Mount Vesuvius: 2000 years of volcanological...

Journal o f [blcanolo~, and Geothermal Research, 58 ( 1993 ) 5-25 5 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam

Mount Vesuvius: 2000 years of volcanological observations

Roberto Scandone, Lisetta Giacomelli and Paolo Gasparini Dipartimento di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. Largo S. Marcellino 10. 80138 Napoh. ltalv

(Received June 26, 1992; revised version accepted November 17, 1992 )

ABSTRACT

Mount Vesuvius had eruptions ranging between ~'El 5 + to 0-1 during the last 2000 years. Infrequent explosive eruptions are recorded during the period 79 AD to 1631. Since the violent explosive eruption of 1631, the volcano has been in persistent activity, rebuilding the morphology that it had before that eruption. A succession of explosive and effusive eruptions occurred until 1944, with a predominance of short and violent episodes until 1872 and longer effusive eruptions since that date. Two factors mainly controlled the character of volcanic activity during this period: ( 1 ) the strength of the cone, which allowed, in the earlier period, an easy fracturing, rapid drainage, and pressure release of the magma column: (2) the interaction between magma and water, which enhanced the explosivity of several eruptions.

The volcano appears to have reached a stage of quiescence because it finally attained a shape of equilibrium in which the height of the mountain is sufficient to counterbalance the buoyancy of the magma.

Introduction

Vesuvius is one of the most studied volcanoes in the world because of its long time inter- val with historic eruptions (2000 years; one of the longest eruptive histories in the world) and its easy accessibility. The discovery and excavation of Pompeii and Herculaneum in the 1700s added to its fame and it became the volcano on which new theories of Earth Science were tested. Many neapolitan and foreign scholars described with accuracy the numerous eruptions during this long period, and, since 1600, several chronicles described not only the main eruptions but also the slight changes of volcanic activity.

The aim of our work is to review the volcan- o's history in the last 2000 years in order to identify the main factors controlling its activity.

Vesuvius before 79 AD

Greek and roman scholars (Strabo, Diodo- rus Siculus, Vitruvius, Vergil) already knew the

volcanic nature of the mountain before the eruption of 79 AD.

Diodorus Siculus (80-20 BC) reports that the Campanian plain was called "Phlegrean ('fiery') from the mountain which of old spouted forth a huge fire as Aetna did in Sicily; at this time, however, the mountain is called Vesuvius and shows many signs of the fire which once raged in those ancients times".

Vitruvius, active between 46 and 30 BC, reported in his "De Architectura" that "once fires burnt below Vesuvius and sometimes it spouted flames on the surrounding fields".

Strabo (64 BC-25 AD) gives the most ac- curate description of Vesuvius of his times: "Above these places lies Mr. Vesuvius, which, save for its summit, has dwellings all round, on farm-lands that are absolutely beautiful. As for the summit, a considerable part of it is flat, but all of it is unfruitful, and looks ash-coloured, and it shows pore-like cavities in masses of rocks that are soot-coloured on the surface, these masses of rock looking as though they had been eaten out by fire: and hence one might in-

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fer that in earlier times this district was on fire and had craters of fire, and then, because the fuel gave out, was quenched."

The 79 AD eruption

Precursors of the 79 AD eruption

Vesuvius entered the history of volcanology with the eruption of 79 AD, described by Pliny the Younger. The eruption destroyed Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplonti and Stabiae and caused the death of Pliny the Elder among many other people.

Before the eruption of 79, earthquakes occurred for some time, but were disregarded by local inhabitants because of their familiarity with the phenomenon.

Seneca reports that an earthquake occurred on 5 February of 62 (according to Tacitus) or 63 AD. The earthquake laid down Pompeii, made great ruins in Herculaneum, and caused minor damage in Nuceria and Naples, where the emperor Nero was performing in the thea- tre. According to Seneca, the earthquakes lasted for several days (non desiit enim assidue fre- mere Campania) until they became milder "'but still caused great damage". We presume that this earthquake swarm occurred at a shal- low depth in the Vesuvian area, given the distribution and the area extent of damages.

In the last sentences of this writing, Seneca asked himself if this disaster in Campania had not "made every man strengthened and re- suited (resolved) against all catastrophes". The reply to his question probably came 17 years later, when Pliny the Elder went to the rescue of the people staying in the area that had been shaken for several days.

As the younger Pliny testified, "for several days before (the eruption) the earth had been shaken, but this fact did not cause fear because this was a feature commonly observed in Cam- pania" (praecesserat per multos dies tremor terrae, minus formidolosus quia Campaniae solitus).

Repair work was underway in some houses at Pompeii and Oplonti Villa when the eruption occurred. This can be considered evidence of intensive seismic shaking of the buildings.

Dio Cassius (150-235 AD) also reports some precursors of the eruption. He tells that for several days before the eruptions there were earthquakes and subterranean rumblings and giants were seen wandering on the earth (giants are a common feature associated with earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, Scandone, 1987).

1"he eruption

Pliny the Younger's letters to Tacitus have been frequently recalled as the first vivid description of an explosive eruption.

We do not know if the description made by Pliny the Younger of the eruption of 79 AD is reliable or not (he explicitly mentions in the end of the first letter that other persons reported to him most of the facts); we will, however, recall some of the more important points in his account.

We make use of the text of the letters of the "Scriptores Classicorum Bibliotheca Ovonen- sis" translated into italian by Marcello Gi- gante (Pliny the Younger). When necessary, we made a literal translation into english.

Figure 1 shows the places mentioned in the letter as well as the presumed route followed by Pliny the Elder.

The first letter The beginning of the eruption is uncertain:

the two Plinys observe the cloud at the seventh hour of the day (1 p.m., Sigurdsson c t a l . 1985 ). We must presume that the eruption be- gan sometime earlier to allow the arrival, at about the same hour, of a messenger sent from the Vesuvian area. Sigurdsson et al. ( t985) suggest that the event prompting Rectina. wile of Tascus, to send the messenger, was a phreatic explosion at the very beginning of the eruption.

M O U N T V E S U V I U S : 2000 YEARS O F V O L C A N O L O G I C A L O B S E R V A T I O N S /

P r o c h y t a

,-~-~- "--~-'-'- '.' ~- ~,., ' - ~..-.~ ~#i . • . "~ F : : ' " ' , ~ ' " " ~ . ' ' - . ~ ' ~

-'." ' " " - , " . . , ~ ' - - . ~ " " 7 - ' ~ t , • . . ' . . . . . , ,~<-'~ . " Y - ~ ' . . ' . '

- . . . . ~ - , r ~ ' ~ " ' " " '~ '- , ' . : - ,M ; " . ; : ~ . , , 4 ~ - , . ~ - / ~ " - - - -

.. . . . . . ~ ¢ - ' . " .~ '~7~:. ~ . . : : , : ~ - - ~ . _ ~ r . z m l ~ l ~ ~ , , . - f - : % . . . , , , . ~ < . . . . ~ , . ~ ~ ~ . ,

~ . : - , " ' .'." . , ' ,~ ' . . . . . . ~ J " * ~ . w ~ . , !" . ' . ' " "

' "" ~ " " ' "~ ' ~ / p o l i s ' - . . . . . . . • ,

Wind direction % A t h e r l a e u m

C a ~ . .

Fig. 1. Sketch of the Gulf of Naples and the route followed by Pliny the Elder to reach Stabiae.

The cloud: The cloud was directly observed by Pliny the Younger from a distance of 21 km, so that he could fully appreciate its total extent and behavior. Subsequent scholars of Vesu- vius eruptions have frequently used the same description for other eruptions.

The description gives us the idea of the typ- ical explosive eruption ("It resembled a pine {Mediterranean pine} more than any other tree. Like a very high tree, the cloud went high and expanded in different branches. I believe, because it was first driven by a sudden gust of air (recenti spiritu eiecta), then, with its dimi- nution or because of the weight, the cloud expanded laterally, sometimes white, sometimes dark and stained by the sustained sand and ash (pondere suo victa in latitudinem vanescebat, candida interdum, interdum sordida et macu- losa prout terram cineremque sustulerat )."

The route o f Pliny the Elder: Pliny the Elder, on his course to the endangered area, has the

wind blowing at his back, from the northwest. We do not know where he intended to land, but he changed his mind because a new shoal formed by the eruption prevented the landing. At this moment he observes red-hot stones and pumice falling on the ships, so he must already be at the southeast of the volcano as suggested by the area distribution of pumice (Lirer et al., 1973 ). We may infer that he was trying to reach the Pompeii port and that he could not land because of the floating pumice, so, he changed his mind and sailed toward Stabiae to reach the friend, Pomponianus, who could not leave because of the opposing wind.

The decision of reaching Stabiae was a fatal one because brought the rescuers to a place where sea escape was impossible. Stabiae was separated by the center of the gulf where the shore made a gentle arc and the waves rushed in ( Stabiis erat diremptus sinu medio nam sen- sim circumactis curvatisque litoribus mare in-

R , S ( ' ~ N I ) ( ) N , t : L T ~,i.

f imdi tur) . The ancient coastline formed probably a more pronounced gulf than nowadays. The northwestern wind favoured the entrance into the gulf (Quo tunc avunculus meus secun- dissimo i n v e c t u s - most favourable to the route of my uncle) but prevented the escape on the next day during the paroxismic phase of the eruption ( Placuit egredi in litus, et ex prox- imo adspicere, ecquid iam mare admitteret; quod adhuc vastum et adversum permanebat - - They decided to reach the shore and look if the sea permitted the escape. But the sea was still stormy and did not allowed the departure ).

The second letter During the time of the eruption, Pliny the

Younger stayed in the proximity of Misenum from where he observed the eruption along with his mother (Pliny the Elder's sister). In the second letter, he describes what occurred there.

Earthquakes: During the night of the first day of the eruption, and for most of the morning of the next day, the houses of Misenum where shaken by earthquakes that caused much panic. Pliny the Younger and his mother escaped; they reached a place from which Vesuvius, Capri and Cape Misenum were visible. The only place where such view is possible is the "Monte di Procida" hill. On the top of the hill, wheeled- charts on flat land were shaken back and forth even if chocks were placed against the wheels. Given the distance from Vesuvius, we may presume that the seismic activity, or a strong seismic tremor, ranged in magnitude between 4 and 5.

Tsunami: ( Praeterea mare in se resorberi et tremore terrae quasi repelli videbamus - - Fur- ther on, we saw the sea retreating as if pushed by the earthquakes). The retreat of the sea observed in Misenum is probably related with a tsunami associated with the climax of the eruption; a similar occurrence has been described during the eruption of Vesuvius of 1631.

Black clouds at Misenum: ( Ab altero latere

nubes atra et horrenda, ignei spiritus lor~z.~ v; bratisque discursibus rupta, m longas j lamma. rumfiguras d e h i s c e b a t - From the other side. black and horrible clouds, broken by sinuous shapes of flaming winds, were opening with long tongues of fire). The description suggests strong explosions that - - After a little while de- scended onto the land, opened the sea, co~ ered Capri and prevented the sight of Misenum ( Nec multos post ilia nubes descendere ~r, tet- ras, operire maria; cinxerat Capreas et ahscon- derat, Miseni quod procurrit abstuleraz 3 Fhe clouds reached the place where Plin~ the Younger and his mother where (densa ~alig~; ;ergis imminebat, quae nos t~)rrentis mod~ i;~- !i~sa terrae sequebatur. (. ..... ) el nox non quah.~ ;nlunis aut nubila, sed qualis m locis clau.s;.~ [u.~ mine exstincto - - A dense haze was impending at our backs, following us like a stream flowing on land ( .... ) and the night fell on us, not like a night with clouds or without stars, bu~ Iike the night in a closed place without a iamp l After a while they were reached by another cloud - - Again the obscurity, again the ash. dense and heavy. We raised some time to shake away the ash as we could have been covered and choked by its weight (Tenebrae rursus cinis rursus, multus et gravis. Hunc ident;dem adsurgentes excutiebamus; operti alioqut atquc etiam oblisi pondere essemus ).

We can exclude that these phenomena can be ascribed to air-fall ash. The distributmn of the pumice driven by stratospheric winds is to-. ward the southeastern side of Vesuvius ( LireT ~ et al., 1973; Sigurdsson et al., 1985). Low alti- tude winds were blowing from northwest (as the course of Pliny the Elder testifies. We have, to conclude that the phenomena in the proximity of Misenum were due to a pyroclastic surge as also suggested by Sigurdsson et al. ( 1985 ). If such description is truthful, it raises, however, some new questions about the extent of damage caused by the eruption. Any pyroo clastic surge reaching Misenum, causing breathing difficulties and obscuration of the sky must first have passed the city of Naples.

M¢)UNT VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF VOLCANOLOGICAL OBSERV~XTIONS 9

The damages We do not have any evidence of extensive

damages in Naples although the contemporary roman authors were rather obscure about the true extent of damages. We know (from Sue- tonius) that Emperor Titus appointed two ex- consuls (Curatores Restituendae Campaniae) to supervise the work of restoration of the damaged region and to solve the legal questions raised by the death of so many people. We also know that the import to Rome of Campanian wine suffered a drastic decrease after the eruption (Widemann, 1987). We find an echo of such occurrence in a poem of Mar- tial (40-104 AD) who describes Vesuvius, once covered by green grapes, now submerged under flames and lapilli.

Pliny the Younger does not mention any damages other than those suffered by himself or the uncle. However, a record of the destruc- tion of Herculaneum and Pompei is found in Marcus Aurelius ( 121-180 AD) and in Dio Cassius (150-235 AD). This last author also reports that the ashes of the eruption reached Africa (the modern Libya), Syria and Egypt, and caused pestilence.

Similarly, the poet Papinius Statius (40-96 AD ) made many references to the ruins caused by Vesuvius in his collection of poems "Sil- vae". The poet lived in Naples for long time and was possibly there during the eruption, as he got a poetry premium in the town in 78 or 80 AD. Soon after he left and lived in Rome until 92. On that date he had to write a poem (Silvae III, 5) "Ad Claudiam Uxorem" to convince his wife to come back to Naples (Paratore, 1992). In this poem we find infor- mations on the state of the town at that date: Non adeo Vesuvinus apex et f lammea diri.-- montis hiems trepidas exhausit civibus urbes--- stant populisque vigent (The summit of Vesu- vius and the fire-storm did not made the anx- ious cities empty of men, they still live full of men ); Hic auspice condita Phoebo tecta, Dicar- chei portusque et litora mundi hospita," (Here you will see the temple of Phoebus and the port

of Pozzuoli and its hospitable shores) (...) Nostra quoque et propris tenuis nec rara colonis Parthenope (Full of citizens and colonists is our dear Parthenope (Naples) (...) Has ego te sedes (...) transferre laboro, quas et mollis hiems et frigida temperat aestas, quas imbelle fretum torpentibus adluit undis (I want to bring you to these places where the winter is sweet and the summer is fresh, where the sea lightly touches the land with lazy waves). According to these verses, we get the impression that Naples and all the region of Campi Flegrei had completely recovered from the damages of the eruption. Different was the condition in the immediate surrounding of Vesuvius. Possibly only Sta- biae had recovered at the time of Statius (Renna, 1992). Renna (1992) suggests that the important road connecting Nuceria to Sta- biae, covered by the deposits of the eruption, was restored already in 121 AD; this same author suggests that the areas of Portici and Torre del Greco were occupied between the II and IV-V century AD, and those of Pompei and Herculaneum between the III and V century AD.

The memory of the lost cities lasted for centuries. The vestiges of a lost town called "La Civita" (from the latin Civ i tas=town) were commonly found by farmers. The systematic excavation of Pompei started only in the XVIII century by the order of Charles III, King of the Two Sicilies.

The period between 79 AD and 1631

We have no information on the state of Ve- suvius immediately after the eruption of 79. The first account of continuing activity is from Galenus (c. 172 AD) who testifies that "the matter in it (Vesuvius) is still burning".

Dio Cassius in 203 AD reports a violent eruption heard in Capua, some 40 km from the volcano. The same eruption is reported by another source (Manuele) referred to by Gaspar- ini and Musella ( 1991 ).

Two large eruptions occurred in 472 and 512.

l ( ) R ~ ( _ A N I _ ) ( ) , ~ , r , t" [ - \ t

Marcellinus Comes reported that, on the 6th of November, 472, "Vesuvius (...) erupted the burning interiors, caused night during the day and covered all Europe with fine ash". This eruption is also confirmed by Manuele (Gas- parini and Musella, 1991 ).

Information about the eruption of 512 is more detailed. Cassiodorus, an officer of king Teodoricus, wrote a letter to ask the exemption of taxes for the people affected by the eruption; in his letter he reports that "a burnt ash flies in the sky, and, forming ashy clouds, it rains with ash droplets also in the provinces beyond the sea (...). It is possible to see ash rivers flowing like liquid, bringing hot sands and ( .... ) the fields grow suddenly up (the fields are covered with sand) to the top of the trees ( ..... ) and are ravished by the sudden heat".

Several other eruptions are reported in 685 (Paulus Diaconus), 787 and 968. Gasparini and Musella ( 1991 ) suggest that the first tes- t imony clearly referring to a lava flow is for the eruption of 968. Leo Marsicanus reports in a chronicle of the Cassino Monastery that "Mount Vesuvius exploded with flames and emitted a great amount of gluey and sulphu- rous matter that formed a river hurriedly flowing to the sea".

Several authors report other eruptions in 991, 993 and 999 (see in Alfano, 1924) but they must be regarded as suspicious because of the belief of the end of the world in 1000 AD.

Leo Marsicanus refers of another eruption on the 27 of January, 1037, that lasted for six days.

The chronicle of the Cassino monastery records an explosive eruption between 1068 and 1078 (Gasparini and Musella, 1991 ).

The last eruption before a long quiescent period occurred on the 1 st of June, 1139. Several sources refer to it as a strong explosive eruption (Falcone Beneventano, the Chronicle of the Monastery of Cava dei Tirreni, John of Salisbury). It lasted eight days and ashes covered Salerno, Benevento, Capua and Naples.

No reliable report of volcanic activity is

available until 1500, when Ambrogio di Nofa reports a small explosion.

From 1500 until to 1631~ no eruption or> curred on Vesuvius. Records are good during this period, and nones mention v~lcanic activity.

The period between 1631 and 1944

The great eruption of 1631 is the largest ex~ plosive eruption of Vesuvius since those of472 and 512 AD. It occurred after 131 years of qui-- escence. Large trees covered the Gran Cono. the cone within the Somma Caldera, and local people did not remember it being a volcano, -['he mountain was called "La Montagna dl Somma" (the Mountain of Somma. a ~mali town on its northern side ).

Several months before the beginning of the eruption, people near the volcano felt some earthquakes (Braccini, 1632). They were not particularly scared because earthquakes from the nearby Apennine chain were often tell in the area (a large one had occurred three years before in Apulia, in 1628 ). The seismic activity became more severe in the few days belbrc the eruption.

Nevertheless, the awakening of Vesuvius i r~ 1631 surprised the inhabitants. A strong ex. plosive eruption started in the night between ! 5 and 16 December of 1631 and its paroxys- mal stage lasted two days. We will not deal with the details of this eruption as Rosi et al. discuss it specifically in this issue.

The eruption started a period of persistent activity that lasted, with a few breaks, for more than three centuries until 1944.

After the violent eruption of 1631.. the m habitants living at the base of the volcan~, be~- came accustomed to its activity and were in- clined to record only the most notable events.

However, a few individuals (mostly belong- ing to the ecclesiastic or noble classes) started to maintain detailed chronicles of its activit~ only sixty years after the great eruption, l'he~ describe, since 1694 not only the main erup-

M( )U Nl" VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF VOLCANOLOGICAL OBSERYATIONS I [

tions, but also the slight changes of volcanic activity. We list the most important chronicles used for the reconstruction of the record: Par- agallo (1705), Sorrentino (1734), Serao (1738), Mecatti (1754, 1759), G.M. Della Torte (1755, 1761 ), De Bottis (1768), Ham- ilton (1774, 1776, 1779, 1795), Monticelli ( 1841 ), Monticelli and Covelli ( 1823 ), Scac- chi (1850), Palmieri (1859, 1862, 1865, 1870, 1874, 1895), Matteucci (1891), Imb6 (1949).

These careful descriptions of the volcano activity permitted to Baratta ( 1897 ), and Alfano and Friedlander (1929) to formulate models of activity between 1631 and 1906 based on recurring cycles of activity. Each cycle was characterised by the succession of:

(a) A period of repose (generally not ex- ceeding a few years ).

(b) A phase of strombolian activity with the building of a conelet within the crater, and, eventually, the emission of some lava flows ( either within the crater or outside it).

(c) A violent eruption usually with a lava flow and strong explosions followed by a new repose.

Carta et al. ( 1981 ) made a statistical model of the activity similar to that proposed by A1- fano and Friedlander (1929). They repro- duced the pattern of activity with a Markov chai n of four states of activity (repose, persist-

ent activity, intermediate eruption, final erup- t ion). The transition probabilities from one state into another were determined by the observed times of permanence in each state. Their model described well the activity between 1694 and 1944, but was unable to explain the long repose since the last eruption of 1944.

The idea of cycles of activity was also used in the most recent compilation of the Vesuvian activity (Arn6 et al., 1987 ).

We report in the Appendix a detailed chro- nology of the entire period 1631-1944 based on the accounts of contemporaries. In Figure 2, we show this schematically.

We use the same terminology used by Carta et al. ( 1981 ) shown in Table 1.

We use this classification because it mostly reflects an increasing level of violence (R--, A ~ I E ~ FE ); however, there are some intermediate eruptions more violent than final eruptions and persistent activities stronger than the intermediate eruptions.

The major discrepancies among the different lists regard the permanent activities and intermediate eruptions. The other available lists (Baratta, 1897; Alfano and Friedlander, 1929; Carta et al., 1981 ; Arn6 et al., 1987 ). are slightly different from ours.

The two lists of Baratta ( 1897 ) and Alfano and Friedlander (1929) are not complete as

VEI

'4

=

- 2

" P,erm a n e n t a c t L w t y

R e p o s e

B e g i n n i n g o f e f f u s i v e a c t i v i t y

F F F F F

b - ~' 16~ r ' 0 8 0 1700 17~C 1743

~ F

i ] 6C "780 18C, r, " 57 ~

YEAR

~-~ ~ ~ d o m e ~ b u l l d m g ~ f i l l i n g : ~ r~ "

F "~ ~ ~ F FF I F

~40 18~'0 188C i c~'3: ' J - ] 194(-I :1;' l~bCl '(b(]

Fig. 2. Sc he m e o f the e rup t ive pe r iod be tween [ o~ t and t 944. l h e hor izon ta l bars ind ica te per iods o f p e r m a n e n t activity. The height o f the ver t ical bars ind ica te the I "El o f I n t e r m e d i a t e or Final E rup t ions ( F ) .

I 2 R. ~ ( ' ,ANI)~ ~rx.} I [ ~,1.

FABLE 1

States of activity identified by Carla et al. ( 1981

State Symbol

Repose R

Persistent activity A

Descrlptmn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No activity, other than fumarolic emission

Mild slrombolian aeuv~t3, occasional lava effusions, and building ol one ,.)r ~r~,,., conelets within the crater

Intermediate eruptmn IE

Final eruption FE

Conspicuous pouring out of fhc crater of lava-fiows, sometimes accompamed ~, explosive activity

Rapid em~ssmn of magma ~s characterized by a fast lava flow, reaching the it~, outskirts of the volcano, usually accompanied by notable explosive phenomena: thest events last a few days. and are sometimes followed by the collapse of the cratc~ "~ he? are termed "'final" because are followed by a period of repose.

they were made before the last eruption of 1944. The differences with those ofCar ta et al. (1981), a n d A r n 6 et al. (1987) are due to the interpretation of old sources as it is not always unequivocal to assign, for example, the beginning or ending of scarcely observed eruptive phenomena.

We found that the compilation of Baratta (1897) is the most reliable among the older ones. Our compilat ion (see Appendix ) differs only slightly from the one of Arn6 et al. ( 1987 ). In our compilation, we assigned a Volcanic Ex- plosivity Index (VEI) (Newhall and Self, 1982) to most eruptions based on their qualitative description. We also provided a brief volcanological description of most events as the relevant chronicles of the activity are available only in italian and the lists of Carta et al. ( 1981 ), and Arn6 et al. ( 1987 ) provide only a scheme of the activity.

Although we use the same terminology of Carta et al. (1981), we have not made any subdivision of the entire period into different sub-cycles. We do not observe always the same recurrence of events ( R ~ A--) I E-~ A--, FE--. R ), and we believe that the entire period 1631- 1944 must be considered in its wholeness to unders tand better the trend of the activity.

This activity was characterised by a sequence of effusive and explosive eruptions

which affected differently the morphology ol the volcano.

We counted 99 magmatic eruptions, follow- ingthe 1631 one; 5 F E h a d a V E I o f 3 + !1737. 1779, 1794, 1822, 1906), and 12 had a ;L'lol 3.53 eruptions were accompanied by (or were entirely) explosive phenomena. Explosive activity was predominant until 1872 (49 events ): since this date, effusive eruptions became more numerous and there was a slow accumulation of lava either on the flanks of the cone ( building of several lava domes between 1872 and 1899 ) or filling of the crater and outpouring of lava from it. Since 1872, the length of' IE became longer (Carta et al., 1981 ), and there ~ the suspicion that a new magma batch became available (Cortini and Scandone, 1982

At least 41% of FE and 21% of IE were pre- ceded by a collapse of the conelet inside the crater before the eruption; 77% of the FE. and 31% of IE started with a fracture of the main cone or of the near areas at the beginning of the eruption. Since t913, no more fracturmg of the cone was observed.

The FE (occasionally also the IEs) are char-- acterized by a peculiar trend. They often begin with an effusive phase with lava outpouring from a fracture in the cone, and end with an explosive phase.

The lava emission is accompanied by strom-

MOUNT VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF VOLCANOLOGICAL OBSERV-XTIONS ] 3

bolian explosions, and occasionally inter- mixed or followed by violent episodes of lava fountains (in some cases, up to 1-4 km height: as, for example, in 1737, 1822, 1872, 1906, 1929, 1944).

A collapse of the crater generally occurs at the end of this phase (for example in 1737, 1779, 1794, 1822, 1834, 1839, 1850, 1872, 1906, 1944), and is often accompanied by strong earthquakes. The crater is then hundreds of meters deep (216 m in 1822, 285 in 1839 and 1850, 250 m in 1872, more than 250 m in 1906 and 1944).

The last phase is characterized by the formation of a sustained eruption column, 5-15 km high, eventually with phenomena indicat- ing magma-water interaction (wet ash, or pi- solites and relevant lahars: for example, in 1779, 1794, 1822, 1906, 1944).

Obviously, such a scheme is highly simpli- fied and the different phases may alternate each other during the same eruption; however, there is always a progression from a purely effusive phase toward a more explosive one.

Perret (1924) has asked if the crater was formed as a result of an explosion or of a collapse. In this respect, it is worth citing the words of Breislak and Winspeare ( 1794 ): "One may question if the lacking parts of the mountain have fallen within it or were thrown outside the crater by the strength of the explosions. However, as in its environment there are no new hills nor the shape of the mountain is changed, it is more likely the first opinion. The giant hole, formed in the mountain after the emission of two large lava-flows, weakened so much the vault on which was the crater, that it had to collapse."

We believe that this explanation is still plau- sible and those phenomena, observed during the explosive eruptions of Vesuvius, can be ex- plained as a result of a chaotic collapse (Scan- done, 1990 ) resulting from the fast drainage of magma from a reservoir or a dike emplaced at the level of the carbonate basement.

Discussion and conclusions

The last 2000 years of activity of Vesuvius show a variety of eruptive styles similar probably to those of its entire lifetime. Eruptions with VEI ranging from 5+ to 0-1 have occurred during this time. The most violent have occurred after long periods of quiescence, but important explosive eruptions have also occurred after short quiescence (512 AD) or during periods of persistent activity (1779. 1822 and 1906 )

Many of the phenomena, observed during the period 1631-1944 (as for example, explosive activity, collapse of the crater, lahar and water emission), occurred with an enhanced character during the eruption of 1631. The im- mense emission of water from the volcano. during the eruption of 1631. troubled very much the contemporary scholars, and manx of them invoked the entrance of sea-water into ~he volcano.

We suspect that much of the explosivit~ of Vesuvius is related with an important aqmfer in the carbonate rocks below Vesuvius. A relevant amount of water can gain access to ~he magma only if important collapses of the hv- drothermal system of the volcano occur during the eruption. An evidence of this mechanism may be the relevant amounts of xenoliths ranging from sub-volcanic rocks to metamor- phosed marbles found in the deposits of 1he explosive events (Cortini and Hermes, 1981 ).

Large explosive eruptions reshape the x ol- cano with the formation of a caldera. We do not know the age of formation of the Somma caldera, but it is likely that it was the resuh of several eruptions similar to the one of 79 \D (Delibrias et al., 1979).

After such eruptions it is likely an acti~ ity that tends to restore a hydrostatic equilibri~m shape of the mountain through a sequence of explosive and effusive episodes.

Dio Cassius reports, in 203 AD, that Vesu- vius had an amphitheatre shape. Already in ~he VIth century, the volcano had a shape similar

to the present one, as shown in an engraving with Saint January in between the Somma rim and the Gran Cono (Gasparini and Musella. 1991 ).

Before 1631, Vesuvius was higher than the Somma, and after the eruption it lost at least 168 m (such estimate is a minimum, see, for example Nazzaro, 1989 ). The slow rebuilding phase took the following 313 years with a predominance of explosive events in the beginning and of effusive ones in the end.

The explosive eruptions during the rebuilding phase may be the result either of an influ- ence of external factors as the arrival of a ten- sional pulse produced by tectonic earthquakes (Marzocchi et al., 1993-this issue) or of purely morphological factors. The opening of a fracture on the cone or a lateral intrusion may cause a sudden drainage of the magma column and a decrease of pressure propagating downward. Such pressure decrease produces a sudden water-exsolution and bubbling at the exsolution level so driving the start of the eruption with rapid magma emission. The sequence of fracturing of the cone, or conelet collapse, and following rapid lava flow formation indicate this phenomenon.

We are, however, uncertain if such mechanism alone can explain the occurrence of very high lava fountains, as magma exit velocities of the order of 140 to 200 m/s are required to produce lava fountains 1-2 km high. In this case, we suspect an early water-magma interaction that may provide the necessary overpressure.

The fracturing of the cone has been more likely in the first period because of the weak- ness of the newly formed cone. The slight accumulation of lava on its flank progressively strengthened the edifice. Since 1906 no more fracturing occurred and the explosive eruptions became more rare thereby favoring a more rapid lava filling of the crater.

A dike injection probably started the last eruption of 1944 (Imb6, 1949). The dike did not reach the surface but caused the initial col-

lapse of the conelet. The crater tbrme~l alier 1944 was less than one third of that tbrmed after 1906 (25× 106 m 3 compared to 80× 10 ~' ra ~). The eruption was not able to destroy enough of the mountain to allow an easy path- way to upcoming magmas. Besides tins. the previous effusive activity had also raised the bottom of the Somma caldera, so that the voF cano finally reached a height comparable with the hydrostatic head of the magmas erupted m the period 1631-1944.

Notably, its shape is again similar to that observed before 1631.

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

We gratefully thank Tom Simkin for a careful and thoughtful review of the style and con- tents of an earlier version of this paper

A p p e n d i x

We show in Figure 3 a topographic map o~ Vesuvius with the names of the main localities cited in this Appendix.

In the following table, we use the termmob ogy proposed by Carta et al. ( 1981 I to cha> acterize the different states of activit~ in the time period between 1631 and 1944.

We report in the table: - The beginning and ending date of tlae state

(Day-Month-Year) ; - The duration of the state in days:

--The type of activity (FE=Final eruption IE= Intermediate Eruption, A= Permanenl Activity, R=Repose) and, when possible. the volume of the products estimated b~ contemporary authors without any transfor- mation into dense rock equivalent:

-- The Volcanic Explosivity Index ( l'E/1 assigned on the base of the qualitative description of the eruption;

---The Volcanological Notes describmg the main features observed in the period

MOUNT VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF VOLCANOLOGI( 'AL OBSERVATIONS [ 5

Fig. 3. Topographic map of Vesuvius.

16 R. S C A N D O N E ET AL.

BEGINNING (d-m-y)

15-12-1631

la,m~ ; Volume

3-1-1632 3 1-7-1637 27

28-11-1649 1

11-3-1650 31

1-1-1653 2 25-2-1654

2-3-1654 3-7-1660 2

2 2

29L3 -1680 1 T~-8-1682 2

23-8-1682 2 3-10-1685 10

11-10-1685 8 9-12-1689 16

17-12-1689 1 ]3-4-16q4 2

30-4-1694

15 -8 -1696 15 -9 -1697

10 -1 -1698 19 -5 -1698

16 -7 -1698 1 -7 -1701

16 -7 -1701 19 -5 -1704

24 -5 -1704 20 -7 -1706 29 -7 -1707

23 -8 -1707 5 -2 -1712

11 -6 -1712 2 25 -10 -1712

9 -11 -1712

Vo]cano log lca l Notes 1 ~tlon occurs a f te r 150 years of quiescence. Height of erupt ive c loud is est l rnated at 30 miles. I :lc f lows and lahars des t roy many vi l lages (uncer tam lava f low) . Earthquakes and a tsunami ny the collapse of the crater. It loses 168 m of the or lgmal he ight . Abou t 4000 casualUes. It I :)St relevant e rup t ion of Vesuwus In the last 1000 years

eports an image w i th the cone smolong, in 1638 (Alfano, Fnedlander) _ _ ~ Jds t owa rd Naples du r ing December and January 1650, in tense on 1S-1 -1650 ,15q-2 ,9~

Sa~d lah~ars ~n ~ Ash ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ an~ Ma~1652~e~1 !r and December.

of ash =ntense dU~lng March 1654 (Viola In 8arat ta) !

scoria emission to 300 steps f rom three vents w i th in the crater. L igh tn ing and rumbhngs in j ] . The c loud is abou t 2 rr~les high. Damages In Resma, Torre Annunztata , Torre del Greco. On ing avalanches on the cone. (Lava f low ?) (Barat ta) . On 1663, the cone had a circumference of

Ilan ac t iv i ty m 1670 (Sorrent ino) )n Ottav lano and Solrgna

~lctlvlty smce the beginning of Augus t . On 12, volcanic c loud w i th electr ic discharge. Ashes on I Greco and Ottav laoo. On 21-8 increasing v io lence and ashes on Nocera, Paganl, Cava, lano. Lava wi th in the crater. 1 casual ty In Torre Annunz~ ta , 3 m Castellammare n smoke" (Sorrent ino) 1685 , volcanic cloud, ash and scoriae on the cone.

:) 1685. £mlsslon of scoriae. St rong seismic ac t l v l t y . Uncertain durat lon.

the crater is f i l led of lava and is In s t rombohan ac t iv i ty (Bo t tonO kes in March. On 12-3, hth~cs and ashes to Benevento. Earthquakes in Torre del Greco. On S-4, Is and collapse of the conelet . On 6-4, incandescent scoriae w i th in the crater, 13-4, lava f low

u le :~alvatore. The lava is 5 palms h igh and 1 S wide. Two branches t owa rd Ptetrablanca and ~lorglo. It halts af ter 1 S days.

ice 31-7 , explos{ons and ear thquakes tdl 4 Augus t , when a lava f low occurs last ing 10 days (Della rre) on the same pa th of 1694 (Sorrentmo). iescence unt i l Sep tember 1697 (Sor rent ino)

15 September , ac t twty and earthquakes. On 18-9 at 22 .00 , lava f low toward Torre del Greco f rom ee fractures on the cone. On 19-9, new lava f lows toward Torre del Greco. On 20-9, lava m Fosso F Cerw and Fosso Btanco. On 26-9, the lava s tops at 1 km f rom Torte del Greco. On 15-11, 20-11, -11 and 30-11 lava f lows (Sorrentmo) iokmg (Sor ren t ino)

14-5, re t reat of the sea for 5 t imes. On 19, ear thquakes and rumbl ings. On 25-5 , a lava f low toward s.~a. On 28-5, f racture on the SW, of the crater, lava toward Fossoblanco and Taghapletra ( toward rre del Greco). The lava hal ts on 2-6 at 2 km f rom Torte del Greco. Explos~0ns un t l 7-6 (Damages, )duced by lahars in Capri, Sorrento, Castel lammare, Gragnano). Since 8 and 10-6, new explosions; or~ -6 h=gh volcanic ctonds. (Sorrent tno)

ic ture on the E base of the conele t and lava toward Ot tava iano and Viulo (15 palms h igh,50 s teps Je); On 4-7, the f lows end. Increase on 5-7 and 6-7. White ash at the end of the erupt~on.(Sorrent lno)

19-5, smoke and fires. On the 20, lava fountains 2 miles high; on 21 -22 /5 , s t rombohan act iv i ty .

r thquakes fe l t f rom 19 -1 -1705 unt i l 20 -7 -1706 .

28-7 , a lava f low f rom the SW f lank of Gran Cono t owa rd Resma onto the one of 1694. Great rnages for ashes at 8osco, Tor te Annunz la ta , Ot tav iano, Nocera. On 29-7 volcanic c loud last ing 1 ur On 30, explosive ac t i v i t y w i th scoria eJection. On 2-8, ashes on Naples. Great damages for qes and lahars a t Let tere, Sarno, Nocera, Cava, S. Severino, Nola, Benevento. (Sorrent~no) i 14 -8 -1708 at 9 o 'c lock, Sorrentmo repor ts "a small explosion w i th ash for 15 rrmnutes". twRy and emission of lava f rom 5-2. Since 21-3 , int racrater ic lava which ou t f l ows on 26-4 , 29-4 , i 12-5, lava toward Torre del Greco unt i l June.

t tv i ty on 25-10. A lava f lows on the 29 th toward Fosso Bmanco. New f lows on 8-11 . (Sor ren tmo)

M O U N T VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF V O L C A N O L O G I C A L OBSERVATIONS ] 7

-BKGINN-fNG [ E:Nb ":~I Type "~:ti: ( d -m-y ) / [ d -m-y_ : .. I . . . . . Volu . . . . . . .L L _

Vo lcano log ica l Notes ]

1 2 - 4 - 1 7 1 3 25-5-1713

26 5-1713 5-1-]7141 6-I-1714 20-I-1714

21-i-1714 14-6-1714 15-6-1714 30-6-1714

I-7-1714 5-6-1717 6-6-1717 18-6-1717

19-6-1717 21-12-1717 22-12-1717 26-12-1717

26-12-1717 2-9-1718 3-9-1718 9-7-1719

10-7-1719 6-5-17201 7-5-1720 2 7 - 5 - 1 7 2 0 !

2 8 - 5 - 1 7 2 0 3 0 - 4 - 1 7 2 1 1 - 5 - 1 7 2 1 7 - 6 - 1 7 2 1

8-6-1721 20-4-1723

¢ ~p~OSlVe I

224 R 14 IE

exl~oslve 144 R 15 IE

effusive ex p~os,ve I

107C A 1,: ! IE

effusive ; e×l~oswe

18~ A tE

effusiv@ 25C A 30q IE

effusive

301 A 2C IE

ex~oswe 337 A 3~ iE

effusive

Since 12-4, new lava; i t ou t f l ows f rom the crater oi l 9-5 toward Fosso del Cervl. Torre del Greco. f rom 11 7 un t i l 20 /5 , exp lostve ac t i v i t y , and lava f lows t owa rd O t t awano . Torre del Greco, Reslna. (So r ren tmo )

I On 6-1, snakes and explosions unt)l 8 -9 /10 . On 11, lava fountains. Since | 5, ash fall for several days.

Slrlce I 5-6,explosive ac t iv i ty unt i l 21-6 . A t 16h of 21, lava fouota ln and volcanic cloud, several mile htgh. Lava f low toward Bosco and T.Annunz la ta .On 23, e×plos]ve ac tw t t y and new lava f low.On 24, ash and lava. Intense ac t iv i ty on 25 -6 -1715 . ExplosK)ns dur ing March and Apr i l 1716

2 ~ Oil 6 -6 -1717 , f ractures on the S ed E f lank of the cone wt th lava f lows t owa rd Boscotrecase T.Annunzlata and TorTe del Greco. One f low reaches the E side of Camaldoh della Torte. On 10-11 /6 voloanJc cloud. On l 3-6, lava f low toward Torre del Greco.

I New f low on to the one of 13-6-1717.

2 On 16-9, lava f low to the nor thern side of the cone which brances into two f lows toward Reslna and Bosco. Since 17, lava t owa rd Mauro. I n t e rm i t t en t lava emission un td July of the fo l low ing year

I (So r ren tm o ) ~_m o M ng (Sor ren t lno) i on 7 -5-1720, s t rong exploswe ac tw l t y w th ashes o i to Ot tav ano On 24 and 25, ash cloud.

tOn 1-5, la~a f low toward Torte del Greco (same path as June 1717) , again on 5, 6 and 7 June

19 -4 -1723 68C A -~ 8 -7 - ] 723 7~FE(1723) -~+Smce 28March 1723, ea~hq~kes . On 18-3 -1723 , va r i a t l ono f t he wa te r t ab l e at £orre de lGreco. On

9-7-1723 3-9-1724 4-9-1724 2q-9-1724

30 9-1724 9-1-1725 10-1-1725 15-8-1728

L 1 6 - 9 - 1 7 2 8 2 6 - 2 - 1 7 3 0 I 2 7 - 2 - 1 7 3 0 1 - 4 - 1 7 3 0

2 - 4 - 1 7 3 0 2 4 - 1 2 - 1 7 3 2 2 5 - 1 2 - 1 7 3 2 1 0 - 1 - 1 7 3 4

1 1 - 1 - 1 7 3 4 3 0 - 6 - i 7 3 5 1 - 7 - 1 7 3 5 3 0 - 7 - 1 7 3 5

1 - 8 - 1 7 3 5 1 3 - 5 - 1 7 3 7 1 4 - 5 - 1 7 3 7 4 - 6 - 1 7 3 7

effustve e x ~OSl v'~

422 q 25 IE

effusive I explosive

101 A 1313 IE

effuswe e~ploslve

!

528 A 33 FE

(1730) effusive exl~oswe

997 R or A 381 IE

effusrve

535 A 29 IE

effusive 651 A 21 FE(17371

effusive exposure volume = 10^106

m 3

2704 R I 2548 A

I 5-6-1737 1-11-1744, 24-10-17511

! J

! 29 -3 - I 723, selsrT~c ac t l v l t y ; since 20 Aprd unt l l 25-6: explosive ac t lv l ty . On 26-6, lava ou t f low to the i North. A t 13h of 26-6 , two vents w l t h exploslve ac t l v l t y . A t 1911 , increase of lava f lows into Val lone !dr Ot tav lano. E×ploslons on 26 and 27-6. On 29-6 at ]Oh, scona e ject lon to Macchlonl, lava toward !Mauro. 30-6 and I -7 , exp loswe ac tw l t y and 2 lava f lows toward O t tawano and V~ulo. On 30 June , s t l ong selsmlc ac t l v l t y . Slnce 2 Untl l 4-7, exploslve ac t l v l t y w l t h very h lgh columf l (Mecat t l ) . O11 4-7, 11Sh. r D~i l~ges ~t Ot tav lano, Nola, Palma, S~rno, Gragnano. Castel lammare, Nocera. Cava S.Severlno, Salerno, Vallo

I Z ISmce 4-9 untd 7-9, ash explosions, then, the f irst lava f low; on 1 ] -9 , black smoke (up to 2000 steps)

:On ] 7-9, lava f low; On l 8, s t rong explosive and effusive act iv i ty .

Z iAc t l v l t y since 10; on 16 January, ou t f l ow to the North and then toward Colle del Salvatore unt i l 20-1.

Z-

Z

'Explosions on 24-1. On 20-5, new lava f low last ing unt i l 7-9. On 13 and ] 9 -9 , t n t e r r~ t t en t ef fusions l last ing t i l l the fo l lowing year. in tensi f icat ions on ] 7 -4 -1726 , lava toward Salvatore and Fosso glanco 'on 22-4 -1727 : on 23, volcanic c loud, exp loswe ac t i v i t y unt i l 27-4 ; increase on July; decrease in Augus t 1726, and increase on ] 9 Augus t ; smoke untd 13 December; on 16 e 12" January 1727. e×ploslons; on 26 May 1728, new lava ; 3-June 1727, hre and water : a lava f low m July 1728; 1, 2.3 September 1728, explosfons; ash on 14 and 15 September smoke On 27 February 1230, act iv i ty at the crater (Sorrent lno) ; On 27-2-1730, in t racratenc f low (Stoppan0; on 2-3,explos ions unt i l 17 /3 , when the f i rst lava f low begins and lasts unt i l 23-3 ;on 24 and 25 March s t rong explosions: on 25-3, crater col lapse and lava w i th explosive eJecta on all vesuvlan d ist r ic t . smoke Fire on 25-12; explosive act iv i ty on 1 - 1 - 1 7 3 3 . On 8-1, lava f low toward Ot tav lano and T. del Greco. Lava ou t f l ow f rom the crater f rom 27-4 to 5-5; again on 10-7 ,27 -8 ,4 -11 , 27-12; f~om ]-1 to 10-1- 1734

I On July 1735, lava f low toward II Mauro. (uncer ta in dura t ion)

: L 14 15 May, smoke and fires. On the n igh t be tween 15-16, a lava f low toward E (Bosco) on 17 -18 -19 [tncreastng srr~ke. On 20 May at 13h, scoria eJection and wh i te smoke, at 19h, e~ploslon and fracture :on the SW flank of the mounta in w i th lava toward Reslna and f rom central ven t to Bosco. On 21 (4h ) , I s t rong explosions; at Sh la~a to E and W toward Reslna, Fosso 81anco and then to Torre del Greco. On 23 May, explosions. On 24,one explosion then smoke. Damages In OttavLano, Nola and des t ruc t ion of [o r re del Greco by the lava f low. Gran Cono lowered of [ 2 m (Serao) Uncerta in dates St rong ac t i v i t y in November ] 744; In ] 745, act ive conelet ; During 1749, the crater is being f i l led.

IDurrng Oc tober 1750, s t rombohan ac t i v i t y f rom th ree vents In 1751, one conetet On 19-10- j 1751 ,De l l a Torte repor ts s t rong vapor emission.

18 R. SCANDONE ET AL.

~ GINNING d-m-y) END

(d-m-y)

27-'3--1759 1472

,~-I I VOI .... L~

1009' A

A

[

25-10-1751 25-2-1752

I 26-2-1752~'i-12-1754

2-12-1754 15-3-1755

I

16-3-1755

29-3-1759 31-3-1759

1-4-1759 13-5-1759

~03 IE effusive

exp4oslve

2 IE effusive ex~os,ve

12 -5 -1759 41 A 20 -5 -1759 7 IE 1

effusive ___ 21-5-1759 6-11-1759

31-3-1760

23-12-1760

7-1-1761 1-7-1764

28-3-1766

16-12-1766

5-11-1759 168 A 30-3-1760 145 IE

effusive

22-12-17601 266 A

b-i-1761 14 FE(1760) explosive

I effuswe Lateral

volum~ 9 8 ~1,56 m3 dalai

30 -6 -1764 127c 27 -3 -1766 634

15 -12 -1766 262

19-10-1767

R A IE

effusive e~p{oshve

~E L1767}

effusive explosive volume - 11~106

m3 lava 1 4x106

840 m3~yr 74 iE

effusive explosive

364 R C~> 29 IE

effusive expleswe

18-10-1767 3o61 27-10-1767 81

28-10-1767 14-2-1770 15-2-1770 30-4-1770

1-5-1770 30-4-1771 1-5-1771 30-5-1771

1-6-1771 28-12-1773

Volcano log lca ] Notes I 1

On 25-10, at 4am, fracture on t i le SE f lank of the cone toward Bosco. Lava toward Boscotrecase and l then to ii Mauro. New vents on 2-11. On 2-12. ash. On 5-1-1752 new lava that come to an halt on 25-2- i 1752. Ac t i v i t y w i th in the crater af ter the erupt ion. (Barat ta, Mecatt l , Della Torre) I In Febrtrary of 1752, the crater rs 255 feet deep. On 21 -3 -1752 , there were 3 vents and in May, only

two During 1753, s t rombol ian ac t iv i ty un td January 1754 . In Middle October 1754, one conelet t ha t breakes up err~tt lng an tnt racrater lc lava f low which lasts unt i l 6 Novembel (Barat ta) On 2-12, fracture of the cone toward Boscotrecase and toward Ot tav lano. Lava f low on to the one of 1751, another one toward Bosco. Several vents acUve unt i l 22 -1 -1755 . Increase of ac t lw t y on 10-12 December. On 14-16-24 December 1754, 5 January 1755; on 19-1 -1755 . explosive act iv i ty ; on 20 arid 21, s t rong explosive ac t iv i ty w i th e ject ion of bombs of two feets up to three mlle. On 25-1 , new lava in the A tno . On 31-1, two vents on the cone toward Ottavlar io and a lava f low toward Ottavtano. On 28- 2, collapse of the conelet and, on 15-3, a small lava f low. 10 -4 -1755 , exp los ive ac t i v i t y , m inor f r om 22 -5 -1755 to beg lnn l r /g of 1756 . On 9 -8 -1756 . . i t racra ter lc lava. Out f low on 12-8 to SW, toward T. del Greco. Two f lows on 13-8 toward Portlcq on to the f lows of 1 137. Agmn on 30-9, lava toward T del Greco. New f lows on 20-10, 8-11 untd the end of the year.During 1757, ou t f l ows on 20-1, 9-2. 28-3, 23, 28-4 arid 29-4 unt i l 14 -5, 21 ,29 -5 ;23 ,25 -6 ; I 1 ,22-7 , 16-10, 8 ,12 -12 During 1758, s~rr.lar ac t tw t y . On 20-1 1759, lava f low to Fosso Vetrana (Bara t ta ) On 28-3 , l ight explosive ac t iv i ty , and one ear thquake; at 24 ,00 of 29, coFlapse of the conele t (o f 1744) ; on 30, lava ou t f l ow towa rd Torte del Greco (rapid) al~l toward Ronitor~o and Ot tav lano, the f low stops af ter 4 rrmle. Explosive act iv i ty ends on the 31st . Total damages for 28000 ducat t ( 110 ,500 accord ing to Sinlscalchl) 1 F umaro l l c ac t i v i t y

/

Opening of a fracture on the f lank toward Boscotrecase; lava for seven days. (Mecat t l , Barat ta)

St rombot ian ac t iv i ty durra 9 June 17.59. Since 6 -11 - }759 unt i l March 1760, increasing ac t lw t y . Abundan t lava on the sou thern rode w i t h extensive dama@es (De Bot t is ) . h l t racra tenc lava dunng March 1760; dur ing Augus t and September , s r~ke ; f rom rraddfe November to ~ December, s t rombol ian act iv i ty ; rumbl ings on 12-12 . From 20 to 23-12 earthquakes (Barat ta) On 23-12 a t 5,00pro, fe l t earthquakes. A t 7 ,30 pm, s t rong ear thquake and t remor , f racture at 1 rrMe ~ nor th of Boscotrecase. Bu l ld l r~ of 2 conelets at 1,5 mile f rom the royal [oad, smoke , ash and scoriae, I ther l lava toward Torre Annunz la ta tha t makes 1 /2 mile in 12 hours. A t 8 ,15 prT~ another ear thquake I and a th i rd conelet ; at the crater, ashes, lapdll and smoke. In to ta l there were seven main conelets

( p robab l y they were 1 S) w i th volumes: A=O.6 x l 06m 3 B small, C - 0 .155 x l 06m 3, [9=-small. E- small: F=0 036 x106m3; G=0.149 x106m3 ; at 11,30 pro, f low f rom G, at 0 .00 f rom A; Lava f low unt i l 1-1-1 Z61, i

Ion 2-1, ear thquakes and col lapse of bu i ld ings; on 3-1 ,exp los ive ac t i v i t y at t he crater and s t rong ear thquakes On 3,4-1, explosive ac t lw t y ; on 5-1, col lapse of a por t ion of the crater. On 6 - l , end of ac t i v i t y . Small ac t tw t y on 17 and 18-2 w i t h smoke f rom A conelet ; Conelet F smokes unt i l 1779. Damages for the ashes a t Nola. Sarno, Nocera. Damages for 300000 scud1 (De Botus) or ( 1 , 257 ,000 hre Smtsca l ch0 Uncertain date of the end. Since 1764, smoke. Since beg lnn ln~ 1 / 66 . s t r ombohan act iv i ty . On 28 -3 -1766 .ou t f l ow of lava toward Reslna.Oo 10-4, f racture on the SE and SW flanks and new ou t f low toward Ot tav lano and T .Annunz la ta , last ing unt i l the end of November . Since June 1766, explosive ac t iv i ty w i t h eject ions to 300 -400 meters . Since March 1767, small explosions. On 7 August , intracrater ic lava w i th ou t f l ow on 1Z-8. Lava fi l ls the crater and ou t f l ows orl 12-8, explosive ac t i v i t y ; on 19-10 , s t [ ong explosions and fracture be tween N and NW near the top of the cone, smoke and, at 15,30, f luid lava to Canteronl and Fosso Grande; at 18 ,30, ash, smoke and lava t owa rd Reslna, Port lcq S.Glorgio. A t 22h , the lava is at II Salvatore. A t 15 h of 20 -10 ,new feeding and explosive act iv i ty w i t h e jecta up to 700 m;col lapse of the conelet and explosions; at 20h of 20-10, new lava; f rom 2,00 am to 6 ,00 am of 21, t remor and ash fall untd dawn. On 22,v io len t exp los~ns ,a t 12 ,30 erupt ive c loud w i t h hghtn lngs: on 26-10 . new lava f low towa rd S.Giorglo

Explosive ac t i v i t y since 15 -2 - t 770 w i th t r emor and decrease of the level of the wa te r tab le at La Volla and Torre del Greco.ln March, s t rong s t rombohan ac t iw t y . On 14-3 at 22h, v io len t explosions w i t h ashes, scoriae and ea r thquakes .A t 2 .00 am of 16-3, v io len t ear thquakes, e jec t ions f rom the crater. A t 3 .00 prn, f racture on the E f lank of Gran Cono w i t h e jecta and a lava f l ow into Canale del l 'Arena, toward II Mauro and Boscoreale. On 17-3, the f i rst f low comes to an halt . On 18-3, another f low on top of the previous, i t s tops on 20-3. Since tha t day, unt i l the end of Apri l , several lava f lows into Val lone del l 'Arena. (De Bo t t l s ) No in format ion. A t 16h of 1-5, lava f rom a f racture of the cone to Val lone del l 'Arena for 8 days. On 9-5 at 24h, new lava which branches, on 12-5, t oward Port lci and Torte del Greco. S t rombohan ac t iv i ty at the cone. Lava unt i l the end of May,also t owa rd il Mauro. Since 15-5, ash unt i l Noverrfaer w i t h damages to cult~va ted land.

941 A St rombol ian ac t lw t y and emission of ash and scoriae untd AprjI 1776. (De I~ottis)

M O U N T VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF VOLCANOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 19

~BEGINNING ( v,~ I volume L L __ ~ -m-y ) [ " (d-m-y)END [ I~,~'~T ̀T-ype ~1 [[ Vo lcano log lca l Notes . . . . . . }

29-12-1773 I-2-1774

2-2-1774 3-8-1774 ]-12-1774 4-8-1774

2-'12-1774 19-12-1775 20-12-1775 3-4-1776

4-4-1776 29-7-]779

14-8-1779

1 8 - 8 - 1 7 8 3

1-7-1785

1 - 1 2 - 1 7 8 7 1-8-1788

16-9-1788

5-9-1790

17-11-1790 16-6-1794

28-7-1779 1210 13-8-]779

34] IE I effustve

182 A 119 IE |

effuswe 382 A 105 IE 1 l

effuswe volume 48 7~ 106m 3

lava 1770 to

1776 A

15 FE(1779) effumve

explosive votume

=3 5x106 m 3 lava 6 lx10 6 m 3 pyr

17-9-1783 1495

31-10-1785 ~o5 A

30-11-.1787 882 IE [ effuswe mlidly

e×pFoswe

31-7-1788 243 A 1 5 - 8 - 1 7 8 8 - -14 ' IE I

effuswe mildly

4-9-1790 718 e ~pl~slve

16-11-1790 72 [E effuswe

expioswe

15-6-1794 130~ A 5-7-1794 l~ FE(~ 794) ~,

effuslve explosive

Lateral volume _ 23 5x106 m 3 (lava)

A lava f low f rom the NE side of the crater to Canale del l 'Arena f lows untd 16 -1 -1774 . On 16-1, a new ven t w i th another f low to the Nor th unt i l Februal~/ 1774. St rombol ian ac t i v i t y (De 8o t t i s ) The lava f lows cover the fracture of 1767 and 1771 and go to Canale del l 'Arena untJI December. (De Bo t t l s ) S t rombohan ac tw t ty and smoke (De Bott lS) Ou t f l ow at SE toward Ot tav iano unt i l 2 -1 -1776 . On 3-1-1776, new fast f low (1.5 mile in 14 n l nu tes toward Fosso della Vetrana. On 4-1, new fracture to the NW of the Cone w i th smoke and lava toward Canteront. It s tops on 12-1-1776. Lava again f rom 15-1 to 16-3. On 15-3, collapse of part of the crater w i th a new fracture to N-NW w i th lava err~sslon unt i l 3-4. (De Bott ts)

Collapse of the conelet on the beginning of May 1776. Lava f low, since May 1779, f rom a f racture to N-NE. Strombol ian ac t iv i ty unt i l 29-7. On this day, lava mto Canale detrArena and, on 2-8, mto Canteronl . On 2-8, new f low mto A tno . On 3-8, at 7,30pro, s t rong rumbl ings w i th t remor . Cloud of reddtsh colour w i th ash and sands on to Ot tawano . Fracture on the nor th side of the crater w i th lava to P~ano delle Gmestre. ln the n ight , two smal l lava fountains a t the crater. On 5-8 a t 6pm, col lapse of the cone le t in to a f racture toward Ot tav lano and Somma. Erupt ive ash-c loud, sands and scoriae on to Ot tav lano,S.Gluseppe,Terz~gno. Lava f l ows t owa rd O t tawano and Fosso della Vetrana. On 7-8, s t rong ear thquake w i t h c loud and hghtn ings; at 24 h lava founta ins untt l 4 ,4Sam of 8-8. The lava f lows again into Vatlone dl Ot tav lano. New lava founta in at 8pro of 8-8. EJection up to 2000 m. Scoriae on to PortlCl and T. del Greco. Earthquakes fe l t at Somma, T.del Greco, Resma and Portici. A t 1 ,30 am of 9-8 ho t scoriae w i t h pseudo- f lows. Fall of p roduc ts on to Ot tawano , Cacclabella, Nocera, Palma, Lauro, Nola, Avet l ino, Monte for te , Monteverg lne and as far as Pugha. Extensive damages as far as 26 mites and a few casualties. A t 9 am of 9-8, new cloud. On 10-8 ram and tahars in the no r the rn par t of the vo lcano .11-8 , s t rong ear thquakes w i th explosions. A t I 1 ,30prn, lahar in S. Gluseppe. Ash fal l un t i l 15-8.Damages at O t t awano (126000 ducat i ) , Somma

i ( 50000 ) , Cacctabella ( 2277 ) . A lber tml ( 4434 ) , Palma (20000 ) , Santopaolo (2248) . Nola (20650) ,Ave l la (11920 ) .Senous damages at Lauro, Mugnano, Monte for te , Monteverg ine. around Benevento, Avelhno, Ariano, Foggla, Lucera, Manfredonia. Ashes as far as A lbany , Ear thquake fe l t in the vesuvLan d is t r i c t as far as Sorrento on 2 October 1779, wi th smoke at the crate[ . ; on 4 October, ash mixed w i th rain; on 1 November, abundan t smoke; on I 3 December 1779 another ear thquake;no ac tw i t y be tween 1780 -1782 (De Bot t is ) Mild explosion on 18 Augus t 1783; increase of ac t lw t y on September w i th a new cone le t (Al fano and F r ted lande r ) Smce 2 October, there is a mi ld s t rombohan ac twt ty , increase smce 31 October to 6 November 1786 On 21 August 1787, lava ms witnessed into Canale del l 'Arena, forrrnng a fall tn Fosso della Vetrana into Fosso del Faraone and, on 21 Augus t , i t was a t I mile f rom Massa; on Oc tober 1787, th is f low des t royed Roml tono dei Padrl 8asil iani. Ac tw l t y m the f i rst seven mon ths of the year (Barat ta and Al fano and Friedlander) White smoke at the end of July 1788; Jn August : 60 smokers on a fracture of the crater 1.5 miles f rom the top; then lava, two rr, les long, f rom the fracture; strornbohan ac t tw ty f rom 6 to 15 September

On 5 Sep tember 1789, there is a repor t of an explos ion f r om 5 ven ts w i th extens ive damages (Bara t ta ) Intense ac tw i t y sance May 1790. Collapse of the conelet in September . On 5-9. lava ou t f lows toward H Mauro un td 17-9. On 23-9 , black smoke, ash fall, sconae and lava f low. Same on 24. On 25-9 explosions. Two f lows toward W and S. On 27, the lava stops at I Canteronl. Ano ther branch into fosso Cocozzelh and fosso dl Ot tawano, Other f lows on 1-10 and 3-10. On 9-10, ash unt i l 10-10. E×ploslons on 11, 12, 14 (v io lent ) ,16, 17 and 19-10. On 20, new lava f l ow . On 24 and 25, explosions unuI 16-11. S t rombohan ac t iv i ty du r l t ~ 1792 -1794 (Barat ta) On 12-6, ear thquake fe l t aH over Campania . A t 2am of 16, s t rong ear thquake w i th an explosion and a f racture m the cone at SW and N£. Emission of smoke at the crater. A lava f rom the SW fracture invades Tor te del Greco, and reaches the sea. The lava f l ow f rom the o the r f rac ture t owa rd T .Annunz la ta and d Mauro. Fall of ashes a t Resma and Torre del Greco (1 mch) , at Ot tav lano (3 palms 75 cm). Roofs collapses in Somma, Ot tav iano and S.Anastasta. On 17, increase of ash emission and collapse of the cone. Explosions unt i l 18. On 20, s t rong ear thquake and ano ther col lapse of Gran Cono. Lahars f rom 20-6 unt i l 6-7 at Ottaviano, Sornrna, Bosco, Terzlgno and T. Annunzlata. A t Tone del Greco, 60 casualt ies. Ash emJssqon unt i l 5-7 and lapars m the fo l lowing days. Damages for 1 . 094 .000 hre. Crops des t royed for two years. S. Gluseppe, Ot tav lano and Sornrna comp le te l y dest royed. Total casualt ies: abou t 400. The Crater, a f ter the erupt ion, had a c i rcumference of 2200 m and a dep th of 150 rn; i t lost 121 m of he~Jht (Brerslak and W~nspeare) Landsl ides in October 1795 Ac t i v i t y dur ing January 1796 w i th increments m 1799 and September 1802; on 2 November 1803, the crater is 130 meters deep w i th three conelets (Duca Delta Torte)

6-7-1794 14-1-1796 557 R 15-1-1796 11-8-1804 3~3C A


~BEGINNING (d-m-y) I

END I .... I T y ~ ( d -m-y ) Volume { l

12-8-1804 28-11-1804

29-11-1804 11-8-1805 12-8-1805 19-10-1805

20-10-1805 31-5-18061

10-6-1806 4-9-1809

6-9-1809 11-9-1810

23-9-1810 1-1-1812

1-3-1812 9-10-1813

29-10-1813

1-3-1814 22-12-1817

27-12-1817 1-12 1819

1-6-1820

30-5-1806 9-6-1806

15-1-1822

28-2-1822 20-10-1822 2]-10-1822 16-11-1822

17-11-1822

108 IE effuspve

exl~oslve

255 A 68 IE

effusive explosive

222 A 9 IE

effusive explosive

3 -9 -1809 1181 A 5-9-1809 1 IE

effusive

10-9-1810 36@ A 22 -9 -1810 11 IE

effusive exl~oslve

31-12-1811 464 A 28-2-1812 58 IE

effusive 8-i0-1813 886 A

28-10-1813 1@ IE effusive

28 -2 -1814 122 IE effusive

explosive

21 -12 -1817 1391 A 26-12-1817i 4 IE

effusive

30-11-1819! 703 A 31_5 -1820 ! 182 IE

effusive

14-1-1822 892

28-2-1822 44 IE effustve

234 A 2~ FE(1822)

OffUSlVe ex#oswe

1-7-1824 592 R 20-9-1831 2636 A

497 [E effustve

2-7-1824

151 A 21 IE

effuslve 163 A

14-8-1831 23-12-1832

24-12-1832 24-5-1833 25-5-1833 15-6-1833

16-6-1833, 26-11-1833

2 3

Vo lcano log ica l Notes J

On 22-5-I 804, two earthquakes and smoke. On 31-7, decrease of the level of the water table in Resina and Torre del Greco; re t rea t of t he sea be tween Tor te del Greco e T .Annunz la ta . 11-8 , ear thquakes fe l t in Restna and emission of ash, scoriae and lapil l i . Since 1 S°8, a lava f low toward Carnaldoli whpch stops on 30 Septerr lber. On 2 September , the lava f low ts at i Monticelh. On 16, the lava s tops at 0,3 n i le f rom the royal road. A new lava f low, on 22-11 at 4 .30 am, toward T.del Greco. Damage for 60000 ducatL Smoke unt i l 13-2-180$ . On th is day there m a tara ou t f l ow (Stoppa) . On 12-8 a t 2 am, explosion w i th lava founta ins 300 palms h~gh. Fast lava f low t ha t makes 4 miles in 1 / 2 hour. A t the middle of the path, i t branches Into 5 f lows: two toward Camaldoli; one toward T. de( Greco and two toward the royal road. One f low into the sea a t 9 .45 of 13 August . The f lows come to an ha l t m the evening of 13. On 17 -18 -19 a f low towa rd Boscotrecase. A new feeding of the f lows on 24.On 26 and 27, explosions; on 28, erupt tve c loud and a lava f low.On 5 September , new f low toward Torre del Greco. On 12 October ,an ear thquake, very h igh lava founta ins and a fast lava f low reaches the houses of T. det Greco. On 16, a new f low fo l lows the same path; i t arr ives to 1 / 2 mile f rom Purgatono Church on the 17th. On 27 -1 -1806 scoria e ject ion. No o ther ac t i v i t y unt i l 1 -5 -1806.

Z Earthquake on 31-5, explosion and lava founta in at 2 ,30 am. Strong explosion at 3 .15 pm .On 1-6,at 4 am, lava f lows to SW and W; one toward Camaldol i make 3.5 miles in one hour. Ano the r f low reaches the sea near Torre del Greoo. Erupt ive c loud dur ing the evening. New lava f low, 7 rrnles tong, on 2-6 On 3, explos ive ac t i v i t y . Ac t i v i t y unt i l 9. Damages in O t tav iano and Torre del Greco. Ash as far as Benevento .

| On 4 Sep tember 1809, f racture on the SE f lank of the crater and lava f low in to A tno del Cavailo. (Ph l l hps )

] Lava f low toward Reslna, since 13 -9 , toward Bo s c o t re c a s e and Reslna.Between I 1 and 22,exp los ive ac tw l t y

St rombol ian act iv i ty on 20 -12 -1811 . } Fracture on the SE side of the cone and several f lows toward Torre del Greco

Persistent act lv t ty dur ing 1812 and 1813. St rong explosive ac t iv i ty on 8-9 Augus t 1813 (&arat ta) 1 9 October, intracrater ic lavas. On 28-1 0, smal l lava f low toward il Viulo (Pilla and Phil l ips)

A t 10 ,00am of 25 -12 , t r emors and rumbl ings . A t t 4 , 00 h, explos ion w i t h e rup t ive c loud and lava t owa rd Fosso Bronco; ano ther f low toward V~ulo; explosive ac t i v i t y and lava f l ows in January and i February 1 814. S t r ong ac t lw t y on 14-5-1 816 w i th st rornbohan ac t iv i ty and mtracrater ic lava. (Barat ta) .

I On 22 -12 , f racture on the NE flank of the cone, lavas toward =1 Mauro and, a t the SW. toward T. del Greco

2' St rombohan act iv i ty since October 1818. On February 1819, lava on E f lank of Gran Cono. Since beginning of December 1819, lava f rom 6 ven ts on the NW side of the crater (Coutrel vent ) . On January 1 820, new f racture to W and lava t owa rd il Salvatore. lncrease dur ing March,Apr i l and May 1820. Ac t i v i t y , on 7 October 182 t , f rom two vents; i n te rm i t t en t l y in November and December. On 7 January 1822, col lapse of the Coutrel ven t (Mont icelh and Covel l i ) . On 15 January, open ing of two vents . 1 1 February, emiss ion of scoriae, pumices, and smoke. earthquakes. On 22 February, an explosion and a lava f low Explosions and rumbl ings unt i l September , when there is the opening of a new ven t During October, lavas f rom the September vent . On 20-21, smal l earthquakes; 22 (1 am), fire co lumn on the crater, 2000 feet high; f racture of the cone to the E w i th a g lowing avalanche. Out f low of lava at dawn, t owa rd SW. A f te r the lava errass~on, ash co lumn toward SE. Decrease dur ing the morn ing, and increase at 13b, w i th t remors and a h igh co lumn, at 16h, s t rong explosion w i th en~sslon of lava frorr E side. During the n ight , opening of new vents In the crater and on the f lank toward i Camaldoh; on 23 Oc tober (1 h), new explosions w i t h h igh erupt ive co lumn and s t rong t remor ; col lapse of par t of the crater; 2 erupt ive columns; wh i te a t W and dark at E . On 24 October, ash fall; cont inu ing act tvr ty wl t~ decreasing in tens i ty unt i l 16 November (Mont lcelh, Covell i )

S t rombol ian ac t iv i ty on 2 -7 -1824 and s low f i l l ing of the crater w i th lava; major ac t i v i t y dur ing Marce 1827; mild ac t iv i ty in 1 828 , increase durin 9 1829 ] -2 Earthquake on 14 August , and intracrater ic lava; ou t f l ow on 20-8 to the SE toward Bosco; again or

t

20-9 to S-SE and same for all 1831; on 20 November, toward Torre del Greco; 25-12 , toward Resma: ou t f l ows also on 27 -1 -1832 ; 27 -2 -1832 (8oscotrecase and Ptano delle Ginestre) ; July 23 (Ot tav ianc and Ereme), 8 August , to W, and f rom October unt i l 1S November (Bosco); 16-23 December, ( Torr~ del Greco)

I 2 ~ a c t l v l t y on 25 -5 -1833 ; on 28 and 29 May, lava f low to Pedamentma, 1.5 mile toward Torr~ del Greco; on 12-8, two lava f lows toward Torre del Greeo. On 13 Augus t 1833, two lava f low toward Torre del Greco (Phill ips and 8arat ta)

MOUNT VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF VOLCANOLOG1CAL OBSERVATIONS 21

27-11-1833 16-1-1834

17-1-1834 21-8-1834

22-8-1834 2-9-1834

3-9-1834 31-12-1834 1-1-1835 31-12-1838

1-1-1839 3-1-1839

4-1-1839 19-9-1841 20-9-1841 4-2-1850

5-2-1850 16-2-1850

17-2-1850 13-12-1854 14-12-1854 30-4-1855

1-5-1855 27-5-1855

28-5-1855 18-12-1855 19-12-1855 26-5-1858

27-5-1858 12-4-1861

13-4-1861 7-12-1861 8-12-1861 31-12-1861

1-1-1862 9-2-1864 10-2-1864 14-11-1867

15-11-1867

1-6-1868 15-11-1868

27-11-1868 1-12-1870 33-1-1871

31-5-1868

14-11-1868 26-11-1868

30-11-1870 12-1-1871 30-4-1871

Volcano log lca l Notes 1

acture at the SW base of the conele t and ou t f l ow of lava, since 28, toward rEreme. 16. 20 and 21 December and January 1834, toward Re.ha and Torte del Greco.

yard Atr io, Boscoreale and Torre del Greco.Slnce 7 June 1834, lava f low toward

thquake and collapse of crater ; volcanic column; on 24 August , 4 vents on E flank of 9 , a lava f low toward Poggmn~nno (Caposench0; on 28 August lahars.

January 1835 to 26 July 1835; 1 -4 -1835 , esploslons, lava founta ins ; Phill ips on 6 -3 -1838 .

1838. A t dawn of 1 -1-1839, dark erupt ive co lumn , lava f low toW . Between 1 and 4 : the cone to E and W, on 2-1 h igh whi te cloud; then lava to £ (Boscotrecase) and W lunta ins up to 400 m, and black ash on Boscotrecase and Casteltammare. A f te r the was funneFshaped w i th a dmmete r of 700 m and a dep th of 285 m (Pllla, Barat ta)

February 1845, the cone le t is visible f rom Naples• In the fall of 1845, the crater of lied w i t h lava. Variable s t rombo l ian and effusive act iv i ty . . feet h igher than the r im of the crater (Punta Palo, Phil l ips). Fracture along N side of 350; rapid lava f low into Atr io del Cavallo and then to £. On 5-2 another fracture a t .'one w~th smal l lava. On 7 and 9-2, Increase of lava f l ow towa rd d Mauro and 9-2 dense sn~oke f rom the crater w i t h ash-fal l on T.Ann. S t rong explosions•

¢ on t 0 -2 ; f rom 12 to 15-2 lapilh and, on 16-2 at 12,30, two s t rong explosions. The , two craters•

,n 14 -12 -1854 , format ion of a funnel 80 m. deep. Smoke in Apri l 18.55. h t be tween 30-4 and 1-5; lava in the crater• Opening of vents on the N side of the isslon and mi ld s t rombohan ac t i v i t y . Lava f low into A t r lo del Cavallo toward W to

del Faraone. During the n igh t i t reaches S. Sebast lano and Massa di Soma . New '-5 reach S. Sebast lano and Somrna. On 8-2, the lava f low arrwes a t 1 /Z mile f rom

~ter on 19 -12 -1855 , w i th smoke and lapilh. During 1856 - 57 mtracra terE actpvlty, i 357; new col lapse on 24 Augus t and new ou t f l ow on Augus t 1857 On 11 and 201 Ioslons, col lapse of the cone and lava fountains. (Smlscalco). o delfe Ginestre (circa 11), lava emission f rom several ven ts m d i f fe ren t periods, of 1861. Damages for 2 . 760 .700 hre.

on 5-12-1861 icreasing setsmE ac t i v i t y .A t 16 ,00 h, f racture at 2 km f rom Torre del Greco at 290 e t rends £NE-SSW and ex tends in to the sea. Conerets in the h igher par t of the f low toward Resma and Torre del Greco. Smoke and mi ld explosions at the crater. f i ldmgs of Torre deJ Greco because of the f racture; in f la t ion of the coast (1 m at i r thquake on 11-1 and 16. On tha t day, a t 8 am, boi l ing of the sea at ] 500 m in f ront • Same phenomenon on 17-12, a t 9 am. On 17-12, at t pro, e rup t ion co lumn at the the n igh t of 23 -12 , ash emission lasts unt i l 31-12. Col lected funds for damages:

uary, May, and June 1862 (Barat ta) ~=nlng of the crater and s t rombol ian act iv i ty . Rebui lding of the cone le t dur ing 1865 lava du r ing 1866 , 1867 (.lava foun ta ins on 12 November , 1867 ) and March

thquakes, and since 8 to 12-11, cont inuous t remor . On 12 and 13 November, scoria -11, the lava ernissJon rapidly f i l ls the crater, 120 m deep. Out f lows since end of )er and January 1868, toward SE in to Piano delle Gtnestre. On 26-1, new ou t f l ow 3 and 12 March, ear thquakes and ash emission up to 1000 -1600 feet. On 11 March, k of the crater w i th lava emission. 11-13 March 1868, s t rong explosive act iv i ty and SE f lank of Gran Cono w i th a lava toward Boscoreale last ing 8 days. ¢ w i th an ou t f l ow on 8-11 (Barat ta) E°ss° t

On NW f lank near the 1855 vents: lava f low into Fosse del la Vetrane and lays. Erupt ive co lumn part icular ly s t rong on 24-11.

t

N side of the cone, increasing since March, dur ing Apri l , new lava f low into Fosso[ t he Osserva tor io.(Palrnier l ) I

22 R. S C A N D O N E ET A L

~d_m BEGINNING I--I tybe (d-m-y) (a,,7, i Volume

1-5-1871 23-4-1872

24-4-1872 30--4-1872

358 A

6 FE(1872) 3 effuswe- ex~oswe

volume =20

xlO6m ~

i-5-1872 17-12-1875 z325 R

18-12-1875 15-12-1881 2189 A

16-12-1881 31-i-1884 776 -- I-[---- ~-~ effuswe

1-2-1884 I-5-1885 455 A 2-5-1885 I-7-1886 425 IE l

effusive

2-7-1886 16-4-1887

20-4-1887 1-5-1889

1-10-1889 7-6-1891

4-6-1894

3-7-1895

8-9-1899

27-8-1903

1-10-1904 2-2-1906

3-2-1906 3-4-190(

4-4-1906 22-4-1906

23-4-1906 5-7-1913

: 27-ii-1926

29-11-1926

15-4-1887 287 A 19-4-1887 3 IE l

effusive 30-4-1889 741 A 3 0 - 9 - 1 8 8 9 252 IE l

effusive

6-6-1891 613 A 3-6-1894 1o92 I~ 2

effustve volume =36 106m 3

2-7-1895 393 A

7-9-1899 1527 IE effusive volume

:50x106 m 3

26-8-1903 1447 A

30-9-1904 400 IE Z effuswe

explosive volume

--05 xlO 6 m 3

489 A

59 IE effusive volume

=1 8x106 m 3

18 FE(1906) 3+ Effusive- exploswe volume

=20 xlO6m 3

lava

4-7-1913 2629 R 26-11-1926 4892 A

28-11-1926 1 IE effuswe

30-7-1927 2431 A

Volcanological Notes i J

On October 1871, slight collapse of the crater. On 3-4 November 1871, small lavi flows. On March] 1872, fracture on NW side with a few lava In the Atno, lasting a week. (NW~. A t ~ , 3 0 ~ a m I

10 wounded m a I lava flow [

Since 23, seismic act ivi ty. On the evening of 24-4 lava flow f rom die active fracture of 26, new fracturing of the Cone (NW) w~h explosion and lava. Three casualtms and

v is i t ing party. Another fracture on the S side of the cone and lava toward Camaldo[i. into Fosso della Vetrana and into Fosso del Faraone, again two branches toward Piano delle Novelle I and Foseo del Faraone. This lava flow reaches Massa and S. Sebastiano making 4-5 km in 10 hours. Onj 27 and 28, ash emission with ejection up to 1300 m. (Palmierl) . . . . The crater of 1872 was 250 m deep with a volume of 17x106m 3. Landshdes during 1874 fill it for 1271 rr~ Collapse of the crater on 18-12 with format ion of a new vent in strombolian acti~ Ly. Dunng 1878, outf low of lava along an existing fracture on NW side of the crater. Fdhng of the crater at the end of 1880. Collapse of the conelet on December 1881. (Palrraen) Outflow from E during 1882 and 1883. On 9-1-1884, lava flow on NNW.

Two fracture toward T.Ann. and Boscotrecase (NE and SE). A lava flow msumg from SF reaches the base of the cone and lasts all the year with increase on 28 July, and 12 to 14 Septemb Since January, until June 1886, similar act ivi ty, also on 4-5 February and s l n ~ Ju~/, toward O t t a w a n o ~

Increase of act iv i ty on 2 7 - 2 8 / 8 - 1 8 8 6 . On 16 and 17 April, explosions and a lava flow on 18 and 19 toward SE.

Strorr~ohan actlwt)/ since September 1887 to November 1888, on 24 July, and 11-12 Collapse of the crater on the beginning of May 1889, crater several hundred meter lastinQ until September. (Barat ta)

~gust 1888. wide. Lava flow

,Mild act ivi ty until the end of October 1890, with an outflow to SE during May 1891 . At 5.45 pm of 7-6, fracture on NNW side of the cone, and big smoke emismon fro the vent. New lateral vents on the N flank at 900 -1000 m asl. Then other vents down to 830 m ale g the fracture of 1868. Bulldtng of a lava dome. Lava flowing during 1892, and forming a lava tube. On 3 June 18941 end of the external flow and hlling of the crater, 200 m deep. The lava dome was called Colle Mafgherlta. (Barat ta) Rupturing of the cone on 24 -5 -1895 , with lava f low into Atr lo; At the beginning conelet is 150 m h~her than the crater r ~ (Baratta)

2 On 3-7-1895 fracturing of the WNW side of the cone with new vent at 1185, 1100, 9

July 1895, the

and 750 m asl. 4 Lava flow f rom the lower vents into Fosse della Vetrana. Lava is errutted for all the year. Collapse of the conelet on 3-4 July del 1895 . On November 1895, the crater is 250 m deep. Dunng September 1897, the depth of the crater decrease of 100 m due to landshdes.. At the beginning July 1898, the crater is 60 m deep.The lava dome formed during this period is called Colle Umberto i Strombehan act iv i ty, particularly vie(ant on 9 -10 / ' 5 -1900 . Increase of exploslvity during 1903. The i diarnetre of the crater, in March 1903, is 148 rr~ with a depth of 60 m. since ~ Onn 2 ~ o ~ l ~ t f - ~ w ~ w to ~ . On I 26, fracture on WNW, explosion and lava flow onto Colle Umberto. On 27, fracture trending ENE at 800 m asl with lava flow. Collapse of 130 m of the crater with vulcan(an explosion. Lava flows from 14 to I 16 September, 15-19 October, 20 November. During March 1904, the new lava dorn( is 40 m h~h. On I 21 and 22-9 -1904 , explosions at the crater. Tremor during 23,24-9. On 25, ash al Boscoreale, 26, collapse of the conelet and explosions. On 28, ash as far as Ave(line. Mild explosive acttvtty in November and December 1904 , January 1905. On ] 905 Ma~ vent on the NW side of Gran Cone at 1245 m asl and at 1180 m with lava emission also during January 1906

1 Explosive act iv i ty during February 1906; since March, lava f rom vent at 1180 m

On April 4, black smoke and partial collapse of the cone (5,30 am); new vent at 120 ] m on S flank of Gran Cone; lava; seismic act iv i ty; ( 1 4 h ) collapse of cone(at; explosive act iv i ty fro strombolian to vulcanians; (24 h) vent at 800 m, pounng lava. On 5-4, violent explosions and lava e= " " ; on 6, at 8 am , vent at SE at 600 m ask lava; intense act iv i ty at the crater; (24 h ) increase of seisr~clty. 7-4,1 new vent toward E, and lava toward Terzigno; outf low at the central crater; at 7 pro, explosions with incandesent ejecta up to 1-2 km above crater; 9 pro, explosion with fragmentary material; 11 pro, new lava emission; 8, at 030 am, strong explosons and earthquake; ( 2 ,30 am) v o e n ~uake with explosion and emission of ash, ir~andescent material and lithics; 8 (af ter 4 am), as column 600 m] wide; (af ternoon) column 13000 m high: (evening) decreease; 9-10, gas and asl emission ( wi th I plsolites) ; 11-1; ), grey ash; 13-14, white ashes; 20-21, mild act iv i ty. Since Apri l tahars for many months after the eruption. Volume of the c ra te r :84x106m3 Collapse of the bot tom of the crater on June 1911, and 9 May 1913. Since July 13 fire in the bottom. --4

" dur~ng l ~ - t(W Since 17 -9 -1906 , conelet. Filling of the crater with lava; particularly relevanl September 1919; July 1920. In 1925, the crater is filled by 3 /4 Outflow on 27 toward E-NE

Intracrater ic lava flows

M O U N T VESUVIUS: 2000 YEARS OF VOLCANOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 2 3

I BEGZSSZNG ] E S D ~ - ~ q : ~ -

(d-m-y) , (d-m-y) [ I'~',"l I Volume i i Volcano log lca l Notes

i-8-1927 2-8-1927

3-8-1927 10-8-1928 11-8-1928 12-8-1928

13-8-1928 2-6-1929 3-6-1929 8-6-1929

9-6-1929 ]0-7-1930 11-7-1930 30-7-1930

1-8-1930 1-10-1930 2-10-1930 9-11-1930

]0-11-1930 3]-5-1933 1-6-1933 19-11-1934

20-11-1934 11-2-1935 12-2-1935 31-3-1935

1-4-1935 8-7-19351 8-7-1935 21-8-19351

22-8-1935 27-3-'1936 28-3-1936 24-9-1936

24-9-1936 3-6-1937 4-6-1937 7-7-1937

8-7-1937 7-8-1939

8-8-1939 9-8-1939

10-8-]939 25-6-1940 2 6 - 6 - 1 9 4 0 ! 3 1 - 7 - 1 9 4 0

1 - 8 - 1 9 4 0 21 10-1941 2 2 - 1 0 - 1 9 4 1 1 5 - 1 2 - 1 9 4 2

373 A 1 IE

e,uswe 293 A 5 IE

effuslve explosive

volume -12

~106m3

16-12-1942 5-1-1944 385 6-1-1944 23-2-1944 48

24-2-1944 17-3-1944 22 18-3-1944

2 3

29-7, intracrater ie lava ou t f low ing , on 1-8, to E

Ou t f l ow

396 ] i~ rE

effusive 6] A 3~ IE

effusive 932 A 536 IE

effusive 83 A 47 1E

effusive 98 A 44 IE I

effusive 218 A 180 IE 1

effusive 252 A 33 IE ()

effusive 760 A

1 IE () effusive 1--

320 A 35 IE l )

effusive 446 A 419 IE ] Z

effusive

A IE

effusive A

effusive exploswe

volume =10

x l06m 3 lava

Since 27 May, no act iv i ty . On 31-5 , moderate s t rombol ian ac t iv i ty unt i l 2-6. A t 3 pm of 2-6, f requen ear thquakes, On 3-6, two s t rong ear thquakes w t th col lapse o f the cone le t and rapid lava emission ou t f l ow ing to E. Scoria e ject ton up to 300 r~ Since 0 .00 am to 1 am, of 4-6, s t rong exploswe ac t lw t ] w t th new lava f low. A t 3 ,30 am, lava founta ins 300 m high last ing half an hour. Increase a t 6 ,30am witr new lava and e ject ion of scoriae incl ined to W. Since 8 am, lava f low, outs ide 5omma caldera, towar( Terz igno. A t 2 ,09 pm of 4, new lava founta in , 400 m high, last ing 26 rrunutes. Dest ruct ion of th~ conelet, carried away by the lava f low . A t 3 ,30 'p ro , exp los~ns. A t 7 ,30 pro,third lava fountain, lastin( 39 minutes, 400 m high. Erupt ive c loud 3-5 km above the rim. On 5-6, be tween 0 ,30 and 3 ,45 an increase of actrv i ty and 4 th lava founta in at 4 ,30 am , 500 m h igh ,w i th smoke up to 4 k r~ Lava outf lo¥ to the W. Rare explosions on 13-26 July, 23-24 September and 4 October. Since 2-11 new conetet. Since 11-7-1930, lava f low on NE flank of Gran onto the lava of 1929.

Out f low to E.

St ronger ac t iv i ty on Apnt-May 1933. 2 1-6, collapse of conelet w i th ou t f l ow to NE

On 30 -11 -34 , mt racra term lava f low. I Lava ouf low on 12-2 to E.

F rac tu r i ng of the conele t and lava ou t f l ow since 13-7 into Valle deIHnfemo.

In t racratenc lava f low on 8 -11 -1935 and 23 -2 -1936 . Fractur ing of the conelet and lava ou t f l ow on 3-4. On 28-4 , new ou t f l ow to E Into Valle del l ' Inferno.

September -December , m t r a c r a t e r i c lava. Lava ou t f l ow into Valle del l ' In ferno.

Intracratertc lava since 10 -1 -1938 and 30-8 to 9 -1 -1939 .On 9-1 , f rac tu r ing of eonele t and new lava f low. Lava ou t f l ow into Valle del l ' In ferno.

Fractur ing of conele t and lava ou t f l ow ~nto Atr io del Cavallo, unt i l et ld of July.

Cont inuous mtracra terE lava dur ing Augus t -Oc tober unt i l 14-11, and since 25-12 to 6 -1-1941. New mtracratenc lava ou t f l owmg on 23-10 .On 26, the lava f low Is at 1,5 km f rom the crater rim. 1-11, col lapse of conelet and new ou t f l ow to S, SSE and ES£. On lO - l - 1942 , t he lava f low ~s at 900 m as, forming two domes on the southern side; a t the heg lnn i r~ of July is at 600 m.asL

(I On 6 -1 -1944 , f rac tunng of the conelet and lava outf lowLng to W.

Mdd act~vt ty On 13- 3, co apse of the conelet ; 14-3, modera te explosive ac t iv i ty ; 18- new col lapse of conelet ; 18-3 at 4 .30 pro, lava f low ou t f l ow lng to N ; at 10 .30 pm, the ve loc i ty in the Valte del l ' Inferno Is about 10 m /h . A t 11.00 pnm ou t f low to W. New lava f low to SW at 11.00 am of 19-3. Northern f low into Fosso delia Vet rana. New f low into Fosso della Vet rana. On Z l at 1-2 pn3- San Sebast lano and Massa are reached by the lava f low, Veloc i ty of the lava: abou t 50 -100 m /h . 21-3 at 5 pm - Lava fountains: . I founta in 17 .15-17.35 , II founta in 20 .10-20 .30 , III founta in 22 .00-22 .25 ; 22-3 IV fountain 01 .40-02.10 , V founta in 03 .45-04 .03 , VI fountain 05 .35-06 .15 , VII fountain 06 .30-07 .05 , Vll l founta in , 07 .31 -17 .50 . A t 9 am fall of scoriae of 500 - t 000 gm on Pogglomarino. S ince10.00 am, scoria fall on S.Gluseppe A t

112.48 pm , the lava founta in turns ashy w i t h a susta ined co lumn 6 ed 7 km asl high, srrmll g low ing

l avalanches. A t 8 pro, ash-fal l rln~xed w i th wa te r on S.Gluseppe. 9 .00 pro- d iscrete explosions f rom two d i f fe ren t craters l e r r~edded ( two erupt ive co lumns) . 23 -3, explosions and ash fal l on Tor te del Greco; lapil l i

In ice (S.Gluseppe). SeBmic crisis be tween 11 and 12 am. A t 2 pro, red lapilh and loose Icrysta ls fall on Pogg~omarm0. The new crater has a vo lume of 25×106 m 3 and is 300 m.deep

5-4-1944 -25-4-92! 173S-~


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