TAXONOMY & EVOLUTION

PART 2Mrs. Rago

GENUS & SPECIES SPECIFICS Genus

2nd smallest grouping of classificationGenus name first letter is capitalized &

genus is written in italics Species

Smallest grouping of classificationSpecies name is written in italics

LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE Latin

Dead languageNo longer spoken in everyday

conversations, so it is not changingLanguage of educated people of the time

6 KINGDOMS Animals Plants Eubacteria Protists Fungi Archaebacteria

EUBACTERIA Small, single-celled prokaryotic

organisms Usually has a cell wall & reproduce by

cellular fission Each bacteria has a cell wall, plasma

membrane, cytoplasm with organelles, & at least one circular chromosomeNo membrane-bound DNA so no “true”

nucleus Most bacteria are very small (about 2 μm)

ARCHAEBACTERIA Prokaryotes Autotrophs

Make their own food Exist in harsh environments

PROTISTS Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals,

or fungi Unicellular

FUNGI Eukaryotes Heterotrophs (don’t produce their own

food) Unicellular or multicellular

PLANTS Eukaryotes Multicellular Autotrophs

ANIMALS Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophs Symmetrical body organization Sexual Reproduction Movement

EVOLUTION

EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS Biochemistry-DNA & protein similarities Fossil Record Breeding behaviors Geographic distribution Embryonic development Structural similarities

PHYLOGENY The evolutionary history of a species or

a taxonModern taxonomists are often involved in

the analysis of the evolutionary or ancestral relationships among taxa

Biologist use fossils as important clues for finding out when evolutionary changes & divergence occurred

Compare homologous features between organisms, particularly organisms that share common ancestry

PHYLOGENY Homologous features

Features that are similar because of shared or common ancestry

Analogous FeaturesFeatures that are similar because of similar

function rather than common ancestry

CLADISTICS System of phylogenetic analysis that

used shared & derived characters as the only criteria for grouping taxa

Shared CharacterFeature that all members of a group have in

common (feathers in birds) Derived Character

A feature that evolved only within the group under consideration (find only feathers in birds throughout fossil record)

SYMMETRY Body arrangement in which parts that

lie on opposite sides of an axis are identical

Radial symmetryBody plan in which the parts are organized

in a circle around an axis Bilateral symmetry

Right & left symmetry Asymmetrical

No symmetry

NUTRITIONAL MODES Heterotrophs

Organisms that get their energy from other organisms

AutotrophsOrganisms that make their own energy