Movie?

Required viewing of one-hour movie “Reactions,” with writing response. Would you attend a screening of this on the week of Sept 27 (I’m thinking Tues Sept 28 evening)?

A) Sure!

B) Possibly, need to check my schedule

C) Eh…

D) Not unless you are serving ice cream

E) Not this time

SaudiArabia

IraqIran Afghanistan

Nuclei and radioactivity

“Radiation”

What is your reaction when you hear the word radiation?

A) I am somewhat apprehensive about radiation

B) Pretty much neutral

C) I am interested/intrigued when I hear the word

D) I worry about getting cancer from radiation

E) None of these describes my reaction at all...

“Nuclear”

What is your reaction when you hear the word nuclear?

A) I am somewhat apprehensive about anything nuclear

B) Pretty much neutral

C) I am interested/intrigued when I hear the word

D) Is that pronounced "nu-clear" or "nuke-ular"?

E) None of these describes my reaction at all...

If I cut an apple in half, am I splitting some of the atoms?

A) Yes

B) Yes, but only a few

C) No

I am now ___ concerned about radioactivity than before this lecture.

A) More

B) Less

Tuesday Sept 21

Seminar announcement

FORUM ON SCIENCE, ETHICS AND POLICY (FOSEP) presents

Dr. Neal Lane, former science advisor for President Clinton

"21st Century American Science - Coping with Disorder and Uncertainty"

Thursday, Sept. 23, 4pm JILA Auditorium. Additional information: http://fosep.org/colorado/

WHERE?

Movie?

Required viewing of one-hour movie “Reactions,” with writing response. Would you attend a screening of this next week, Tues Sept 28 evening?

Added incentive: no write-up required and counts for public event. + popcorn

A) Yes

B) Possibly, need to check my schedule

What time works best?

A) Monday evening, 6-7:30pm

B) Monday 7-8:30pm

C) Tuesday 6-7:30pm

D) Tuesday 7-8:30pm

E) Other

Chernobyl is the name of:

A) A famous physicist

B) A city in the Ukraine

C) A toxic chemical

D) An officer for the KGB

E) A Russian spacecraft

Cosmic radiation exposure

• Sea Level= 26 mrem/year

• Atlanta (1,050 ft)= 31 mrem/year

• Denver (5,300 ft)= 50 mrem/year

• Minneapolis (815 ft)= 30 mrem/year

• Salt Lake (4,000 ft)= 46 mrem/year

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 600025

30

35

40

45

5020-Sep-2010: Radiation exposure by altitude

Height above sea level (ft)

Exp

osur

e (m

rem

/yea

r)

Terrestrial radiation exposure

• U.S. (average)= 26 mrem/year

• Denver, CO= 63 mrem/year

• Nile Delta, Egypt= 350 mrem/year

• Paris, France= 350 mrem/year

• Kerala, India= 400 mrem/year

• McAlpe, Brazil= 2,448 mrem/year

• Pocos de Caldas,Brazil= 7,000 mrem/year

Building radiation

Many building materials, especially granite, contain naturally radioactive elements.

• U.S. Capitol Bldg = 85 mrem/year

• Statue of Liberty = 325 mrem/year

• Grand Central Station = 525 mrem/year

• The Vatican = 800 mrem/year

FoodFood contribues an average of 20 mrem/year, mostly from potassium-

40, carbon-14, hydrogen-3, radium-226, and thorium-232.

• Beer= 390 pCi/liter • Tap Water= 20 pCi/liter • Milk= 1,400 pCi/liter • Salad Oil= 4,900 pCi/liter • Whiskey= 1,200 pCi/liter • Brazil Nuts= 14 pCi/g • Bananas= 3 pCi/g • Flour= 0.14 pCi/g • Peanuts 8 Peanut Butter= 0.12 pCi/g • Tea= 0.40 pCi/g

Consumer Goods

• Cigarettes-2 packs/day (polonium-210)= 8,000 mrem/year

• Color Television= < 1 mrem/year

• Gas Lantern Mantle (thorium-232)= 2 mrem/year

• Natural Gas/Heating and Cooking (radon-222)= 2 mrem/year

• Phosphate Fertilizers= 4 mrem/year

Other kinds…

Internal dose: 40 mrem/year*Chest X-ray: 1 mrem to 30% of bodyDental X-ray: 1 mrem to 1% of bodyFlight: 5 mrem for coast-to-coast roundtrip

Banana equivalent dose (bed) 365 bananas in a year = 3.6 mrem

*Disagrees with textbook (these data are from US Nuclear Regulatory Commission)

Radioactivity refers to:

A) Atoms in motion

B) Explosions of atomic nuclei

C) Glowing rocks

D) Radio waves

E) Cloud chambers

What is radiation?A) Toxic materialsB) Any kind of electromagnetic radiationC) Particles thrown out of a nuclear

explosionD) Light that comes out of a nuclear

explosionE) Pieces of light or particles thrown out of a

nuclear explosion

Which of the following is not radioactive?

A) Your friends

B) Gasoline

C) Beer

D) The course textbook

E) Uranium-235

A major reason that your body is radioactive is that

A) it is slightly contaminated by debris from nuclear tests

B) it is made radioactive by medical x-rays

C) you eat radioactive carbon in your food

D) you are hit by neutrinos from the Sun

Cancer rates are lower in Denver because:

A) The radiation exposure is lower

B) The radiation exposure is higher

C) There is more radon in some houses there

D) We don’t know why.

Natural 300 mrem/yearMan-made 60 mrem/year

Determine your fate

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

HIGH energy

LOW energy

Deaths in 2007 (Source: CDC)

Rank Cause of death (based on ICD–10, 2004) Number

Percent of total deaths

. . . All causes ............................. 2,423,712 100

1 Diseases of heart [heart attack (mainly)] ........... 616,067 25.4

2 Malignant neoplasms (cancer).................(C00–C97) 562,875 23.2

3 Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke)............... (I60–I69) 135,952 5.6

4 Chronic lower respiratory diseases ......... (J40–J47) 127,924 5.3

5 Accidents (unintentional injuries) ....(V01–X59, Y85–Y86) 123,706 5.1

6 Alzheimer’s disease..................... (G30) 74,632 3.1

7 Diabetes mellitus ................... (E10–E14) 71,382 2.9

8 Influenza and pneumonia (flu) .............. (J09-J18)6 52,717 2.2

9 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis (kidney) 46,448 1.9

10 Septicemia (systemic infection)....................... 34,828 1.4

11 Intentional self-harm (suicide) ..... (*U03,X60–X84,Y87.0) 34,598 1.4

12 Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis ......(K70, K73–K74) 29,165 1.2

13 Essential hypertension (high blood pressure) 23,965 1

14 Parkinson’s disease..................(G20–G21) 20,058 0.8

15 Assault (homicide)....... (*U01–*U02, X85–Y09, Y87.1) 18,361 0.8

. . . All other causes .....................(residual) 451,034 18.6

Deaths, 2002

Smoke detectors

Radiation death in the US: 1 per 7 yearsSmoke detector est. to save 4,500-7000/year

Radiocarbon dating

Half-livesTable 4.4 Half-Lives of Some Important Isotopes• Polonium- 215—0.0018 second• Polonium- 216—0.16 second• Bismuth- 212—60.6 minutes• Sodium- 24—15.0 hours • Iodine- 131—8.14 days• Phosphorus- 32—14.3 days• Iron- 59—6.6 weeks• Polonium- 210—20 weeks• Radon-222—3.8 days• Cobalt- 60—5.26 years• Tritium (H-3)—12.4 years• Strontium- 90—29.9 years• Cesium- 137—30.1 years• Radium- 226—1,620 years• Carbon- 14— 5,730 years• Plutonium- 239—24000 years• Chlorine- 36—400,000 years• Uranium- 235—710 million years• Uranium- 238—4.5 billion years

Review…

Plutonium-240 (Pu-240) is an isotope of the metal plutonium formed when plutonium-239 (Pu-239) captures a ___.

A) A proton

B) A neutron

C) An electron

D) A positron

E) A gamma ray

Where does

Radon come from?

How much did your chance of getting cancer increase this year? (you were exposed to 360 mrem)

A) 1:10

B) 1:100

C) 1:1000

D) 1:10,000

E) 1:100,000

How many cancers induced in U.S. due to radiation each year?

A) 1

B) 20

C) 600

D) 45,000

E) 110,000

You have a radioactive isotope. After 3 half-lives, you have __ of it left.

A) 1/3

B) 1/2

C) 1/4

D) 1/8

E) 3/4

Doubling

I’ve got 100 bucks. The bank tells me it will double every 10 years (7% interest/year). How much money do I have in 60 years?

A) $200

B) $1000

C) $3200

D) $6400

E) $1 million

Population bomb

If every parent has 2 children, the world’s population will ___ after 2 generations.

A) Stay the same

B) Double (x2)

C) Triple (x3)

D) Quadruple (x4)

E) x8

Fertility

Exponential growth

T2 = 70/P

The time it takes for anything, growing at a constant rate (P: percent growth per unit time), to double(T2). 

Example: For something growing at 5% per year, the doubling time is 14 years.

If a lily pad doubles its number each day, and takes 30 days to cover the pond - at what day is the pond half covered?

A) Day 3

B) Day 10

C) Day 15

D) Day 28

E) Day 29

"When dealing with exponential growth, we do not need to have an accurate assessment of the size of a resource in order to know how long the resource will last." (Bartlett – 1978 – Forgotten Fundamentals of the Energy Crisis)

The increase in any doubling is approx equivalent to the total of all growth that preceded it.

If you were lily in that pond, at what time would you first realize that you were running out of space?

In 2008, we imported:• 60% of consumed petroleum• 15% of consumed natural gas• 20% of food we eatBut US population grows by ~3 million/year(Fertility rate = 2.1births per woman – 2008, World

Bank)

“Crime has doubled in the last 10 years!”

What does this really mean?

A) 1% growth per year

B) 2% growth per year

C) 7% growth per year

D) 20% growth per year

E) 50% growth per year

Can a nuclear power plant explode like a bomb?

A) A factory employeeB) A famous bomb-makerC) A presidentD) Developer of the CalutronE) UN Inspector

Who is this man?

Fission

Why is the sun hot?

A) Radioactivity

B) Combustion

C) Fission

D) Fusion

E) Friction

4 H → He + 2e+ + 2+ 2ν

Jupiter is not a star because

A) it isn’t made of hydrogen

B) it isn’t massive enough

C) it is too far from the Sun

D) it isn’t made of helium

Mass of He-4: 4.002602 amu

Mass of proton: 1.0070 amu4 of em: 4.0280 amu

Difference: 0.0255 amu, or 0.7% mass of He-4. or 4.23e-29 kg

4.028000 - 4.002602

------------- 0.025500 amu

E = m c2

= 10.6 MeV

Bombs

Rocky flats

Nuclear waste

Extras

Where does most of the coal in the US go? A) Burned for electrical generation

B) Burned directly for heating

C) Burned for transportation

D) Used for other purposes

E) Exported to other countries

A neutron and proton are attracted to each other by:

A) Electromagnetic forces

B) Nuclear forces

C) Gravity

D) They are not attracted to each other

Bacteria in a bottle

We put one in an empty bottle at 11 a.m., and then observed that the bottle was full at noon. This is a case of ordinary steady growth with a doubling time of 1 minute in the finite environment of one bottle.

At what time was the bottle half full? A) 11:30amB) 11:40amC) 11:48amD) 11:55amE) 11:59am