Motorcycle ABS Testing Related to Draft GTR Phase II Results June, 2006

Motorcycle ABS Testing Related to Draft GTRPhase II Results

June, 2006Dynamic Research, Inc.355 Van Ness Ave Torrance California 90501 310-212-5211 Fax 310-212-5046 www.dynres.comThis document is confidential and proprietary, and it is not to be released to anyone without the permission of Dynamic Research, Inc.

TOPICSOBJECTIVESDESCRIPTION OF TESTSMETHODSTEST RESULTSOBSERVATIONSDISCUSSION

Dynamic Research, Inc.

OBJECTIVESConfirm the feasibility and practicality of the proposed test methods in4.9.3, ABS stops on high friction surface4.9.4, ABS stops on low friction surface4.9.7, ABS response to low to high friction transitionRefine and clarify test procedures and parameters so they are reproducible, repeatableFor the various motorcycles and riders, compare surface friction measurement K to ASTM method Make observations of the response of the various motorcycles relative to the proposed criteriaStopping distance and MFDDNo capsizeWheel lockStay in laneDynamic Research, Inc.

DESCRIPTION OF TESTSTest sequence included:ABS stops on high friction surfaceABS stops on low friction surfaceABS response to low to high friction transitionPeak Braking Coefficient (PBC) using K method (motorcycle ABS off) onLow friction surfaceHigh friction surfacePBC using ASTM method Low friction surfaceHigh friction surfaceWet high friction surface


DESCRIPTION OF TESTSPilot tests involved 1 motorcycle (BMW R1200GS), 1 rider

Preliminary test procedures and results were reviewed by Informal Working Group membersPreliminary results confirmed suitability of sensors, data acquisitionDetailed Draft Test Procedure was clarified, revised and circulated prior to Main Tests


DESCRIPTION OF TESTSMain tests included 5 motorcycles, 4 ridersRiders were:2 engineering test riders with previous road racing experience (Riders1 and 4)1 engineering test rider (Rider 2)1 experienced club racer and professional race instructor (Rider 3)


DESCRIPTION OF TESTSMotorcyclesKawasaki ZZR 1400Honda VFR800Suzuki Bandit 1200Yamaha FZ6BMW F650 GSSurfacesHigh friction asphalt, dryHigh friction asphalt, wetLow friction coal-tar-sealed asphalt, wet


DESCRIPTION OF TESTSABS stops on high and low friction surfacesApproach the test location at 60 km/hApply braking force to front lever and foot pedalHand lever force 200 N 40NFoot pedal force 350 N 70NAnalog display (needle type) in view of rider shows applied forces with respect to the target valuesHold target brake forces until motorcycle comes to restStay in the test laneProcess and review measured lever/pedal force data after several runs in order to determine compliance with the criteriaDetermine if more runs are necessary


DESCRIPTION OF TESTSABS stops on high and low friction surfaces (contd)Lever/pedal force criteria Start time is when brake light is initially illuminatedNot later than 0.5 seconds after the activation of the brake lamp, the hand and foot actuation forces shall be within the specified tolerance. from [0.5 s] after the brake light is activated, to the moment when the vehicle speed falls below [5 km/h], the average lever and pedal force shall be within the specified tolerance.


DESCRIPTION OF TESTSABS response for low to high friction transitionApproach the test area at appropriate speed for a transition speed of 50 km/h (e.g., approach at 70 km/h)Apply braking force to front lever and foot pedal at a marked location (e.g., 10 m before the friction transition)Hand lever force 200 N 40NFoot pedal force 350 N 70NAnalog display (needle type) in view of rider shows applied forces with respect to the target valuesHold target brake forces until motorcycle comes to a stopStay in the test laneProcess and review measured lever/pedal force data and speed at transition in order to determine compliance with the criteria


DESCRIPTION OF TESTSEvaluate peak braking coefficient (PBC) using K method and each test motorcycleDisable ABSRun tests on high and low friction surfacesRider to follow Baseline Test InstructionsK value is the average deceleration in g units from 40 to 20 km/hRider makes multiple runs; the maximum result across multiple runs is the K value


BASELINE TEST INSTRUCTIONS

1.DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF ADHESION (K) FOR PURPOSES OF VERIFYING THE TEST SURFACES 1.1.The coefficient of adhesion shall be determined from the maximum braking rate, without wheel lock, of the vehicle with the anti-lock device(s) disconnected and braking both wheels or systems simultaneously. [1]/ 1.2.Braking tests shall be carried out by applying the brakes at an initial speed of about 60 km/h (or, in the case of vehicles unable to attain 60 km/h, at a speed of about 0.9 Vmax) to a stop with the vehicle unladen (except for any necessary test instrumentation and/or safety equipment). As constant a force as is practicable must be used on each brake control throughout the tests.1.3.A series of tests may be carried out up to the critical point reached at incipient wheel(s) lock by varying both the hand and the foot brake control forces, in order to determine the maximum braking rate of the vehicle. [2]2/

Dynamic Research, Inc.(clarifications are indicated in red bold)

DESCRIPTION OF TESTSEvaluate Peak Braking Coefficient (PBC) using ASTM E1337 Chirp Test procedureDRI Mobile Tire TesterSRTT tire (E1136)Test speed 64 km/h (40 mph)Ramp brake torque until after peak slip is achieved. Peak torque to be achieved in 0.3 to 0.5 secondsMeasurement is the average of at least 8 measurements


METHODSMotorcycle measurementsVehicle speed (radar sensor)Brake master cylinder pressures, front and rearCalibrated to indicate lever and pedal forceIn some cases, in addition, used force transducer on brake pedal in place of rear master cylinder pressureBrake caliper pressures, front and rear (at banjo bolt)Wheel rotational speed, front and rearLongitudinal accelerationPitch angle, pitch rateBrake rotor temperature, front and rearBrake light statusEvent marker indicating surface transition occurrence (for applicable runs)Dynamic Research, Inc.

METHODSDynamic Research, Inc.Yamaha FZ6 front wheel showing caliper pressure sensor, optical speed sensor, and brake temperature thermocouple wires

METHODSDynamic Research, Inc.Suzuki Bandit showing rider display of lever/pedal forces and brake rotor temperatures. Also seen is the radar speed and master cylinder pressure sensors

METHODSDynamic Research, Inc.Example master cylinder pressure sensor

METHODSDynamic Research, Inc.Kawasaki ZZR 1400 showing rider displays, speed sensor, and inertial measurement unit

METHODSDynamic Research, Inc.Kawasaki ZZR1400 showing magnetic pickup speed sensor

METHODSDynamic Research, Inc.Kawasaki ZZR1400 doing an ABS stop on low friction surface

METHODSExample time history data (low friction ABS stop)Dynamic Research, Inc.

METHODSExample time history data (low friction ABS stop)Dynamic Research, Inc.Note: Black trace is radar speed data that is uncorrected for pitch angle Red trace is radar speed data that is corrected for pitch angle

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Stops on high friction surfaceKawasaki ZZR 1400

Successful attempt means that initial speed, brake lever and pedal force meet criteria Draft performance criteria for high friction surface is for MFDD to exceed 6.17 m/s2

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Stops on low friction surfaceKawasaki ZZR 1400

Successful attempt means that initial speed, brake lever and pedal force meet criteria Draft performance criteria for low friction surface is for MFDD to exceed 2.05 m/s2

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Stops on high friction surfaceSuzuki Bandit 1200


TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Stops on low friction surface Suzuki Bandit 1200


TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Stops on high friction surfaceHonda VFR 800


TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Stops on low friction surfaceHonda VFR 800


TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Stops on high friction surfaceYamaha FZ6


TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Stops on low friction surfaceYamaha FZ6


TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Stops on high friction surfaceBMW F650GS


TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Stops on low friction surfaceBMW F650GS


TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.

Peak Braking Coefficient MeasurementsDRI Mobile Tire Tester (ASTM E1337)

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Kawasaki ZZR 1400Peak Braking Coefficient measurementsK method and ASTM method

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Suzuki Bandit 1200Peak Braking Coefficient measurementsK method and ASTM method

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Honda VFR 800Peak Braking Coefficient measurementsK method and ASTM method

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Yamaha FZ6Peak Braking Coefficient measurementsK method and ASTM method

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.BMW F650GSPeak Braking Coefficient measurementsK method and ASTM method

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Comparison of ABS MFDD measurements (9.8 m/s) and K test measurement for each motorcycle on the high friction surface. Also shown is the corresponding ASTM PBC. K shown is the average for all riders. Each rider K represents that riders best run Error bars show range of measurements for all runs.

Chart1

0.95850340141.1190.90233333330.04233333330.06496598640.07176870750.0560.3570.0416666667

0.90553935861.09250.91933333330.02933333330.0607871720.05451895040.04750.30050.0426666667

0.95829081631.049750.90933333330.04533333330.06619897960.04094387760.038250.316750.0446666667

0.79846938781.0470.92746666670.03346666670.07091836730.0811224490.0390.4530.0325333333

0.95566893420.990250.93246666670.05046666670.04024943310.07709750570.080750.301250.0315333333

ABS test

K

"ASTM PBC"

High Friction Surface

All

Measurementsaveragemaxminupdownutilizationbased on Kutilizationbased on ASTM PBC

8.989.969.37

8.958.69

9.770.961.020.890.200.200.861.04Kawasakihigh

9.529.2710.03

6.355.34

4.73

5.475.445.360.550.650.481.071.15Kawasakilow

5.2

9.119.47

8.34

8.610.910.970.850.830.99Suzukihigh

8.49.248.95

5.245.944.984.53

4.51

3.283.380.440.610.330.740.91Suzukilow

3.613.923.4

9.379.549.54

10.049.5

9.060.961.020.920.911.04Hondahigh

9.098.99

4.714.69

4.945.395.114.934.945.45.11

4.74.520.510.550.461.031.05Hondalow

5.18

7.858.05

7.037.637.947.84

7.397.820.800.870.720.760.87Yamahahigh

8.528.18

5.334.424.87

3.974.15.635.14

4.20.470.570.410.980.97Yamahalow

4.054.464.33

9.29.599.41

9.398.999.76

8.610.961.000.880.971.04BMWhigh

9.599.75

4.8

4.99

4.190.490.530.430.961.01BMWlow

5.18

1.041.121.181.04Kawasakihigh-K

1.18

1.12

1.14

0.56

0.420.520.560.42Kawasakilow-K

0.56

0.53

1.09

1.11

1.14

1.031.091.141.03Suzukihigh-K

0.61

0.58

0.530.590.630.53Suzukilow-K

0.63

1.02

1.081.051.091.02Hondahigh-K

1.02

1.09

0.56

0.520.490.560.39Hondalow-K

0.39

0.49

1.08

1

1.091.051.091.00Yamahahigh-K

1.02

0.56

0.580.480.580.34Yamahalow-K

0.43

0.34

1.06

1.070.991.070.85BMWhigh-K

0.98

0.85

0.51

0.540.510.540.48BMWlow-K

0.5

0.48

0.9

0.92

0.910.920.930.90ASTMhigh

0.93

0.93

0.49

0.47

0.490.480.490.47ASTMlow

0.47

0.49

0.82

0.89

0.840.850.890.82ASTMhigh-wet

0.85

0.84

All

0.2

ABS test

PBC or K

ABS Test

ABS test

PBC or K

K Test

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC

ASTM Test

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC

Rider 1Rider 2Rider 3Rider 4AveMaxMinUpDownUtilization based on KUtilization based on ASTM

11Kawasakihigh8.989.969.378.958.699.779.529.2710.030.961.020.890.060.070.861.06

12Suzukihigh9.119.478.348.618.49.248.950.910.970.850.060.050.830.98

13Hondahigh9.379.549.5410.049.59.069.098.990.961.020.920.070.040.911.05

14Yamahahigh7.858.057.037.637.947.847.397.828.528.180.800.870.720.070.080.760.86

15BMWhigh9.29.599.419.398.999.768.619.599.750.961.000.880.040.080.971.02

21Kawasakilow6.355.344.735.475.445.365.20.550.650.480.100.071.071.13

22Suzukilow5.245.944.984.534.513.283.383.613.923.40.440.610.330.170.100.740.93

23Hondalow4.714.694.945.395.114.934.945.45.114.74.525.180.510.550.460.040.051.041.03

24Yamahalow5.334.424.873.974.15.635.144.24.054.464.330.470.570.410.110.060.980.99

25BMWlow4.84.994.195.180.490.530.430.040.060.961.00

1.1190.90233333330.04233333330.06496598640.07176870750.0560.3570.0416666667

1.09250.91933333330.02933333330.0607871720.05451895040.04750.30050.0426666667

1.049750.90933333330.04533333330.06619897960.04094387760.038250.316750.0446666667

1.0470.92746666670.03346666670.07091836730.0811224490.0390.4530.0325333333

0.990250.93246666670.05046666670.04024943310.07709750570.080750.301250.0315333333

ABS test

K

"ASTM PBC"


0.5160.488750.0480.055250.054750.09562682220.06967930030.262

0.593250.47041666670.035750.07258333330.08241666670.16948979590.10193877550.25425

0.48850.49120.06650.06380.05420.0440476190.04574829930.1605

0.478250.47241333330.098750.03758666670.03821333330.10602968460.06335807050.28725

0.510.48715384620.0320.07184615380.12315384620.03979591840.06122448980.245

ABS test

K

"ASTM PBC"

Low Friction Surface

KawasakiKawasaki

SuzukiSuzuki

HondaHonda

YamahaYamaha

BMWBMW

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC


KawasakiKawasaki

SuzukiSuzuki

HondaHonda

YamahaYamaha

BMWBMW

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC


Max by RiderRider AveOverall

Rider 1Rider 2Rider 3Rider 41.002.003.004.00MaxMinUpDown

Kawasakihigh-0.987-0.97-0.967-1.039-0.884-0.911-0.931-0.899-1.004-0.986-0.99-1.014-0.975-1.012-1.084-1.139-1.079-1.175-1.063-1.164-1.012-1.12-1.048-1.031-1.059-0.825-0.855-0.762-0.846-0.983-0.995-1.142-0.944-1.028-0.917-1.1411.041.181.121.141.121.180.760.060.36

Suzukihigh-0.929-0.995-0.967-1.006-1.027-0.995-0.985-1.087-0.792-1.031-0.904-0.927-0.944-1.022-0.951-1.114-1.074-0.927-1.048-0.878-0.924-1.02-1.069-1.052-0.974-0.992-1.14-1.091-1.025-0.895-0.954-0.981-1.029-0.878-0.9491.091.111.141.031.091.140.790.050.30

Hondahigh-0.955-0.839-0.903-0.922-0.829-0.923-0.966-0.849-0.885-1.019-0.86-0.913-0.961-0.954-0.944-1.017-0.982-1.064-1.043-1.077-0.968-0.939-0.997-0.945-1.002-0.957-0.95-1.015-0.946-0.98-0.867-0.887-0.947-0.733-0.975-0.872-0.895-1.041-0.991-0.954-0.917-0.783-0.954-0.893-0.859-0.812-0.979-0.949-0.911-1.014-1.088-1.0441.021.081.021.091.051.090.730.040.32

Yamahahigh-0.956-0.956-0.982-0.974-0.823-0.987-0.992-0.953-0.905-1.084-0.947-0.983-0.924-0.839-0.985-0.836-0.846-0.594-0.777-0.94-0.915-0.996-0.92-0.907-0.889-0.766-0.861-0.994-1.061-1.016-1.086-1.059-0.965-1.004-0.805-0.827-0.848-1.022-0.915-0.826-0.845-0.875-0.874-0.969-0.994-0.992-1.004-0.9151.081.001.091.021.051.090.590.040.45

BMWhigh-0.97-1.056-0.918-0.89-0.947-0.988-0.831-0.994-0.995-0.963-0.992-1.02-0.909-0.858-0.967-0.892-1.01-1.02-0.852-0.95-1.008-1.071-1.07-0.718-1.043-1.021-1.003-0.82-0.737-0.885-0.898-0.978-0.937-0.957-0.981-0.753-0.862-0.825-0.739-0.853-0.781-0.758-0.737-0.779-0.689-0.801-0.695-0.7961.061.070.980.850.991.070.690.080.30

Kawasakilow-0.443-0.524-0.517-0.448-0.564-0.544-0.546-0.38-0.288-0.257-0.392-0.418-0.307-0.373-0.555-0.556-0.55-0.254-0.451-0.521-0.53-0.439-0.412-0.526-0.5170.560.420.560.530.520.560.250.050.26

Suzukilow-0.515-0.503-0.576-0.481-0.53-0.608-0.599-0.583-0.574-0.531-0.551-0.474-0.555-0.524-0.568-0.581-0.553-0.529-0.597-0.579-0.56-0.605-0.405-0.465-0.494-0.53-0.552-0.575-0.561-0.532-0.559-0.506-0.484-0.443-0.495-0.529-0.501-0.346-0.393-0.466-0.343-0.472-0.339-0.487-0.367-0.53-0.359-0.54-0.411-0.489-0.549-0.593-0.629-0.509-0.5280.610.580.560.630.590.630.340.040.25

Hondalow-0.328-0.46-0.497-0.406-0.526-0.508-0.509-0.555-0.518-0.447-0.483-0.471-0.486-0.517-0.384-0.466-0.448-0.378-0.389-0.373-0.383-0.392-0.364-0.490.560.520.390.490.490.560.330.070.16

Yamahalow-0.433-0.47-0.403-0.459-0.456-0.476-0.474-0.462-0.481-0.524-0.56-0.577-0.406-0.577-0.561-0.538-0.443-0.437-0.56-0.504-0.423-0.4-0.287-0.433-0.342-0.387-0.191-0.233-0.331-0.339-0.343-0.25-0.3240.560.580.430.340.480.580.190.100.29

BMWlow-0.448-0.469-0.459-0.463-0.269-0.48-0.497-0.511-0.49-0.49-0.265-0.513-0.512-0.432-0.5-0.418-0.436-0.425-0.509-0.485-0.521-0.305-0.542-0.341-0.495-0.413-0.417-0.447-0.501-0.398-0.272-0.368-0.416-0.39-0.484-0.4290.510.540.500.480.510.540.270.030.25

SampleMeanStdevMaxMinUpDown

123456789101112131415

Kawasakihigh0.9270.8870.9050.8980.860.9440.9280.8780.8670.8840.8980.930.9020.9170.910.900.020.940.860.040.04

Suzukihigh0.8940.9370.9310.940.9260.9290.9620.9110.9170.890.8950.9140.8920.9430.9090.920.020.960.890.040.03

Hondahigh0.9540.9350.9140.8970.880.9190.8640.8980.9270.9410.8890.9360.8980.8960.8920.910.030.950.860.040.05

Yamahahigh0.940.960.9220.9110.9120.9420.9410.9290.9330.940.9210.8940.9220.9280.9170.930.020.960.890.030.03

BMWhigh0.9260.8820.9540.930.9040.9640.930.940.9330.9250.9280.9360.9580.9320.9450.930.020.960.880.030.05

Kawasakilow0.5440.4740.5110.4840.4610.4970.4680.4720.5220.4670.4340.5310.490.030.540.430.060.05

Suzukilow0.4550.4410.5010.5010.4180.4980.4610.3880.4840.5150.440.5430.470.040.540.390.070.08

Hondalow0.440.4370.4910.4730.4790.490.5280.5550.5150.5460.50.4560.520.4560.4820.490.040.560.440.060.05

Yamahalow0.4460.4580.4810.4470.43420.4810.4980.4550.460.4840.510.4710.4750.5040.4820.470.020.510.430.040.04

BMWlow0.4950.3640.4770.5590.4870.5290.4510.4060.5080.5470.4830.5170.510.490.050.560.360.070.12

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Comparison of ABS MFDD measurements (9.8 m/s) and K test measurement for each motorcycle on the low friction surface. Also shown is the corresponding ASTM PBC K shown is the average for all riders. Each rider K represents that riders best run Error bars show range of measurements for all runs.

Chart2

0.55233236150.5160.488750.0480.055250.054750.09562682220.06967930030.262

0.43663265310.593250.47041666670.035750.07258333330.08241666670.16948979590.10193877550.25425

0.50697278910.48850.49120.06650.06380.05420.0440476190.04574829930.1605

0.46846011130.478250.47241333330.098750.03758666670.03821333330.10602968460.06335807050.28725

0.48877551020.510.48715384620.0320.07184615380.12315384620.03979591840.06122448980.245

ABS test

K

"ASTM PBC"


All


8.989.969.37

8.958.69

9.770.961.020.890.200.200.861.04Kawasakihigh

9.529.2710.03

6.355.34

4.73

5.475.445.360.550.650.481.071.15Kawasakilow

5.2

9.119.47

8.34

8.610.910.970.850.830.99Suzukihigh

8.49.248.95

5.245.944.984.53

4.51

3.283.380.440.610.330.740.91Suzukilow

3.613.923.4

9.379.549.54

10.049.5

9.060.961.020.920.911.04Hondahigh

9.098.99

4.714.69

4.945.395.114.934.945.45.11

4.74.520.510.550.461.031.05Hondalow

5.18

7.858.05

7.037.637.947.84

7.397.820.800.870.720.760.87Yamahahigh

8.528.18

5.334.424.87

3.974.15.635.14

4.20.470.570.410.980.97Yamahalow

4.054.464.33

9.29.599.41

9.398.999.76

8.610.961.000.880.971.04BMWhigh

9.599.75

4.8

4.99

4.190.490.530.430.961.01BMWlow

5.18


1.18

1.12

1.14

0.56


0.56

0.53

1.09

1.11

1.14

1.031.091.141.03Suzukihigh-K

0.61

0.58

0.530.590.630.53Suzukilow-K

0.63

1.02

1.081.051.091.02Hondahigh-K

1.02

1.09

0.56

0.520.490.560.39Hondalow-K

0.39

0.49

1.08

1

1.091.051.091.00Yamahahigh-K

1.02

0.56

0.580.480.580.34Yamahalow-K

0.43

0.34

1.06

1.070.991.070.85BMWhigh-K

0.98

0.85

0.51

0.540.510.540.48BMWlow-K

0.5

0.48

0.9

0.92

0.910.920.930.90ASTMhigh

0.93

0.93

0.49

0.47

0.490.480.490.47ASTMlow

0.47

0.49

0.82

0.89

0.840.850.890.82ASTMhigh-wet

0.85

0.84

All

0.2

ABS test

PBC or K

ABS Test

ABS test

PBC or K

K Test

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC

ASTM Test

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC

Rider 1Rider 2Rider 3Rider 4AveMaxMinUpDownUtilization based on KUtilization based on ASTM

11Kawasakihigh8.989.969.378.958.699.779.529.2710.030.961.020.890.060.070.861.06

12Suzukihigh9.119.478.348.618.49.248.950.910.970.850.060.050.830.98

13Hondahigh9.379.549.5410.049.59.069.098.990.961.020.920.070.040.911.05

14Yamahahigh7.858.057.037.637.947.847.397.828.528.180.800.870.720.070.080.760.86

15BMWhigh9.29.599.419.398.999.768.619.599.750.961.000.880.040.080.971.02

21Kawasakilow6.355.344.735.475.445.365.20.550.650.480.100.071.071.13

22Suzukilow5.245.944.984.534.513.283.383.613.923.40.440.610.330.170.100.740.93

23Hondalow4.714.694.945.395.114.934.945.45.114.74.525.180.510.550.460.040.051.041.03

24Yamahalow5.334.424.873.974.15.635.144.24.054.464.330.470.570.410.110.060.980.99

25BMWlow4.84.994.195.180.490.530.430.040.060.961.00

1.1190.90233333330.04233333330.06496598640.07176870750.0560.3570.0416666667

1.09250.91933333330.02933333330.0607871720.05451895040.04750.30050.0426666667

1.049750.90933333330.04533333330.06619897960.04094387760.038250.316750.0446666667

1.0470.92746666670.03346666670.07091836730.0811224490.0390.4530.0325333333

0.990250.93246666670.05046666670.04024943310.07709750570.080750.301250.0315333333

ABS test

K

"ASTM PBC"


0.5160.488750.0480.055250.054750.09562682220.06967930030.262

0.593250.47041666670.035750.07258333330.08241666670.16948979590.10193877550.25425

0.48850.49120.06650.06380.05420.0440476190.04574829930.1605

0.478250.47241333330.098750.03758666670.03821333330.10602968460.06335807050.28725

0.510.48715384620.0320.07184615380.12315384620.03979591840.06122448980.245

ABS test

K

"ASTM PBC"


KawasakiKawasaki

SuzukiSuzuki

HondaHonda

YamahaYamaha

BMWBMW

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC


KawasakiKawasaki

SuzukiSuzuki

HondaHonda

YamahaYamaha

BMWBMW

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC




Kawasakihigh-0.987-0.97-0.967-1.039-0.884-0.911-0.931-0.899-1.004-0.986-0.99-1.014-0.975-1.012-1.084-1.139-1.079-1.175-1.063-1.164-1.012-1.12-1.048-1.031-1.059-0.825-0.855-0.762-0.846-0.983-0.995-1.142-0.944-1.028-0.917-1.1411.041.181.121.141.121.180.760.060.36

Suzukihigh-0.929-0.995-0.967-1.006-1.027-0.995-0.985-1.087-0.792-1.031-0.904-0.927-0.944-1.022-0.951-1.114-1.074-0.927-1.048-0.878-0.924-1.02-1.069-1.052-0.974-0.992-1.14-1.091-1.025-0.895-0.954-0.981-1.029-0.878-0.9491.091.111.141.031.091.140.790.050.30

Hondahigh-0.955-0.839-0.903-0.922-0.829-0.923-0.966-0.849-0.885-1.019-0.86-0.913-0.961-0.954-0.944-1.017-0.982-1.064-1.043-1.077-0.968-0.939-0.997-0.945-1.002-0.957-0.95-1.015-0.946-0.98-0.867-0.887-0.947-0.733-0.975-0.872-0.895-1.041-0.991-0.954-0.917-0.783-0.954-0.893-0.859-0.812-0.979-0.949-0.911-1.014-1.088-1.0441.021.081.021.091.051.090.730.040.32

Yamahahigh-0.956-0.956-0.982-0.974-0.823-0.987-0.992-0.953-0.905-1.084-0.947-0.983-0.924-0.839-0.985-0.836-0.846-0.594-0.777-0.94-0.915-0.996-0.92-0.907-0.889-0.766-0.861-0.994-1.061-1.016-1.086-1.059-0.965-1.004-0.805-0.827-0.848-1.022-0.915-0.826-0.845-0.875-0.874-0.969-0.994-0.992-1.004-0.9151.081.001.091.021.051.090.590.040.45

BMWhigh-0.97-1.056-0.918-0.89-0.947-0.988-0.831-0.994-0.995-0.963-0.992-1.02-0.909-0.858-0.967-0.892-1.01-1.02-0.852-0.95-1.008-1.071-1.07-0.718-1.043-1.021-1.003-0.82-0.737-0.885-0.898-0.978-0.937-0.957-0.981-0.753-0.862-0.825-0.739-0.853-0.781-0.758-0.737-0.779-0.689-0.801-0.695-0.7961.061.070.980.850.991.070.690.080.30

Kawasakilow-0.443-0.524-0.517-0.448-0.564-0.544-0.546-0.38-0.288-0.257-0.392-0.418-0.307-0.373-0.555-0.556-0.55-0.254-0.451-0.521-0.53-0.439-0.412-0.526-0.5170.560.420.560.530.520.560.250.050.26

Suzukilow-0.515-0.503-0.576-0.481-0.53-0.608-0.599-0.583-0.574-0.531-0.551-0.474-0.555-0.524-0.568-0.581-0.553-0.529-0.597-0.579-0.56-0.605-0.405-0.465-0.494-0.53-0.552-0.575-0.561-0.532-0.559-0.506-0.484-0.443-0.495-0.529-0.501-0.346-0.393-0.466-0.343-0.472-0.339-0.487-0.367-0.53-0.359-0.54-0.411-0.489-0.549-0.593-0.629-0.509-0.5280.610.580.560.630.590.630.340.040.25

Hondalow-0.328-0.46-0.497-0.406-0.526-0.508-0.509-0.555-0.518-0.447-0.483-0.471-0.486-0.517-0.384-0.466-0.448-0.378-0.389-0.373-0.383-0.392-0.364-0.490.560.520.390.490.490.560.330.070.16

Yamahalow-0.433-0.47-0.403-0.459-0.456-0.476-0.474-0.462-0.481-0.524-0.56-0.577-0.406-0.577-0.561-0.538-0.443-0.437-0.56-0.504-0.423-0.4-0.287-0.433-0.342-0.387-0.191-0.233-0.331-0.339-0.343-0.25-0.3240.560.580.430.340.480.580.190.100.29

BMWlow-0.448-0.469-0.459-0.463-0.269-0.48-0.497-0.511-0.49-0.49-0.265-0.513-0.512-0.432-0.5-0.418-0.436-0.425-0.509-0.485-0.521-0.305-0.542-0.341-0.495-0.413-0.417-0.447-0.501-0.398-0.272-0.368-0.416-0.39-0.484-0.4290.510.540.500.480.510.540.270.030.25


123456789101112131415

Kawasakihigh0.9270.8870.9050.8980.860.9440.9280.8780.8670.8840.8980.930.9020.9170.910.900.020.940.860.040.04

Suzukihigh0.8940.9370.9310.940.9260.9290.9620.9110.9170.890.8950.9140.8920.9430.9090.920.020.960.890.040.03

Hondahigh0.9540.9350.9140.8970.880.9190.8640.8980.9270.9410.8890.9360.8980.8960.8920.910.030.950.860.040.05

Yamahahigh0.940.960.9220.9110.9120.9420.9410.9290.9330.940.9210.8940.9220.9280.9170.930.020.960.890.030.03

BMWhigh0.9260.8820.9540.930.9040.9640.930.940.9330.9250.9280.9360.9580.9320.9450.930.020.960.880.030.05

Kawasakilow0.5440.4740.5110.4840.4610.4970.4680.4720.5220.4670.4340.5310.490.030.540.430.060.05

Suzukilow0.4550.4410.5010.5010.4180.4980.4610.3880.4840.5150.440.5430.470.040.540.390.070.08

Hondalow0.440.4370.4910.4730.4790.490.5280.5550.5150.5460.50.4560.520.4560.4820.490.040.560.440.060.05

Yamahalow0.4460.4580.4810.4470.43420.4810.4980.4550.460.4840.510.4710.4750.5040.4820.470.020.510.430.040.04

BMWlow0.4950.3640.4770.5590.4870.5290.4510.4060.5080.5470.4830.5170.510.490.050.560.360.070.12

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Comparison of ABS adhesion utilization measurements based on K and ASTM PBC for each motorcycle on the high friction surface. Error bars show range of measurements for all runs.

Chart1

0.86416962341.06224979830.11400798060.10950179890.07199776840.0795368018

0.84508316090.98499567650.07120172040.08115101710.06612092680.0593027017

0.91334533381.05383887430.04197300550.07019557390.07279946440.0450262583

0.77118550350.86091437730.07948744670.07681935930.07646459960.0874667003

0.95724186821.02488267770.20910978380.10070877880.04316447390.0826812458

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC


All


8.989.969.37

8.958.69

9.770.961.020.890.200.200.861.04Kawasakihigh

9.529.2710.03

6.355.34

4.73

5.475.445.360.550.650.481.071.15Kawasakilow

5.2

9.119.47

8.34

8.610.910.970.850.830.99Suzukihigh

8.49.248.95

5.245.944.984.53

4.51

3.283.380.440.610.330.740.91Suzukilow

3.613.923.4

9.379.549.54

10.049.5

9.060.961.020.920.911.04Hondahigh

9.098.99

4.714.69

4.945.395.114.934.945.45.11

4.74.520.510.550.461.031.05Hondalow

5.18

7.858.05

7.037.637.947.84

7.397.820.800.870.720.760.87Yamahahigh

8.528.18

5.334.424.87

3.974.15.635.14

4.20.470.570.410.980.97Yamahalow

4.054.464.33

9.29.599.41

9.398.999.76

8.610.961.000.880.971.04BMWhigh

9.599.75

4.8

4.99

4.190.490.530.430.961.01BMWlow

5.18


1.18

1.12

1.14

0.56


0.56

0.53

1.09

1.11

1.14

1.031.091.141.03Suzukihigh-K

0.61

0.58

0.530.590.630.53Suzukilow-K

0.63

1.02

1.081.051.091.02Hondahigh-K

1.02

1.09

0.56

0.520.490.560.39Hondalow-K

0.39

0.49

1.08

1

1.091.051.091.00Yamahahigh-K

1.02

0.56

0.580.480.580.34Yamahalow-K

0.43

0.34

1.06

1.070.991.070.85BMWhigh-K

0.98

0.85

0.51

0.540.510.540.48BMWlow-K

0.5

0.48

0.9

0.92

0.910.920.930.90ASTMhigh

0.93

0.93

0.49

0.47

0.490.480.490.47ASTMlow

0.47

0.49

0.82

0.89

0.840.850.890.82ASTMhigh-wet

0.85

0.84

All

000.2

00

00

00

00

0

ABS test

PBC or K

ABS Test

00

00

00

00

00

0

ABS test

PBC or K

K Test

00

00

00

00

00

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC

ASTM Test

00

00

00

00

00

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC

Rider 1Rider 2Rider 3Rider 4AveMaxMinUpDownUtilization based on KUtilization based on ASTMMaxUtilization based on ASTMMin Utilization based on ASTMupdown1234Rider 1Rider 2Rider 3Rider 4Mean Utilization based on KMaxUtilization based on KMin Utilization based on Kupdown

11Kawasakihigh8.989.969.378.958.699.779.529.2710.030.961.020.890.060.070.861.061.130.980.070.081.041.181.121.140.880.980.920.780.750.890.850.830.900.860.980.750.110.11

12Suzukihigh9.119.478.348.618.49.248.950.910.970.850.060.050.830.981.050.930.070.061.091.111.141.030.860.890.760.770.830.920.890.850.920.760.070.08

13Hondahigh9.379.549.5410.049.59.069.098.990.961.020.920.070.040.911.051.131.010.070.051.021.081.021.090.940.960.960.950.900.910.850.840.910.960.840.040.07

14Yamahahigh7.858.057.037.637.947.847.397.828.528.180.800.870.720.070.080.760.860.940.770.080.091.081.001.091.020.740.760.720.780.810.800.690.730.850.820.770.850.690.080.08

15BMWhigh9.29.599.419.398.999.768.619.599.750.961.000.880.040.080.971.021.070.940.040.081.061.070.980.850.890.930.910.890.860.930.901.151.170.961.170.860.210.10

21Kawasakilow6.355.344.735.475.445.365.20.550.650.480.100.071.071.131.330.990.200.140.560.420.560.531.150.971.151.001.000.981.011.041.150.970.120.07

22Suzukilow5.245.944.984.534.513.283.383.613.923.40.440.610.330.170.100.740.931.290.710.360.220.610.580.560.630.881.000.840.760.800.600.610.590.640.550.731.000.550.270.17

23Hondalow4.714.694.945.395.114.934.945.45.114.74.525.180.510.550.460.040.051.041.031.120.940.090.090.560.520.390.490.870.860.981.061.010.970.981.071.011.221.181.081.021.220.860.200.16

24Yamahalow5.334.424.873.974.15.635.144.24.054.464.330.470.570.410.110.060.980.991.220.860.220.130.560.580.430.340.970.810.890.700.731.000.910.991.201.331.290.981.330.700.340.28

25BMWlow4.84.994.195.180.490.530.430.040.060.961.001.090.880.080.130.510.540.500.480.950.940.851.090.961.090.850.130.11

1.1190.90233333330.04233333330.06496598640.07176870750.0560.3570.0416666667

1.09250.91933333330.02933333330.0607871720.05451895040.04750.30050.0426666667

1.049750.90933333330.04533333330.06619897960.04094387760.038250.316750.0446666667

1.0470.92746666670.03346666670.07091836730.0811224490.0390.4530.0325333333

0.990250.93246666670.05046666670.04024943310.07709750570.080750.301250.0315333333

ABS test

K

"ASTM PBC"


0.5160.488750.0480.055250.054750.09562682220.06967930030.262

0.593250.47041666670.035750.07258333330.08241666670.16948979590.10193877550.25425

0.48850.49120.06650.06380.05420.0440476190.04574829930.1605

0.478250.47241333330.098750.03758666670.03821333330.10602968460.06335807050.28725

0.510.48715384620.0320.07184615380.12315384620.03979591840.06122448980.245

ABS test

K

"ASTM PBC"


KawasakiKawasaki0.11400798060.10950179890.07199776840.0795368018

SuzukiSuzuki0.07120172040.08115101710.06612092680.0593027017

HondaHonda0.04197300550.07019557390.07279946440.0450262583

YamahaYamaha0.07948744670.07681935930.07646459960.0874667003

BMWBMW0.20910978380.10070877880.04316447390.0826812458

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC



SuzukiSuzuki0.27118202640.17415791610.36029717470.2166989028

HondaHonda0.20037793080.160779770.08967349150.0931357885

YamahaYamaha0.3445186390.28022620870.22444261650.1341157542

BMWBMW0.13216319770.10653128040.08169065830.1256779358

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC




Kawasakihigh-0.987-0.97-0.967-1.039-0.884-0.911-0.931-0.899-1.004-0.986-0.99-1.014-0.975-1.012-1.084-1.139-1.079-1.175-1.063-1.164-1.012-1.12-1.048-1.031-1.059-0.825-0.855-0.762-0.846-0.983-0.995-1.142-0.944-1.028-0.917-1.1411.041.181.121.141.121.180.760.060.36

Suzukihigh-0.929-0.995-0.967-1.006-1.027-0.995-0.985-1.087-0.792-1.031-0.904-0.927-0.944-1.022-0.951-1.114-1.074-0.927-1.048-0.878-0.924-1.02-1.069-1.052-0.974-0.992-1.14-1.091-1.025-0.895-0.954-0.981-1.029-0.878-0.9491.091.111.141.031.091.140.790.050.30

Hondahigh-0.955-0.839-0.903-0.922-0.829-0.923-0.966-0.849-0.885-1.019-0.86-0.913-0.961-0.954-0.944-1.017-0.982-1.064-1.043-1.077-0.968-0.939-0.997-0.945-1.002-0.957-0.95-1.015-0.946-0.98-0.867-0.887-0.947-0.733-0.975-0.872-0.895-1.041-0.991-0.954-0.917-0.783-0.954-0.893-0.859-0.812-0.979-0.949-0.911-1.014-1.088-1.0441.021.081.021.091.051.090.730.040.32

Yamahahigh-0.956-0.956-0.982-0.974-0.823-0.987-0.992-0.953-0.905-1.084-0.947-0.983-0.924-0.839-0.985-0.836-0.846-0.594-0.777-0.94-0.915-0.996-0.92-0.907-0.889-0.766-0.861-0.994-1.061-1.016-1.086-1.059-0.965-1.004-0.805-0.827-0.848-1.022-0.915-0.826-0.845-0.875-0.874-0.969-0.994-0.992-1.004-0.9151.081.001.091.021.051.090.590.040.45

BMWhigh-0.97-1.056-0.918-0.89-0.947-0.988-0.831-0.994-0.995-0.963-0.992-1.02-0.909-0.858-0.967-0.892-1.01-1.02-0.852-0.95-1.008-1.071-1.07-0.718-1.043-1.021-1.003-0.82-0.737-0.885-0.898-0.978-0.937-0.957-0.981-0.753-0.862-0.825-0.739-0.853-0.781-0.758-0.737-0.779-0.689-0.801-0.695-0.7961.061.070.980.850.991.070.690.080.30

Kawasakilow-0.443-0.524-0.517-0.448-0.564-0.544-0.546-0.38-0.288-0.257-0.392-0.418-0.307-0.373-0.555-0.556-0.55-0.254-0.451-0.521-0.53-0.439-0.412-0.526-0.5170.560.420.560.530.520.560.250.050.26

Suzukilow-0.515-0.503-0.576-0.481-0.53-0.608-0.599-0.583-0.574-0.531-0.551-0.474-0.555-0.524-0.568-0.581-0.553-0.529-0.597-0.579-0.56-0.605-0.405-0.465-0.494-0.53-0.552-0.575-0.561-0.532-0.559-0.506-0.484-0.443-0.495-0.529-0.501-0.346-0.393-0.466-0.343-0.472-0.339-0.487-0.367-0.53-0.359-0.54-0.411-0.489-0.549-0.593-0.629-0.509-0.5280.610.580.560.630.590.630.340.040.25

Hondalow-0.328-0.46-0.497-0.406-0.526-0.508-0.509-0.555-0.518-0.447-0.483-0.471-0.486-0.517-0.384-0.466-0.448-0.378-0.389-0.373-0.383-0.392-0.364-0.490.560.520.390.490.490.560.330.070.16

Yamahalow-0.433-0.47-0.403-0.459-0.456-0.476-0.474-0.462-0.481-0.524-0.56-0.577-0.406-0.577-0.561-0.538-0.443-0.437-0.56-0.504-0.423-0.4-0.287-0.433-0.342-0.387-0.191-0.233-0.331-0.339-0.343-0.25-0.3240.560.580.430.340.480.580.190.100.29

BMWlow-0.448-0.469-0.459-0.463-0.269-0.48-0.497-0.511-0.49-0.49-0.265-0.513-0.512-0.432-0.5-0.418-0.436-0.425-0.509-0.485-0.521-0.305-0.542-0.341-0.495-0.413-0.417-0.447-0.501-0.398-0.272-0.368-0.416-0.39-0.484-0.4290.510.540.500.480.510.540.270.030.25


123456789101112131415

Kawasakihigh0.9270.8870.9050.8980.860.9440.9280.8780.8670.8840.8980.930.9020.9170.910.900.020.940.860.040.04

Suzukihigh0.8940.9370.9310.940.9260.9290.9620.9110.9170.890.8950.9140.8920.9430.9090.920.020.960.890.040.03

Hondahigh0.9540.9350.9140.8970.880.9190.8640.8980.9270.9410.8890.9360.8980.8960.8920.910.030.950.860.040.05

Yamahahigh0.940.960.9220.9110.9120.9420.9410.9290.9330.940.9210.8940.9220.9280.9170.930.020.960.890.030.03

BMWhigh0.9260.8820.9540.930.9040.9640.930.940.9330.9250.9280.9360.9580.9320.9450.930.020.960.880.030.05

Kawasakilow0.5440.4740.5110.4840.4610.4970.4680.4720.5220.4670.4340.5310.490.030.540.430.060.05

Suzukilow0.4550.4410.5010.5010.4180.4980.4610.3880.4840.5150.440.5430.470.040.540.390.070.08

Hondalow0.440.4370.4910.4730.4790.490.5280.5550.5150.5460.50.4560.520.4560.4820.490.040.560.440.060.05

Yamahalow0.4460.4580.4810.4470.43420.4810.4980.4550.460.4840.510.4710.4750.5040.4820.470.020.510.430.040.04

BMWlow0.4950.3640.4770.5590.4870.5290.4510.4060.5080.5470.4830.5170.510.490.050.560.360.070.12

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Comparison of ABS adhesion utilization measurements based on K and ASTM PBC for each motorcycle on the low friction surface. Error bars show range of measurements for all runs.

Chart2

1.03777348861.13009178830.11689890670.07164235530.19565590210.1425663433

0.72572989620.92818278770.27118202640.17415791610.36029717470.2166989028

1.02307063231.0321107270.20037793080.160779770.08967349150.0931357885

0.98230946840.99163185770.3445186390.28022620870.22444261650.1341157542

0.95992653071.0033288540.13216319770.10653128040.08169065830.1256779358

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC


All


8.989.969.37

8.958.69

9.770.961.020.890.200.200.861.04Kawasakihigh

9.529.2710.03

6.355.34

4.73

5.475.445.360.550.650.481.071.15Kawasakilow

5.2

9.119.47

8.34

8.610.910.970.850.830.99Suzukihigh

8.49.248.95

5.245.944.984.53

4.51

3.283.380.440.610.330.740.91Suzukilow

3.613.923.4

9.379.549.54

10.049.5

9.060.961.020.920.911.04Hondahigh

9.098.99

4.714.69

4.945.395.114.934.945.45.11

4.74.520.510.550.461.031.05Hondalow

5.18

7.858.05

7.037.637.947.84

7.397.820.800.870.720.760.87Yamahahigh

8.528.18

5.334.424.87

3.974.15.635.14

4.20.470.570.410.980.97Yamahalow

4.054.464.33

9.29.599.41

9.398.999.76

8.610.961.000.880.971.04BMWhigh

9.599.75

4.8

4.99

4.190.490.530.430.961.01BMWlow

5.18


1.18

1.12

1.14

0.56


0.56

0.53

1.09

1.11

1.14

1.031.091.141.03Suzukihigh-K

0.61

0.58

0.530.590.630.53Suzukilow-K

0.63

1.02

1.081.051.091.02Hondahigh-K

1.02

1.09

0.56

0.520.490.560.39Hondalow-K

0.39

0.49

1.08

1

1.091.051.091.00Yamahahigh-K

1.02

0.56

0.580.480.580.34Yamahalow-K

0.43

0.34

1.06

1.070.991.070.85BMWhigh-K

0.98

0.85

0.51

0.540.510.540.48BMWlow-K

0.5

0.48

0.9

0.92

0.910.920.930.90ASTMhigh

0.93

0.93

0.49

0.47

0.490.480.490.47ASTMlow

0.47

0.49

0.82

0.89

0.840.850.890.82ASTMhigh-wet

0.85

0.84

All

000.2

00

00

00

00

0

ABS test

PBC or K

ABS Test

00

00

00

00

00

0

ABS test

PBC or K

K Test

00

00

00

00

00

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC

ASTM Test

00

00

00

00

00

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC

Rider 1Rider 2Rider 3Rider 4AveMaxMinUpDownUtilization based on KUtilization based on ASTMMaxUtilization based on ASTMMin Utilization based on ASTMupdown1234Rider 1Rider 2Rider 3Rider 4Mean Utilization based on KMaxUtilization based on KMin Utilization based on Kupdown

11Kawasakihigh8.989.969.378.958.699.779.529.2710.030.961.020.890.060.070.861.061.130.980.070.081.041.181.121.140.880.980.920.780.750.890.850.830.900.860.980.750.110.11

12Suzukihigh9.119.478.348.618.49.248.950.910.970.850.060.050.830.981.050.930.070.061.091.111.141.030.860.890.760.770.830.920.890.850.920.760.070.08

13Hondahigh9.379.549.5410.049.59.069.098.990.961.020.920.070.040.911.051.131.010.070.051.021.081.021.090.940.960.960.950.900.910.850.840.910.960.840.040.07

14Yamahahigh7.858.057.037.637.947.847.397.828.528.180.800.870.720.070.080.760.860.940.770.080.091.081.001.091.020.740.760.720.780.810.800.690.730.850.820.770.850.690.080.08

15BMWhigh9.29.599.419.398.999.768.619.599.750.961.000.880.040.080.971.021.070.940.040.081.061.070.980.850.890.930.910.890.860.930.901.151.170.961.170.860.210.10

21Kawasakilow6.355.344.735.475.445.365.20.550.650.480.100.071.071.131.330.990.200.140.560.420.560.531.150.971.151.001.000.981.011.041.150.970.120.07

22Suzukilow5.245.944.984.534.513.283.383.613.923.40.440.610.330.170.100.740.931.290.710.360.220.610.580.560.630.881.000.840.760.800.600.610.590.640.550.731.000.550.270.17

23Hondalow4.714.694.945.395.114.934.945.45.114.74.525.180.510.550.460.040.051.041.031.120.940.090.090.560.520.390.490.870.860.981.061.010.970.981.071.011.221.181.081.021.220.860.200.16

24Yamahalow5.334.424.873.974.15.635.144.24.054.464.330.470.570.410.110.060.980.991.220.860.220.130.560.580.430.340.970.810.890.700.731.000.910.991.201.331.290.981.330.700.340.28

25BMWlow4.84.994.195.180.490.530.430.040.060.961.001.090.880.080.130.510.540.500.480.950.940.851.090.961.090.850.130.11

1.1190.90233333330.04233333330.06496598640.07176870750.0560.3570.0416666667

1.09250.91933333330.02933333330.0607871720.05451895040.04750.30050.0426666667

1.049750.90933333330.04533333330.06619897960.04094387760.038250.316750.0446666667

1.0470.92746666670.03346666670.07091836730.0811224490.0390.4530.0325333333

0.990250.93246666670.05046666670.04024943310.07709750570.080750.301250.0315333333

ABS test

K

"ASTM PBC"


0.5160.488750.0480.055250.054750.09562682220.06967930030.262

0.593250.47041666670.035750.07258333330.08241666670.16948979590.10193877550.25425

0.48850.49120.06650.06380.05420.0440476190.04574829930.1605

0.478250.47241333330.098750.03758666670.03821333330.10602968460.06335807050.28725

0.510.48715384620.0320.07184615380.12315384620.03979591840.06122448980.245

ABS test

K

"ASTM PBC"



SuzukiSuzuki0.07120172040.08115101710.06612092680.0593027017

HondaHonda0.04197300550.07019557390.07279946440.0450262583

YamahaYamaha0.07948744670.07681935930.07646459960.0874667003

BMWBMW0.20910978380.10070877880.04316447390.0826812458

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC



SuzukiSuzuki0.27118202640.17415791610.36029717470.2166989028

HondaHonda0.20037793080.160779770.08967349150.0931357885

YamahaYamaha0.3445186390.28022620870.22444261650.1341157542

BMWBMW0.13216319770.10653128040.08169065830.1256779358

Based on K

Based on ASTM PBC




Kawasakihigh-0.987-0.97-0.967-1.039-0.884-0.911-0.931-0.899-1.004-0.986-0.99-1.014-0.975-1.012-1.084-1.139-1.079-1.175-1.063-1.164-1.012-1.12-1.048-1.031-1.059-0.825-0.855-0.762-0.846-0.983-0.995-1.142-0.944-1.028-0.917-1.1411.041.181.121.141.121.180.760.060.36

Suzukihigh-0.929-0.995-0.967-1.006-1.027-0.995-0.985-1.087-0.792-1.031-0.904-0.927-0.944-1.022-0.951-1.114-1.074-0.927-1.048-0.878-0.924-1.02-1.069-1.052-0.974-0.992-1.14-1.091-1.025-0.895-0.954-0.981-1.029-0.878-0.9491.091.111.141.031.091.140.790.050.30

Hondahigh-0.955-0.839-0.903-0.922-0.829-0.923-0.966-0.849-0.885-1.019-0.86-0.913-0.961-0.954-0.944-1.017-0.982-1.064-1.043-1.077-0.968-0.939-0.997-0.945-1.002-0.957-0.95-1.015-0.946-0.98-0.867-0.887-0.947-0.733-0.975-0.872-0.895-1.041-0.991-0.954-0.917-0.783-0.954-0.893-0.859-0.812-0.979-0.949-0.911-1.014-1.088-1.0441.021.081.021.091.051.090.730.040.32

Yamahahigh-0.956-0.956-0.982-0.974-0.823-0.987-0.992-0.953-0.905-1.084-0.947-0.983-0.924-0.839-0.985-0.836-0.846-0.594-0.777-0.94-0.915-0.996-0.92-0.907-0.889-0.766-0.861-0.994-1.061-1.016-1.086-1.059-0.965-1.004-0.805-0.827-0.848-1.022-0.915-0.826-0.845-0.875-0.874-0.969-0.994-0.992-1.004-0.9151.081.001.091.021.051.090.590.040.45

BMWhigh-0.97-1.056-0.918-0.89-0.947-0.988-0.831-0.994-0.995-0.963-0.992-1.02-0.909-0.858-0.967-0.892-1.01-1.02-0.852-0.95-1.008-1.071-1.07-0.718-1.043-1.021-1.003-0.82-0.737-0.885-0.898-0.978-0.937-0.957-0.981-0.753-0.862-0.825-0.739-0.853-0.781-0.758-0.737-0.779-0.689-0.801-0.695-0.7961.061.070.980.850.991.070.690.080.30

Kawasakilow-0.443-0.524-0.517-0.448-0.564-0.544-0.546-0.38-0.288-0.257-0.392-0.418-0.307-0.373-0.555-0.556-0.55-0.254-0.451-0.521-0.53-0.439-0.412-0.526-0.5170.560.420.560.530.520.560.250.050.26

Suzukilow-0.515-0.503-0.576-0.481-0.53-0.608-0.599-0.583-0.574-0.531-0.551-0.474-0.555-0.524-0.568-0.581-0.553-0.529-0.597-0.579-0.56-0.605-0.405-0.465-0.494-0.53-0.552-0.575-0.561-0.532-0.559-0.506-0.484-0.443-0.495-0.529-0.501-0.346-0.393-0.466-0.343-0.472-0.339-0.487-0.367-0.53-0.359-0.54-0.411-0.489-0.549-0.593-0.629-0.509-0.5280.610.580.560.630.590.630.340.040.25

Hondalow-0.328-0.46-0.497-0.406-0.526-0.508-0.509-0.555-0.518-0.447-0.483-0.471-0.486-0.517-0.384-0.466-0.448-0.378-0.389-0.373-0.383-0.392-0.364-0.490.560.520.390.490.490.560.330.070.16

Yamahalow-0.433-0.47-0.403-0.459-0.456-0.476-0.474-0.462-0.481-0.524-0.56-0.577-0.406-0.577-0.561-0.538-0.443-0.437-0.56-0.504-0.423-0.4-0.287-0.433-0.342-0.387-0.191-0.233-0.331-0.339-0.343-0.25-0.3240.560.580.430.340.480.580.190.100.29

BMWlow-0.448-0.469-0.459-0.463-0.269-0.48-0.497-0.511-0.49-0.49-0.265-0.513-0.512-0.432-0.5-0.418-0.436-0.425-0.509-0.485-0.521-0.305-0.542-0.341-0.495-0.413-0.417-0.447-0.501-0.398-0.272-0.368-0.416-0.39-0.484-0.4290.510.540.500.480.510.540.270.030.25


123456789101112131415

Kawasakihigh0.9270.8870.9050.8980.860.9440.9280.8780.8670.8840.8980.930.9020.9170.910.900.020.940.860.040.04

Suzukihigh0.8940.9370.9310.940.9260.9290.9620.9110.9170.890.8950.9140.8920.9430.9090.920.020.960.890.040.03

Hondahigh0.9540.9350.9140.8970.880.9190.8640.8980.9270.9410.8890.9360.8980.8960.8920.910.030.950.860.040.05

Yamahahigh0.940.960.9220.9110.9120.9420.9410.9290.9330.940.9210.8940.9220.9280.9170.930.020.960.890.030.03

BMWhigh0.9260.8820.9540.930.9040.9640.930.940.9330.9250.9280.9360.9580.9320.9450.930.020.960.880.030.05

Kawasakilow0.5440.4740.5110.4840.4610.4970.4680.4720.5220.4670.4340.5310.490.030.540.430.060.05

Suzukilow0.4550.4410.5010.5010.4180.4980.4610.3880.4840.5150.440.5430.470.040.540.390.070.08

Hondalow0.440.4370.4910.4730.4790.490.5280.5550.5150.5460.50.4560.520.4560.4820.490.040.560.440.060.05

Yamahalow0.4460.4580.4810.4470.43420.4810.4980.4550.460.4840.510.4710.4750.5040.4820.470.020.510.430.040.04

BMWlow0.4950.3640.4770.5590.4870.5290.4510.4060.5080.5470.4830.5170.510.490.050.560.360.070.12

TEST RESULTSData ReductionABS stops on high and low friction surfaceMFDDCorrected stopping distanceNon ABS stops on high and low friction surfaceK Peak Braking CoefficientPeak Braking Coefficient measured with DRI Mobile Tire TesterASTM E1337ABS stops for low to high friction transitionTime delay definition and performance criteria for brake response is not yet specifiedDynamic Research, Inc.

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Example Data Low to High Friction Transition

TEST RESULTSData ReductionPossible method for evaluation of time delay for low to high friction transitionT1 when the motorcycle rear axle passes the surface transitionIdentify peak longitudinal acceleration (Ax) for the low friction interval T2 is when Ax first exceeds [110%] of the low friction Ax peak Time delay is T2 T1AssumptionLow friction interval ends 150 ms before T1, to ensure that motorcycle front tire has not reached the transition


TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Kawasaki ZZR 1400Low to High Friction Transition

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Suzuki Bandit 1200Low to High Friction Transition

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Honda VFR 800Low to High Friction Transition

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Yamaha FZ6Low to High Friction TransitionTime delay measurement of 1.14 seconds will be used to demonstrate a possible deficiency in this example data reduction algorithm

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.BMW F650 GSLow to High Friction Transition

TEST RESULTSDynamic Research, Inc.Example Data Reduction Not Appropriatefor this Example (Time delay = 1.14 sec)

OBSERVATIONS Measurement of K (max friction coefficient) of the test surfacesRiders are often able to achieve higher Peak Braking Coefficients (PBC) with the K method than those measured with the ASTM methodOn average, motorcycle tires may have higher friction capability than the ASTM SRTT tireSubstantial variability in K value exists between riders, motorcyclesMore variability occurs on low friction surface than on high friction surfaceRider ranking may change for different motorcycles, so one rider does not always give the highest valueSurface PBC depends on the method used to measure it


OBSERVATIONS ABS Stops on High and Low Friction SurfaceRiders are generally able to achieve target lever and pedal average force values without difficultyNumber of runs required to first achieve the target lever and pedal force criteria may range from 1 to more than 10Riders improve with practiceRiders find that ease of task varies with motorcycleMotorcycles in this study generally meet the proposed performance criteria in draft GTRRun-to-run variability may be greater for some motorcycles than othersRun-to-run variability may be greater on low friction surface than on high friction surface


OBSERVATIONS ABS Stops on Low to High Friction TransitionThis was generally the most challenging task for ridersRiders had to:Apply specific braking lever and pedal forces at a particular ground locationHold specified lever and pedal forces through a large change in longitudinal accelerationRiders were generally able to achieve the desired lever and pedal force targetsRiders were generally able to achieve a target transition speed of 50 5 km/hIt is possible to have a negative time delayThe zero time is when the motorcycle rear axle passes over the surface transition. At this point, the front tire has been on the higher friction surface for greater than 100 ms


OBSERVATIONS GeneralAdding pressure sensors to most hydraulic systems was easily accomplished without any substantial volume or stiffness change (in particular by using banjo bolts)Substantial variation in motorcycle pitch angle influenced the radar based speed measurement. This was accounted for in data processingAnalog brake effort indicators were very helpful to riders even though (needle type) display time response was perceptible. A faster display might be of some help to ridersBrake temperature limits at the start of each run were easily metThis might be more difficult with some combined brake systems where independent brake application is impossible


OBSERVATIONS GeneralFor these motorcycles, disabling of ABS was accomplished easilyABS cycling is different in frequency, amplitude and nature for various motorcyclesAmount of ABS cycling varies by motorcycle, may vary run-to-run for same motorcycleIdeal ABS system may not have perceptible cycling


OBSERVATIONS Example high frequency ABS control on front wheel; is this fully cycling?Dynamic Research, Inc.

DISCUSSIONABS Stops on High and Low Friction SurfaceIf the rider releases the brake lever because of an impending pitchover, is this a failure? Of the test procedure criteria? Of the performance criteria?


DISCUSSIONK method or ASTM measurement of PBCMeasurements with Mobile tire tester generally behave like samples of a normally distributed population The estimate of the population is simply the mean of the samplesMore samples will improve confidence in the meanA minimum number of samples is specifiedRandom measurement errors tend to be removed when taking the average value


DISCUSSIONK or ASTM PBC measurement (contd)For K measurement, the result is the maximum value within the sample setThe samples would not be expected to have a normal distribution (they are limited at one end)As the number of samples increases, the maximum value would be expected to continue to increaseNumber of samples to be taken is not specifiedRandom measurement errors tend to be added to the result


DISCUSSIONSurface friction transition runsGTR draft requires that the vehicle deceleration shall increase after passing over the transition pointHow to define time for deceleration increase to occurHow to define time required for deceleration to stabilize at the higher value


Motorcycle ABS Testing Related to Draft GTR Phase II Results June, 2006

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Transcript of Motorcycle ABS Testing Related to Draft GTR Phase II Results June, 2006