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2

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World War IIUp to and including 1939

• Treaty of Versailles • Punishes Germany with reparations, extreme

poverty causes resentment to Great Britain and France. Opens the door for a radical leader. Hitler = totalitarian.

• Uses Jews as scapegoat for all of Germany’s woes. Social Democrats in power prior to Hitler composed of many Jews, and blamed for Germany’s conditions.

4

Aggression: Mussolini and Hitler

• Italy-expands into Albania and Ethiopia, already possesses Libya, Eritrea, and Somaliland, Sardinia, Sicily

• Germany- Saar (1935)Rhineland(1936) Sudetenland(1938), Austria(1938), Czechoslovakia(1939) and Poland(1939)

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Japanese Aggression: Hirohito• In September of 1931, Japan

invades and takes over Manchuria, in northern China.

• The move was a violation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 (signed by Japan)

• Despite cries of protest from China, the League of Nations accepted Japan’s reasoning of self-defense for the aggression.

• US reaction- ends arms agreement

• Japanese look at end of pact as threat to national security….OIL involved.

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HITLER’S HITLER’S WWII WWII PARTNERSPARTNERS

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Brazil

India

THE ALLIED THE ALLIED POWERSPOWERS

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US and Isolationism• Isolationism-remaining out of

foreign affairs.• Patch up relations with Latin

America• Tydings-McDuffie Act gives

independence to Phillipines (to not upset JP)

• Neutrality Act of 1936 -stops sending arms to nations at war

• US refuses to join the World Court in the League of Nations

• Neutrality Act of 1937 -changes arms sales to “cash and carry”

We are We are not not

looking to looking to fight!fight!

10

When cautioned not to anger European powers, Hitler responded:

Sadly, Hitler was right. Not only Europe, but the world responded much to late to the aggression and violence of Hitler. The “isolationist” and “neutral” attitude of the world led to the deaths of millions and a full scale world war that may have been prevented.

“They’ll never act. They’ll just protest. And they will always

be too late.”

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The Painful Lesson• Great Britain, France, Italy, and Germany meet in

Munich on September 28, 1938.• Hitler has been aggressive in taking land west of

Germany• GB and FR try to appease Hitler by agreeing to the

dismembering of democratic Czechoslovakia, in hopes that Hitler would cease.

• “agreement” is a failure.• Hitler invades the “demilitarized” Czechoslovakia and

promptly breaks Munich Pact• By the end of 1939 both Hitler and Mussolini had

conquered more territory in Europe and made plans for further wars.

• Becomes famous as the “Lesson of Munich”

12

Troubling Agreements

• In order to continue on his quest to dominate Europe, Hitler knew he must avoid war with the Soviet Union.

• Hitler and Stalin (Soviet Union) sign Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1939

• GE gets western Poland (prevents 2-sided war)

• SU gets eastern Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bessarabia (creates buffer against GE invasion)

• What is the overwhelming consequence of European appeasement to both Hitler and Mussolini?

Why does Russia sign this non-aggressive pact

with Germany?

13

September 1st, 1939 Germany invades Poland officially

beginning World War II

• On September 1, 1939 Hitler launched a full-scale invasion of Poland.

• Britain and France declared war on Germany and WWII had begun.

• Germany and the Soviet Union divided Poland into two zones.

• One month later Germany invaded France

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HITLER INVADES POLAND:SEPTEMBER 1, 1939

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MILITARY UNIT GERMANY POLAND

INFANTRYDIVISIONS

46 38MOTORIZEDDIVISIONS

4 ¾ 11 CALVALRYBRIGADES(HORSES)

TANK DIVISIONS 7 NONETANKS 3200 600

BOMBERS 1176 146FIGHTERS 771 315

OTHER PLANES 1337 381

MILITARY STRENGTH COMPARSION BETWEEN GERMANY AND POLAND IN 1939

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US reaction to Europe

• FDR passes Neutrality Act of 1939- repealing arms embargo.

• Neutrality becomes heavily debated in the United States.

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World War II

1940German Victories• April 9, 1940- Germans

ended their lull in fighting by taking over all of Denmark in a matter of HOURS!

• May-June, 1940- Germany invaded and captured Belgium, the Netherlands and France. Although there was some resistance from British and French forces, they were no match for the Nazi army.

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Who’s Next?Who’s Next?BritainBritain

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Changing of the Guard• Britain now stood alone.

Chamberlain resigned and Winston Churchill became prime minister. Churchill would have nothing to do with appeasement. He promised to stand up to German and Italian aggression no matter what the cost!

• With a new prime minister acting in Britain, public opinion began to shift in the United States. The Congress allocated over $17 billion to Great Britain and made a deal with Britain to provide them with destroyers.

What made Churchill different from other leaders around the world at this time?

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A Third Term for Roosevelt

• Americans were surprised that Roosevelt decided to run for a third term and break the tradition begun by George Washington. He gave two reasons for running again: experienced leadership and knowledge of European leaders. Although he faced opposition early on, he won the Democratic nomination and won the election with 54% of the popular vote.

What are the possible negative outcomes of breaking such a long tradition? Do you think FDR should have run for a third

term? Why or Why not?

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World War II1941

• Speaking to the World• January 6, 1941-Four Freedoms

Speech • FDR’s Four Freedoms to be guaranteed

to the entire world.1.Speech2.Religion3.Want4.Fear

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“…Since the beginning of our American history, we have been engaged in change -- in a perpetual peaceful revolution -- a revolution which goes on steadily, quietly adjusting itself to changing conditions -- without the concentration camp or the quick-lime in the ditch. The world order which we seek is the cooperation of free countries, working together in a friendly, civilized society…”-FDR

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End To Isolationism• Lend-Lease Act (1941)- This act allowed Roosevelt to

desert “neutrality” to provide war materials to any country whose security he deemed vital to the defense of the US.

• Roosevelt acted immediately to provide materials to Britain and Russia (Germany had attacked Russia by surprise in June 1941, breaking their non-aggression pact)

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Supplies across the Atlantic

• Getting Lend-Lease materials across the Atlantic proved to be a difficult task. German submarines or U-Boats sank many supply ships.

• By July 1941, Roosevelt announced that US and British warships would accompany freight ships to help materials cross the ocean. At first Germany did not respond, but by October 1941 they had attacked two American destroyers.

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27

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THE ROBIN MOOR WAS CLEARLY MARKED AS A MERCHANT VESSEL FROM THE

USA

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• Although the US had not declared war on any nation, it moved steadily closer to siding with Britain.

• Churchill and Roosevelt met in August 1941 and made a joint statement known as the Atlantic Charter. In this statement they agreed that neither nation would seek territorial gains and proposed that all aggressing dictators be disarmed. This dramatically changed a long lasting US foreign policy.

Alliance with Britain

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Convoys increased the merchant ships chances of surviving the ocean voyage

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AREA OF GREATEST DANGER FOR ALLIED AREA OF GREATEST DANGER FOR ALLIED MERCHANT SHIPSMERCHANT SHIPS

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Embargo Against JapanJapan continued its aggression

against China causing relations to erode with the US

Japan joined Germany and Italy in an anti-Soviet treaty.

Despite US warnings to stay out of Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) Japan took control of

the Asian territory.

• Japan wanted the US to stop sending aid to China, and restore trade with Japan. Diplomatic talks in November 1941 failed, and during the meetings, Japan planned an attack on the United States.

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Pearl Harbor at a Glance• On December 7, 1941

at 7:55 AM, Japanese bombers attacked the US fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

•The surprise attack

destroyed 18 warships, 188 aircraft and killed 2,403 servicemen

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35

36

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World War II1942

38

Pacific Dominance• The Japanese, after Pearl Harbor, showed naval

superiority by crushing enemy fleets and dominating islands of the South Pacific. The Battle of the Coral Sea positioned enemies out of sight from one another, the first battle of its kind in history. The island of Midway was crucial in the strategy of Japan providing a point from which to bomb Pearl Harbor, making the US base useless.

• Because of advantageous decoding by the US, Japan suffered severe damage in the Battle of Midway. The United States navy finally turned the tide in the naval struggle in the war by sinking four of Japan’s best carriers and downing many aircraft. The US victory saved Midway, Samoa, and Fiji from Japanese control.

BATTLE OF THE CORAL SEA MAY 7-8, 1942

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MIDWAY MIDWAY ISLANDISLAND

MIDWAY UNDER MIDWAY UNDER ATTACKATTACK

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US CARRIER DIVE BOMBERS PREPARE TO STRIKE JAPANESE CARRIERS AT MIDWAY

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JAPANESE SHIPS SINKING AFTER ATTACKS BY US DIVE BOMBERS

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USS Enterprise Aircraft carrier USS Enterprise Aircraft carrier (not at Pearl Harbor during the attack)(not at Pearl Harbor during the attack)

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MILITARY JAPAN ALLIED(US, BRITAIN,

NETHERLANDS)BATTLESHIPS 10 10

CARRIERS 11 3CRUISERS 41 37

DESTROYERS 129 93SUBMARINES 67 70

ARMY DIVISIONS 51 14

AIRPLANES 4300 1000

MILITARY STRENGTH AT THE START OF THE WAR IN THE MILITARY STRENGTH AT THE START OF THE WAR IN THE PACIFICPACIFIC Numbers do not include Allied military forces elsewhere in the

world

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Stepping stone to the Philippines

• Guadalcanal, one of the Solomon islands, was crucial in allowing Allies access to the Philippines and eventually a Japanese invasion.

• Hand to hand, jungle combat was a true test for US Marines who had lost the support of supply ships.

• The 20,000 Marines finally defeated the Japanese in a hard fought battle in February 1943, and effectively halted the Japanese island advancements.

46

North Africa • November 8th- Operation Torch was the name given to a

large allied operation landing in North Africa to follow up the British hold on Axis troops in Egypt.

• General Patton led the allies across the northern coast of Africa to support the fight against the fierce General Erwin Rommel, the “desert fox.”

• The eventual dismantling of Rommel’s Afrika Corps led the Vichy French to side with the Allies and sent a strong message to Hitler.

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GERMAN GENERAL ROMMEL KNOWN AS THE “DESERT FOX” FOR HIS BRILLIANT GENERALSHIP IN NORTH AFRICA

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What were the Japanese trying to accomplish by establishing Pacific dominance?

What is the importance of halting Rommel in North Africa?

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World War II1943

• "The defenders of the city used to say that the streets, avenues and

parks near the Volga became slippery from blood, and that the Germans

slipped down to their doom." • General Chuikov

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Hitler’s Eastern Front• Though the early stages of World War II focused on

Western Europe, Hitler had diverted his attention to Russia by 1941.  The battle of Stalingrad was fought from August1942 to February of 1943.  Against the advice of his generals, Hitler attacked the Russian city. 

• German armies surrounded the city and so the Russians were trapped and would remain so for several months.  When reinforcements arrived for the Soviets, they surrounded the Germans and forced them to surrender. 

• The battle of Stalingrad not only destroyed much of the German army, but also ended their offensive in Russia and ultimately resulted in Germany’s defeat.

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OPERATION BARBAROSSAOPERATION BARBAROSSA

Operation Barbarossa was a three pronged invasion of the Soviet Union. The goal was to seize all of the USSR up to the Ural Mountains including the major cities of Odessa, Kiev,

Moscow, Leningrad and Stalingrad.

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Stalingrad• The battle of Stalingrad was arguably the

largest single battle in human history. It raged for 199 days. Numbers of casualties are difficult to compile owing to the vast scope of the battle and the fact the Soviet government didn't allow estimates to be run for fear the cost would have proven too high.

• In all, a total of anywhere from 1.7 million to 2 million Axis and Soviet casualties resulted from the battle, making it by far the largest in human history.

StalingradStalingrad

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54

55

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•Allied troops caught up to Axis forces in Tunisia (North Africa) and forced German General von Arnin to surrender.

•In securing North Africa, the Mediterranean would be open for British/ Allied supplies. • •An allied plan to invade Italy was unfolding, meanwhile, within Italy, Mussolini was replaced by a new government despite reinforced Nazi contol.

Afrika Lost

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THE END IN NORTH AFRICA: GERMAN TROOPS SURRENDERING TO ALLIED FORCES

ROMMEL AND HIS AFRIKA CORPS WAS TRAPPED

BETWEEN THE BRITISH AND AMERICAN FORCES AND AFTER HEAVY FIGHTING

DESTROYED IN MAY OF 1943.

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World War II1944

59

As an invasion of southern Italy pushed back Axis forces, a large Allied attack was planned to hit Nazi-controlled

France by crossing the English Channel.

Crossing the English Channel

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Expecting a large attack at Calais, the narrowest crossing, Hitler held off his many armored divisions from a counter attack around the beaches of Normandy.“D-Day” the name given to the exact day of any military movement, was the largest single attack plan in history.

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SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER GENERAL EISENHOWER SPEAKS WITH PARATROOPERS JUST BEFORE THEY EMBARK TO JUMP INTO

NAZI OCCUPIED FRANCE

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THOUSANDS OF ALLIED SOLDIERS ENTERED BATTLE

FROM THE AIR

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THOUSANDS OF TROOPS ARRIVED

IN FRANCE ON TOWED GLIDERS. MANY CRASHED, KILLING THEIR PILOTS AND

PASSENGERS.

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CARGO SHIPS BEING UNLOADED ON THE INVASION

BEACHES TO SUPPLY THE

INVADING ARMIES

•A total of 600 warships, 400 small crafts, 176,000 troops, and an air assault of 11,000 planes stormed the beaches of Normandy,

France.

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Despite a treacherous initial landing, the

Allies managed to land 326,000 men, 50,000 vehicles, and 100,000 tons of supplies in just

one week.

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The invasion of Normandy lasted from

June 6 to July 24, followed by a large

attack by US General Patton, General A.M.

Patch, and the French Forces of the Interior

(FFI). Paris was liberated by August and by

October, the Germans were out of France.

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1. Why was the D-Day important to the war?

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Four Terms for FDR• Based upon FDR’s experience and

leadership, the nation gave the President a victory in seeking his fourth term for President in a decisive 432 to 99 electoral vote. Being that the tide was turning in the war, the economy was revitalized, and American prosperity seemed sure to return, FDR gained a secure victory.

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World War II1945• Holding Bastogne

• In December of 1944, the Germans tried to break through the Allied defenses to invade France. The defense perimeter at the point of attack, near Bastogne was weak and poorly supported.

• Dense forests and bad weather gave the Nazis an advantage, and allowed their Panzer armor division to penetrate 60 miles into the Allied perimeter- causing a “bulge” in the line.

• After refusing to surrender while surrounded, the US troops of the 101st Airborne division held off the Germans until back-up arrived.

• The Germans were then pushed back to the original Siegfried line. The Battle of the Bulge was the largest ground battle of the war and took over 120,000 German lives.

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THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A SURPRISE ATTACK THROUGH THE ARDENNES FOREST THAT CAUGHT THE US ARMY UNPREPARED. .

THE FIGHTING LASTED FROM DECEMBER 16TH TO FEBRUARY 9TH 1945

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DEAD US SOLDIERS WHO WERE DEAD US SOLDIERS WHO WERE MURDERED BY GERMAN TROOPS MURDERED BY GERMAN TROOPS

AFTER SURRENDERING AFTER SURRENDERING

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AMERICANS CAPTURED IN THE

BATTLE OF THE BULGE

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The Big Three• In February of 1945, the Great Britain’s Winston

Churchill, Soviet Union’s Josef Stalin, and FDR met at Yalta to discuss the war and possible post-war measures.

• Stalin, claiming the largest casualties of the war were Soviet, cleverly requested the lion’s share. The Soviet leader demanded Poland, and half of all German reparations and promised to declare war on Japan, and join the newly formed United Nations.

• In return for these promises, Stalin would get some Japanese islands and the large area of Outer Mongolia. He vowed to allow the eastern European countries of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria to elect their own governments.

• FDR and Churchill left the conference with a handful of promises and not much else.

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FDR HAS OFTEN BEEN ACCUSED OF SELLING OUT TO STALIN BUT BOTH FDR AND CHURCHILL KNEW

WHILE THEY HAD 4 MILLION SOLDIERS STALIN HAD AN ARMY OF OVER 12 MILLION MEN.

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Battle for Berlin• Joseph Stalin had effectively ordered his

two leading generals - Zhukov and Konev - to race to the German capital.

• With such a huge advantage in manpower and equipment, getting to the actual capital was relatively easy in that the Germans were constantly retreating whereas the Russians had the advantage of forward momentum.

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US TROOPS ENTER

GERMANY FROM THE WEST

WHILE RUSSIAN SOLDIERS

ATTACK FROM THE EAST.

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Battle for Berlin• Despite the obvious hopelessness of the situation, Hitler

still planned to direct the defense of the city himself putting his faith in the German 12th Army that had withdrawn from the western front.  

• Casualty figures on both sides were high. The Russians lost 80,000 men killed and 275,000 wounded or missing in the lead up to the battle and in the battle itself. Two thousand Russian tanks were destroyed. 150,000 Germans were killed during the battle. The Russians simply destroyed a complete building if they had been fired on from somewhere within that building. However, the city could not last out for long and on May 2nd 1945, Berlin surrendered to the Russians and the war in Europe all but ended. Germany unconditionally surrendered on May 7th. 

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Battle for Berlin• Over two million artillery shells were fired into

Berlin and the surrounding area in three weeks and 1 million Russian infantry troops took part in the assault on the city. Russia's vast tank superiority counted for little in the debris ridden streets of Berlin. The Germans who fought there were issued with portable anti-tank weaponry and could use hit-and-run tactics against Russian tanks. Areas had to be taken street by street and building by building.

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US AND SOVIET SOLDIERS GREET EACH OTHER AT TORGAU, GERMANY

IN APRIL OF 1945.

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RUSSIAN ARMIES SURROUND BERLIN. THE BATTLE LASTED FROM APRIL 16TH TO MAY 2ND 1945.

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German Surrender• Hitler decided to await the end in Berlin, where

he could still manipulate what was left of the command apparatus. Most of his political and military associates chose to leave the capital for places in north and south Germany likely to be out of the Soviet reach.

• Hitler committed suicide in his Berlin bunker.• As his last significant official act, he named

Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz to succeed him as chief of state.Doenitz, who had been loyal to Hitler, had no course open to him other than surrender.

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Hitler commits suicide as the Russians approach his underground bunker in Berlin

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German Surrender• His representative, General Alfred Jodl, signed

an unconditional surrender of all German armed forces at Eisenhower's headquarters in Reims early on May 7, 1945.

• By then the German forces in Italy had already surrendered (on May 2), as had those in Holland, north Germany, and Denmark (May 4).

• The U.S. and British governments declared May 8 V-E (Victory in Europe) Day

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World War II1945

• The Fight for the Pacific Island• A two-year fight for dominance in the Pacific (1943-

1945) proved costly for many American soldiers. Heavy losses mounted for American troops in their missions to fight the fierce Japanese for island control in the South Pacific. With eventual victories on Tarawa, Kwajalein, Saipan, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa, victory soon become attainable.

• The leap-frogging General MacArthur made his way toward the Philippines by way of Leyte Island. There on Leyte Island the Japanese made their last significant naval defense, and consequently lost their sea power in a stunning defeat.

• With the Japanese navy out of the war, the Americans charged into the Philippines to oust the remaining Japanese forces. After the Japanese surrender in Manila on March 9th, MacArthur declared the nation restored. s

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Death of FDR• With the war raging, FDR became run

down in his fourth term. He traveled to his therapy center in Georgia to rest, and on April 12, 1945 a blood vessel burst in the president’s brain causing his death. America was devastated and mourned the lost of a true American President. Harry Truman would now face the crucial decisions of a wartime President.

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Atomic Power• Since 1942, the United States had been conducting

experiments on splitting the atom, thus creating a new source of tremendous power. The so-called “Manhattan Project” under the supervision of scientist Enrico Fermi, had successfully created the capability of atomic weaponry, and on July 16, 1945 tested the weapon at Alamogordo, New Mexico. By the time the bomb was ready to use the Italians, and Germans surrendered, leaving the Japanese as the lone possible targets of atomic devastation. After a refusal to the warning of, “the alternative to surrender is prompt and utter destruction,” the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Three days later another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. On August 14, 1945 the Japanese surrendered.

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MODEL OF “LITTLE BOY” ATOMIC BOMB

CREW OF THE ENOLA GAY THE PLANE

THAT DROPPED THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB

ON JAPAN

ENOLA GAY, PLANE THAT DROPPED THE BOMB

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THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB WAS

DROPPED ON THE CITY OF HIROSHIMA

AUGUST 6TH, 1945, 70,000 KILLED AND EVEN MORE

WOUNDED

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A second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki

and the Japanese surrendered

AUGUST 9TH, 40,000 KILLED

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VJ DAY, AUGUST 14, 1945 WORLD WAR II ENDS

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WW II DEATHS PER COUNTRY