MRS. KALSCHEUR'S NEWTONS 2ND AND 3RD LAWS LAB …
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MRS. KALSCHEUR’S STRUCTURED INQUIRY LAB STATIONS: NEWTON’S 2ND AND 3RD LAWS OF MOTION (Use Complete Sentences and fill in all sections correctly!) FIRST NAME: _____________________________ DATE: ________________ PERIOD: ___ LAST NAME: _____________________________ POINT VALUE: 50 points (10 per station) Newton’s Second Law of Motion states that force applied by an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the object’s acceleration (F = ma). For a given force, the mass of an object is inversely proportional to its acceleration, while for an object of specific mass, the force needed to accelerate the object is directly proportional to its acceleration. In other words, if the same force were applied to two objects of different masses, the object with less mass would experience a greater acceleration than the more massive object. Multiple forces acting in complex systems can be summed to find the resulting acceleration. Acceleration along a given axis, however, can only be the result of all the forces in the same axis — forces in the y-direction will not affect the acceleration in the x-direction, and vice-versa. Imagine a game of tug-of-war, with two teams pulling on a rope with great force. The whole system will often experience very little acceleration because the two forces are acting in opposition along the same axis, and thus cancel each other out. Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Rockets clearly show Newton’s third law in action. When a rocket burns fuel, hot gases are forced out the bottom of the rocket at high speed. The fast-moving gas particles are pushed by the rocket chamber in one direction and the gas particles, in turn, push on the rocket in the opposite direction. A common misconception about rocket thrust is that when the fast-moving gas particles exit a rocket engine, the gas particles push against the air outside the rocket and this causes the rocket to shoot upward. However, if this were the case, then rockets would never work in outer space because there are no air molecules in space for the fast-moving gases to push against. Instead, the fast-moving particles are forced out the rocket engine by the body of the engine. When the fuel burns, a great amount of heat is created and the pressure inside the rocket combustion chamber increases. At the same time, the walls of the combustion chamber push back on the fast-moving gas particles. Rockets are composed of strong, solid materials with a small opening at the bottom. This opening is the only region on the engine where the pressure can be released. Since gas particles move from high to low pressure, the gas shoots out the bottom of the rocket. The rocket accelerates in the opposite direction of the ejected gases (see FIGURE 1). An enormous amount of fast-moving gas particles need to be generated in order to lift a rocket into orbit. A small thrust channel increases the speed of hot gases as they exit form the larger combustion chamber. Gases always accelerate toward lower pressure, so the high-pressure gas moves faster and faster as it rushes out of the nozzle. The constricted flow path increases the speed of the gas particles. This increase in particle speed in a chamber as the diameter decreases is an example of Bernoulli’s principle (see FIGURE 2). The small-diameter chamber increases the speed of the exiting particles and therefore increases the net force that blasts off the rocket. [Flinn Scientific, Inc. 2012] Page of 1 6 FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
Transcript of MRS. KALSCHEUR'S NEWTONS 2ND AND 3RD LAWS LAB …
MRS. KALSCHEUR’S STRUCTURED INQUIRY LAB STATIONS: NEWTON’S 2ND AND 3RD LAWS OF MOTION (Use Complete Sentences and fill in all sections correctly!)
FIRST NAME: _____________________________ DATE: ________________ PERIOD: ___
LAST NAME: _____________________________ POINT VALUE: 50 points (10 per station)
Newton’s Second Law of Motion states that force applied by an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the object’s acceleration (F = ma). For a given force, the mass of an object is inversely proportional to its acceleration, while for an object of specific mass, the force needed to accelerate the object is directly proportional to its acceleration. In other words, if the same force were applied to two objects of different masses, the object with less mass would experience a greater acceleration than the more massive object.
Multiple forces acting in complex systems can be summed to find the resulting acceleration. Acceleration along a given axis, however, can only be the result of all the forces in the same axis — forces in the y-direction will not affect the acceleration in the x-direction, and vice-versa. Imagine a game of tug-of-war, with two teams pulling on a rope with great force. The whole system will often experience very little acceleration because the two forces are acting in opposition along the same axis, and thus cancel each other out.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Rockets clearly show Newton’s third law in action. When a rocket burns fuel, hot gases are forced out the bottom of the rocket at high speed. The fast-moving gas particles are pushed by the rocket chamber in one direction and the gas particles, in turn, push on the rocket in the opposite direction. A common misconception about rocket thrust is that when the fast-moving gas particles exit a rocket engine, the gas particles push against the air outside the rocket and this causes the rocket to shoot upward. However, if this were the case, then rockets would never work in outer space because there are no air molecules in space for the fast-moving gases to push against. Instead, the fast-moving particles are forced out the rocket engine by the body of the engine.
When the fuel burns, a great amount of heat is created and the pressure inside the rocket combustion chamber increases. At the same time, the walls of the combustion chamber push back on the fast-moving gas particles. Rockets are composed of strong, solid materials with a small opening at the bottom. This opening is the only region on the engine where the pressure can be released. Since gas particles move from high to low pressure, the gas shoots out the bottom of the rocket. The rocket accelerates in the opposite direction of the ejected gases (see FIGURE 1).
An enormous amount of fast-moving gas particles need to be generated in order to lift a rocket into orbit. A small thrust channel increases the speed of hot gases as they exit form the larger combustion chamber. Gases always accelerate toward lower pressure, so the high-pressure gas moves faster and faster as it rushes out of the nozzle. The constricted flow path increases the speed of the gas particles. This increase in particle speed in a chamber as the diameter decreases is an example of Bernoulli’s principle (see FIGURE 2). The small-diameter chamber increases the speed of the exiting particles and therefore increases the net force that blasts off the rocket. [Flinn Scientific, Inc. 2012]
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FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
LAB 1: MEASURING MASS WITH A BALANCE SCALEWhat is the definition of Mass?
Is Mass the same thing as Weight?
In this lab you will learn how to find the mass of an object by using a balance scale. Make sure the scale is balanced before placing any objects in it. Place each of the following objects one at a time placing cubes on the opposite side until the scale is balanced. (Note: 1 cube = 1 gram)
What did you observe?
Which had the greatest Mass?
Which had the least Mass?
ITEM MEASURED GRAMS ITEM MEASURED GRAMS
Package of Grass Seed (DO NOT OPEN)
Long Magnet
Package of Iron Fillings (DO NOT OPEN)
Round Magnet
Package of Beans (DO NOT OPEN)
Pulley
Wheel Pencil
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LAB 2: MEASURING WEIGHT AND FORCE WITH A SPRING SCALEWhat is the definition of Weight?
Is Weight the same thing as Mass?
In this lesson you will learn how to find the weight of an object by using a spring scale. Make sure the scale is balanced before hanging any objects in it. Place each of the following objects one at a time noticing the weight in Grams (g) and the force measured in Newtons (N). (NOTE: Keep the scale at still to get an accurate measurement)
What did you observe?
Which had the greatest Weight?
Which had the greatest Force?
Which had the least Weight?
Which had the least Force?
ITEM MEASURED GRAMS NEWTONS ITEM MEASURED
GRAMS NEWTONS
Horseshoe Magnet
Backpack
Screw Hook Clipboard
Key Chain Binder Clip
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LAB 3: MOMENTUM AND MARBLES
Supplies needed:• Marble• Plastic Ball• A ruler with a groove in the middle• A couple of thick hardback books• An index card• Masking tape
First, set up the ruler on top of one book. Fold the index card in half so that it stands up (see picture). The idea is that the marble will roll down the ruler and bump the card. The farther the index card moves, the more momentum the marble has. Use tape to make a line so that you can line up the index card in the same spot each time.
Next, prop the ruler up on two books. Roll the same marble down the ruler. Did the card get pushed farther?
Next, lower the ruler to just one book again. This time, roll the large plastic ball down the ruler instead of the smaller one. How do your results compare to the other two options?
http://frugalfun4boys.com/2012/12/06/easy-science-experiments-with-momentum/
MARBLE TRIAL DISTANCE CARD MOVED PLASTIC BALL TRIAL DISTANCE CARD MOVED
1 1
2 2
3 3
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LAB 4: A NEED FOR SPEED
Your Task: You have been asked to participate in a study to determine which toy car is the fastest (and therefore the best to play with!) Your team will be given 3 toy cars and together you must decide which is the fastest going down a ramp. Remember that you are a scientist and will need to use components of the scientific method and calculate the acceleration for each car using gravity as the force (show work).
Hypothesis:
If , then because .
Observations:
Which car was fastest?
Car #1 (Small Red):
Acceleration = Force/Mass Acceleration = Acceleration = ? Force = 9.8 m/s2 Mass =
Car #2 (Small Blue):
Acceleration = Force/Mass Acceleration = Acceleration = ? Force = 9.8 m/s2 Mass =
Car #3 (Large Black/Green):
Acceleration = Force/Mass Acceleration = Acceleration = ? Force = 9.8 m/s2 Mass =
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LAB 5: NEWTON’S THIRD LAW CROSSWORD
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