Mr. Craddock January 21, 2010 Mr. Craddock January 21, 2010.

Mr. CraddockMr. Craddock

January 21, 2010January 21, 2010

Mr. CraddockMr. Craddock

January 21, 2010January 21, 2010

The Factors of The Factors of ProductionProduction• Land- Not only includes land but alsoLand- Not only includes land but also

Natural resources-Natural resources- Flowing Rivers for the power needed to Flowing Rivers for the power needed to

power the early machinerypower the early machinery Coal needed to power the factories, and Coal needed to power the factories, and

later to provide power for machinerylater to provide power for machinery Iron Ore used to make the machines and Iron Ore used to make the machines and

later used to make steel productslater used to make steel products• Labor- The workers needed for the Labor- The workers needed for the

factories to factories to • Capital- The money need to invest in Capital- The money need to invest in

the growth of industrythe growth of industry

The Enclosure Movement

The Enclosure Movement

FOUNDATIONS OF FOUNDATIONS OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATIONFOUNDATIONS OF FOUNDATIONS OF

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION• James Watt's steam engine, 1765 James Watt's steam engine, 1765

– Burned coal, which drove a piston, which turned a Burned coal, which drove a piston, which turned a wheel wheel

– Widespread use by 1800 meant increased Widespread use by 1800 meant increased productivity, cheaper pricesproductivity, cheaper prices

• Iron and steel also important industries, with continual Iron and steel also important industries, with continual refinement refinement – Coke (purified coal) replaced charcoal as principal Coke (purified coal) replaced charcoal as principal

fuel fuel – Bessemer converter (1856) made cheaper, stronger Bessemer converter (1856) made cheaper, stronger

steelsteel• Transportation improved with steam engines and Transportation improved with steam engines and

improved steel improved steel – George Stephenson invented the first steam-George Stephenson invented the first steam-

powered locomotive, 1815 powered locomotive, 1815 – Steamships began to replace sailing ships in the Steamships began to replace sailing ships in the

mid-nineteenth century mid-nineteenth century – Railroads and steamships lowered transportation Railroads and steamships lowered transportation

costs costs – Created dense transportation networksCreated dense transportation networks

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

The Power LoomThe Power Loom

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”

Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital investmentRequires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England


18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

FOUNDATIONS OF FOUNDATIONS OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATIONFOUNDATIONS OF FOUNDATIONS OF

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION• Coal critical to the early industrialization of Britain Coal critical to the early industrialization of Britain

– Shift from wood to coal in 18Shift from wood to coal in 18THTH century; deforestation century; deforestation caused wood shortages caused wood shortages

– Abundant, accessible coal reserves in BritainAbundant, accessible coal reserves in Britain• Overseas colonies provided raw materials, capital Overseas colonies provided raw materials, capital

– Plantations in the Americas provided sugar and cotton Plantations in the Americas provided sugar and cotton – Colonies also became markets for British manufactured Colonies also became markets for British manufactured

goods goods – Grain, timber, and beef shipped from United States to Grain, timber, and beef shipped from United States to

Britain after 1830Britain after 1830– Profits from sugar funded banks, provided investment Profits from sugar funded banks, provided investment

capitalcapital• Demand for cheap cotton spurred mechanization of cotton Demand for cheap cotton spurred mechanization of cotton

industry industry – Eli Whitney invented cotton gin, allowing huge amounts of Eli Whitney invented cotton gin, allowing huge amounts of

cotton to be processedcotton to be processed– John Kay invented the flying shuttle, 1733 John Kay invented the flying shuttle, 1733 – Samuel Compton invented the spinning "mule," 1779 Samuel Compton invented the spinning "mule," 1779 – Edmund Cartwright invented a water-driven power loom, Edmund Cartwright invented a water-driven power loom,

17851785

James Watt’s Steam Engine

James Watt’s Steam Engine

An Early Steam Locomotive

An Early Steam Locomotive

Coalfields &

Industrial Areas

Coalfields &

Industrial Areas

Metals, Woolens, &

Canals

Metals, Woolens, &

Canals

18001 ton of coal

50,000 miners

1850 30 tons200,000 miners

1880160 million tons

500,000 miners

1914292 million tons

1,200,000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child “hurriers”

Child “hurriers”

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

Coal more powerful than waterIron more powerful than woodInnovations make steel feasible * “Puddling” [1820] –pig iron * “Hot blast” [1829] –

cheaper, purer steel * Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel

SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONSPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONSPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONSPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• British industrial monopolyBritish industrial monopoly– 1750 to 18001750 to 1800– Forbade immigration of skilled workers Forbade immigration of skilled workers

• Belgium, France Belgium, France – Moved toward industrialization by mid-nineteenth Moved toward industrialization by mid-nineteenth

centurycentury– Belgium was first as it most resembled England, Belgium was first as it most resembled England,

closest ports closest ports • GermanyGermany

– Coal and iron ore deposits led to heavy industry, Coal and iron ore deposits led to heavy industry, arms, shippingarms, shipping

– Built railroads to move German army around, Built railroads to move German army around, benefiting commercebenefiting commerce

– Rails required steel, coalRails required steel, coal– Eventually developed chemicals, electrical industriesEventually developed chemicals, electrical industries

SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONSPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• The United StatesThe United States– Slow to start: few laborers, little capital Slow to start: few laborers, little capital – Cotton and Textiles began revolutionCotton and Textiles began revolution

• British craftsmen started cotton textile British craftsmen started cotton textile industry in New England, 1820sindustry in New England, 1820s

• Southern cotton was going to England, Southern cotton was going to England, diverted to New England factoriesdiverted to New England factories

• New England most resembled Old England New England most resembled Old England conditions conditions

– Civil War led to explosion of steel, iron, Civil War led to explosion of steel, iron, armaments, clothing, food productionarmaments, clothing, food production

– Rail networks developed in 1860sRail networks developed in 1860s• Integrated various regions of United StatesIntegrated various regions of United States• Facilitated export markets, development of Facilitated export markets, development of

portsports– Developed electrical, transportation industriesDeveloped electrical, transportation industries

RESULTS OF RESULTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

RESULTS OF RESULTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

Economic ResultsEconomic ResultsEconomic ResultsEconomic Results

• Factory system-Factory system- factory replaced factory replaced home (the domestic home (the domestic system) as center system) as center of production of production

• Factory system- Factory system- Workers brought Workers brought together in one together in one location to build a location to build a productproduct


• Mass productionMass production– Division of laborDivision of labor--one worker --one worker

performs only one operationperforms only one operation– StandardizationStandardization---- interchangeable parts- Eli interchangeable parts- Eli

Whitney and the cotton ginWhitney and the cotton gin– Assembly lineAssembly line--product moves along --product moves along

moving belt to workers- Henry Ford used it moving belt to workers- Henry Ford used it to build the first mass produced to build the first mass produced automobile, the Ford Model T (“You can automobile, the Ford Model T (“You can have it in any color you want so long as it have it in any color you want so long as it is black.”)is black.”)

Economic ResultsEconomic ResultsEconomic ResultsEconomic Results• Mass productionMass production (cont’d.) (cont’d.)

–AdvantagesAdvantages• Efficient use of workers and machinesEfficient use of workers and machines• Economical use of raw materialsEconomical use of raw materials• Faster output of more goods at lower Faster output of more goods at lower

costcost

–DisadvantagesDisadvantages• Workers perform monotonous, Workers perform monotonous,

repetitious tasksrepetitious tasks• Creativity is stifledCreativity is stifled• Similar products push society into Similar products push society into

uniformityuniformity


• Modern capitalismModern capitalism– Entrepreneurs devised system for Entrepreneurs devised system for

financing, production, and tradefinancing, production, and trade– Adam Smith led push to end mercantilism Adam Smith led push to end mercantilism

(government restrictions on production (government restrictions on production and trade)and trade)• Wrote Wrote The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations- called for - called for

governments not to regulate business governments not to regulate business practices- practices- Laissez-faireLaissez-faire

• Free Market economics would bring about Free Market economics would bring about competition and self-regulationcompetition and self-regulation

• Promoted economic self-interestPromoted economic self-interest

Economic ResultsEconomic ResultsEconomic ResultsEconomic Results• Modern capitalismModern capitalism (cont’d.) (cont’d.)

– Laissez-faireLaissez-faire included(s) included(s)• Private ownershipPrivate ownership• Free enterpriseFree enterprise• Profit motiveProfit motive• CompetitionCompetition• Market economyMarket economy

• Late 19th century Late 19th century growth of biggrowth of big businessbusiness and international economic interdependence

• Higher living standardsHigher living standards began to occur as government intervention and regulations took place

Social ResultsSocial ResultsSocial ResultsSocial Results

• Labor discontentLabor discontent– Wages-lowWages-low– Hours-longHours-long– Children (5+) and Children (5+) and women held women held

industrial jobsindustrial jobs– Factories-unsanitary/unsafeFactories-unsanitary/unsafe

• Technological Technological unemploymentunemployment

Social ResultsSocial ResultsSocial ResultsSocial Results

• Growth of citiesGrowth of cities– Jobs lured people to citiesJobs lured people to cities– Eventually social and Eventually social and

cultural opportunities began cultural opportunities began to appear for the wealthy to appear for the wealthy

– Better transportation Better transportation allowed easier movement allowed easier movement of people and goodsof people and goods

– Cities suffered from poor Cities suffered from poor sanitation, overcrowding, sanitation, overcrowding, and pollutionand pollution

Industrial Staffordshire

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of PollutionProblems of Pollution

The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

SocialismSocialismSocialismSocialism

• Early types Early types – Utopian Socialists Utopian Socialists

• Capitalists would voluntarily end Capitalists would voluntarily end capitalism when they saw merits capitalism when they saw merits of socialismof socialism

– Scientific SocialistsScientific Socialists• Capitalism would destroy itselfCapitalism would destroy itself• Karl Marx, a German economist, wrote Karl Marx, a German economist, wrote

The Communist ManifestoThe Communist Manifesto• Said working class, which was being Said working class, which was being

exploited, would rise up and overthrow exploited, would rise up and overthrow the present systemthe present system

The Luddites: 1811-1816 The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The LudditesThe Luddites

Political ResultsPolitical ResultsPolitical ResultsPolitical Results• Growth of democracyGrowth of democracy

–Rise of middle classesRise of middle classes

• Grew in number and wealthGrew in number and wealth

• Desired political influenceDesired political influence

–Battle for democracy led to:Battle for democracy led to:

• Extension of suffrageExtension of suffrage

• Rise of new political partiesRise of new political parties

–Mass media informed citizenryMass media informed citizenry

Government Response

Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the coloniesAbolition of slavery in the colonies

in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].k Sadler Commission-Sadler Commission- to look into to look into

working conditionsworking conditions Factory Act [1833] – child labor under Factory Act [1833] – child labor under

the age of 9 was stoppedthe age of 9 was stoppedk New Poor Law [1834]New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. – indoor relief.

Poor houses.Poor houses.k Reform Bill [1832]Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the – broadens the

vote for the middle class. Working vote for the middle class. Working class did not receive vote until class did not receive vote until 1860’s.1860’s.

k Women did not receive suffrage until Women did not receive suffrage until after WWIafter WWI

Political ResultsPolitical ResultsPolitical ResultsPolitical Results• Strengthened nationalism

– Mass media Mass media

– TransportationTransportation

• Impetus to imperialism– Need for large quantities of raw Need for large quantities of raw

materials materials

– Need for mass marketsNeed for mass markets

Mr. Craddock January 21, 2010 Mr. Craddock January 21, 2010.

Documents

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