec 1584: Treaty of Joinville• Signed between Guises, Signed between Guises,

Catholic League, and Philip Catholic League, and Philip II of SpainII of Spain

• Spain gives enormous sum Spain gives enormous sum to Catholic League and to Catholic League and Guise pockets for 10 years.Guise pockets for 10 years.

Treaty of Nemours 1585Treaty of Nemours 1585• Revoked all previous edictsRevoked all previous edicts

–Reformed religion bannedReformed religion banned

–No Protestants in Royal officesNo Protestants in Royal offices

–Evacuation of all garrisoned Evacuation of all garrisoned townstowns

–All protestants abjure faith in 6 All protestants abjure faith in 6 months or be exiledmonths or be exiled

• Catholic League (Guises) hold Catholic League (Guises) hold N/EN/E

• Navarre & Conde hold S/W—they Navarre & Conde hold S/W—they look for aid from Germans and look for aid from Germans and Queen Elizabeth IQueen Elizabeth I

• 1587—Jan Casimir leads German 1587—Jan Casimir leads German mercenaries to France; he is mercenaries to France; he is defeated by Guise armiesdefeated by Guise armies

• Navarre defeats Henry III’s army Navarre defeats Henry III’s army at Coutrasat Coutras

• In Paris: growing dissatisfaction In Paris: growing dissatisfaction w/Henry III failure to suppress w/Henry III failure to suppress ProtestantsProtestants

• 1588: Paris uprising: Barricades 1588: Paris uprising: Barricades in streetsin streets

• Henry III leaves Paris, but there is Henry III leaves Paris, but there is much fear of a Guise kingmuch fear of a Guise king

• Dec. 24, 1588: Henry III invites Dec. 24, 1588: Henry III invites the Duc de Guise to visit him in the Duc de Guise to visit him in his quarters: archers lined stairs; his quarters: archers lined stairs; 40 men in waiting room—Guise 40 men in waiting room—Guise entered and doors bolted; Guise entered and doors bolted; Guise cut to pieces; body burnt; bones cut to pieces; body burnt; bones dissolved; ashes scattered; dissolved; ashes scattered; Cardinal de Guise suffered same Cardinal de Guise suffered same fatefate

Result of Guise murdersResult of Guise murders

• Duc de Mayenne (Guise) Duc de Mayenne (Guise) becomes Catholic League becomes Catholic League leaderleader

• revolutionary tracts printedrevolutionary tracts printed

• The Sorbonne—taught it was The Sorbonne—taught it was just and right to depose Henry just and right to depose Henry III, or commit regicideIII, or commit regicide

• The Catholic League sent The Catholic League sent army against Henry IIIarmy against Henry III

• Henry III turns to Henry de Henry III turns to Henry de Navarre for help, and they Navarre for help, and they reclaim Parisreclaim Paris

July 1589July 1589

• Jacques Clement, monk, begs Jacques Clement, monk, begs audience w/King Henry IIIaudience w/King Henry III

• Puts long knife into his spleen: Puts long knife into his spleen: wound festeredwound festered

• On his deathbed, he calls for On his deathbed, he calls for Navarre and named him heir to Navarre and named him heir to the French thronethe French throne

Wars of the League 1589-Wars of the League 1589-15981598

• Henry IV (Navarre) delicate Henry IV (Navarre) delicate positionposition

• Catholic League staged coups Catholic League staged coups in principle cities; in principle cities; really it was a really it was a reign of terror: political correctness of reign of terror: political correctness of citizens: moderate Catholics, citizens: moderate Catholics, Protestants, suspicious people hungProtestants, suspicious people hung

• 9/1589: Henry IV and Catholic 9/1589: Henry IV and Catholic armies meet and Catholics armies meet and Catholics defeated defeated

• Throughout winter, Henry IV Throughout winter, Henry IV takes town after towntakes town after town

• 3/1590 League suffered 3/1590 League suffered crushing defeat at Ivry; crushing defeat at Ivry; Cardinal de Bourbon diedCardinal de Bourbon died

• Spring/Summer 1590—Henry IV Spring/Summer 1590—Henry IV reduces Paris to severe hunger; reduces Paris to severe hunger; Allows women and children to Allows women and children to leaveleave

• Philip II of Spain alarmedPhilip II of Spain alarmed

–Sent Duke of Parma to relieve Sent Duke of Parma to relieve the siege of Paristhe siege of Paris

–Parma re-supplied the CityParma re-supplied the City

–Henry IV forced to withdraw.Henry IV forced to withdraw.

Startling turn of EventsStartling turn of Events• Catholic League looks for an Catholic League looks for an

alternative Catholic Kingalternative Catholic King

• Henry IV abjured his faith in July, Henry IV abjured his faith in July, 1593— “Paris is worth a mass.”1593— “Paris is worth a mass.”

• Coronated in Chartres, not Reims, Coronated in Chartres, not Reims, b/c it was still in the hands of the b/c it was still in the hands of the Catholic LeagueCatholic League

The French Civil WarThe French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.

Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.

Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

CatholicLeagueCatholicLeague

ProtestantUnion

ProtestantUnion

CIVILWAR

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Ended Spanish interference in France

Converted to Catholicism : Did this to compromise and make

peace Paris is worth a mass. This was an example of politique

[the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]

Fighting for the royal inheritance Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:

Granted religious rights to Huguenots

Did not grant religious freedom for all

Henry IV of FranceHenry IV of France

• 1598: Edict of Nantes: 1598: Edict of Nantes: granted Huguenots liberty of granted Huguenots liberty of conscience and public conscience and public worship in 150 fortified worship in 150 fortified towns; paved way for towns; paved way for absolutism by restoring absolutism by restoring internal peace in Franceinternal peace in France

TheThirty Years

War (1618-1648)

TheThirty Years

War (1618-1648)

1618-16481618-1648

The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.

At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.

At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened.

Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. The Bohemians hated him. Ferdinand refused to tolerate

Protestants. Defenestration of Prague May, 1618 Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.

Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.

Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria.

Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.

The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

Bohemian Phase

Bohemian Phase

Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy

Roman Empire. Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein

for the army. Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.

Edict of Restitution (1629): Restored to Catholics all lands lost since

1552. Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,

of their religious and political rights.

German princes feared Ferdinand he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

The Danish Phase: 1625-1629The Danish Phase: 1625-1629

Danish Phase

Albrechtvon

Wallenstein

France & Sweden now get involved. Both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge. France provided support.

Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.

Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. Swedish advance was stopped.

German princes still feared Ferdinand II.

Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

Swedish Phase

GustavusAdolphus

France & Sweden switched roles.

All countries in Europe now participated.

This phase was most destructive! German towns decimated. Agriculture collapsed famine

resulted. 8 million dead 1/3 of the population

[from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]

Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648

Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

Political Provisions: Each Ger. prince became free from any kind

of control by the HR Emperor. The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became

officially independent so. part remained a Sp. possession.

Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace.

Sweden got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.

Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor Swiss Confederation.

Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.

Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Religious Provisions: Calvinists would have the same

privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.

The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

1688-1700

Many Protestants felt betrayed.

The pope denounced it.

Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!

For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

Nobody Was Happy!Nobody Was Happy!

What were the long-

range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?

What were the long-

range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?