Motives for European Exploration 1. The Crusades resulted in Muslims cutting Europeans off from...
-
Upload
lenard-perkins -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Motives for European Exploration 1. The Crusades resulted in Muslims cutting Europeans off from...
Motives for European Exploration
Motives for European Exploration
1. The Crusades resulted in Muslims cutting Europeans off from trade with China, India (Ex = Spain – why?)
2. The Renaissance (Humanism) led to a great curiosity about other lands and peoples
3. The Reformation resulted in many refugees needing new homes & missionaries seeking new souls to convert
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue
5. Fame, fortune & glory!
New Naval TechnologiesNew Naval
Technologies
Astrolabe – helped determine what time it was (helped with
speed, latitude)
Better Maps - increased safety,
Sextant – determine latitude
(location)
Mariner’s Compass – determine N / S /
E / W
Prince Henry, the Navigator
• Established a School for Navigation, 1419
• Trained sailors, captains in navigation, seamanship
• Encouraged & sponsored Portuguese explorers
Portuguese Exploration in Africa,
Asia
Portuguese Exploration in Africa,
Asia1. 1460s-80s: Explored the west coast of Africa
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487: rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) but didn’t make it to India
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498: first European to sail to India
Around Africa, across Indian Ocean to Calicut and Goa
Christofo Colon [1451-1506]
• Goal was to find westward passage to China – why?
• Christopher Columbus’ early life (Italian; at sea from age 10; to Spain in 1487)
• Looked for sponsors for voyages (Leaders of Portugal; Genoa; Venice; England; Spain)
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Columbus’ Four Voyages
• When Columbus died, he was convinced that he had discovered a route to China & the Far East
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the WorldEarly 16c
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the WorldEarly 16c
Other Voyages of Exploration
Other Voyages of Exploration
Cabot: Italian,working for English(route to North America)
Amerigo Vespucci: Italian; explored S. America and lent his name to the Continent
Fernando CortezFernando Cortez
The First Spanish Conquest:The Aztecs
The First Spanish Conquest:The Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma II
vs.
vs.
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
Aztec myths
Spanish allied withAztec enemies
Invited Montezuma to a meeting, thenkidnapped him!
Without a ruler, Aztec empire disintegrated
Francisco Pizarro
The First Spanish Conquests
The Incas
The First Spanish Conquests
The Incas
Atahualpa
vs.
3 expeditions
Took advantage of civil war of Incans
Captured Atahualpa, ransomed for 22x17 room filled with gold!
Disease killed most Incans
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
arie
s
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Mercantilism• Economic policy that viewed
prosperity as a zero sum game– Measured in gold / silver that a
country had– Neighboring country ex.– Best way to accumulate wealth
= positive balance of trade, with colonies• Get raw materials from colony• Sell finished goods to colony
– Government should be protectionist (tariffs & colonies)
The Columbian Exchange
• One of the most significant events of world history
• Exchange of plants, animals, products & diseases between “old” and “new” worlds
• What did each world get?
The “Columbian Exchange”
The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Quinine TOBACCO
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE (corn)
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN
Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee
Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
The “Triangle” Trade• Slave trade consisted
of three parts– First, Europeans
brought manufactured goods to Africa
– Second, Europeans took Africans to Americas as slaves (“middle passage”)
– Third, Europeans took raw materials back to Europe
The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade
1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans (African v. African; Muslims v. African)
2. In New World, Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane very difficult to harvest
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the population and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean
2. Spain conquered the Philippines
3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591
Surat in NW India in 1608
Dutch arrived in India in 1595
Impact of European Expansion
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by disease; survivors converted to Christianity
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created great wealth – and an inflationary economic climate
3. New products introduced across the continents (“Columbian Exchange”)
4. Deepened rivalries between European countries