Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than...

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Page 1: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Mr Nelson

Page 2: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.
Page 3: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago.◦ He asked: Could

matter be divided into smaller and smaller pieces forever, or was there a limit to the number of times a piece of matter could be divided?

400 BC

Page 4: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

This piece would be indivisible.

He named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.”

Page 5: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

The eminent philosophers of the time, Aristotle and Plato, had a more respected, theory.

Aristotle and Plato favored the earth, fire, air and water approach to the nature of matter.

Page 6: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

In the early 1800s, English Chemist John Dalton performed experiments that verified the existence of atoms.

Page 7: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

1803

Dalton’s Model was that atoms are indivisible particles.

Page 8: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

All matter is composed of atoms.

Atoms of the same element are exactly alike.◦ Atoms of different elements are different.

Atoms are indestructible and cannot be divided.

Page 9: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

In 1897, the English scientist J.J. Thomson proved the atom is made of even smaller particles.

Page 10: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Thomson studied the Cathode Ray Tube.

As the current passed through the gas, it gave off rays of negatively charged particles.

Page 11: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

the atoms of the gas were uncharged.

Where had the negative charges come from?

Where did they come from?

Page 12: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Thomson concluded that the negative charges came from within the atom.

Thomson called the negatively charged electrons.

Since the gas was known to be neutral, he reasoned that there must be positively charged particles in the atom.

But he could never find them.

Page 13: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

“Plum Pudding” model.

Atoms were made from a positively charged substance with negatively charged electrons scattered around

Page 14: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

In 1908

English physicist Ernest Rutherford, began work on his gold foil experiment.

Page 15: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Rutherford was trying to verify Thomson’s model.

He expected positively charged particles to go straight through a piece of very thin gold.

Page 16: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Most particles passed straight through the gold foil

A small percentage of particles were deflected at large angles or returned to the source

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/rutherford/

Page 17: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.
Page 18: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

There are 2 reasons alpha particles deflected

◦Density of the nucleus

◦Repelling charges

Page 19: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

An atom has ◦ a small, dense, positively charged center that

repelled the positively charged particles.

Named the center of the atom the “nucleus”

The nucleus is tiny compared to the atom as a whole.◦ The atom is mostly empty space

Page 20: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

An atom’s positively charged particles were contained in the nucleus.

The negatively charged particles were scattered outside the nucleus around the atom’s edge.

Page 21: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Was a Jewish Scientist in Copenhagen during the onset of WWII

Hitler was interested in his research of the atom.

He was moved to the US to protect his knowledge.

Page 22: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Electrons travelled in a specific orbit at a certain distance from the nucleus called an energy level

Worked well for Hydrogen and Helium

Page 23: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

In this unit we need to be familiar with this type of symbol

Page 24: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Includes an element name a ‘-’ and a number◦ Example: Sulfur – 32◦ This sulfur atom has an atomic mass of 32◦ Since Sulfur has ______ protons & electrons◦ It also has ______ neutrons

Page 25: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Particle Symbol Charge Mass (amu) Location

Proton

Neutron

Electron

Page 26: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Calculate the average atomic mass of magnesium given the following information:

Mg, mass = 23.98 amu; percent abundance = 78.99%

Mg, mass = 24.98 amu; percent abundance = 10.00%

Mg, mass = 25.98 amu; percent abundance = 11.01%

Page 27: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Electrons are a HUGE deal in chemistry

Responsible for light, color & chem reactions

Page 28: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.
Page 29: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Electrons in atoms:◦when an atom absorbs energy - electrons jump to higher energy levels.

◦An “EXCITED” electron jumps from its ground state to a higher energy level.

◦When the electron returns it releases the same amount of energy that it absorbed.

Page 30: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.
Page 31: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Light is released as photons as electrons return from different energy levels.

Some of the photons are visible light◦ Balmer Series

Page 32: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.
Page 33: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Wave

Particle

Page 34: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.
Page 35: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Hydrogen

Mercury

Argon

Helium

Page 36: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

How many wavelengths are represented in each figure below?

Page 37: Mr Nelson. The Greek philosopher Democritus began the search for a description of matter more than 2400 years ago. He asked: Could matter be divided.

Red Light

Violet Light

• Low frequency

• Long wavelength

• High frequency

•Short wavelength

nm = 1 x 10-9 m


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