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Moving into Family Moving into Family Inclusive PracticeInclusive Practice

Sian Kennedy - Bridging the Divide Sian Kennedy - Bridging the Divide project officer, Family Drug Supportproject officer, Family Drug Support

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OverviewOverview

IntroductionsIntroductions

Family systems theoryFamily systems theory

Assessment skillsAssessment skills

Assisting families to understand drug useAssisting families to understand drug use

Coping strategies for familiesCoping strategies for families

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Family Drug SupportFamily Drug Support

MISSION STATEMENTMISSION STATEMENT

To assist families throughout Australia to deal with To assist families throughout Australia to deal with drug issues in a way that strengthens relationships drug issues in a way that strengthens relationships

and achieves positive outcomesand achieves positive outcomes

PHILOSOPHYPHILOSOPHY

Our energies are given in primarily supporting Our energies are given in primarily supporting families struggling as a result of drug use. We aim to families struggling as a result of drug use. We aim to

assist in any way possible to empower families to assist in any way possible to empower families to cope with the realisation of their situation and cope with the realisation of their situation and

survive intactsurvive intact

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CEO - Tony Trimingham AOMCEO - Tony Trimingham AOM

Established in 1997Established in 1997

Largely peer-based with some professional Largely peer-based with some professional staffstaff

24/7 support line: 1300 368 18624/7 support line: 1300 368 186

Support meetings held in NSW, QLD, ACT & VICSupport meetings held in NSW, QLD, ACT & VIC

Stepping Stones to Success course for familiesStepping Stones to Success course for families

FDS continuedFDS continued

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Bridging the DivideBridging the Divide

Bridging The Divide funded by Department of Bridging The Divide funded by Department of Health & Ageing (DoHA)Health & Ageing (DoHA)

Increasing treatment opportunities and Increasing treatment opportunities and resources for families affected by AOD issuesresources for families affected by AOD issues

Providing resources for workers within the AOD Providing resources for workers within the AOD SectorSector

Increase capacity of AOD treatment services to Increase capacity of AOD treatment services to respond to the needs of familiesrespond to the needs of families

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And me...And me...

10 years experience in the alcohol & other drug 10 years experience in the alcohol & other drug sector in Victoriasector in Victoria

Worked in a variety of roles: detox units, residential Worked in a variety of roles: detox units, residential rehab, supported accommodation, counselling as rehab, supported accommodation, counselling as well as specialist consulting roles within child well as specialist consulting roles within child protection, psychiatric services & homelessness protection, psychiatric services & homelessness servicesservices

Particular interest in training & education - taught Particular interest in training & education - taught certificate IV in AOD work for years through certificate IV in AOD work for years through Odyssey House & Victoria University & currently Odyssey House & Victoria University & currently teach Bachelor of Social work at RMIT (in my spare teach Bachelor of Social work at RMIT (in my spare time ;-)time ;-)

Is it my job?Is it my job?

• ‘‘core role only’ core role only’ (‘it’s not my concern’)(‘it’s not my concern’)

• ‘‘core role plus assessment of ‘other needs’, core role plus assessment of ‘other needs’, leading to referral’ leading to referral’ (‘it’s a concern but (‘it’s a concern but someone else’s job – refer on’)someone else’s job – refer on’)

• ‘‘other needs incidental but unavoidableother needs incidental but unavoidable’ ’ (‘not (‘not my core role but I have to do it’)my core role but I have to do it’)

• ‘‘other needs’ intrinsic part of core role other needs’ intrinsic part of core role (‘it’s (‘it’s part and parcel of my job’)part and parcel of my job’)

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((McCaughey et al 1977McCaughey et al 1977))

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Family Systems TheoryFamily Systems Theory““But I’m not a family therapist”...But I’m not a family therapist”...

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What is family?What is family?

Family is a basic unit of understanding Family is a basic unit of understanding ourselves in societyourselves in society

Many people, not just our clients, spend much Many people, not just our clients, spend much time trying to make sense of their own family time trying to make sense of their own family experienceexperience

In Australia, two parent households with In Australia, two parent households with dependent children makes up about 1/3 of dependent children makes up about 1/3 of Australia’s families Australia’s families (ABS 2008)(ABS 2008)

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Families often subject their own Families often subject their own members to discrimination & members to discrimination & oppression, and that families in turn, oppression, and that families in turn, particularly those you are likely to particularly those you are likely to encounter in your services, encounter in your services, experience discrimination & experience discrimination & oppression, in a pattern of oft oppression, in a pattern of oft repeated cycles.repeated cycles.

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Overwhelmingly, though not exclusively, being in Overwhelmingly, though not exclusively, being in a lower socio-economic bracket makes families a lower socio-economic bracket makes families more likely to have intervention from services & more likely to have intervention from services & workers.workers.

The experience of ‘family’ is often challenging The experience of ‘family’ is often challenging for most of us.for most of us.

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What are some of these What are some of these factors?factors?

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Systems TheorySystems Theory

Systems theory focuses on individuals as part Systems theory focuses on individuals as part of a systemof a system

Incorporates the social with the psychological Incorporates the social with the psychological elements of practiceelements of practice

Systems interact with each otherSystems interact with each other

Families are their own discreet system, Families are their own discreet system, operating as part of much larger societal operating as part of much larger societal systemssystems

Types of systemsTypes of systems

• Natural systems: families, colleagues, Natural systems: families, colleagues, friendship circlesfriendship circles

• Formal systems: trade unions, self-help groupsFormal systems: trade unions, self-help groups

• Societal systems: hospitals, schoolsSocietal systems: hospitals, schools

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A description of a very basic family A description of a very basic family systemsystem

MoMo

DD

FaFa

SS

Systems have structureSystems have structure• Systems are entities with definable boundaries Systems are entities with definable boundaries

& resources are more often shared within than & resources are more often shared within than across those boundariesacross those boundaries

• Closed & open systems – as Closed & open systems – as workers/women/men/Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal/fworkers/women/men/Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal/family members etc some systems will be closed amily members etc some systems will be closed or open to us, depending on our own roles or open to us, depending on our own roles

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Steady state: can incorporate Steady state: can incorporate change without changing its change without changing its

fundamental identityfundamental identity

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Homeostasis: ability to Homeostasis: ability to maintain fundamental maintain fundamental identity, even though identity, even though

external resources will alter external resources will alter usus

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Differentiation: that systems Differentiation: that systems will grow more complex over will grow more complex over time as new components are time as new components are

addedadded

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Non-summativity: systems Non-summativity: systems are worth more than the sum are worth more than the sum

of their partsof their parts

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Reciprocity: if one integral Reciprocity: if one integral part of the system changes, part of the system changes, that change affects all the that change affects all the other components. Hence, other components. Hence,

they all change.they all change.21

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Some psychological Some psychological theoriestheories

Ones which apply to how we relate to Ones which apply to how we relate to othersothers

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Trauma TheoryTrauma Theory

Attributed to witnessing disasters, violence, Attributed to witnessing disasters, violence, assault, destruction, near-miss incidents & other assault, destruction, near-miss incidents & other mayhemmayhem

Creates a lasting sense of helplessness, Creates a lasting sense of helplessness, vulnerability, loss of safety & trustvulnerability, loss of safety & trust

Lasting neurological impact , particularly in Lasting neurological impact , particularly in childrenchildren

Intergenerational impact is poorly understood, Intergenerational impact is poorly understood, often re-victimising survivor’s children (Stolen often re-victimising survivor’s children (Stolen Generations & subsequent generation)Generations & subsequent generation)

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Evidence exists that parental trauma impacts Evidence exists that parental trauma impacts on the ability to parent, despite a parents’ on the ability to parent, despite a parents’ often best attempts to mask itoften best attempts to mask it

Trauma theory is not merely the diagnosis of Trauma theory is not merely the diagnosis of PTSD as we are concerned with how trauma PTSD as we are concerned with how trauma impacts on social interactionimpacts on social interaction

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PTSD is the description of a cluster of symptoms PTSD is the description of a cluster of symptoms arising from exposure to a terrible eventarising from exposure to a terrible event

PTSD is more common after an event caused by PTSD is more common after an event caused by other peopleother people

PTSD is an PTSD is an Anxiety DisorderAnxiety Disorder

Despite high probability of exposure to some form Despite high probability of exposure to some form of trauma, PTSD is a low-prevalence disorder of trauma, PTSD is a low-prevalence disorder (~8% population)(~8% population)

An important distinctionAn important distinction

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All that said, people who have been All that said, people who have been in out of home care have higher in out of home care have higher

rates of PTSD diagnoses than rates of PTSD diagnoses than returned soldiersreturned soldiers

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Attachment theoryAttachment theory

John Bowlby (1951)John Bowlby (1951)

Describes the relationship between caregivers Describes the relationship between caregivers & dependents, most commonly parents & & dependents, most commonly parents & childrenchildren

First described during WWII & the experiences First described during WWII & the experiences of children orphanedof children orphaned

Secure, avoidant, anxious & disorganised Secure, avoidant, anxious & disorganised attachmentattachment

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•Attachment basically means a secure Attachment basically means a secure bond of affection between peoplebond of affection between people

•Important to understand that humans are Important to understand that humans are interdependent – our social adaptability is interdependent – our social adaptability is one of our strongest evolutionary traits one of our strongest evolutionary traits

•Humans are one of the slowest mammals Humans are one of the slowest mammals to matureto mature

•Secure attachment builds the confidence Secure attachment builds the confidence to be independentto be independent

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Attachment Style Child Caregiver

Secure Some distress at separation, positive reaction at reunion. Secure play; responsiveness between caregiver & child, caregiver preferred over stranger, child confident caregiver will be available

Responsive to child’s needs; soothing; offers comfort when required

Insecure/Avoidant Few signs of distress at separation; ignore caregiver upon return. Child does not seek physical contact. Play inhibited; child watchful & wary.

Caregiver indifferent, insensitive to child’s needs

Insecure & ambivalent/Resistant Highly distressed at separation but difficult to calm upon reunion. Contact sought but still doesn’t settle. Ambivalent children demand & resist attention, display need & anger, dependence & resistance. Nervous of new situations & people

Caregiver is inconsistent & insensitive but not hostile

Insecure & disorganised Confusion & disorganisation on separation & reunion. Little emotion on reunion

Caregivers are frightened or frightening, therefore unable to calm child’s anxiety

Non-attachment Little distress on separation. People are interchangeable as long as needs are met. Difficulties managing impulses & aggression. No opportunity to experience attachment. “Raised by wolves”

Children raised in institutions since infancy or parents completely unavailable (severe mental illness/drug use)

Ainsworth et al (1978)Ainsworth et al (1978)

Attachment theories are Attachment theories are important when understanding important when understanding our adult clientsour adult clients• Attachment types are reasonably stable, Attachment types are reasonably stable,

unless adult relationships heal earlier unless adult relationships heal earlier attachment issuesattachment issues

• We understand ourselves largely through our We understand ourselves largely through our social interactions & we understand others social interactions & we understand others through our understanding of ourselvesthrough our understanding of ourselves

• In assessment, we use attachment to explore In assessment, we use attachment to explore current relationships, family of origin & current relationships, family of origin & environmental stressorsenvironmental stressors

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Remember our white, nuclear, Remember our white, nuclear, heterosexual family from before?heterosexual family from before?

MoMo

DD

FaFa

SS

survivor childhood sexual assaultsurvivor childhood sexual assault significant prison timesignificant prison time

conduct disorderconduct disorder sexualised behaviourssexualised behaviours

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MoMo

DD

FaFa

SS

courtcourtss

otheother r

familfamilyy

drug drug useuse

mental mental

healthhealth

child child protectiprotecti

onon

poor poor healthealt

hh

insecurinsecure e

housinghousing

stigstigmama

It’s important as workers It’s important as workers to understand the to understand the

systems context when systems context when we are dealing with we are dealing with

familiesfamilies

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Some musings on power Some musings on power by Foucaultby Foucault

Power is exercised, not possessedPower is exercised, not possessed

Power is both oppressive & productive: power Power is both oppressive & productive: power overover & power & power toto

Power comes from the bottom up & we all have Power comes from the bottom up & we all have the ability to create itthe ability to create it

INTAKE & ASSESSMENTINTAKE & ASSESSMENT““But our assessment tool is already soooo long”But our assessment tool is already soooo long”

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How routine is How routine is assessment in your assessment in your service?service?• Telephone screeningTelephone screening

• Initial screeningInitial screening

• Specialist assessmentSpecialist assessment

• Full psycho-social assessment & Full psycho-social assessment & historyhistory

• Ongoing assessment & case planningOngoing assessment & case planning36

Here are some I prepared Here are some I prepared earlier...earlier...

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Issues to be alert for Issues to be alert for during assessmentduring assessment

• Drug use &Drug use &

• Problematic alcohol useProblematic alcohol use

• Family ViolenceFamily Violence

• Child abuse – emotional/physical/sexual & Child abuse – emotional/physical/sexual & environmental neglect issuesenvironmental neglect issues

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ASSISTING FAMILIES TO UNDERSTAND ASSISTING FAMILIES TO UNDERSTAND DRUG USEDRUG USE

““they’re never going to get better...”they’re never going to get better...”

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Common experiencesCommon experiences

• Shame & guiltShame & guilt

• Blame Blame

• FearFear

• Isolation & lonelinessIsolation & loneliness

• Despair that there is no Despair that there is no solutionsolution

• TraumaTrauma

• High level conflictHigh level conflict

• Ignorance/misinformation Ignorance/misinformation about drugs/mental illnessabout drugs/mental illness

• Grief & lossGrief & loss

• Profound sadnessProfound sadness

• JudgementJudgement

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To start withTo start with• Explain that people use drugs for lots of different Explain that people use drugs for lots of different

reasonsreasons

• There aren’t a clear set of vulnerability criteria, There aren’t a clear set of vulnerability criteria, ie: apportioning blame is difficultie: apportioning blame is difficult

• We live in a drug taking societyWe live in a drug taking society

• Not everyone who uses drugs will become an Not everyone who uses drugs will become an “addict”“addict”

• Mental illness affects 1 in 5 Australians during Mental illness affects 1 in 5 Australians during lifetimelifetime

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If a history of If a history of drug/alcohol use/mental drug/alcohol use/mental illness in the family was illness in the family was an accurate predictor, an accurate predictor, we would nearly all we would nearly all have a “problem”have a “problem”

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But if the situation is But if the situation is further advanced than further advanced than that...that...• Families won’t necessarily know what people Families won’t necessarily know what people

are using, quantities, frequencies etcetera, so are using, quantities, frequencies etcetera, so general drug information is useful but don’t general drug information is useful but don’t frighten them unnecessarilyfrighten them unnecessarily

• Preferably give written information as families Preferably give written information as families coming to a service are likely to be in a period coming to a service are likely to be in a period of high stressof high stress

• Help families understand that only drug users Help families understand that only drug users can change their own behaviourcan change their own behaviour

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Understanding where Understanding where the family is at with thethe family is at with the

drug use drug use

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Stages of change for Stages of change for familiesfamilies

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DenialDenial

• Feelings of shockFeelings of shock

• Isolating from other friends/family networksIsolating from other friends/family networks

• Uncertain about own role in other person’s Uncertain about own role in other person’s drug usedrug use

• Covering up for the drug userCovering up for the drug user

• Unlikely to seek helpUnlikely to seek help

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EmotionEmotion• Reactive Reactive

• Starting to understand the enormity of the Starting to understand the enormity of the problemproblem

• Strong shame/guilt/stigma/stress/angerStrong shame/guilt/stigma/stress/anger

• Feeling torn in multiple directionsFeeling torn in multiple directions

• OverwhelmedOverwhelmed

• Recognise the need for help, but still unlikely Recognise the need for help, but still unlikely to seek it outto seek it out

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Control/RescueControl/Rescue

• Acknowledge the drug use, think the solution is Acknowledge the drug use, think the solution is simple simple

• ““Do what I say” to fix the problemDo what I say” to fix the problem

• Expect trust but are afraid to give itExpect trust but are afraid to give it

• You ‘know’ who and/or what is responsibleYou ‘know’ who and/or what is responsible

• Trying to get help for the drug userTrying to get help for the drug user

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ChaosChaos

• Confidence is depletedConfidence is depleted

• Family relationships are often falling apart by Family relationships are often falling apart by this stagethis stage

• ExhaustionExhaustion

• Feel that everything has been tried & that Feel that everything has been tried & that nothing will worknothing will work

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At this stage, a couple At this stage, a couple of things are possibleof things are possible

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Talk to families about Talk to families about the idea that their the idea that their ability to cope is ability to cope is separate from whether separate from whether the drug user stops the drug user stops using/gets betterusing/gets better

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Target approach to Target approach to where family member is where family member is

at in the stages of at in the stages of changechange

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Practical tips to help Practical tips to help families during each families during each stagestage

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Pre-contemplationPre-contemplation

TIPS TO HELP THEMTIPS TO HELP THEM

• Be patientBe patient

• Tell them you are there Tell them you are there for them if they need itfor them if they need it

• Be open & honest in your Be open & honest in your communication with themcommunication with them

• ListenListen

TIPS TO HELP FAMILIESTIPS TO HELP FAMILIES

• Get informationGet information

• Get support for yourselfGet support for yourself

• Look for cues – when they Look for cues – when they want to talk to you, make want to talk to you, make time to listentime to listen

• Encourage them to be honest Encourage them to be honest about their drug useabout their drug use

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ContemplationContemplation

TIPS TO HELP THEMTIPS TO HELP THEM

• Provide information to Provide information to reinforce the good & bad reinforce the good & bad aspects of drug useaspects of drug use

• Be willing to listen & continue Be willing to listen & continue to be patientto be patient

• Remind them of their good Remind them of their good qualities & talentsqualities & talents

TIPS TO HELP FAMILIESTIPS TO HELP FAMILIES

• Talk things over with othersTalk things over with others

• Try to understand the Try to understand the process & the stage they are process & the stage they are atat

• Communicate what you will & Communicate what you will & won’t accept, in a positive won’t accept, in a positive wayway

• Keep listening & don’t push Keep listening & don’t push the ‘give up’ message too the ‘give up’ message too hardhard

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PreparationPreparation

TIPS TO HELP THEMTIPS TO HELP THEM

• Keep LISTENINGKeep LISTENING

• Help them get informationHelp them get information

• Stay in touch, particularly if Stay in touch, particularly if they aren’t at home. they aren’t at home.

• Reinforce their plan for Reinforce their plan for changechange

• Be positive with themBe positive with them

TIPS TO HELP YOUTIPS TO HELP YOU

• Develop agreements with Develop agreements with them now them now

• Look after yourselfLook after yourself

• Don’t always rescue them Don’t always rescue them when things get tough for when things get tough for them (learn to let gothem (learn to let go))

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ActionAction

TIPS TO HELP THEMTIPS TO HELP THEM

• Be positive about the steps Be positive about the steps they’ve taken so farthey’ve taken so far

• Continue to be patient & Continue to be patient & listenlisten

• Acknowledge & celebrate Acknowledge & celebrate their successes, no matter their successes, no matter how smallhow small

TIPS TO HELP YOUTIPS TO HELP YOU

• Be availableBe available

• If asked, help them get re-If asked, help them get re-established in the communityestablished in the community

• Now is a good stage to invest Now is a good stage to invest your resources in themyour resources in them

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MaintenanceMaintenance

TIPS TO HELP THEMTIPS TO HELP THEM

• Don’t test them (eg. Leaving Don’t test them (eg. Leaving money around to see if they money around to see if they take it)take it)

• Encourage them, letting Encourage them, letting them know that you know them know that you know how far they’ve come.how far they’ve come.

• Provide practical supportProvide practical support

TIPS TO HELP YOUTIPS TO HELP YOU

• Feel pleased in the Feel pleased in the supportive role you have supportive role you have played in their recoveryplayed in their recovery

• Acknowledge the relief you Acknowledge the relief you feel, but know that this too feel, but know that this too shall pass shall pass

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LapseLapse

TIPS TO HELP THEMTIPS TO HELP THEM

• Be encouraging & positiveBe encouraging & positive

• Let them know you haven’t Let them know you haven’t lost faith in their capacity to lost faith in their capacity to maintain recoverymaintain recovery

• Reinforce what they have Reinforce what they have achieved so farachieved so far

• Reinforce that lapse is part of Reinforce that lapse is part of the journey & that it’s part of the journey & that it’s part of the learning processthe learning process

TIPS TO HELP YOUTIPS TO HELP YOU

• All is not lost: relapse is All is not lost: relapse is almost certainly past of any almost certainly past of any journey of recoveryjourney of recovery

• Seek out the support Seek out the support networks you have cultivated networks you have cultivated throughoutthroughout

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HELPING FAMILIES COPEHELPING FAMILIES COPE““Will it ever stop?”Will it ever stop?”

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It’s ok for them to feel however they It’s ok for them to feel however they feel about the drug userfeel about the drug user

Love/hate is common, even for Love/hate is common, even for parents & siblingsparents & siblings

It’s possible to love the person but It’s possible to love the person but hate the behaviourhate the behaviour

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Common dilemmas for Common dilemmas for familiesfamilies

• Violence or the threat of violenceViolence or the threat of violence

• Impact on non-using family membersImpact on non-using family members

• StealingStealing

• Allowing people to remain at homeAllowing people to remain at home

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“ “Should I tell them not to Should I tell them not to come home drug come home drug affected?”affected?”

FORFOR

• A quick solution to possible A quick solution to possible conflictconflict

• Problem is less visible if you can’t Problem is less visible if you can’t see itsee it

• Protects the rest of the familyProtects the rest of the family

• Your disapproval is obviousYour disapproval is obvious

AGAINSTAGAINST

• What if something happens to What if something happens to them?them?

• Anxiety ++Anxiety ++

• Your relationship with them might Your relationship with them might be affectedbe affected

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““Should I give them Should I give them money?”money?”

FORFOR

• Their need to commit crime for Their need to commit crime for their drug use is reducedtheir drug use is reduced

• Alleviate the immediate Alleviate the immediate symptoms of withdrawalsymptoms of withdrawal

• Makes life easier for you in the Makes life easier for you in the short termshort term

AGAINSTAGAINST

• It might become more expensive It might become more expensive than you can affordthan you can afford

• You might feel resentful about You might feel resentful about your decision or manipulated into your decision or manipulated into itit

• Creates a pattern whereby they Creates a pattern whereby they will ask againwill ask again

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““What if they steal from us – What if they steal from us – should we call the police?”should we call the police?”

FORFOR

• Keeps you & your family safeKeeps you & your family safe

• Sets up a cycle of boundaries & Sets up a cycle of boundaries & consequencesconsequences

• Might help them reach their “rock Might help them reach their “rock bottom”bottom”

AGAINSTAGAINST

• Your relationship with the drug Your relationship with the drug user is likely to deteriorateuser is likely to deteriorate

• Involvement in the criminal justice Involvement in the criminal justice system is not good for their system is not good for their prognosis: the further entrenched prognosis: the further entrenched in drug use they become, the in drug use they become, the harder it is to get outharder it is to get out

• You might not actually be able to You might not actually be able to follow throughfollow through

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Violence is never acceptableViolence is never acceptable

But apart from that, there are no But apart from that, there are no clearly right or wrong answersclearly right or wrong answers

Families are frequently confused by Families are frequently confused by the conflicting “advice” they receive the conflicting “advice” they receive

from health professionalsfrom health professionals

Families need to be Families need to be supported to make the supported to make the best decisions they canbest decisions they can

in the circumstances in the circumstances they are in,they are in,

with the resources they with the resources they have availablehave available

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BoundariesBoundaries

• The same ones that we all learn about & how The same ones that we all learn about & how to implement themto implement them

• Consequences for behaviour are important so Consequences for behaviour are important so that families (particularly parents) retain some that families (particularly parents) retain some semblance of control & authoritysemblance of control & authority

• Understanding & establishing your bottom line, Understanding & establishing your bottom line, both with self & with the drug userboth with self & with the drug user

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CommunicationCommunication

• The same things we all learn about & how to The same things we all learn about & how to do it effectivelydo it effectively

• ““I” statementsI” statements

• Talking about feelings, not acting on themTalking about feelings, not acting on them

• ListenListen

• Be as informed as you can beBe as informed as you can be

• Listen for signs of changeListen for signs of change

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StrategiesStrategies

• Focus on self (or rest of the family) rather than Focus on self (or rest of the family) rather than the drug userthe drug user

• Accept the reality of the situation, for now. Accept the reality of the situation, for now. Don’t exhaust yourself on a family member Don’t exhaust yourself on a family member who “hasn’t turned up” for the processwho “hasn’t turned up” for the process

• Offer support, not rescueOffer support, not rescue

• Adopt a problem-solving approach, not a Adopt a problem-solving approach, not a problem saturated oneproblem saturated one

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Great resourcesGreat resources

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✤ www.strongbonds.jss.org.au

✤ www.crcnsw.org.au

✤ www.siblingsupport.com.au

✤ www.edas.org.au/family_resources

✤ www.copmi.net.au

✤ www.eddiegallagher.id.au/

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ReferencesReferencesAllen, J., Briskman, L. & Pease, B. (eds) 2009 Critical Social Work: theories & practices for a socially just world. Allen & Allen, J., Briskman, L. & Pease, B. (eds) 2009 Critical Social Work: theories & practices for a socially just world. Allen & Unwin; Crows NestUnwin; Crows Nest

Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978) Patterns of attachment. Earlbaum: New JerseyAinsworth, M., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978) Patterns of attachment. Earlbaum: New Jersey

Clausen. M. (2009) Audit of Family Inclusive Practice in Alcohol & Other Drugs Services in the EMR, Springboard Social Clausen. M. (2009) Audit of Family Inclusive Practice in Alcohol & Other Drugs Services in the EMR, Springboard Social PlanningPlanning

Dawe S, Harnett P, Frye S. (2008). Improving outcomes for children living in families with parental substance misuse: Dawe S, Harnett P, Frye S. (2008). Improving outcomes for children living in families with parental substance misuse: what do we know and what should we do. Australian Institute of Family Studies, National Child Protection Clearing House, what do we know and what should we do. Australian Institute of Family Studies, National Child Protection Clearing House, Child Abuse Prevention Issues, Paper No 29Child Abuse Prevention Issues, Paper No 29

Department of Human Services & Turning Point Alcohol & Drug Services (2000) Specialist Assessment Form (For General Department of Human Services & Turning Point Alcohol & Drug Services (2000) Specialist Assessment Form (For General Client Population) Client Population)

Eastern Drug & Alcohol Service, (2010) The Family Focus Toolkit’, EDAS Family Focus ProjectEastern Drug & Alcohol Service, (2010) The Family Focus Toolkit’, EDAS Family Focus Project

Family Drug Support & QuIHN (2007) A guide to coping: support for families faced with problematic drug use.Family Drug Support & QuIHN (2007) A guide to coping: support for families faced with problematic drug use.

Family Drug Support (2009) Stepping stones workbook: guiding families through a journey of coping with drug & alcohol Family Drug Support (2009) Stepping stones workbook: guiding families through a journey of coping with drug & alcohol use. Australian Drug Foundation: Melbourneuse. Australian Drug Foundation: Melbourne

Payne, M. (2005) Modern Social Work Theory. Palgrave Macmillan: New YorkPayne, M. (2005) Modern Social Work Theory. Palgrave Macmillan: New York

Weeks, W. & Quinn, M. (eds) (2000) Issues facing Australian Families 3Weeks, W. & Quinn, M. (eds) (2000) Issues facing Australian Families 3rdrd edition. Pearsons Education: Frenchs Forest edition. Pearsons Education: Frenchs Forest