Motivation in PE Motivation in PE and Sports and Sports

Naira S. OrbetaNaira S. Orbeta

Who Can Benefit?Who Can Benefit?

Targets athletes and sports Targets athletes and sports enthusiasts at all levelsenthusiasts at all levels

Broad and wide spectrum in terms Broad and wide spectrum in terms of age, gender, development and life of age, gender, development and life cycle.cycle.

Career AthletesCareer Athletes

Focus is on Focus is on performance and performance and competition as an competition as an integral aspect of integral aspect of

their lives.their lives.

Sports and Fitness Enthusiasts Sports and Fitness Enthusiasts

Focus is on physical Focus is on physical activity as a activity as a

contributor to contributor to quality of life.quality of life.

The truth is…The truth is…

It is part of the larger field of Sport It is part of the larger field of Sport Psychology.Psychology.

We are all, at the very least, We are all, at the very least, “amateur” psychologists.“amateur” psychologists.

There is no mystery to it!There is no mystery to it! It is not mind-reading!It is not mind-reading!

The Challenge… The Challenge…

To think about what you already know.To think about what you already know. To examine your “sistema”.To examine your “sistema”. To keep on doing what works after To keep on doing what works after

conscious analysis.conscious analysis. To learn and re-work what needs To learn and re-work what needs

improvement.improvement. To use psychology to your advantage. To use psychology to your advantage.

What is Motivation?What is Motivation?

Motivation is a complex set of Motivation is a complex set of internal and external forces that internal and external forces that induces one to behave in a induces one to behave in a certain way (Vealey, 2005).certain way (Vealey, 2005).

Why do people behave they way Why do people behave they way they do?they do?

Motivational MythsMotivational Myths

When coaches ask: how do I When coaches ask: how do I motivate my athletes? motivate my athletes? They are They are assuming the wrong thing. This assuming the wrong thing. This is the Jug and Mug myth!is the Jug and Mug myth!

Assumptions of the Jug and MugAssumptions of the Jug and Mug

What is present in coaches’ jug is What is present in coaches’ jug is desired by athletes to be poured desired by athletes to be poured onto their mug. onto their mug.

That athletes have empty mugs.That athletes have empty mugs. That coaches have the magical That coaches have the magical

ingredients for motivation that they ingredients for motivation that they can give athletes on cue.can give athletes on cue.

The Effects The Effects

Coaches resort to gimmicks:Coaches resort to gimmicks: Pep talksPep talks DramaDrama Fancy awards/rewardsFancy awards/rewards Catchy slogansCatchy slogans Home advantage ideaHome advantage idea

Correct ThinkingCorrect Thinking

It is a short-term or quick fix.It is a short-term or quick fix. It may or may not work at certain It may or may not work at certain

times.times. It may be beneficial or harmful It may be beneficial or harmful

depending on what or how it is depending on what or how it is used.used.

The You-Have-It or You-Don’t The You-Have-It or You-Don’t MythMyth

The idea that motivation is innate The idea that motivation is innate and fixed. Therefore, you have to and fixed. Therefore, you have to choose motivated individuals and choose motivated individuals and exclude others who do not have it. It exclude others who do not have it. It excludes the fact that motivation excludes the fact that motivation can be nurtured and enhanced.can be nurtured and enhanced.

Correct ThinkingCorrect Thinking

The process of motivation is The process of motivation is complex, evolving and dynamic.complex, evolving and dynamic.

We do not always get to choose the We do not always get to choose the players.players.

It should not be used as an excuse.It should not be used as an excuse. We can make a difference by We can make a difference by

fostering a motivational climate.fostering a motivational climate.

The Natural Talent MythThe Natural Talent Myth

Society glorifies people with Society glorifies people with special gifts or talents. special gifts or talents. Outstanding performances is Outstanding performances is attributed to natural abilities.attributed to natural abilities.

Correct ThinkingCorrect Thinking

Even if there is some obvious Even if there is some obvious natural talent, it can die if it is not natural talent, it can die if it is not developed.developed.

Expert performance in sport is a Expert performance in sport is a result of intense practice over time.result of intense practice over time.

Debunking the MythsDebunking the Myths

Motivation is the direct Motivation is the direct responsibility of the individual.responsibility of the individual.

The key word towards The key word towards understanding is understanding is complex.complex.

Coaches and educators play an Coaches and educators play an important role in fostering the important role in fostering the proper motivational climate.proper motivational climate.

Motivation and NeedsMotivation and Needs

People are motivated to fulfill People are motivated to fulfill theirtheir needs (Martens, 1990).needs (Martens, 1990).

This definition implies that athletes This definition implies that athletes seek their own need fulfillment and seek their own need fulfillment and not the coaches. Often, coaches do not the coaches. Often, coaches do not examine how they treat athletes not examine how they treat athletes and impose their own needs.and impose their own needs.

Needs vs. WantsNeeds vs. Wants

Needs are drives Needs are drives necessary for our necessary for our survival, growth and survival, growth and development.development.

Needs = WantsNeeds = Wants

Needs ? WantsNeeds ? Wants

Wants are desires Wants are desires that may or may not that may or may not be essential for our be essential for our survival, growth and survival, growth and development.development.

Good!Good!

Problem!Problem!

Research into Athletes’ NeedsResearch into Athletes’ Needs

Need to experience stimulation and Need to experience stimulation and challengechallenge

Need for acceptance and belongingNeed for acceptance and belonging Need to gain and demonstrate Need to gain and demonstrate

competence to feel worthycompetence to feel worthy

(Martens, 1987). (Martens, 1987).

The Big NeedThe Big Need

Self-determination is so important a Self-determination is so important a need that it is in a class of its own. need that it is in a class of its own.

Self-determination states that Self-determination states that humans are motivated when they humans are motivated when they feel that they can determine their feel that they can determine their own course of behavior (Vealey, own course of behavior (Vealey, 2005).2005).

Self-Determination TheorySelf-Determination Theory

SDT is a theory of motivation SDT is a theory of motivation initially developed by Edward Deci initially developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan of the University and Richard Ryan of the University of Rochester, New York. It has of Rochester, New York. It has extended its applications to many extended its applications to many fields.fields.

SDT BasicsSDT Basics

Low SDT ContinuumLow SDT Continuum

High SDT ContinuumHigh SDT Continuum

Extrinsic MotivationExtrinsic Motivation

EM refers to behaviors that are EM refers to behaviors that are engaged in as a means to an end engaged in as a means to an end (Vealey, 2005). (Vealey, 2005).

Extrinsic MotivationExtrinsic Motivation

1. External Regulation1. External Regulation RewardsRewards ContractsContracts RulesRules Threat of Threat of

punishmentpunishment

2. Internal Pressure2. Internal Pressure Internalized external Internalized external

sources of sources of motivation even motivation even when it is physically when it is physically absent. absent.

Threshold of AutonomyThreshold of Autonomy

Autonomy refers to the ability and Autonomy refers to the ability and opportunity to govern oneself opportunity to govern oneself (Vealey, 2005). (Vealey, 2005).

This marks the point where self-This marks the point where self-determination begins.determination begins.

Demarcation for EMDemarcation for EM

Identified RegulationIdentified Regulation Athletes come to value the pursuit of Athletes come to value the pursuit of

sport excellence and see it as a goal.sport excellence and see it as a goal. They make it a choice and feel in control.They make it a choice and feel in control. The activity is still performed for The activity is still performed for

external reasons: to perform well and external reasons: to perform well and win. win.

Intrinsic MotivationIntrinsic Motivation

IM refers to engaging in an activity IM refers to engaging in an activity purely for the pleasure and purely for the pleasure and satisfaction derived from doing the satisfaction derived from doing the activity (Deci & Ryan, 1985). activity (Deci & Ryan, 1985).

High SDTHigh SDT

4. IM for 4. IM for AccomplishmentAccomplishment

Enjoys the process Enjoys the process of striving to be of striving to be more competent.more competent.

Playing for inner Playing for inner pride even when no pride even when no one is watching.one is watching.

Fuels commitment, Fuels commitment, effort and effort and persistence.persistence.

High SDTHigh SDT

5. IM for Stimulation5. IM for Stimulation Playing for love of Playing for love of

the game.the game. Enjoying the fun Enjoying the fun

and excitement of and excitement of sports expression.sports expression.

High SDTHigh SDT

6. IM to Know6. IM to Know Performing for the Performing for the

pleasure and pleasure and satisfaction of satisfaction of learning, exploring learning, exploring and understanding and understanding something new.something new.

Move Effectively Along the Move Effectively Along the ContiuumContiuum

Remember the basics: fun!Remember the basics: fun! Allow control.Allow control. Demand responsibility.Demand responsibility. Delineate difference between learning Delineate difference between learning

and performing.and performing. Foster good motivational climate.Foster good motivational climate. Be an effective teacher.Be an effective teacher.

Move Effectively Along the Move Effectively Along the ContiuumContiuum

Make people feel worthy regardless of Make people feel worthy regardless of sport performance.sport performance.

De-emphasize extrinsic motivators or at De-emphasize extrinsic motivators or at least use sparingly.least use sparingly.

Understand yourself as separate from Understand yourself as separate from your wards.your wards.

Respect both.Respect both.

A Bit of PluggingA Bit of Plugging

If you are interested to join an If you are interested to join an international organization, check international organization, check out out www.aspasp.org

This is the official website of the This is the official website of the Asian South Pacific Association of Asian South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology.Sport Psychology.

Thank You!Thank You!

Contact me:Contact me:

Naira S. OrbetaNaira S. Orbeta

0917-79379640917-7937964

n_orbeta@yahoo.comn_orbeta@yahoo.com