Moz global hunger-index-2012

The Challenge of Hunger: ENSURING SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURITY UNDER LAND, WATER AND ENERGY STRESSES

2012 GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX

Concern Worldwide

• Founded in 1968, operational in Mozambique since 1987 • Supports 25 countries, majority in SSA • Concern CEO Tom Arnold current member of the Lead

Group of Scaling Up Nutrition Movement • Concern CEO member of the UN High Level Hunger Task

Force and the Irish Hunger Task Force • Developed the approach Community Based Management of

Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) • Founder initiator of the Global First 1,000 Days Movement • Lead of the First 1,000 Days Movement in Ireland

Global launch of the 2012 Global Hunger Index

• The IFPRI, Concern, Welthungerhilfe collaboration aims to reach global policy developers and implementers with the recommendations in the GHI, therefore in October 2012, launch events of the GHI are being held in;

• Washington, London, Berlin, Paris, Dublin, DeMoines, Belfast, Milan, Nairobi, Harare, Freetown, Maputo

Why a Global Hunger Index?

• To raise awareness of regional and country differences in hunger

• To show progress over time

• To help learn from successes and failures in hunger reduction

• To provide incentives to act and improve the international ranking

• To focus on one major hunger-related topic every year

GHI measures three dimensions of hunger

• Undernourishment

• Child underweight

• Child mortality

GHI = (PUN + CUW + CM)/3 GHI: Global Hunger Index PUN: proportion of the population that is undernourished (in%) CUW: prevalence of underweight in children under five (in%) CM: proportion of children dying before the age of five (in%)

Countries ranked on a 100 point scale

Minimum and maximum values not observed in practice

3 countries “extremely alarming” 17 “alarming” Country GHI Country GHI Country GHI

Burundi 37 Ethiopia 29 Zambia 23

Eritrea 34 Chad 28 Mozambique 23

Haiti 31 Timor-Leste 27 India 23

Central African Rep. 27 Madagascar 23

Comoros 26 Niger 22 Sierra Leone 25 Djibouti 22 Yemen 24 Sudan 22 Angola 24 Nepal 20 Bangladesh 24

No complete data for: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bhutan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq, Myanmar, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Somalia

Summary of Key Findings

“Recent events—drought, scrambles to invest in farmland around the world, shifts in energy prices and shocks in energy supplies—underline the scarcity of resources we depend on to produce the world’s food supply.” “The stark reality is that the world needs to produce more food with fewer resources, while eliminating wasteful practices and policies.” • Hunger on a global scale remains “serious.” 20 countries have

levels of hunger that are “alarming” or “extremely alarming.” • South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa – highest levels of hunger • More than 50 percent of the population is undernourished in

Burundi, Eritrea, and Haiti.

Summary of Key Findings 2

• The 2012 world GHI fell by 26 percent from the 1990 world GHI.

• Largest absolute improvements: Angola, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nicaragua, Niger, and Vietnam.

• Haiti’s GHI score fell about one quarter from 1990-2001, but most of this improvement was reversed in subsequent years.

• Almost all the countries in which the hunger situation worsened from the 1990 GHI to the 2012 GHI are in Sub-Saharan Africa.

• Mozambique movement - 23.7 in 2010, 22.7 in 2011, 23.3 in 2012

Presenter

Presentation Notes

2010 is the latest year in which complete data is available Data for the 2012 GHI span the period 2005–10. The data on the proportion of undernourished are for 2006–08 (FAO 2011; authors’ estimates); data on child mortality are for 2010 (UNICEF 2012); and data on child undernutrition are for the latest year in the period 2005–10 for which data are available (WHO 2012; UNICEF 2012; MEASURE DHS 2012; authors’ estimates).

Regional performance and progress

Presenter

Presentation Notes

S.Asia had made considerable progress in the 90’s but was not able to sustain the progress to the point where the GHI of SSA dropped below S.Asia between 2001 and 2012. However the proportion of undernourished people in SSA remains the highest of any region in the world. The decline in <5 mortality in SSA is attributed to a trend in reducing malaria. Strong reduction in mother to child HIV transmission since 2001 has also positively contributed in reducing < 5 mortality in countries such as Swaziland.

Selected trends in Income and GHI

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Key will be the trend in the next 5 years to see if the Mozambique GHI value continues to drop with income p/capita income change or whether it will plateau early such as India and to some extent Sri Lanka.

Theme of the 2012 GHI Report

How to ensure sustainable food security under conditions of land, water and energy stress

Land

Water Energy

Nexus Produce more food

with fewer resources

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Trend toward higher energy foods consumed by those with rising incomes – meats, fruit, cereals, veg, sugars – high consumers of energy in production. There is a global slow down in people earning >USD$1.25 – the risk the bottom billion being permanently locked into abject poverty. Energy – shift into bio-fuel – weighted measure of the increase in bio-fuel 2000-2007 indicates bio-fuel production having contributed 30% of cereal price increases in the same period, directly contributing to malnutrition. As energy prices increase, heavy energy consuming production methods will become less tenable and low energy production such as Conservation Agriculture methods more profitable. Water stress – if current trends continue projections indicate that by 2050 that water stress in major food producing countries will result in up to 52% of worlds population (4.8 billion), 45% global GDP and 49% of worlds grain production being at risk due to water stress. Climate change – projections are that the % of malnourished children in the world could increase by 21% to 2050 – the largest increase projected to be in Africa. Given that Mozambique is rated 6th most vulnerable country in the world to climate change, this must be taken into consideration.

Conventional World Scenario - Policies that threaten sustainable food security

Sustainable World Scenario - Policies that lead to sustainable food security

Presenter

Presentation Notes

IFPRI has modelled the application of these policies on a global scale. It results in increased forest cover, higher yield growth, by 20% more than conventional trends (35 to 15), larger livestock holding, lower emissions, and a projection of 50 million malnourished children by 2050 over 125 million in the conventional approach. Policy makers must take the full costs of environmental degradation into consideration – to do this they need information on what technologies and development pathways can optimally promote food security, poverty alleviation and food security Wealthier countries must adapt lifestyles to consume less energy and food consumption patterns which contribute to land, water and energy stress Developing countries will need more support and financing to adapt their production systems with climate changes in addition to other aid support. Combine extension with technology transfer and expand social protection safety net programmes

Responsible governance of natural resources: Getting the policy frameworks right

• Secure land and water rights

• Phase out subsidies (on water, fossil fuels, fertilizer)

• Create a macroeconomic enabling environment • Market based payments for resource conservation

• Enhanced regional trade to make production more efficient & offset effects of climate change

• Encourage farmers to move up the value chain

Scaling up technical approaches: Addressing the nexus

• Invest in agricultural production technologies that support increased land, water, and energy efficiency

• Foster approaches resulting in more efficient land, water, and energy use along the value chain

• Prevent resource depletion by monitoring and evaluating strategies in water, land, energy, and agricultural systems

Addressing the drivers of natural resource scarcity:

Managing the risks

• Address demographic change, women’s access to education and reproductive health

• Raise incomes, lower inequality, and promote sustainable life-styles

• Mitigate and adapt to climate change through agriculture

• Will add a v. brief summary with some images

Concern Worldwide work on Hunger and Climate Risk Reduction in Mozambique

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Simple rodent proof rice store can result is up to a 60% reduction in seed lost to rodents and reduced loss due to flooding. As a result of this intervention, the Nhalangalaze community were able to re-establish their rice production from own stores after Cyclone Funso in Jan 2012, whereas other communities required emergency assistance in both seed and food distribution for four months. Simple DRR actions like these can have long term food preservation and cost saving impact. Concern is undertaking the next phase of this action in a jointly managed action with the INGC (National body responsible for the management of Disaster Risk Reduction and Response in Mozambique) and Welthungerhile. These sorts of actions can be easily scaled up and have an important impact in supporting livelihoods’ systems adjustment to climate change.

Concerns’ area of operation on Food/Hunger/Resilience as of Oct 2012

Zambezia Manica

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Concern uses a livelihood zoning approach in targeting its specific interventions so that lessons learned can be extrapolated to similar livelihood zones. This allows for extrapolation of the results in livelihood zones and across wealth bands. One of the indicators that Concern uses to measure degrees of poverty is the Household Economy Approach. By combining standardised wealth ranking and LHZ’s, programme results will be relevant to policy makers and practitioners targeting poverty reduction across like LHZ’s.

Using asset and vulnerability poverty ranking for targeting support

Wealth ranked income and expenditure - Livelihood Zone 13c Inhassunge Interior Agriculture and Fishing Zone (Oct, 2012, Food Economy Group/Concern

Presenter

Presentation Notes

A significant factor in developing the next round of poverty reducing agricultural strategy is recognition that the poorest farmers are in-fact net purchasers of food. Concern’s August/September 2012 baseline undertaken with the Food Economy Group indicates that the poorest in Chinde district who constitute c.28% of the population expend 85% of all income on the purchase of food. Strategies under PINSA 2013-2017 must recognise that if chronic malnutrition is to be reduced, the poorest must be able to produce a greater proportion of their consumption needs and should be as little exposed to price fluctuation as possible. Note also that the poor and poorest dependency on paid labour is vulnerable to income changes in the middle and better off. This reinforces the need for the less poor to be supported become more productive and and reinforces GHI’s recommendation that safety nets also need to be effectively put in place for the sustainable development alternative.

Food Income Markets, Income Equity and Nutrition

Supporting women and up to 16,200 farm families– produce more volume and variety with increased

access to income and its management and minimise the impact of natural disasters

Vulnerability –Joaquina Mauricio’s damaged house,

Chinde April 2012

Internal view - simple bracing and geometry

Mucuandaia Garden group, Chinde 2012

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Concern works with the Direction of Commercial and Agricultural Development at the district and Provincial levels to support the availability of a diverse diet throughout the year. This is to increase the nutritive quality of the diet of children's pregnant women. Given the high frequency of natural disasters in the target areas, Concern works with the INGC and UN-HABITAT in piloting simple improvements in local structures to protect communities productive assets. Pictured is the interior of an improved local house with increased resistance to high winds. Concern promotes the scaling up of cost effective methods which communities can apply to minimise costs to them in the near annual cyclone season. Cost avoidance allows communities to invest in production, cost incurrence is a major retainer of the poorest in extreme poverty.

On behalf of IFPRI, Concern and

Welthungerhilfe, thank you for your attention.

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Moz global hunger-index-2012

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