Ms. Moynihan

Earth Science

Unit 1

Vocabulary1. Rate of Change2. Direct relationship3. Indirect relationship4. Dynamic Equilibrium5. Density6. Lithosphere7. Topography8. Elevation9. Contour Lines10.Contour interval11.Gradient

International Date Line

USA

CANADA

Australia

Time Zones

Astrolabe

• Measures the angle between the horizon and an object in the sky.

Definitions

Altitude – the angular distance of an object above the horizon.

Celestial Sphere – A model of the nighttime sky that appears like a large dome with the highest point directly overhead called the zenith and the edge the horizon.

Topographic Map

1.What does a topographic map show you?

A topographic map shows you elevation of the landscape including natural and man made features. Examples: mountains, plateaus, river valleys, wells, plains, etc.

Video

Introduction to Topographic Maps

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqPMYGDxCr0

AA

From RegentsEarth.com

How to draw Isolines

•An isoline is a line connecting points of equal value.

Rules for Drawing Isolines:

Example # 1:1. Isolines connect points of equal value.

15

5 5

1510

1010

10

• 2. Isolines are gentle, curving lines- no sharp corners.

15

5 5

1510

1010

10

• 3. Isolines are always closed curves even though the map might only show part of it.

972

972

972

972

976

976

976

976

976

976

980 980

980

980

980

980980

REVIEW

ISOLINE:ISOLINE: A line on amap connecting allpoints of equal value

Contour NTERVAL:Contour NTERVAL: Thenumerical distancebetween isolines.

The interval is 4mb.

!

Rate of Change

A student released a balloon and recorded data on the graph (left). According to the graph at what rate did the balloon rise from time 5 minutes to time 10 minutes?

a) 5000 m/min c) 200 m/minb) 1000 m/min d) 50 m/min

ReviewDetermine Rate of Change between 5 & 10 min!

2000-1000m 1000 m------------------ --------- = ____ m/min 10-5 min 5 min.

Definitions

Topography – An area’s natural and man-made surfaces.

Contour Lines – Represents relief, elevation and slope.

Elevation – height above sea level

Contour Interval – The change in elevation from one contour line to the next.

Definitions

Gradient – The distance between one contour line and the next shows its gradient. The gradient is the steepness of a slope.

Gradient = change in elevation (meters) distance covered (km or miles)

Calculating Gradient

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxeBAxUd4OU

A slightly different situation:Here we have anothercontour map. Your jobis to construct aprofile along a straightline from points A to B.

The problem is thatthe grid on whichthe profile is to beconstructed is inthe answer bookleton a completelydifferent page.

To make mattersworse, the line A-Bon this map is on aslant.

What to do?

Gradient Gradient of line x-y

a) Gradient = change in field value distance covered (m)

b) ___310-115__meters = 195 m ? miles 15 mi.

c) _13__m/miles

Gradient Gradient of line x-y

a) Gradient = change in field value distance covered (m)

b) ___550-520__feet = 30 ft. ? miles 9 mi.

c) _3.3__feet/miles

From RegentsEarth.com

This topographic mapshows a region of space(a field) as it would appearif you were directly above it.

convert this ‘above’ view into a side-ways view, a graph or profile of theregion from point A topoint B.

You will need a pencil anda ruler.

First: draw a line frompoint A to point B.

At every point where lineA-B crosses a contour lineyou will have to draw a linestraight down to thecorresponding line on thegrid below.

Make a small mark at each point where you will draw a line.

By counting these marks,there are 16 of them, youwill know that you must draw 16 lines.

The first mark you made wasat point A. Notice that point Ais on the 200m contour line.

You must now draw a vertical line from point A tothe 200m line on the gridbelow.

The next mark is on the300m contour line. Draw avertical line from that markto the 300m line on the grid below.

Now continue to drawstraight, vertical lines fromeach mark to theappropriate line on thegrid below.

Using a pencil, connect thebottoms of the lines. Try toconnect them with onesmooth, curving line ratherthan a series of short,straight ones.Please notice that herethe line went above 500mbut well below 600m.That’s because this areaof the map is above 500mbut less than 600m. Weknow this because there isno 600m contour line here.

The same principle applieshere.Your line must go belowthe 300m line and abovethe 200m line.

That’s because if you werestanding here you would bebetween the 200m and the300m contour lines.

And again, if you were hereyour altitude would be morethan 600m but less than 800m (there is no 800mcontour line on this map).Therefore you must becareful to make your linehere go above 600m andbelow 800m.Make it OBVIOUS! Makeyour lines go in the middlebetween the grid lines soanyone scoring your profilewill understand.

OK. Final check.You were supposed to draw 16 lines. Did you?Are the lines you drewstraight, parallel andvertical?Are all the lines drawn tothe proper grid line?

Do your peaks and valleysgo obviously betweengrid lines?Why bother checking?Because most studentslose points not becausethey don’t know how to dothis.................

but because they’re

NOT CAREFUL!

Contour Map Here we have a contour map.

Construct aprofile along a straightline from points A to B.

STEP ONEUsing the contourinterval below themap, carefully labeleach contour linecrossed by line A-Bwith its elevation.540

530520

510

510520530530520

Make sure you don’tlabel this line........It’s not a contour line.It’s Colden Creek.

STEP TWO

540530

520510

510520530530520

Place a blank piece ofpaper (here shadedblue) over the mapjust under line A-B.

Make a small mark onthe paper by each contour line.Now label each markwith the value of thecontour line itrepresents.

550

and label A and B so you’ll know whichend is which.

A

B

Reminder: The number533 is the maximumelevation of AuroraHill and the trianglemarks that spot. It isNOT a contour lineand should be ignored.

STEP THREEThis is the grid as it appearsin the answer booklet provided with the regents.You are to construct yourprofile on this grid.

Take the paper you markedwith the contour line valuesand line it up below thegrid so that the ‘A’ mark onthe paper is below ‘A’ on thegrid and the ‘B’ mark on the paper is below ‘B’ on the grid.Now, just as you did in thefirst example, take a straightedge and carefully make anX on the grid correspond-ing to each value on the paper below. The X for pointsA and B have been made foryou.

STEP THREE

x

Many students prefer to drawthe lines but you do not have to. You can just put in the X’s

x

x

x x

x

x

x

Now connect the X’s usinga single, smooth, curvingline.

Be sure your ‘peaks’ and‘valleys’ go above and below grid lines just as in the first example.

One last check. You weresupposed to have marked10 points on this grid. Arethey all there?

YES! Counting the pointsmarked for you (A and B)there are 10 X’s.

WELL DONE!

Finding the DistanceBetween Two Pointsin New York State

Take out your ESRT(Earth Science Reference Tables)

Question: What is the distance, in miles between Ithaca and Watertown, NY?

Earth Science Reference Table Page 3Generalized bedrock of NY State

Find the two cities, Ithaca and Watertown (red dots)

Using an index card or blank piece of paper, line up one edge between the two cities. Be accurate!

Make a small, straight mark on the card at the location of each city (red lines).

Move the card to the key. Be sure to use the “miles” side since that’s whatthe question is asking for. Place one of the red marks on the 0.

With one of your red marks at the 0, make a mark at the end of the keyat 50 miles (see blue line).

Now slide the card along until the blue mark is at 0. Make a note that the distance between your first red mark and the blue mark is 50 miles.

Make another mark at the end of the key (second blue mark) and note thatthe distance between the two blue marks is another 50 miles.

Slide the card over until the second blue mark is on the 0. Note that thedistance between the blue mark and your second red mark is another 10 miles.

Now just add up the miles. Ithaca is 110 miles from Watertown.

Things to remember.......................

1) Read the question carefully. Be sure you know whether you’re measuring miles or kilometers.

3) Be accurate. Make small straight marks and keep track of distances measured at the key.

2) When making the marks at the cities or mountains be sure your line is on the dot representing that city or the triangle representing the mountain.

4) Go back and double check your work!

Vocabulary

Quantitative Observation – Observation involving or relating to measurement or count.

Qualitative Observation – Observation involving distinctions based on qualities such as color, texture, size.

Diagram of the Water Cycle

Water Cycle Diagram

                                                                                                                                                

Bell Work:What is the rate of change?

                     

1 2 3 4 5

5

4

3

2

1

y2

x2x1y1

Rate of Change = Slope

Example:

Rate of change = y = height = 5 - 2

x time 3-1

= 3 meters = _______ m/min.

2 minutes

Unit 1: Need to Know• What is the evidence that Earth is a sphere?• Polaris• Latitude and Longitude• Vocabulary List• Page 3 of ESRT, Lat./Long. of cites in NYS• Pages 4 & 5 of ESRT, Lat./Long. on Globe• 1º = 60 “minutes”• Steps to Draw a Topographic Profile• Steps to Draw Isolines• Steps to draw a profile map

Direct Relationship

Inverse Relationshipor indirect

Dynamic Equilibrium

A condition in which all acting influences are canceled by others, resulting in a stable, balanced, or

unchanging system.

BEFORE AFTER

Density

Density = mass (g) v0lume (cm3)

Density Example

Density = mass (g) v0lume (cm3)

y = y2-y1

x x2-x1

150-50 g = 100 = ____ g/cm3

30-10 cm3 20

Lithosphere

Layer of rock forming outer shell of Earth. Includes the crust and part of the mantle.

Lithosphere - LAND

Shape of the EarthThe Earth is shaped like a oblate spheroid.(4) Slightly flattened at the poles and bulging at

the equator.

Interacting Earth SystemsLAND WATER LIFE AIR

Atmosphere

1. The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth.

2. Provides living things with oxygen & carbon dioxide.

3. The ozone layer in the atmosphere blocks potentially harmful radiation.

Geosphere

1. The rocks, mountains, beaches and all the other physical features (except water) make up the geosphere.

2. The mantle and core are also part of the geosphere.Core – generates Earth’s magnetic field.Mantle – source of lava that pours from volcanoes.

Biosphere

1. The living things on our planet make up

the biosphere.

i.e. single-celled protozoans, redwood trees, people.

Hydrosphere

1. The hydrosphere contains all the water in the Earth system.

oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwaterwater in the ice and snow

2. Only about 3% of the Earths’ water is fresh.

3. All the water on Earth is continually recycled.

Latitude – Longitude Lines

90oN

90oS

Latitude Lines

180oE180oW

Long

itude

Li

nes

Equator 0o

60o

S

60oN

90oNNorth Pole

90oSSouth Pole

90oW 0o90oE

30o N

30oS

Prime Meridian

30 60 120 150

Videos

Latitudes and Longitude

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjDqhLUzCpE

Vocabulary

Latitude - tells you how far way you are from The equator you are and it is measured in degrees North or South for 0o to 90o.

2. Longitude is how far away you are from the Prime Meridian and is measured in degrees East or West from 0o to 180o.

Write the Latitude First!43o9’N, 77o35’W

a) 0o latitude –

Equator

b) 0o longitude –

Prime Meridian

Prim

e M

eridian

Equator0o

0o

NW

SESW

NE

Time Zones

NYS Reference Tables p. 1

ESRT p. 10Properties of Earth’s Interior

NYS Reference Tables p. 14

p. 4p.

Steps to SuccessWrite your plan down.Do you have a mantra?Write one and recite it daily. Create your atmosphere.Who are the people in your life?Stay away from those that bring you down.Utilize your resources; value interdependence. Bet on yourself.What is your frame of mind?Talk positively to yourself.Do not let anyone else control your mind.“If someone else has my mind, they have me, but if I have my mind, I WIN!!”  10% of life is what happens to me…..90% is how I respond!