Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding€¦ · Model,’and’in’most’cases,’VBT’isnot’...

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AP Chemistry 12 Bonding Valence Bond Theory

Transcript of Mr.Luk - Review + Bonding€¦ · Model,’and’in’most’cases,’VBT’isnot’...

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AP  Chemistry  12  

Bonding    

Valence  Bond  Theory  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  

•  Attempts  to  explain  molecular  structure  based  on  quantum  model  •  Results  are  very  similar  to  VSEPR  Model,  and  in  most  cases,  VBT  is  not  needed  to  explain  anything  extra  •  Having  said  that,  the  most  important  contribution  from  VBT  is  hybridisation  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  • Recall  that  s-­‐orbital  electrons  and  p-­‐orbital  electrons  have  different  energy  levels  (so  do  d-­‐orbital  electrons)  v   For  example,  when  we  write  the  electron  conHiguration  for  C,  we  write  1s22s22p2  

v   The  valence  electrons  in  C  are  the  2s22p2  electrons  (4  valence  electrons)  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  • When  central  atoms  are  bonded,  however,  they  make  bonds  that  are  identical  to  nearby  atoms  •  Problem:  How  can  electrons  of  different  energy  levels  form  bonds  of  identical  energy  level?  •  Solution:  Hybridisation  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  •  Example:  CO2  

v   Carbon  needs  to  make  two  equal  bonds  with  oxygen  

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Hybridisa3on  in  CO2  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  •  Example:  CH2O,  BH3  

v   The  central  atom  needs  three  equal  bonds.  Note  that  the  C  also  needs  an  additional  bond  with  oxygen  

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Hybridisa3on  in  CH2O  and  BH3  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  

•  Example:  CH4,  NH3  v   The  central  atom  needs  four  equal  bonds  

v   Note  in  CH4,  the  four  equal  bonds  are  to  H  

v   Note  in  NH3,  the  four  equal  bonds  are  to  H  and  a  lone  pair  of  electron  

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Hybridisa3on  in  in  CH4  and  NH3  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  •  When  central  atoms  are  bonded  to  Hive  or  more  other  atoms,  d-­‐orbital  hybridisations  are  theorized  

•  Note:  hybridisation  is  a  “convenient”  theory  to  help  explain  observations.  In  fact,  the  concept  of  hybridization  is  debated  and  more  accurate  descriptions  (Molecular  Orbital  Theory)  exist.  However,  because  it  suits  our  purposes,  we  will  continue  using  hybridization  from  sp  to  sp3.  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  •  To  predict  hybridization:  

v   Draw  the  appropriate  Lewis  Structure/Model  v   Draw  the  appropriate  VSEPR  model  v   Based  on  electron  geometry  (consider  lone  pair  e-­‐  as  well  as  bonding  e-­‐  around  the  central  atom),  determine  which  orbitals  need  to  be  hybridized  

•  Possible  hybridization  schemes:  v   sp  for  two  electron  groups  (atoms  or  electron  pairs)  v   sp2  for  three  electron  groups  v   sp3  for  four  electron  groups  v   sp3d  and  sp3d2  for  Hive  and  six  electron  groups.  These  are  only  possible  for  3rd  period  elements  or  below  (e.g.  SF6,  PCl5)  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  •  We  mentioned  that  CH2O  has  a  hybridization  of  sp2  on  the  central  atom,  what  does  the  left  over  p-­‐orbital  do?  

•  Left  over  p  orbitals  from  sp2  or  sp  are  used  to  form  double  or  triple  bonds  

•  E.g.  Methanal  (CH2O),  Ethyne  (C2H2),  CO2,  Ethene  (C2H4),  NO+  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  •  All  bonds  that  are  formed  from  hybrid  orbitals  (or  s  orbitals)  are  called  σ  bonds  

•  Other  bonds  that  are  formed  from  left  over  p-­‐orbitals  are  called  π  bonds  

•  Single  Bond  =  1  σ  bond  •  Double  Bond  =  1  σ  bond  +  1  π  bond  •  Triple  Bond  =  1  σ  bond  +  2  π  bond  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  •  C2H4  

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Valence  Bond  Theory  •  C2H4  

   σ  bonds        π  bond    

   

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Summary