MS 2133 - Week 1 - Izan

Part 1: History of Independence Movement

By:Rohaizan Baharuddin

Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus

Presentation Outline

1.1 Traditional Malay Kingdoma) Administration and traditional

Malay social-economy

1.2 Colonization Eraa) Factors that lead to British &

Japanese Intervention - Strategic Location - Natural Resourcesb) Reaction from the localsc) Impacts of Colonization

1.1 Traditional Malay Kingdom

Kingdom Yr Location Influence Importance Relation

Funan 1 Present Kampuchea(Kg. Sg. Emas, Peng. Bujang

Old Kedah Hindu

Langkasuka, Pattani 2 HinduismBuddhism

- Trade centre- Merong Mahawangsa History

Tun-Sun, Segenting Kra 3 Hinduism - Trade Centre- Indian ruling system

Old Kedah 5 HinduismBuddhism

- Strategic location- Entreport- Monarchy

Gangga Negara, Perak 5 - Port and trade centresChih-Tu, Kelantan 6 Buddhism - Indian ruling system ChinaTan-Tan, Terengganu 6 - Indian ruling system China

Srivijaya, Sumatera 7 - Trade centre- Centre of Buddhism and Sanskrit- Owned several vassal states

IndiaChina

Mataram, Jaya 8 Hinduism

Majapahit, Jawa 13 Trade centreOwned several vassal states

China, IndiaM. East

Malacca Sultanate/Kingdom

i) Its nameii) Factors that lead to its Golden

Age - Geography - Economy - Politics and

administrationiii) Factors that lead to its fall - Economy - Politics

i) Its name• A tree name of Melaka• Arabic word – Malakat means

market

i)Factors that lead to its Golden Age - Geography

= Land where the winds meet= Crossroad of Chinese, Indian and Arabian trade routes

i) Factors that lead to its Golden Age

- Economy

= International trading port= Reasonable taxation system= The use of standard currency in trading – pitis



Age - Geography - Economy - Politics and administrationiii) Factors that lead to its fall - Economy - Politics

i) Factors that lead to its Golden Age

- Politics and administration

= Centre of spreading Islam= Malays Language as Lingua Franca= Expansion of its Empire Building= Diplomatic relations= Maintenance of law and order= Systematic and efficient administration

Malacca Administrative System

Malacca Administrative System (cont.)

King / Sultan


1) Bendahara•an earliest Malay senior position in a Malay government•the highest ranking official•Duty most in administrative•appointed by a sultan and is not a genetic post•Duty as Commander of the army •Chief administrator of justice; •Leading figure at all court•Before become Bendahara, must hold position as Penghulu Bendahari and Temenggung •the most well known Bendahara - Tun Perak•The position is similar Prime Minister

Inner Council of 4


2) Penghulu Bendahari•Chief of official ceremony•Duty as secretary of government and treasurer•have power over all states revenue & customs officers•Responsible for the ruler’s royal servants and clerks.

Inner Council of 4


3) Temenggung• chief of a police department • chief of public security. • responsible for the safety of the ruler,

the state police and army. • Duty as in-charge of internal peace,

security of state, police and acted as Chief Magistrate in the city

• To make sure maintain law and order• Responsible in built prisons, arresting

criminals and carrying out executions

Inner Council of 4


4) Laksamana• As a King at the sea• a position within the armed forces of the

ancient Malaccan Sultanate. • in charge for the sea security of the

Sultanate • To make sure the coast is clear from

pirates and foreign enemies• The most popular Laksamana- Hang

Tuah.

Inner Council of 4



Age - Geography - Economy - Politics and administrationiii) Factors that lead to its fall - Economy - Politics

iii)Factors that lead to its fall - Economy - Politics

= High tax in trading

= No genius leaders after the death of Tun Perak= Corrupted and weak administration= The society are not united= Attacked from Portuguese in 1511

a) Administration and traditional Malay social-economy

Social •They have a high spirit of relationship, very cultural community, soft spoken, humble, religious education•They are easily adoptable to other culture- wedding ceremony (Indian ceremony)

Economy•In Economy sector can divide into 2 areas :- A) Those who stay in the rural areas;

Activities: traditional agriculture i.e. paddy plantation, fishing, native crafts

B) Those who stay in the port area : Activities: traders , king’s servant

1.2 Colonization Era

Definition i) Colonialism“maintenance of dominance” over an extended period of time”

ii) Imperialism“powerful nation (that)….influence

weaker nations”

1.2 Colonization Era

Colonizers Colonization Period

Total Years

Portuguese 1511 – 1641 130 years

Dutch 1641 – 1824 183 years

British 1824 - 1942 1945 – 1957

130 years

Siamese 1821 – 1909 88 years

Japanese 1942 - 1945 3 years

Portuguese Colonization (1511-1641, 130 years)

• Colonized Malacca 1511• Lead by Alfonso de Albuquerque• The Portuguese colonization brought

downfall of the Malay Kingdom of Malacca

• Objectives: 3Gs - Gold, Glory, Gospel

Reasons of colonization in Malacca: - - Control the maritime trade in the East- Spread Christianity

Portuguese Colonization (cont.)

• Asked 6-10% value of goods from ships sailed through Malacca

• Force traders to sell trade cheaply & sold back to the others expensively.

• Led to the start of another kingdom – the Johor-Riau Malay Kingdom

• Effort to expand their influence to the other Malay states was failed

• Influence only limited in Melaka

Portuguese Colonization (cont.)

Landmarksi)The existence of Portuguese EurasianII) Introduction of Roman Alphabetsiii)Adoption of Portuguese words in Malay languages e.g. palsu, almari, jendela v) Historical Building (A Famosa)

Dutch Colonization (1641-1824, 183 years)

• Started the trading in Malay archipelago beginning of 17th century

• Colonized Malacca with help from Johor–Riau Kingdom ( Sultan Abdul Jalil in 1641).

• Sign agreement in Johore to allow free trade.

• Reasons: - Control spice & tin monopoly in

Melaka

• Centre of activity at Batavia – (now known as Jakarta) in the island of Jawa.

Dutch Colonization (cont.)

• Monopolizing the price of tin – Malay rulers was not happy – launch attacks on Dutch

• Was opposed by the Malays who frequently received help from the Bugis.

• Left Malacca after an agreement with British in 1824 – to avoid any conflict (lead war)

• British took over Malacca & Dutch took over Indonesia

• Did not have much impact on the country.

• Influenced only limited in Melaka

British Colonization (1824 - 1942 & 1945 – 1957,

130 years)• Colonized the whole of Peninsula

Malaysia for 130 years• 2 phases:

a) 1st phase:- 1824 – 1942b) 2nd phase:- 1945 – 1957

British Colonization (cont.)The Chronology of British Colonization

1786 – Penang Island was founded by Francis Light

1824 – The Dutch handed over Malacca to the British as a result of the Anglo- Dutch Treaty

1826 – Penang Island, Malacca and Singapore were combined into 1 administrative unit known as the Straits Settlements

1841 – James Brooke took over Sarawak1874 – British intervention in Perak, through

the Pangkor Agreement

British Colonization (cont.)1874 – British intervention in Sungai Ujong1909 – Under the Bangkok Agreement, Siam

handed over Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu to the British (these are the Un-federated Malay States)1914 – Johor accept a British advisor1945 – The British Military Administration (BMA) was established1946 – The Malayan Union was established in

Peninsula Malaya1948 – The Federation of Malaya was established to replaced the Malayan Union1957 – Malaya achieved independence

British Colonization (cont.)

1) Acquisition of Penang Island and Singapore

2) Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 17th March 1824 - Malay archipelago was divided into 2 -

Melayu – Riau Kingdom was divided

3) Straits Settlements

4) Intervention in Malay States, Sabah, Sarawak


5) Federated Malay States, 1895 - Selangor, Pahang, Perak, Negeri Sembilan - Durbar Conference

6) Federated Malay State Treaty

7) Federal Executive Council, 1909 - Improve on the strength of British Administration


8) Non-federated Malay States

9) Decentralization of Power - World Economic Crisis 1925 lead to the

proposal of decentralization policy

Siamese Colonization (1801-1909, 88 years)

• Colonized some of the Malay States- officially in 1821

• Influence was on the religion and arts

Japanese Colonization (1942-1945, 3 years)

• British defeat at the hands of the Japanese on February 1942.

• Malaya was called Malai Baru• Effects of Japanese occupation – caused

misunderstanding between different ethnic groups in the country.

• Japanese was defeated in 1945 and the British returned to resume their rule.

a) Factors that lead to British & Japanese Intervention

Factors for colonization

Natural resources (tin & rubber)

Cheap labour

Trading – spices, merchandise etc

Land for plantation – especially rubber tree

Spreading Christianity

Strategic Location

b) Reaction from the locals

c) Impacts of Colonization

Impact of British Colonization (1824-1957)a) Political i) Malay archipelago was divided into 2 - British: from the north part of S’pore and above

- Dutch: from the south part of S’pore

ii) Malaysia was divided into 5 political units- The Straits Settlement- The Federated Malay States- The Unfederated Malay States- Sabah- Sarawak

iii) Introduction of Westminter system of Government- E.g, Parliamentary democracy

iv) Adoption of some English legal system

v) Become a member of Commonwealth Association

C) Impacts of British Colonization (cont.)

C) Impacts of British Colonization (cont.) b) Economy i) System of transportation - Before British intervention, river played an important role in the development of the country’s economy, politics and social.

I) Roads - Network of roads were built to transport goods

II) Railway - The development of railway contributed mostly to the fast development of tin mining activities

C) Impacts of British Colonization (cont.)

ii) Post, Telephone and Telegraph - 1st post office was built in the Straits of

Settlements - Telegraph: to improve the efficiency of

the administration - Telephone – 1st used in the Straits of

Settlements

iii) Urbanization / New Cities - Developed due to trade and mining activities and communication system.

iv) Modern Agriculture - British introduced rubber and palm oil

around 1900-1920s

C) Impacts of British Colonization (cont.) C) Social i) Education

- Vernacular system of education- Based on the important race- School base on the races

ii) Multi Racial Society- e.g; Malay, Chinese, Indian- Main race in Malaysia was the Malays- Opening of tin mining, sugar cane and rubber plantations by the British contributed the influx of immigrants in Malaysia such as the Chinese and the Indians

C) Impacts of British Colonization (cont.) d) Historical Buildings

i) KTM Berhadii) Sultan Abdul Samad Buildingiii) Royal Club Selangor

Impact of Japanese Colonization (1942-1945)a)Social - ill treatment – forced labor for Dead

Railway - Squatters – Chinese run away to outskirt of jungle - Ethnic conflict between the Malays and

Chinese - Japanese education

c) Impacts of Colonization

C) Impacts of Japanese Colonization (cont.)

b) Economy - Economy collapse - Tin and rubber can’t be continued - Economy and standard of living drop - High Inflation - Trades with outside world were stopped

c) Political - “Asia for Asians” - Believe on Self-Government - Malay nationalism

Thank YouThank You

MS 2133 - Week 1 - Izan

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