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Transcript of MRC GTZ COOPERATION PROGRAM WATERSHED MANAGEMENT · PDF fileP L age 3 ist of Abbre CAT Plan...
water
ReP.O.B
Institution
users’ organ
co
Integrated L
OrgaIn Partne
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WAT
egional Office Box: 3802, Vienti
nal arrangem
nisations, rivinstitution
oordination m
Land and Wa
2 N
anised by: FAership with: (
MRC ‐ GTZ COO
TERSHED MANAGE
Vientiane, c/o iane Capital, Lao
ents for inte
ver basin orgns within go
mechanisms
Top
E-cono
ater Resourc
November - 4
AO Regional(UNESCAP, A
OPERATION PROG
EMENT PROJECT (
Mekong River Coo PDR, Tel/Fax: (
egrated land
ganisations, avernment de
s and their ca
pic 3
nference on ces Managem
4 December 2
l Office for AAPWF, IWMI,
GRAM
(WSMP)
ommission Secre(856 21) 263263
and water m
and land andepartments,
apacity build
ment in Rura
2009
sia and the P, GWP, MRC,
etariat ext 4402
management:
d water mana
ding
l Watersheds
Pacific UNU, AIT)
agement
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4
Page 2
ContentsContents ......
1. Summary ..
2. Introductio
3. Reviews ‐ W
3.1. Introd
3.2. Institu
3.3. Local I
3.4. Land a
3.5. River b
3.6. Coord
3.7. Capac
3.8. Challe
3.9.: What
4. Constraints
4.1. Constr
4.2. Gaps ..
5. Discussion
6. Recommen
7. References
s .....................
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on/backgroun
What are the
uction ..........
utional issues:
nstitutions e.
and water ma
basin organisa
ination mech
ity building ..
nges: ............
practices and
s and gaps ....
raints ............
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and conclusi
ndations .......
s ...................
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nd .................
current statu
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: ....................
.g. water user
anagement in
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anisms .........
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October 6, 200
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09,
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List of Abbre
CAT Plan
FAO
GTZ
ICRAF
ICRISAT
IWSM
KfW
LMB
MRC
MoRD
NGO
PES
SADC
RUPES
WSM
WOTR
viations
Catchm
Food an
Deutsch
World A
Internat
Integrat
Kreditan
Lower M
Mekong
Ministry
Non Go
Paymen
Souther
Reward
Watersh
Watersh
ment Area Trea
nd Agricultura
he Gesellscha
Agroforestry C
tional Crops R
ted Watershe
nstalt für Wie
Mekong Basin
g River Comm
y of Rural Dev
overnmental O
nt for environm
rn Africa Deve
ding Upland P
hed managem
hed Organisa
atment Plan
al Organisatio
aft für Technis
Center
Research Inst
d Manageme
deraufbau
n
mission
velopment Ind
Organisation
mental servic
elopment Com
Poor for Enviro
ment
ation Trust
on
sche Zusamm
titute for the S
ent
dia
ces
mmunity
onmental Ser
menarbeit mb
Semi-Arid Tro
rvices
O
H
opics
October 6, 200
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1. Summary
This paper pintegrated wrelevant instiwater manag
Institutional watershed levIndia as wellIndia shows implementedlivelihoods anlike self-help factors of thexamples froand land manland managecommittees wdeveloped. Thigher level isharing and pin Asia.
Three major the conferenc
The paper revarying institinstitutional stakeholders poverty can o
Institutions liklast years: buwhich problegovernment sother cases, ton guidelinewatershed mwatershed issgovernment aquality of the
Whilst in mosthey hardly efor the local lmeans for its
y
presents selewatershed ma
tutions whichement institut
arrangementsvels are illust as examples
how a ver. The model nd poverty regroups, wateis model. Thm the MRC-Gnagement is eement. At thewas undertakeThe third casenstitutions supayment for e
points have ce and review
eveals that thtutional and arrangementand address
only be addre
ke river-basinut challengesms those inssystem often they might bes provided
management isues into secadministrationservice.
st countries nver are impleevel administimplementat
ected experieanagement. h includes wations within g
s and capacrated taking as from the Mry successfu
illustrates thduction in po
er users commhe model fromGTZ watersheestablished. T
e national leveen. Institution
e study showsupport them. Aecosystem se
emerged outwed for the inc
here is no ‘oregulatory s
s for waterss a wider socssed by parti
commissionss regarding thstitutions shal
attached to me more flexibleby governmes the horizonctor and devens. The advan
national policieemented at a tration to cooion. Moreove
ences and reIt explores cater users’ orovernment de
city developmas a case stud
MRC-GTZ watl model for
hat carefully door rural commmittees and thm India is limed managemeThis approachel, a review o
nal links betwes how local inA fourth case
ervices based
of the recenception paper
one size fits settings in dshed managcio-economic cipatory land
s or watersheheir mandate l address. Thmandated linee structures tent or stakental coordinatelopment planntages of coo
es on institutlarger scale.
ordinate waterer, at local leve
ecent case stcoordination rganizations, epartments.
ment approady GTZ supptershed manalocal capac
designed-watmunities. Parhe involvememited to expent program sh builds the inof roles of aceen the waterstitutions dev study presenon royalties
nt discussion r.
all’ approachdifferent cougement build
developmenand water m
ed developmeand compete
he institutionae agencies suhat have no d
eholder groution betweenns of differenordination are
ional arrangeMost often porshed managels there is a
tudies on insmechanismsriver basin o
aches at theorted watershagement pro
city building ershed mana
rticipation andnt of the loca
periences fromshow how a mnstitutional bactors, policiesrshed level wvelop a watersnts institutionfrom hydropo
reflected in t
h to watersheuntries. Howed on the int process. Thanagement a
ent committeeencies remainal settings cauch as agricudirect institutiops. The ma institutions t
nt technical d reduced tran
ements for waolicies do neit
gement, nor dgeneral lack
O
stitutional arrs and capacorganizations,
e national rivhed managemgram. The cahas been d
agement progd building up l administratiom the local multilevel appase for integrs and plans, ith the river-bshed plan of aal arrangeme
ower which ar
the document
ed managemever, the monvolvement ohe Indian moat the local lev
es have beenn. Sometimesan be formal aulture or wateonal linkages
ain challengeto ensure theepartments a
nsaction costs
atershed manther provide c
do they allocaof technical a
October 6, 200
rangements fcity building , and land an
ver basin anment projects ase study frodeveloped angrams promolocal institutioon are succelevel while thproach to watrated water anlegislation an
basin level weaction and ho
ents for benefre implemente
ts submitted
ent due to thore successfof all relevaodel shows thvel.
built up for ths it is not cleaand part of th
er resources. , but are base
e in integratee integration as well as locs and improve
nagement exisclear mandateate the financand manager
09,
for of
nd
nd in
om nd
ote on ss he ter nd nd
ere ow fit-ed
to
he ful
ant hat
he ar, he In
ed ed of
cal ed
st, es ial ial
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capacities, neat the sub-naplayers.
The local levfinancial mearole at the locdecision-mak
Challenges rinterventions rights have tconflict resolusectors or soto avoid or re
2. Introduct
Topic 3 of thWatersheds dusers’ organgovernment d
The aim of th(WSM) conce
GTZ has suGenerally, thmodule of its“Sustainable riparian statesystematic inof watersheds
With the supcountries of tpilot watershanalysed andAction’ were or to be impvarious waysmandates an
This paper is
The first chmanagementgovernmentaand water usissues are p
ecessary to pational level w
vel administraans implemencal level becaking. Capacity
remain to deare necessa
to be designeution are neceocial groups. esolve upcom
tion/backgro
he FAO E-codeals with insisations, rivedepartments,
his paper is epts with part
pported the he German cs support progManagement
es of the Lowformation ands”.
pport of the pthe MRC, Caeds were disd resource incompiled to blemented usis of implemed to continue
divided into t
hapter providt in rural areal departmentsers’ associatipresented and
promote succewith clear resp
ation needs tnting land andause they alloy building is n
evelop new ary for the poed in a way essary becauBenefit-sharining conflicts a
ound
onference onstitutional arr
er basin orgacoordination
to promote aicular focus o
Mekong Rivcontribution isgram deals wt of Watershe
wer Mekong d data excha
project, watersambodia, Lao scussed and nventories ofbe integrateding other souentation, to the accompa
three chapter
des an oveeas – currens at the natioions at the lod new challe
essful watersponsibilities a
the mandate d water managow collective aecessary at a
concepts foroor and for wthat they se
use of the incng institutionsabout the use
n Integrated rangements fanisations, amechanisms
and to share on institutiona
ver Commisss focusing owith watersheeds in the LowBasin (LMB) nge and agre
shed policiesPRD, Thailaevaluated in f the watersh into the norm
urces of finanreplicate the
anying capaci
rs.
erview of insnt status andonal level, rivcal level. Effe
enges to inte
shed managemnd mandates
for decision gement. Comaction, demanall levels, esp
r institutions.women. Institt economic i
creasingly coms or payment
e of water.
Land and Wfor integrated and land ands and their cap
experiences l arrangemen
ion since then technical a
ed managemewer Mekong B
cooperate eee on improve
s and strategand and Viet common anheds were emal planning ncing. In its le achievemeity developme
stitutional ard challengesver-basin comective coordingrated land
ment. Howevs are becomin
making, the mmunity-basednd-driven inteecially at the
The case stutions i.e. stincentives formpeting demat for ecosyste
Water Resourland and wa
d water manpacity building
on sustainabnts.
e beginning advice and cent. The overBasin” reads:effectively on ed concepts f
ies were devNam, Waters
nd open forumestablished. F
processes atast phase, thnts, to integent.
rrangements . It will addr
mmissions at nation mechaand water m
O
ver, river basinng more and
technical cad organisation
erventions andlocal level.
studies showtate programsr individuals. ands for wateem services a
rces Manageater managemagement insg.
ble watershed
of its functiocapacity deverall objective “Relevant insthe regional
for sustainabl
veloped in theshed issues ams, data wasFinally waterst district and he project segrate them in
for integratress especiathe provincianisms and ca
management
October 6, 200
n organisationmore importa
apacity and thns play a majd decentralise
w that targetes and properInstitutions f
er from differeare instrumen
ement in Rurment like watstitutions with
d manageme
oning in 199elopment. Onof this modu
stitutions in thlevel, condu
e manageme
e four memband activities s collected anshed ‘Plans province leve
eeks to suppon policies an
ted watersheally the role al / district levapacity buildinsuch as tran
09,
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he jor ed
ed rty for ent nts
ral ter hin
ent
95. ne ule he uct ent
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nd of
els ort nd
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boundary ashydropower success stori
The second constraint is administrativeguidelines fomanagementsustainability
The third charequirementssustainable wdevelopment
3. Reviews
3.1. Introd
The commonsystematic prthe context managementapproach). La
In relation toapproach of governance s
Integrated Wwater and othand related renvironment,achieve spec
3.2. Institu
The FAO aplegislative, julevels is requbasins and tlandscapes acommunity) c
Implementatioconsortia andinstitutions haexist in IWSM
pects and bare discussees.
chapter identsystemic: A
e levels. Natior the provinct plans and of the initiativ
apter draws cs to addresswatershed mof institutions
What are th
duction
nly used derocess for theof social, ec
t (IWSM) is and managem
o institutions FAO “collabosystem for wa
Watershed Maher resourcesresources wi to ensure s
cified land and
utional issue
pproach demaudicial and exuired in termsthe level of ware charactercooperate to a
on responsibd associationsave to deal w
M: In addition,
enefit-sharinged. Four cas
tifies constralack of hori
onal policies ce and espec
rules exist bves is not suff
conclusions frs key prioritimanagement. s for integrate
he current st
efinition of Ine sustainableconomic andon managing
ment is mainly
for integrateorative watersatersheds rath
anagement (IWs within a regthin the wate
sustainable md water mana
es:
ands that insxecutive. A m of administra
watersheds arized). It is nachieve the o
bility is entruss, with prograwith conflict m, long-term fin
g schemes ee studies illu
ints and gapzontal integrand legislatio
cially the distrbut they lackfficiently ensu
rom this anales that conFinally, reco
ed watershed
tatus and ch
ntegrated Wa developmen
d environmeng water resoy a means for
ed land andshed manageher than on te
WSM) is the gion with the aershed, to comanagement agement targe
stitutional memulti-level apative units. Inare required necessary thbjectives.
sted to “lightams and authmanagement nancing mech
e.g. paymentustrate this o
ps of the exisration and veon are often nrict or local lek implementared.
ysis on how tribute to thommendationmanagemen
hallenges?
ater Resourcnt, allocation, ntal objectiveources for dir water mana
water manaement” is impechnical meas
coordinated aim of ensurionserve or reof its biodive
ets and to pro
echanisms shpproach at thn terms of lan(up to now, at actors at
t” institutions orities playingbecause a ra
hanisms are n
for environmoverview pre
sting approacertical inconsnot sufficientlyevels. One mation, funding
to create polhe overall gons are givennt at all levels.
ce Managemand monitori
es. The focufferent purpogement.
agement in portant. It focusures.
multi-stakehng sustainablehabilitate ecersity, to min
omote socio-e
hould exist ahe national, sdscapes, instno clear defidifferent leve
such as wag a facilitatingange of someneeded if the
O
mental servicsenting best
ches It showssistencies bety translated i
major gap is g and enforc
licy options aoal of strengn on how to.
ment (IWRM) ng of water r
us of integraoses (based
rural watershuses on instit
older managle developme
cological resonimize land deconomic dev
at different lesub-national atitutions at thinition exists els (river-bas
atershed mang and subsidietimes conflicfocus moves
October 6, 200
ces (PES) anpractices an
s that the matween differento operationthat watershecement so th
and institutiongthening moo continue th
refers to thresource use ated watershe
on the IWR
heds, the netutions and th
ement of lanent of the watources and thdegradation, elopment.
evels, includinand watershee level of riveon how thos
sin, watershe
nagement forary role. Thescting objectivefrom a projec
09,
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ew he
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based approabe watershed
One principlecommunities in the central focus of IWSM
3.3. Local I
The participamanagementimplementatioparticipation implementatioreasons: on administrationelected commgovernance capturing thegovernance s
Today, a colapproach impprogram actinwater users’ rules have toinformal rulemechanisms administeredinto socio-eco
3.4. Land a
Water and ladistrict or proMekong Riveenvironmentaimplementatioone hand. Onland use plan
As water andlevel, either mechanism listable and pr
Administrativeadministrativeshown in cas
ach to a longd managemen
e of IWSM isand villages role they pla
M is on local
Institutions
ation of grass t projects. Acon of watersand collectiveon purposes
the one hans often lackmittees for lastructures ase benefits ostructures are
laborative applies that it ing as facilitatoorganisations
o be createdes have to were created. The watersonomic plans
and water m
and resource ovincial leveler Commissal services ton of the “clan the other h
nning.
d land resoura horizontal
ike a committrofessional ma
e and landsce boundariesse study 3. A
g-term approant funds.
s that resouras opposed ty in the provi(watershed) l
e.g. water u
root organizactive and volushed programe action. In th, which wereand resourcek planning anand and wats the experieof collective e important su
pproach focus centered oor and suppos such as fo e.g. to resobe adapted
d like watershhed manage and private i
management
managemens like the wion. They athan nationalassical” waterhand they are
rce managemcoordinating
tee is neededanner and all
cape boundas for water msecond optio
ach (Hofer in
rces should bto in capitals)sion, managelevel institutio
users’ organi
ations has beuntary particims. Thereforhe past, projee not linked e users shod financial cater managemences from I
action in thuccess factors
sed on the on the local grter. The gove
orest user groolve conflicts
to the wateed managemment plan convestments.
t institutions
t institutions atershed ma
are closer tol level institurshed manage responsible
ment often areg unit like a d. The advantows a better
ries differ somanagement. on is to adapt
MRC, GTZ 2
be managed ); and womenement and saons with a stro
isations
een recognizepation of all
re, watershedects often fouto the local uld be empapacities for
ment are a sndia show. The villages, s.
local adminisgovernance pernance procoups or asso
and enforceershed mana
ment funds in Iould also be
s within gov
are often locanagement coo the resourutions. The ement prografor permits,
e covered bywatershed m
tage of a percoordination
o it has to beThis is done
t the administ
2007). Such f
at the lowesn should be reafeguarding ofong gender pe
ed as an essestakeholders
d programs unded local wadministratio
owered; on those large i
successful mThe self-motiparticipative
stration is improcess, withcess has to invociations of laed or existingagement plaIndia which himplemented
vernment dep
cated at the sommittees in rces and therole of sub-
am as suppostandards an
y different insmanagementrmanent unit iof different ad
e decided whe at the rivertrative framew
O
financing mec
st appropriateecognized for f water. That erspective.
ential attributs guarantees always call
water users aon. This was
the other hinvestment p
means for estvation of theplanning an
mplemented. A a watershedvolve other loand users. Rg traditional kan. Recently, ave to be pro incorporating
partments
sub-national lthe membe
e providers -national instrted in Indian
nd enforceme
stitutions at tht agency or is that it can wdministrative
hether or not r-basin level work for the m
October 6, 200
chanisms cou
e level, (i.e. and supportemeans that th
e of watershethe successffor commun
associations fs done for twhand the locrojects. Locatablishing loce communitiend transpare
A collaborativd managemeocal actors thaespective locknowledge an
local fundinoperly used ang its measure
level i.e. at thr states of thand users
titutions is thn States on thent of rules an
he sub-nationa coordinatinwork in a mounits.
to stick to thin Thailand a
management
09,
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in ed he
ed ful ity for wo cal lly
cal es, ent
ve ent an cal nd ng nd es
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Page 8
water to the study 3).
The advantainstitutions anareas. So it ihave a clearly
Federations organisations
At the nationageneral and sLevel Ministrown watershOther functionational actor
3.5. River b
The river basat the river bminimize watstrategy into stakeholder athe focus for requirementsStrategy for tfrom being exadvisory bodithe Global Wmost river cro
For the last yAfrica and inSoutheast Asbodies are mselection of cinformation a
At the regionSystems in (including shcommissionsbasin initiative
3.6. Coordi
Horizontal linof administraeffectively im
landscape bo
age of coordnd the numbs possible to y defined man
of local orgs. They could
al level, playesectoral policyies, the mosted managemns of nationars in watershe
basin organ
sin is an impoasin level is ater related rissustainable d
and communithis commun
s.“ (Draft 2008the Lower Mexecutive bodiies advising e
Water Partnersoss state bou
years, there n Southeast sia. One exam
mainly responscritical watersbout these bo
nal level, prothe Southern
hared lakes and agreemes are not de
ination mech
nkages acrossation includingmplementing IW
oundaries wh
ination is reer of conflictsconcentrate
ndate, issues
anizations cofunction as re
ers mainly infly plans, legist powerful on
ment programal players caned managem
isations
ortant and appa process to sks. “These development ty involvemen
nity involveme8: MRC-BDP ekong Basin”ies with mandexisting adminship (2000). Tndaries, at th
has been an Asia. Exam
mple for the sible for riversheds. In theodies and pla
otocols have n Africa Devand groundw
ments have beealt with in this
hanisms
s sectors (beg linkages beWSM. One in
hich is also do
educing the s of interest on the pragm
s that they add
ould link theesource centr
uence the inslation and gu
ne being the m which is imn be collectingent.
propriate unit achieve a debodies have and manage
nt, in a form tent in water m
[Basin Deve”). River basidates for the nistrative andThey are locae regional lev
increase in ples for subestablishmenr basin planne WSM Resons in the four
been develovelopment Cowater aquifeeen establishs paper becau
tween governetween river bnstrument is
one in Thaila
number of gcaused by di
matics of execdress and res
e technical lires at which i
stitutional envidelines. An eMinistry for R
mplemented bg and dissem
for integratioesired water q
the importanement at the that suits eac
management, elopment Progn (or lake baallocation of
d executive boated at the suvel like the Ni
the number ob-national rivent of river basing. The rive
ource Kit Parr member cou
oped, such aommunity (Srs) a large ed like the Nuse it focuses
nmental agenbasin and waa stakeholde
and at the lev
government pifferent agenccution. It is imsources.
ne departmenformation an
vironment for exception is InRural Developby the Indian
minating inform
on of land andquality and sunt role of tran
sub-basin lech country. Th
and for on-grgram] “IWRMasin or aquife
water rights odies accordiub-national lele Basin Initia
of river-basiner-basin orgasin organisatr-basin plan rt II of the Muntries of the
as the ProtocADC) Regionnumber of r
Nile Basin Inits on institutio
ncies) and veatershed maner discussion
O
vel of watersh
policies and cies operatingmportant that
ents and comnd knowledge
watershed mndia, where spment (MoRD States (see
mation and su
d water manaufficient quannslating natio
evel, with a lahey will increaround integra
M-Based Basiner) organisatio
and fee colleng to the IWR
evel like in Thative.
n organisationanisations arions is Viet Ncontains e.g.
MRC GTZ proMRC is prese
col on Sharen. At the rivregional or ttiative. Thosens at the sub-
ertical linkagenagement arewhere repres
October 6, 200
heds (see cas
schemes ang in watershethe institution
mmunity-basee is accessed
management vseveral NationD), set up thee case study1upervising su
agement. IWStity and help
onal policy anarge amount asingly becomation of sectorn Developmeons may rangection to pureRM definition hailand; and a
ns especially re the ones Nam where th criteria for th
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all relevant sconsolidationcould be natiofor Rural DevAt the waterThey shouldstakeholders.can participatwide range ofregarding key
The previousparticipatory planning, thebottom-up apinformation isin Thailand.
3.7. Capaci
According to Training is reknow e.g. hownot only techAt the local practical. Onmanagement2007). The GdevelopmentCapacity devdevelopmentstakeholder (
At the watersthe local and to the projecooperation maccess to up-based upon s
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velopment or Ashed level, w comprise r. One importate in the exchf relevant locy issues and a
s approachesaspect. Espe
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ity building
FAO, capaciquired at all lw to draft cleanical traininglevel, trainine option is tot. Public awarGTZ approac, organizationvelopment is), 2. relevant human resou
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vited. It shouly leads to cogroups consiAgriculture, Mwatershed marepresentativeant issue is hhange of inforal level playea range of po
s were often ecially in Asiaapproach preensure that thCase study 3
ty-building issevels, not onar legislation in planning mg for the aso conduct trareness needsch toward canal developms understoodorganizations
urces develop
apacity buildiuthorities are ce in the Mat all levels, mand training
wledge. Meas
te to the exWatershed Mad application s is provided
(ID wsmrk, PW
uld not be assooperation anisting of repre
Ministry for theanagement ces of the lohow to organirmation, inclu
ers contributesossible solutio
top-down impa, e.g. India, evails. Integrahe water secshows how t
sues cover hnly at the locaand how to smethods but sessment of
ainings at dems to be raisedapacity buildi
ment and stred as the stres and actors (
pment).
ng mainly coable to impleekong area,management facilities so th
sures underta
xisting Capaanagement Rwhere informd. The provid
W mrcgtz – igno
sumed that innd effectiveneesentatives fre Environmencommittees aocal administise institution
uding the privs local knowle
ons.
plemented cewith a strong
ated water actor is demathis informatio
uman resoural level. Decisset up policy g
also training the watersh
monstration/pd through visung implies h
engthening thengthening o(institutional d
onsists of instement watersh “capacities”and transfer
hat stakeholdaken are:
acity BuildingResource Kit1mation about w
ded informat
ore certificate w
ntegration in ess. Horizontom the respent or Ministry are horizontaltration and rs in a way thate sector. A edge to the w
entral programg hierarchical nd land man
and-driven. Son exchange
rce developmion-makers o
goals. Sub-nain organising
hed is necesspilot sites shoual evidence human resouhe whole politof 1. the legdevelopment)
titutional devehed measure” include effof knowledge
ders are able
g Packages . The Waterswatershed mation contains
warning)
O
the sense oftal coordinati
ective Ministriefor Economicl coordinationrepresentativehat all relevanstakeholder d
watershed ma
ms and policsystem of go
nagement pao, a constanis organised
ent for examof the nationalational level ing stakeholdersary. The tra
owing optionsin such pilot rces developtical system. gislative fram) and 3. involv
elopment i.e. es in the long-fective comme (also at the to make infor
based on thed Managemanagement in
general info
October 6, 200
f organisationon committeees e.g. Ministc Developmenn mechanismes of relevant stakeholdedialogue with
anagement pla
ies despite thovernment an
artly requires nt exchange in pilot projec
ple by traininl levels need nstitutions neer dialogues etaining must bs for watersheprojects (Hof
pment, netwoMore specif
mework (polived people an
to ensure th-run. Accordin
munication anregional levermed decision
he informatioment Resourcn the four MRormation abo
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waterwater
• Train
• Transfriend
• Exec
• Regio
• Supp
3.8. Challe
Challenges iinstitutions w
The first chanecessary to was found insustainable lior livelihoodswhether to colivelihoods an
Managementto mitigate cwater sharing
A second chathe focus goewater qualityexchange hause options a
The third chawatershed mmainly been countries likedifferent policwhere accounWatersheds ncommitment an appropriat
A fourth chaharmonisatioat the meso boundary ins
rshed managrshed plannin
ing of trainers
slating and trdly products (
ution of targe
onal exchang
port for pilot lo
nges:
n Integrated hich are discu
allenge is concreate tangib
n some Indianivelihoods ans projects) pusonsider thosend environme
t of conflicts bonflicts abou
g rules as a ca
allenge is to ces back to thy and quantias to be creatand their impa
allenge is themanagement p
implementede India. Integcy levels andntability, efficineed to be oand thereforete legal frame
allenge is trn of planning or sub-natio
titutions. So,
gement, the ng, implement
s, support and
ransferring ree.g. for decis
et group orien
e of experien
ocal learning a
Watershed Mussed but not
nflict manageble economic n watershed d poverty alleshing watersh
e projects as ental concerns
between differt the differenase study from
create institutie provision oty are needted, especialact on liveliho
e shift of persplans imply ad in the formgrated waterd creating ruliency and res
owned and me the villagersework.
rans-boundarbetween stat
onal level, buthe players a
policy and ting of waters
d supervision
elevant parts ion-makers),
ted capacity b
nces, especia
and informatio
Management t always tackl
ement – due benefits for fmanagemen
eviation goalshed environmwatershed m
s may need to
rent sectors ant use of watm Vietnam sh
ons for the mof sustainableed at differely at the locaods, especial
spective from a somehow lo
m of projects r and land mles and regusponsiveness anaged by ths need incen
ry IWSM whtes. As it wasut only natioat the sub-nat
legal frameshed activities
n of the nation
of the Reso
building activ
lly from the p
on centres at
are understoled in existing
to conflictingfarmers from nt projects thas (some proje
mental objectivmanagement po be addresse
and interests ter (e.g. hydrhows.
monitoring of we environmentent levels. Cal level. Decislly of the poor
a project to onger-term p– an approa
management lations. This of the govern
he people. Thtives by prop
hich requiress shown abovnal level acttional level un
ework in thes and monitor
nal master tra
ource Kit into
ities,
ilot watershed
the watershe
ood as moreg institutions,
g objectives the investmeat if projects ects are / werves into the bprojects. Thosed in different
is also necesropower vers
watershed funtal services,
Capacity for msion-support r, are necessa
a policy apperspective, w
ach which harequires a pmeans to th
nance systemhe rural popuperty rights w
s new rules e, watershed tors have thendertake plan
O
e MRC memring.
iners,
target group
d areas,
ed level.
e strategic issprograms and
of IWSM in nts in the watare very mu
re mainly rurabackground. Tse trade-off ist ways.
sary: Local insus irrigation)
nctions at diffeinstitutions fomonitoring asystems for aary in the futu
proach. Despiwatershed maas been quitepolicy approa
hink in governm are key factulation has tohich have to
and regulamanagemen
e mandate tonning etc. but
October 6, 200
mber countrie
p oriented us
sues regardind projects.
particular. It tersheds. But
uch focused oal developmeThe question ssues betwee
nstitutions nee) and establis
erent levels. Aor monitoring nd informatioassessing lan
ure.
te the fact thanagement hae successful ach integratinnance systemtors of succeso have a stron
be ensured b
ations and thnt is undertakeo create trant normally don
09,
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is t it on ent
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As of on nd
hat as in
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Page 11
have the manexist like the
A fifth challemanagementdifferent leve
Pro poor benlevel, it meanoriented watepeople shouloff-farm empresources. Eincrease benpayments fordown-streamagricultural, mchange unco
3.9.: What
In the followinThree case sbeen workingapproaches dexperiences are presentewatersheds iinvestment pr
ndate to direcriver-basin co
enge is to ct mainly covels. Equity, i.e.
nefit sharing ins to share beershed manad not be tota
ployment for mployment s
nefits from war environmen users of wamining) to upntrolled use o
practices an
ng, good practudies deal wg for more tdifferent ecoloin capacity b
ed. The thirdn Thailand. Trojects and w
ctly work withommissions in
create instituer managem. allocation of
mplies to incenefits from w
agement projelly sacrificed poor and lachemes etc. atershed mantal services. ater such asstream provid
of chemical fe
nd experienc
ctices and suwith approachthan 30 yeaogical regionsbuilding at diffd case studyThe fourth c
watershed man
players at thn Thailand ha
tions for beent issues to
f benefits, rem
rease equity water among ects in the pin the light o
andless peopcould be inte
nagement forAt the meso hydropowerders of waterertilizers which
ces could be
uccessful expees to integratrs in the des and States.ferent levels y presents tase study prnagement co
he same leveaving a trans-b
nefit-sharing.o achieve be
mains a challe
within the uslandless and
past e.g. to cof a more envle could alsoegrated into Ir the landlesslevel, they c
r companies, r. Those provh might impro
e shared?
eriences withted watershedevelopment o In the seconfor integratedhe experiencresents apprould be linked
l in the neighboundary ma
Up to nowenefits from enge.
ser groups and landownerscreate off-farmvironmentally-o lead to redIWSM progras. Another mcould be used
or other larviders have toove water qua
hin and outsidd managemeof watershed nd case studyd land and wces from grooaches from by benefit-sh
O
bouring counndate.
w, institutionswatershed m
nd communitie. The intentiom employme-oriented appduced press
ams as it is deans of bene
d to transfer rrge scale invo change theiality for downs
de the region nt in Asia. In managemen
y from the Mewater resourceound gained
Asian countharing mecha
October 6, 200
ntry. Exception
in watershemanagement
es. At the locon of livelihooent for landlesproach becausure on natur
done in India efit sharing aresources fro
vestments (e.ir land use e.stream users.
are presenteIndia, GTZ ha
nt policies anekong Area, the manageme
in three piltries how largnisms.
09,
ns
ed at
cal od-ss se ral to
are om .g. .g. .
ed. as nd he
ent lot ge
P
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Case Study 1
The context
The approach
1: Watershed
Capacity bui
managemen
ilding for wate
Exp
Community-brehabilitating in India has edecentralized
The Ministry (MoRD, 2003institutions – for managingimplemented watershed guimplementing
GTZ, on behais one of the mdevelopment like MaharashWater Award)at the level odevelopment
A key featurethe many, oftagriculture, halso advocateresource manof decision-m
The approacparticipation, sustainable oMaharashtra’simplementingwatershed ma
Phase I of a phase of socproject and iAgricultural development villagers abouthe selection assessment organisations(FPC), and thwatershed byon cutting trevisits for comm
During phasepaid for the
t in India: less
ershed manag
xperiences from
based watershenatural resourevolved from a
d participatory o
of Rural Devel3) have givena pivotal role in
g local watershthrough local
uidelines haveg watersheds is
alf of the Germmain internatioin India at the
htra’s Watersh) in the past. Pof the Indian spolicies.
e of the GTZ aten competing,ouseholds, inde for a universanagement secto
making, monitori
ch to watersheon the premis
only when locs Watershed
g successful IWanagement.
watershed macial mobilisationin fact works Development projects whic
ut the project aof watershed,of stakeholde
s like village she preparation y voluntary workees are set up.munities plann
e II technical mework by the
sons from a lo
gement – build
m GTZ in India
ed managemerces in India’s ra purely technone.
lopment’s Harin village-level n managing nahed projects. lly elected pan
e slightly changs now recomme
man Ministry foronal technical ce national leveled Organisatio
Presently GTZ states and at t
approach to wa demands on
dustry, livestockal policy that hors. GTZ supporing and evalua
ed managemese that a watcal people ow
OrganisationWRM projects in
anagement pron supported bas a consultBank (NAB
ch are financeand starts orga, identification ers’ needs aself-help group of a feasibility
rk (sharamdan). The communing to impleme
easures / consgrant and co
ocal level cap
ding up local i
a
ent has becomrural areas. Naical top-down
iyali guidelineslocal governm
atural resourceAcross India,
nchayati raj inged this focusended.
r Economic Decooperation agel. It focused onon Trust (this yis more oriente
the national lev
atershed manaa watershed,
k, forests, wildarmonizes wororted projects p
ation.
ent is built arotershed develown and maintn Trust has n line with the
ojects consists by a local NGOant for social
BARD) provided by KfW. Tanising the comand awarene
and the creatps (SHG), a fy report. Villag. Rules like a b
nities share theent watershed a
struction work antinue to cont
O
pacity building
institutions
me the guidingatural resourceapproach in th
s on watershedment – the ps. They are nowatershed de
nstitutions. Res: involvement
velopment andencies supportn building capayear’s winner oed towards capvel to coordina
agement is tryinsuch as the w
dlife and tourismrk across humapromote the de
round encouraopment projecttain project-cre
developed agovernmental
of a normally O. The NGO i
mobilisation. des grants tThe local NGOmmunity. Activss building of tion of Commforest protectio
gers start consban on free graeir experiencesactivities.
are undertakentribute volunta
October 6, 200
g approach
g principle for e management he 1970s to a
d development panchayati raj ow responsible evelopment is cent common of NGOs for
d Cooperation,ting watershed acity of NGOs
of Kyoto World pacity building ate watershed
ng to manage water needs of m. Its projects an and natural ecentralization
aging people’s t can become eated assets. a model for guidelines on
6-month long is paid by the The National
to watershed O informs the vities comprise
stakeholders, munity based on committee truction in the
azing, or a ban s by exposure
n. Villagers are ary work. The
09,
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Results
essons Learneed
capacity-buildTransparencypresentation payments areare presentedearning from economic acconducted to options for laoften the compeople is clostarts after twatershed msupported. Nowater.
This approachfour India Stcountry. Espemanagement
• Participatiocommunity watershed where the ka crucial su
• Democraticspecific per
• Close attenmaking surIndia.
• One succesgroups.
• Transparencommunitietransparenc
• New instituhave to be areas wher
• Further, asflexible in tspending pStates whic
• For local lee.g. involvebecause it o
ding componey and accountaof the action
e made public, d to the people
the new econctivities like veimprove the pr
andless peoplemmunal land osed for a certthe constructin
management fuormally, the es
h has been imptates and sharecially the neeproject was re
on is seen as and the outsidaction is a cr
knowledge of buccess factor.
c way of selectriod of time.
ntion needs tore that landless
ss factor of the
ncy of governanes prefer projecy about decisi
utional arrangemfound because
re local watersh
s the projects their rules, theyper ha, rules foch have strict g
evel activities, cement of the Deoften owns lan
ent continues ability are ensu
plan for apprregular public e. Women’s Senomic activitieegetable growroductivity of the like fish pondor the land of tain period to rng work is fi
und for maintestablished rules
plemented in wred with visitoed for a capacecognized.
a two-way pde agency, be reative dialoguboth partners is
tion of member
o be paid to s access to them
e projects so fa
nce structure iects where noions and spend
ments for finane the volume ohed developme
implemented y could better
or project impleguidelines.
co-ordination oepartment of Fd near the sou
to be implemured during the roval at the vihearings are helf Help Group
es. Farmers arwing. Net planhe farms. Partlyds take place. the Forest De
recover its ecoinished. The
enance and pas for the use o
watershed manors from all accity building p
process of inteit government,
ue between ths used. Self-mo
rs for communi
rules for devem is not reduce
ar is the involve
is a key succeo financial asding exist.
ncing e.g. involof state transfeent is necessar
by developmadapt to the l
ementation tha
of meso or macForest into wateurces of water.
O
mented up towhole project
illagers’ meetinheld where detaps are formed re supported fnning at the y, developmentThis is neces
epartment useological functiocommunities artly livelihoodof water do not
nagement projecross India anphase during t
ense dialogue , NGO or profee experts andotivation of the
ity-based organ
eloping commoed as in many
ement of wome
ess factor for pssets are han
lvement of the r is not sufficiery.
ment co-operatlocal context e
an projects run
cro level actorsershed manage
October 6, 200
o 24 months. by mandatory ng. All labour ailed accounts for saving the
for developing farm level is t of livelihoods ssary because ed by landless ons. Phase III may use the
ds options are t cover ground
ects in at least nd outside the the watershed
between the essionals. The d communities e community is
nizations for a
on lands and watersheds in
en in self-help
projects. Some ded over but
private sector ent to cover all
tion are more e.g. amount of
by the Indian
s is necessary ement projects
09,
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Case Study 2approach
Capac
The context
The approach
2: Watershed
city building
managemen
for watershe
Experi
The water anlivelihood of people. Activione of the momuch of its imwatersheds c
The overall fivand Related RGoals have b2006 to 2010below:
Goal 1: To deve
Goal 2: To e
Goal 3: To s
Goal 4: To sknowstak
As describedcooperation pdevelopment Thailand and ways of impintegrate themdevelopment.
The GTZ appthree levels o
1. At the narecommendatof integratedprocedures ocontext of waconcept of inthe relevant pand the permprocedures aintroduction oprovincial leve
2. The mainprovincial / didiscussed ananalysed and
t in South Ea
ed managem
iences from
nd land resouralmost 70 milities related toost significant dmpact occurs aall for an integr
ve year goal ofResources to Abeen identified0. The four go
promote andelopment
enhance effecti
strengthen basi
strengthen the wledge base o
keholders
d in the introproject in the M
in the four mViet Nam. The
plementation, tm in policies an
proach for inteof institutions na
ational level, wtions were give
d watershed mof decision-maatershed mana
ntegrated waterplayers. This a
manent availabiat regional (Mof IWSM was el. Working gro
player in IWistrict levels. W
nd evaluated ind resource inv
ast Asia: lesso
ment – capaci
the Mekong
rces of the Lollion inhabitant
o agriculture, ladirect human ecross national rated and parti
f the MRC is: “Alleviate Poverd that MRC shoals establishe
d support c
ive regional coo
in-wide environ
Integrated Waof the MRC b
oduction of thMekong area ismember counte project now to replicate thnd mandates a
egrated watersational level / p
watershed policen. The aim is management aking, planningagement. Thisrshed manage
also includes thility of tools, in
MRCS) and nasupported in
oups were supp
WRM is the wWatershed issun common anventories of th
ons from a mu
ity building a
Area
ower Mekong ts and provideand use and foenvironmental iborders. The m
icipatory appro
“More Effectiverty While Protechould strive to ed for MRC fo
oordinated, s
operation
nmental monito
ater Resourcesbodies, NMCs,
his paper, on focusing on tetries of the Min its last phashe achievemeand to continue
shed managemprovincial and d
cies and stratto “mainstream
at the policy g, implementats should happement becomeshe necessary cnformation, knoational levels. river basin co
ported.
watershed manues and activitind open forumhe watersheds
O
ulti-level capa
at different le
Basin are the e food for somorestry in the winfluences on tmulti-faceted fuach throughou
e Use of the Mecting the Enviroachieve progr
or 2006 to 201
sustainable, a
oring and impac
s Management, Line Agencie
e module of echnical advice
MRC, Cambodise, seeks to suents from piloe the accompan
ment in the MRdistrict level:
tegies were dm” / to establis
level, and intion, and mon
pen in such a s self-understa
capacity buildinowledge and c
At the nationommittees at
nagement comies in pilot wat
ms, data were s were establi
October 6, 200
acity building
evels
basis for the me 300 million watershed are the Basin, and unctions of the ut the basin.
ekong’s Water ronment”. Four ressively from 10 are shown
and pro-poor
ct assessment
t capacity and es, and other
the German e and capacity ia, Lao PDR, upport various t projects, to nying capacity
RC addresses
eveloped and sh the concept n the routine nitoring in the
way that the anding among ng at all levels communication nal level, the the national /
mmittee at the tersheds were collected and ished. Finally,
09,
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Results
essons Learneed
watershed ‘Plprocesses at or to be imple
3. Vertical management:implementingthe strategic plan. Watersplanning andwatershed mmanagement plans consist development consultation, compliance amanagement committees inThe experienccommunicatewatershed issgoing phase.
4. Capacity bcommittees, information, s
• A multilevedeveloped base for IWlegislation aunclear.
• GTZ has deform of a gu
• A Watersheabout IWRM
• The plans funds. The
• Different coapproach oframework.
• IWSM need
• River basinsharing.
lans of Action’ district and pro
emented using
coordination : In river basin
g programs areenvironmental shed manage
d projects. Themanagement pl
plans at the of provisions fprojects like disclosure of
and benefit shplans are imp
n acquiring finaces made in thd at national asues and linka
building mainlycollection an
support of the u
el approach flinking the wat
WRM exists. A nand committee
eveloped a cleuideline with 7
ed Information M.
are implementproject develop
ountries are chor guidelines ar
ds capacity dev
n and watersh
were compiledovince levels sother sources
mechanisms n management,e undertaken. T
assessment bement containe environmentalan. The river provincial / dis
for the followingtourism, miniinformation, in
haring mechanplemented. Theancial support fhe pilot watershand regional levages with river
y consisted of nd disseminatiuse of learning
for integratedtershed level wnational level rees was underta
ear concept for steps of action
Resource Kit
ted on the groups other financ
haracterized byre needed, eac
velopment at th
hed managem
d to be integrauch as socio-eof financing lik
between ri, policy formulaThe main produbeing the basens operationalal impact asse
basin plan isstrict levels. Tg topics: Mitigaing or hydropnstitutionalizatinisms. In pilote project suppofor the implemehed areas are dvels. Dialogues
r basin level ar
studies at the ion of waterscentres.
water resourcwith the river-baeview of roles oaken but mand
r policy and insn.
was develope
und, but need cial instruments
y different institch country can
hree levels.
ment are linked
O
ted into the noeconomic deveke private inves
iver-basin anation, strategicuct at the river
e for the strategl guidelines,
essment is thes linked with tThe watershed ation measuresower, social iion of measurt projects, thoorts watershedentation of the pdocumented, ps on better undre conducted d
policy level, sshed manage
ce managemeasin level. So thof actors, polic
dates and legis
stitutional devel
d to dissemina
financing like s like PES.
tutional settingsdevelop its ow
d by tools an
October 6, 200
ormal planning lopment plans
stment plans.
d watershed c planning and r basin level is gic river basin management
e base for the the watershed
management s for economic issues, public res, control of se watershed
d management plan of action.
processed and derstanding of during the on-
support of the ement related
ent has been he institutional
cies and plans, slation are still
lopment in the
ate knowledge
governmental
s – no uniform wn institutional
nd information
09,
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Case Study 3
– imple
The context
The approach
Results
3: Watershed
ementation o
managemen
Capacity bof integrated
Ex
Thailand has years. River bof the countryanalyse infor‘basin operatitambon and veither the basfocused on cand not within
Now, a systewatershed leapproach of ridentified witrepresentativeunits elaborattambons in thplanning procnow directly summary pictsocio-econom
The MRC GTSam Mor (knoMae Rongchacapacity buildown strategy
Each pilot harepresented aregional direchis staff, provthe technical plans develop
First, a capaworkshops. Tmanagement operation of tlocal informaWatershed ‘Panalysis of the
• The Workinphase 2 of project. Soplanning.
• Activity stat
t in three pilo
uilding for wwater and la
Experiences f
implementedbasin sub-comy. They have armation to devions plans’. Wovillage provide sin developme
collecting informn a watershed.
em of naturalvel (so a landriver-basin planthin the 25 rie working grouting a ‘plan of ahe annual planncesses. The imassist the admture of the wate
mic plans.
TZ WSM projecown as 5T undang (2T). Thaiding program wplan on RBM.
as a working although not actor of the Depvide the technic
link that takesped by the basi
acity building They covered (knowledge an
the working groation about thPlan of Action’ we main problem
ng groups havf the MRC GTZome tambons
tements’ for ea
ot watersheds
watershed maand resource
from Thailan
a national polmittees where
a clear structurvelop ‘river baorking groups ainformation ab
ent plan or the mation and de
l and water rdscape approanning) is being river basins inup establishedaction’ which caning process, o
mportant point ministrative levershed and its
ct has worked der an MRC riveiland conductewith relevant st
group with 3all members copartment of Wacal support for s these watersin sub-committ
program wasthree modul
nd commitmenoup leading to he watershed was developedms of the water
ve not been abZ project and thave already
ach of the speci
in Thailand:
anagement e manageme
nd
licy for river baestablished in
re and mandatesin developmeat the administbout local prior
higher level pvelopment nee
resource plannch is chosen
g introduced. 25n the country d from local levan then be takeor by the river is that this wa
vel planning prproblems and
in three pilot wer basin classifd a number oftakeholders in
5 to about 60ome to meetinater Resourcesthese working
shed plans inttee.
s undertaken les - awarenent), information
a ‘plan of actioand identifie
d. The watershershed and poss
ble to completthis work will b
y included som
ific actions und
O
lessons from
ent at the loca
asin managemn each of the me. Working groent’ plans andtrative levels prities that are toprovince plans.eds ‘at the adm
ning and assecontrary to the54 watershed u
and each ovel people anden up by provinbasin sub-com
atershed level rocesses by prpriorities that in
watersheds in fication), Nam f consultation the pilot areas
0 members. Ags of the works (DWR) for ea
g groups. The rto the higher l
consisting of ess raising abrelating to the
on’. Then the ged critical issed “Plan of Actisible solutions.
te all this workbe taken up inme issues in
der the ’key iss
October 6, 200
the ground
al level
ment for the lasmain river basinoups collate and accompanyinprovince, districo be included i. This approacministrative un
essment at the administrativunits have bee
of these has d administrativnces, districts ommittees in the
of planning wroviding a cleanfluence annua
Thailand – HuaPhung (3T) anmeetings and s based on the
All tambons arking group. Thach region, anregional DWR ilevel river basi
f meetings anbout watershewatershed, an
groups collecteues. Finally,
tion” contains a
k by the end o phase 3 of ththe local leve
ues’ are made.
09,
st ns nd ng ct, in ch it’
he ve en a
ve or eir will ar al
ai nd
a eir
re he nd is in
nd ed nd ed
a an
of he el
.
P
Le
Page 17
essons Learneed • At the distwatershedswatershed administratidecisions aintroduced the membeadministratisetting. A cl
• A horizontastarted at tbottom up inot work. Pactivities. Eprocess bua critical isshighly partiinvolved – l
trict level, thes. Top down
drainage aretive boundariesat district and so that almosters of the rivtive levels. Herlear information
al planning prthe local level.in addition to t
Participation is eEach watershedt how it is decisue. The watericipative procelimited participa
e river basin planning had
eas as ‘total, s and thus can tambon levels
t a double strucver basin wore watershed pn system is ne
rocess which . So, informatithe river basin essential for thd has a leadinided to involve rshed manageess where all ation means lim
administrative neglected theinterconnectedbe impacted b
s. For this reascture exists forrking groups planning takescessary to link
is necessary ion to higher lstructures. A pe implementati
ng group of offithe broader st
ement plans haagencies and
mited acceptan
O
units are noe importance d resource un
by separate andson, watersher watershed placollect inform
s place in anotboth levels of
for watershelevels of plannpure top down ion of watersheficials to start ttakeholder grouave to be develd key stakeholnce.
October 6, 200
ot identical witof treating th
nits’ that crosd uncoordinated planning waanning becaus
mation at lowether institutionaplanning.
d managemenning is provide
approach doeed managementhis consultatioups will becomloped through lder groups ar
09,
th he ss ed as se er al
nt ed es nt
on me
a re
P
Th
Th
R
Page 18
Case Study 4
The context
The approach
Results
4. Capacity bu
Capacity bui
Pa
uilding for ben
ilding for bene
ayment for Ec
For the last yEcosystem Scommunities means to shawith adjacenPayment for financial incepayments to p
In many Asiahydropower pservices for watershed maquantity. If cchanges to ppayments.
In several Asiand water matheir revenuedevelopment similar legal royalties go blinked to the pbenefit-sharinconstruction oalso a compshortages aftmade in the fo
In the Indian of hydropowethe so-called the treatmentan expert worcapacity buildof payments t
Bhutan: One in Bhutan in 2the water qua
India, Himacimplementatiocourt case. Sthe fee in plaDepartment inabout the usHimachal Prapublished to a
nefit-sharing i
efit sharing in
cosystem Serv
years there haServices as and local bod
are the benefitt local commEcosystem (
ntives to tacklproviders like c
an countries liprojects are plhydropower panagement acommunities inprovide those
ian countries aanagement exes as royaltieupstream in thprovisions for
back to the comprovision of ec
ng scheme becof a hydropowepensation scheter the construorm of projects
state Himachaer stations have
Catchment Art of the catchmrkshop that 30
ding in the comto the local bud
hydropower co2008. The meaantity are not im
chal Pradeshon of the CATo far, the Foresantations protenvests the fee
se of the paid adesh for the Rask for support
in integrated l
integrated lan
vices in the Hi
as been a disca means of
dies which cants from large i
munities are pa(or environmenle scarcity of ecommunities.
like the Mekonlanned. Challeprojects are totivities, to redu
n the catchmeecosystem s
approaches for xist. In Bhutan,es which are he catchment aroyalties from
mmunities via tcosystem serviccause the comer plant e.g. byeme for downuction of a hys.
al Pradesh, a lae to be paid asrea Treatment
ment area of the% of funds go
mmunities. Regudget are also di
ompany has masures for watemplemented du
: The ForesT Plans becausst Department ecting the hydin the best ca
d fee. In springRenukaji Damt for the implem
land and wate
nd and water m
imalayan State
cussion about providing ad
be used for winvestment proayment for ecntal) services ecosystem ser
ng area or thenges related t
o reduce the uce water seasnt area are w
services then
PES institution hydropower c
planned to areas of the ri
m hydropower. the district devces. So the pamunities do noy improved infrnstream commydropower plan
aw claims that s a fee to the F(CAT) Plan. The hydropower pdirectly to the
ular payments iscussed.
made a paymenershed manageue to the lack of
st Departmense the non-imdoesn’t have t
dropower statioase in plantatiog 2009, a ten
m catchment armentation of th
O
er manageme
management
es
the potential dditional revenwatershed ma
ojects like hydrcosystem serv
(PES) schemrvices in water
e Himalayan cto the provisiosediment load
sonality and towilling to undethey shall be
ns in relation tocompanies shabe invested
iver. Nepal andIn Nepal, 10
velopment fundayments can beot necessarily brastructure. Th
munities suffernt. The payme
t 1.5% of the inForest Departmhe fee has to bplant. A proposcommunities ato the commun
nt to the Ministrement to increaf technical exp
t is concernmplementation cthe technical caons from siltations but no trannder of Forest rea in Himachae payments, e
October 6, 200
ent
of Payment fonues for locanagement. Onropower actionvices schemesmes set mainlrsheds by direc
countries, largn of ecosystemd by integrateo increase wateertake land us
rewarded wit
o integrated lanall pay 1.5 % ointo watershe
d Pakistan havper cent of th
d. These are noe regarded as benefit from the payments ar
ring from wateents have to b
nvestment costment as a part obe invested intsal was made iand are used fonities in the form
ry of Agriculturase and sustaiertise.
ned about thcould lead to apacity to invesion. The Fores
nsparency existDepartment o
al Pradesh waspecially for th
09,
or al
ne ns s. ly ct
ge m
ed er se th
nd of ed ve he ot a
he re er be
ts of to in or m
re in
he a st st ts of as he
P
Le
4
Tcag
a
ce
st
g
a
d
Page 19
essons Learne
4. Constrain
4.1. Constr
The case stuconstraint is administrativeguidelines foinstitutional aBeing a crossalso means tbeen set up regulations amanagementcoordination eliminated.
Furthermore,support systethe hierarchihorizontal cobasin planninincreases. Atgroups and ru
If local commassociations Command-anin rural waterdensely popumeans loss o
ed
nts and gaps
raints
udies show thsystemic: A
e levels. Natioor the provinarrangementss-sectoral topthat a complein most coun
and laws andt of water anlike the rive
means of vems. High-levical administordination at ng. As now,t the local levules for the m
munities are for water ma
nd-control aprsheds whichulated areas of livelihood o
payments to b
Nepal: the legKhulekani waRUPES II proservices but rstations pay tdevelopment
• Legal provihydropowerbe investedbenefit-shaprotection f
• The implemthat no con
s
hat constraintlack of hori
onal policies nce and esps for setting upic, it is often ete legal basntries. The exd mandates. nd land relateer basin com
vertical informvel managemtrative systemlower levels land and wvel, user gro
management o
being empoanagement anproaches suc might work with stakeho
ptions for a p
be made to adj
gal provisions atershed, the doject of ICRAF. rather awarenethe royalties to funds.
isions are in plr stations in thed to improve ecring mechanisfrom siltation.
mentation of theclusions can b
ts to integratezontal integrand legislatio
pecially the dup integratednot clear wh
se for Integratxisting sectoraDifferent ageed issues whmmissions is
mation and dment bodies lm of govern. Information water managoups and linkof conflicting i
owered, the nd local govech as mandatin countries wolders with dpart of the pop
jacent commun
for the paymedistrict developThe payments
ess raising prothe central go
lace for paymee Himalayan cocosystem servsm rather than
e legislation hae drawn if this
ed water andration and veon are often ndistrict or locd land and which agencies ted Land andal agencies m
encies mean hich have to
needed whe
data exchangike river basiment in mafrom the wa
gement is coks between winterests have
link betweenernments migtory rules for with a small nifferent intere
pulation e.g. b
nities.
ents to the compment fund funs were not direojects. It is not vernment whic
ents of ecosysountries. The p
vices. This is wn a payment fo
as so far only is an effective
d land managertical inconsnot sufficientlycal levels. Inater policies are responsi
d Water Resomay even hava differentiatbe negotiateere the cons
ge have to bin organisationy Asian cotershed level
onsidered, thwater, forest ae to be establ
n the commught be missin
the protectionumber of keests. In suchby the ban on
O
mmunities are nded local projct investmentsclear whether
ch transfers the
stem services fpayments don’t
why they can befor an ecosyst
started in the pinstitutional me
gement still esistencies bety translated in many casestill have to
ible for settinource Managve created cotion of interesd. Here, a fostraints are
be developedons are neceountries does has to be in
he number oand land manlished.
unity-based og (like in Ind
on of drinkingey players migh areas, a shn grazing. So,
October 6, 200
in place. In thjects during th
s into ecosystemr all hydropoweem to the distric
from royalties ot always have te regarded as tem service lik
pilot projects sechanism.
exist. The matween differento operationes sustainabbe develope
g policies. Thgement has nonflicting rulests in terms orum for polidiscussed an
, e.g. decisioessary becauss not promoncluded in rivof stakeholdenagement us
organisationsia in the pas water sourceght not work
hift of land us participation
09,
he he m er ct
of to a
ke
so
ain ent nal ble ed. his not es, of cy nd
on se
ote ver ers ser
s / st). es in
se is
P
ee
a
e
t
wg
o
t
awc
w
g
oa
5
aca
Page 20
essential to fenvironmentapopulation.
4.2. Gaps
One major gaand enforcemnewly createexcellent watinstitutions fotrue for technmanagers exways of kngovernments
Planning of independentlyother planninhow the privinvolvement othe case stud
Long-term fulocal level, walocal contribu
Regarding caare sufficient watershed excooperation. building phasNow, the supwork with gov
One more cogroup at the lmanagementoptions like inare not comb
5. Discussion
1. Uniform ainstitutional sat different lecountry. This and other spe
ind suitable sal services by
ap is that watement so the sued organisatiotershed manaor the executionical knowled
xist. There arenowledge dis and agencie
large impacy from water
ng documentsate sector coof the privatedy from India s
nding of watatershed mai
utions) have b
apacity buildinand how the
xperience areAt the local
se before the pport focusesvernmental ag
onceptual gaplocal level. Ust. If the focusn India to pro
bined with othe
n and conclu
approaches fsettings and dvels, it is impis an area w
ecific circums
solutions. Posy tourism and
ershed manaustainability oons. The expagement pracon of the prodge: technoloe clear impedssemination, s charged wit
ct economicrshed manages which couldould be invol sector and dshows, howe
tershed manantenance fun
been introduce
ng issues, one up-scaling oe mainstream
level, NGOsproject starts
s on consortiagencies to ma
p lies in equitser groups ms of watersh
oviding ecosyer programs s
usions
for integrateddifferent landsortant to stres
where stage ostances will p
ssible solutiond drinking wa
gement plansof the initiativeperiences froctices is due tgrams are esogical tools adiments to ad
carefully crth the manag
c activities lement. They
d be done bylved in water
developing linver their impl
agement still nds (being finaed in India bu
ne can ask if of the pilot p
med into the ds undertake s. Those NGOa of NGOs anainstream suc
ty. First of allmight be efficie
ed managemstem servicessuch as empl
d land and scapes. Whess that there of developme
play an import
ns are institutater providers
s and rules exes is not sufficm India showto lack of exessential for thand managemdoption of therafted policieement of land
ike hydropowhave to be i
y working grorshed managks with markeementation is
needs a furtanced out of ut it is not clea
and how dorojects can bdesign of procapacity buil
Os are trainednd research ich approache
, equity issueent but not eqment programs, the acceptloyment gene
water manan discussing can be no blu
ent, financial tant part in d
tional arranges to offset op
xist but they laciently ensurew that the gecution of thee success of
ment options ese practiceses, incentived and water re
wer plants integrated intups at the na
gement in rurets in rural ws lacking.
ther developmthe watershear how they h
nor sponsorebe done. In Inojects financeding for comd by WOTR (institutions fo
es.
es have to bequitably distribms shifts awatance of sucheration schem
agement will the roles an
ueprints valid and human retermining w
O
ements such portunity cos
ack implemened. This is espap between
e programs (Wf the program
that are at ts that will reqes and comesources.
are still undto the river-bational level. ral areas. Coatersheds are
ment of instrued developme
ave to be use
ed pilot projecndia, more thed by Germa
mmunities dur(the so-calledor knowledge
e considered buting benefitay from provih programs mmes.
not work dud functions ofor all cases
resources, trawhat is most a
October 6, 200
as payment fsts for the loc
ntation, fundinpecially true findifferent an
Wani 2008). Ss. The same the disposal
quire innovativmmitment fro
dertaken quiasin plans anA major gap
oncepts for the developed a
uments. At thent projects aned.
cts and toolkan 30 years n developmering a capac mother NGOexchange an
within the usts of watersheiding livelihoo
might fall, if the
ue to differeof organisationor all parts ofaditional normappropriate in
09,
for cal
ng for nd So is of ve
om
ite nd is
he as
he nd
its of
ent ity
O). nd
ser ed od ey
ent ns f a ms n a
P
g
t
T
oge
2a
3aa
Tas
sca
4
d
o
tg
5
t
6ew
Page 21
given contextpolicies and negotiation atherefore the
The new appprocess that players identobjectives. Tguidelines anecosystems.
2. In general,above all impinstitutions shprojects).
3. Local instiadministrationand water mmanagement
The integratioas the case sstill a challenknowledge susituation andcommunities and that the a
4. The main involved in thdevelopment is difficult in hoverlapping leresponsibilitieknowledge anlevel planninglinks. River bthe watershegroups.
5. New modinstitutions fothat the legainvolvement o
6. As the casespecially a nwatershed ma
t. Neverthelesprograms. (W
among the sinstitutions a
proach regardepends on ified in the st
The second pnd institutiona
, watershed mplementation hifting from a
tutional moden needs the m
management. t funds or dist
on of watershstudies show.nge. It is impouch as local conditions. Tare organise
approach for w
challenge in his area. As th
assistance chierarchies, begislation. Imes and mandnd local knowg. The experasin organisa
ed manageme
dels for beneor balancing dal provisions fof communitie
se study fromneed to organanagement a
ss, institutionWP 2000) Thtakeholders. re needed for
rds watershedthe participa
takeholder anpolicy option al arrangeme
management beyond pilot
a project to a
els for replicamandate, theInstruments
trict developm
hed resource The involvem
ortant to creatinformal landThe case of
ed, watershedwatershed m
integrated wahe institutionacan be very hbut necessarymportant playe
ates. Verticalwledge. Informience from th
ations at the pent committe
efit sharing lidifferent interefor such benes is crucial.
m India shownise local lev
activities.
al developmehe functions As a result
r their manag
d managemeation of all stanalysis to a s
is to creatents at the su
policies and projects. It ispolicy approa
ation can be e technical ca
for the implement funds wh
planning fromment of womete institutions
d use rules, aIndia shows
d managemenanagement is
atershed manal coordinatiohelpful i.e. as y to integrate ers are river bl coordinationmation from thhe case studiprovincial leveee at the pro
ke paymentsests in land uefit-sharing m
ws, there is avel stakeholde
ent is critical of a river basuch functio
gement.
ent as part oakeholders. Ostakeholder de flexible instub-national / l
plans exist bs necessary ach (or mains
found in the apacity and thementation ohich fund such
m district / pren and institus to incorporaand propose sthat success
nt plans are ss transparent.
nagement is n is a touchy a facilitator oplans of diffe
basin organisan of institutionhe watershedes shows thael for setting t
ovincial / distr
s for environuse have yet mechanisms
a strong needers and comm
to the formulaasin like use ons may vary
of a wider soOne policy opialogue to inttitutions like local level wh
ut need refineto establish astreaming the
MRC countrhe financial mof watershed h activities.
ovincial level utions for the ate or make usimple techno
s factors at thset up, econo.
institutional cissue in man
or even mediarent departmeations at the ns is a two wd level has toat it is possibthe frameworrict level invo
nmental servito be develoexist but the
d for capacitymunity based
O
ation and impof resources
y from basin
ocio-economiption is to invtegrate policiepolicy and i
hich fit into th
ement and coand coordinae experiences
ries or India. means for imp
plans are lo
into local plainvolvement ose of local exologies that rhe local levelomic benefits
coordination. ny cases, the ator. Horizontents, to clearsub-national
way process in be incorpora
ble to establisk exchange inolving catchm
ces at differped. The casy lack implem
y building at organisation
October 6, 200
plementation s depend upon to basin an
c developmevite all relevaes and discusimplementatiohe context an
oordination anate policies ans from the pil
The local levplementing lanocal watershe
ans is essentof the poor, axperiences anreflect the loc are: that loc are generate
Donors can binvolvement
tal coordinatior mandates anlevel with clenvolving expeated into highsh such verticnformation wi
ment area us
ent levels anse study showmentation. Th
the local leves to impleme
09,
of on nd
ent ant ss on nd
nd nd lot
vel nd ed
ial are nd cal cal ed
be of
on nd
ear ert
her cal ith
ser
nd ws he
el, ent
P
ec
t
gt
Page 22
7. The sheerresearch teaknowledge-bapopulation ofhigh-value eentrepreneurscapacity to ebroaden theirtheir skills. Thin preparatiousing budgetgeneration atechnology an
6. Recomme
1. Facilwidel
2. As serecom
3. Reco
4. Prom
5. Creathe p
6. Creaplanswate
r size of the cm from Indiaased entry pf the watershenterprises, inship and a b
effectively impr capacities ahis will requirn and in poss and the eng
and disseminnd informatio
endations
itate regionaly implementa
ector-specificmmended to a
ognise the role• Empowe
take part• Promote
pilot proj• Conduct
watershe• Allocate
plans.
mote vertical a• Horizont
clarify m• Promote• Clarify c
and ecos
te options anprivate sector.
te institutionss because imrshed manag
challenge miga proposed. points and fred at large. Tncome-generabroad-based plement prog
and skills and re a longer imst interventiongagement of nation of tecn accessible
l consensus able solutions
c policies andadapt them to
e of local player local playet in watershed
e adapted sojects at the lot stakeholder ed plans of acbudget for w
and horizontaltal coordinatioandates, role
e two-way vertcoverage of rsystem bound
nd pilots for b
s for capacitymplementatioement.
ght require a “This calls f
rom subsisteThis is being dating activitiecommunity i
grams is addrreach; while
mplementationn support. It specialist serhnology. A bto the waters
on institutios for land and
d guidelines eo the local con
yers: rs like commd manageme
olutions and eocal level.
dialogues at ction. atershed man
l coordinationon is underta
es and rules atical informativer basins adaries.
benefit-sharin
y building at on of succes
more marketfor a shift in ence to gaindone with proes, market linvolvement. ressed. Implecommunities
n period of sealso requires
rvice providerbig improvemhed commun
nal options water resour
exist which antext at the riv
munity-based ont and createexchange ex
the watershe
nagement at
n: aken by wor
and regulationion sharing by
and watershe
g models and
the local levessful pilots is
t-based / busapproach fr
ing tangible oductivity enhnks, public-pMoving forw
ementing ages need to streeven to eight s additional frs. One of thement is neednity” (Wani 200
needed for brces managem
are too generver basin or w
organisationse tangible incexperiences an
ed level for s
the local leve
king groups ns at the differy information d level institu
d develop mo
el to implemes the most
O
siness model rom subsidiseeconomic b
hancement, dprivate partne
ward requires encies need engthen their
years with mfunds and moe weakest aspded in makin08).
better integrament in rural w
ral to be impwatershed lev
s and local adentives for thend knowledge
setting up and
el in existing s
at the nationrent levels, and monitori
utions across
odels for the
ent watershedcritical step
October 6, 200
approach ased activities enefits for thiversification erships, micrthat a lack
to expand aninstitutions an
more time speore flexibility pects lies in thng appropria
ated and mowatersheds.
plemented, it vels.
dministration em. e between th
d implementin
socio-econom
nal level: The
ng systems,s administratio
involvement
d managemein introducin
09,
a to
he to
ro-of nd nd
ent in
he ate
ore
is
to
he
ng
mic
ey
on
of
ent ng
P
Page 23
7. Reference
• G
• FtEM
• HtR
• Ja4A
• JMV
• MRR
• MM
• OmaIAP
• WMWCI
• h
Case study
• Bi
• DH
• KP
• M
• SDSA
es
Global Water P
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Joshi PK, Jha Aand Conditions46. PatancheruArid Tropics. 24
JRP (no year). Maintenance aViet Nam
Molle, F.; HoanRiver Basin, ViResearch Repo
MRC, GTZ, InwManagement in
Orange. D. andmanagement, tand systems. CInstitute VAAS,Agriculture andPDR. Email ad
Wani SP, JoshiMarimuthu S, RWatershed as ComprehensivIndia: Internatio
http://www.fao.
y 1 India
BMZ (2008). Eimplementation
Department of Hariyali to Nee
Kotru, Rajan (nProceedings of
Ministry of Rur
Sreedevi TK, SD’souza.(2008Study of ShektAndhra Prades
Partnership (20
9). Institutional erence. ContacManagement,
@Hawaii.Edu
2005). From theverview of resee University of
AK, Wani Suhas for Success: Au 502 324, And4 pp.
Improvement and Restoration
nh, C. T. (2009)ietnam. Colomort 131)
went, DAAD (2n the Lower Me
d Noble, A. (20to deal with issContribution to , MARD, Hanod Forestry Institddress: a.noble
i PK, Raju KV, Ramakrishna YGrowth Enginee Assessment onal Crops Res
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valuation of then of National Ac
Land Resourceranchal
n.y.) Watershedf the Asian Reg
al Developmen
Suhas P Wani, ). Impact of Wata Watershed. Gsh, India: Intern
000).Integrated
Arrangementsct: Professor of
Department-C
e mountain to tearch conductef Newcastle upo
as P, Sreedevi A Meta-Analysdhra Pradesh, I
of Irrigation Wan of Watershed
). Implementingbo, Sri Lanka:
007) Proceedinekong Basin
009). Technical sues related to FAO e-conferei, Vietnam. Emtute (NAFRI),[email protected]
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