Chapter 10: Industrialization and Nationalism

1800-1870The Industrial Revolution began a period of invention and innovation in Europe

that changed the way people lived and worked. The period was also marked by striking social, economic, political, and cultural change. While Italy and Germany struggled through unification, Latin American countries became increasingly dependent on foreign powers.

Lesson 1: The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

1. Agriculture Revolution (feed people): Enclosure Movement2. Advances in cotton production: Textile industry3. Advances in Coal, Iron, Railroads and Factories: Natural ResourcesAgricultural Revolution• Expansion of farmland and improved transportation started an Agricultural

Revolution in Great Britain. This agricultural revolution changed the way land was managed in Britain. Landowners, wanting to be efficient, began to enclose their lands.

• 1700s:Enclosure laws allowed landowners to fence off land formerly used as common pasture.

Once land was enclosed, landowners started farming in rows. Landowners also invested in new farm equipment More food was yielded with less Labor The population began to rise • Peasants were forced to cities for work • These peasants provided labor for the first factories

Advances in Cotton Production• The springboard of the Industrial Revolution began when new technology was mixed

with cotton production!• Initially, all goods were made IN peoples cottages with HAND powered tools, this

was called the cottage industry A wave of textile inventors in Britain paved the way for the Industrial

Revolution! Due to colonialism and wars, British merchants had the capital to invest in

the new factories and machines, of the textile industry. • Entrepreneurs realized the cottage industry was ineffective!

• Too slow• Cotton cloth was in demand worldwide!

Abundance of Natural Resources• Natural resources like rivers, coal and iron ore helped entrepreneurs invest in new

ways to make money and transport goods.

New Modes of Transportation• The success of the Industrial Revolution depended on the development of efficient

modes of transportation!• Walk• Wagon• Turnpikes/Roads• Canals• Railroads

• Britain abundance of water, coal and iron were all used as energy and to make more efficient machines and modes of transportation!

• The steam engine increased the need for coal The coal industry soon boomed!

• Soon more durable iron led to new machines, including Railroads being invented!

The Spread of Industrialization• The Industrial Revolution, spread 1ST to countries whose governments were ready

for it!• Belgium, France and German governments subsidized canals, roads and railroads to facilitate an industrial

revolution in their countries. • The Industrial Revolution spread in America once the population moved to cities

from farms • The Railway system was essential in both Europe and U.S. to the Industrial

Revolution.Social Impact of Industrialization

• The Industrial Revolution created new social classes!• In Europe, famine and poverty caused many to migrate in search of a better life!• Many Europeans emigrated to the U.S. while most emigrated to large cities for better

paying jobs. • Cities grew QUICKLY!• Urban reformers called on governments to clean up cities!Social Classes • Industrial revolution led to a rise in Industrial capitalism which emphasized

industrial production and profit Industrial Middle class: built factories, bought machines, developed markets Industrial Working Class: 12-16 hour shifts/6 days a week, no security of

employment, no minimum wageSocial Reform• Working classes in Europe moved from farms to cities in search of factory jobs,

creating conditions for the rise of socialism• Social reformers called for changes!

• Factory Act 1833:• Limited work hours for women and children• Result: men earned family incomes and women worked from home

• Early socialists began to think the government should own and control means of production (everything that goes into creating products)

Visual Summary:

Lesson 2: Nationalism and Political Revolutions• After the Napoleonic wars, territories quickly began to feel the waves of Nationalism

Serbia gained autonomy from the Ottoman empire with the help of Russia Greece gained help from the West to resist the Ottoman Empire

• Social and political discontent sparked revolution in France in 1830 and 1848, which in turn, inspired revolts in other parts of Europe

• “When France sneezes, Europe Catches a Cold” -Metternich• In 1830, the ideas of liberalism and nationalism broke the conservative hold

on Europe!• In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna put a king back in power

in France In 1830, King Charles X began to act like an Absolute Ruler, and liberals and

radicals revoltedo Charles Fledo Liberals then set up a constitutional monarchy

• By the 1840s, France faced an economic and political crisis Workers lost their jobs and bread prices rose The people accused the government of corruption

o Once again the French revoltedo In 1848, the French set up a Republic

• As in 1789, people throughout Europe heard of the French revolutions of 1830 and 1848 The French success inspired other groups to act

• Liberals wanted protection for their rights They also demanded more power

• Workers wanted relief from the suffering caused by the Industrial Revolution• Nationalists hoped for independence from foreign rulers

1830: Belgium won independence from the Dutch

Poland Italy

• Across Europe, uprisings occurred in 1848 In the Austrian Empire, Hungarian, Italian and Czech nationalist groups

demanded independenceo The Hungarians gained its own legislature

In the German states, peasants burned the homes of wealthy landowners while students demanded reforms

o Germans attempted to unify at the Frankfurt Assembly! For the most part, the revolts were short lived

• Revolutionaries failed to achieve their goals because powerful government forces crushed them!

• However, even when they failed, the revolutionaries frightened the rulers Later on, many of these frightened rulers began to agree to reforms

Causes of Failures of 18481. Unity made revolution POSSIBLE but goals of revolutionaries created division!2. Divisions among nationalities within empires

Lesson 3: Nationalism, Unification, and Reform Toward National Unification

• Self-determination refers to the ability of an ethnic group or a nation to govern itself in a unified way.

• The Concert of Europe• created after the Congress of Vienna 1815 as a system of dispute resolution• adopted by the major conservative powers of Europe that defeated Napoleon and

his First French Empire•  Austria•  Prussia• Russian Empire• United Kingdom• EVENTUALLY…..France

• Purpose:• maintain power• oppose revolutionary movements• weaken the forces of nationalism• uphold the balance of power

Crimean war• 1853-1856• MAIN COMBATANTS:

Russia vs Ottoman Empire• Britain• France

• Britain And France backed the Ottomans for two reasons: feared of a strong Russia Advantages of Ottoman decline!

• 1853: Russia invaded Ottoman provinces to gain access to the Dardenelles• 1854: Great Britain and France, declared war on Russia!

Austria, with its own eyes on the Balkans stayed out!• March 1856: Treaty of Paris

Russia allowed Moldavia and Walachia to be placed under the protection of the great powers

• Effects of the Crimean War Destroy the Concert of Europe Russia withdrew from European affairs for 20 years Russia and Austria became enemies Austria had no great power friends: opened door to German and Italian

unification

Italian unification• obstacles to Italian unity in the early 1800s:

1. People identified regionally due to foreign rule2. Congress of Vienna, (1815) partitioned Italy 3. 1848: Nationalist revolts were crushed by Austria.

• Revolutions of 1848 failed!• 1849: Victor Emmanuel II becomes King of Piedmont and Sardinia• 1852: Camillo di Cavour became Prime Minister of Piedmont and Sardinia under

Victor Emmanuel II Believed in:• Economic growth• Large army• Alliance with Louis-Napoleon of France

• He needed friends with a big army!• After the Crimean war, Italy became an ally of FRANCE

Enemy of AUSTRIA• 1859: Cavour provoked Austria into War• Piedmont won!!!• Austria gave North Italian territory to Piedmont• 1860: Other Smaller Italian States joined Piedmont• September 1860: Giuseppe Garibaldis’ volunteer army overthrew southern Italy• March 1861: Italy proclaimed under king Victor Emmanuel IIRome? And Venetia?• 1866: After Prussia and Austrian War, Italy gained Venetia!• 1870: During the Franco-Prussian War, French troops left Rome and Italians

annexed the city making it the capital.• Italy won additional provinces:

Venetia: (during the) Austro-Prussian War (1866) Rome: Franco-Prussian War (1870)

• 1870: Italy was completely united.

German Unification• Creating a united Germany was difficult because it required dissolving the small

govts of all 36 German states.• 1815: the weak German Confederation was created• 1830s: Prussia created an economic union called the Zollverein• 1848-49: The Frankfurt Assembly failed to unite German lands• German states looked to Prussia

Strong Prosperous Militaristic

• 1860: William II appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister Bismark believed in:

• uniting Germans under Prussian rule • Raising taxes to pay for the military• “iron and blood”• Realpolitik• Aggressive foreign policy

• 1862-1866: Bismarck governed Prussia without the use of the legislature collecting taxes

Bismarck fought 3 wars to unify the Germans:1. 1864: Danish-Prussian War

• Defeated Denmark with Austrian help 2. 1866: Austro-Prussian War ‘7 weeks war’

• Austria was easily defeated• Prussia created the North German Confederation of Northern

states • Southern German states signed military alliance with Prussia for

protection against France3. 1870: Franco-Prussian War

• Cause: Legitimacy of a Prussian relative to Spanish throne• Biskark pushed the French into declaring war• Battle of Sedan: Sept 1870: Capture of Napoleon III • Jan 18, 1871: Second German Empire proclaimed at Versailles• Jan 28, 1871: Paris surrendered• Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany• Germany becomes strongest power in Europe

Nationalism and Reform in EuropeGreat Britain

• Unlike some of its neighbors in Europe, Britain achieved change through reform rather than revolution.

• Why didn’t the revolutions in Europe affect Great Britain?• Gave vote to industrial middle class• Made social and political reforms• Enjoyed economic prosperity• Developed strong sense of nationalism• 1815: Aristocrats who owned land dominated Parliament• Large landowners in depopulated rural areas, or rotten boroughs, maintained

seats in Parliament while growing cities had none.• The Great Reform Act of 1832 brought change to England.

The bill enlarged the electorate Parliament redistributed seats to eliminate rotten boroughs Poor workers were still excluded. Voting was based on land ownership.

• Reformers called Chartists drew up the “People’s Charter.”1. demanded universal male suffrage 2. voting by secret ballot

• 1848: The industrial middle class who gained a voice in government• 1850s-1860s: Social and political reform kept Britain stable• The period from 1837 to 1901 is known as the Victorian Age.• Having little real power, Queen Victoria set the tone for her age symbolizing British

beliefs and values. The queen embodied a strict code of morals and manners. Victorian values included: thrift, honesty, duty, hard work, respectability

• Reformers fought to increase suffrage and correct imbalances in representation. By 1900 most men could vote, and the secret ballot was passed. Britain had transformed itself from a constitutional monarchy to a

parliamentary democracy. 1918: women over 30 could vote.

France• After 1848 Restoration of monarchy• 1852: Napoleon restored the empire w/ a plebiscite

(Second Empire) under Napoleon III • 1860s: liberal reforms• Fall of Second Empire in 1870• After the Revolution of 1848, Napoleon III proclaimed the 2nd Empire.

Napoleon appealed to many groups in French society. He promised to:

• end poverty• restore past glory• Est. order.

• France prospered in the mid 1800s.• Ferdinand de Lesseps organized the building of the Suez Canal, (1859 and

1869)which linked the Red Sea to the Mediterranean.• Workers gained as unions were legalized and education was extended to girls.• January 1871: When France surrendered to the Germans, ending the Franco-Prussian

War and a long period of French domination of Europe ended as well. • From the ashes of Napoleon III’s Second Empire rose the Third Republic.

• Economic growth, democratic reforms, and fierce nationalism all shaped modern France.

Austrian and Ottoman Empires• Between 1800 and 1914: Europe was a patchwork of different nationalities

Nationalists pushed for self rule, causing the decline of the Austrian and Ottoman Empires

The Austrian Empire• Ethnic independence was NOT allowed• 1848-1849: remained centralized and authoritarian• early 1800s: Austrian rulers prevented change and ignored liberal demands.

• prevented industrialization • feared change in the empire’s “traditional” way of life

• 1840s: However, factories arrived causing changes, including the growth of cities.• mid 1800s : Austria was an empire of very diverse people with rival goals

causing nationalism to grow .• Nationalists demanded self-govt from rulers

• 1848: A nationalist revolt broke out, but Hapsburg govt crushed it.• Hungarians wanted Autonomy.• Francis Joseph, (inherited Hapsburg throne amid 1848 uprising) formed a legislature• After Austria’s defeat in its war with Prussia, (1866)Hungarians pressured the

Hapsburgs for a compromise.• Moderate Hungarian, Ferenc Deák helped to work out a solution.

1867 : The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary was formed The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary• Separate

Each had its own constitution Each had its own parliament

• Shared Monarch: Francis Joseph ruled both

as emperor of Austria king of Hungary

Ministries: finance, defense, and foreign affairsOttoman Empire

• The Ottoman empire faced the same problem as the Austrian empire.• Nationalist demands put pressure on the empire’s leaders.• 1800s: revolts broke out against the Ottomans as nationalist groups sought self-rule.• mid 1800s: In addition to trouble from the nationalists, the Ottoman empire faced

invasions from Europe Crimean war 1854-1856 : Russians fought against the Ottomans The region became known as the “Balkan powder keg.”

Russia• 1815 : Russia was the largest and most populous nation in Europe, but it was also

economically undeveloped.• had many resources. • very autocratic govt.• rulers resisted reforms to modernization.

• Efforts to modernize Russia had little success because tsars imprisoned or exiled critics.• As the 20th century dawned, Russia was a hotbed of civil unrest.

• Early 1800s: Russia’s rigid social structure, was one obstacle to progress.• Landowning nobles at the top resisted change and reforms.• middle class was weak and small• Most people were serfs (farmers)

• Tsars ruled Russia with absolute power.• Liberal reforms, were canceled to please the nobles• While the govts of other European nations changed, Russia remained an absolute

monarchy!• Alexander II inherited the throne during the Crimean War in 1855.

• The war showed how backward Russia was. – Russians demanded change!

• The Reforms of Alexander II1. Emancipation of the serfs2. Est’ment of local governments with elected assemblies3. Legal reforms 4. Reduction in military service

• The reforms did not satisfy Liberal Russians, who wanted a constitution. Socialists tried to convince peasants to rebel, which didn’t work. Radicals became angry and assassinated Alexander II.

• Alexander III took the throne and embarked on a crackdown. increased the secret police and exiled critics Persecution of Jewish people increased under Alexander III. Pogroms against the Jews became common. Many Jews left Russia becoming refugees.

• late 1800s: Russia finally industrialized Nicolas II, son of Alexander III, focused on economic development in Russia. Building of railroads started and foreign investment was secured Despite industrial progress, political and social problems worsened as workers

faced bad conditions in factories and urban slums. Nationalism in the US

• 1800s: United States was a beacon of hope for many. The Constitution and Bill of Rights held out the hope of political and religious

freedom. • The U.S. followed a policy of expansionism in the 1800

Americans believed in Manifest Destiny • The nation added new territory throughout the 1800s.

Between 1803 and 1898 American expanded from ‘Sea to Shining Sea’• 1800: more people could vote in the U.S. than anywhere else in the world.

Even so, only white men who owned property could vote. The major reform campaigns were to abolish slavery and gain rights for

women. As new states joined the union, arguments over slavery erupted.

• Economic differences as well as slavery split the union when Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. Lincoln opposed slavery in new territories. Southerners feared he would abolish slavery and infringe on states’ rights.

• Following Lincoln’s election in 1860, southern states seceded from the union, beginning the Civil War. war 1861 to 1865 600,000 Americans died

• During the Civil War, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves in the South Despite amendments, segregation and other restrictions prevented African

Americas from voting. • After the Civil War the U.S. became the world leader in manufacturing,

transportation, and agriculture.• Factors that helped the United States economy grow:

1. Political stability2. Private property rights3. Free enterprise system4. Inexpensive supply of labor (mostly immigrants)5. Growing transportation network6. New communication technologies

• Wealth was not equally shared. Men such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie earned millions from monopolies in oil and steel.

Lesson 4: Nation Building in Latin America • The American Revolution inspired Latin American revolutions when the Spanish and

Portuguese empires were weakened by war with France. • The creoles who formed most of the upper class in Latin America became tired of

European countries draining wealth from Latin American colonies. • The success of the American Revolution gave the creole elites hope that they too

could defeat their European colonizers.

In what ways was society not equitable in Latin American countries after their independence?

• Land was still the basis of wealth, social prestige, and political power. • Most citizens owned no land and therefore could not grow basic food crops. • Poverty was widespread, while an elite class of landowners lived well.

• Colony after colony in Latin America denounced monarchy and declared independence. 1804: former slave, Toussaint-Louverture, led a revolt in Haiti against the French 1810: Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico revolted against the Spanish

• Mexico became independent by 1821 1810: José de San Martín in Argentina 1810: Símon Bolívar in Venezuela

• Within 14 years Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile were liberated

• Wars for independence resulted in many deaths and heavy losses of livestock and other property in Latin America

• Border disputes caused wars between newly independent countries. • Lack of adequate roads, transportation, and communication • Jungles and mountains created barriers to national unity and communication.

Mexican Leaders after independenceLeader Antonio López de Santa

AnnaBenito Juárez

Years in Power

1833–1855 1855–1876

Leadership Style

Caudillo; ruled by military force Reformer; became a national hero

Actions While in Office

Misused funds, halted reforms, created chaos

Implemented religious tolerance, separation of church and state, education for all, redistribution of land to poor

• With the Monroe Doctrine, the United States began to intervene in Latin American affairs when their economies began to be dependent on foreign trade.

Type of involvement United States Great Britain

Built power plants and transportation and communication systems

√ √

Poured money into Latin √

American trade

Was primary source of loans and investments √

Exported finished goods and imported raw materials √ √

Monroe Doctrine significance• Developed by the United States to establish U.S. protection over the Western

Hemisphere • Emerged out of a distrust of Britain's assertions of dominance in parts of North and

South America • Proclaimed that attempts by Europeans to colonize Latin America could be

considered acts of aggression against the United States • Successful in discouraging European intervention in Americas

Lesson 5: Romanticism and Realism

• Romanticism emerged as a reaction against Enlightenment ideals of reason. Romantics emphasized emotions and

individuality in the arts and literature. • The Industrial Revolution led to

advances in scientific research, while a growing confidence in science undermined religious faith. • Realism in art and literature

embraced depicting scenes from everyday life rather than the exotic settings and heroes of Romanticism

PLACE ON PAGE 110

Causes:

Spain sets up colonies in the Americas Creoles and mestizos grow discontented with Spanish Enlightenment ideas spread to the Americas Revolutions occur in North America and France Spain’s power weakens Spain tries to restore authority in the colonies Strong leaders call for independence

Effects:

Many deaths occur Nations of Latin America win independence New nations write constitutions Civil wars break out Caudillos take power New nations become economically independent