MotivationMotivationRAK College of Dental Science

VI Semester BDS 2011

Dr. Amal Gamal ShehataAssociate Professor

Outline

• Definition of motivation .• Types of motives.• Sources of motivation.• Theories of motivation.• Homeostasis and drives.• Relevance of study motivation for dental

students .

Introduction A motivation is a condition that energizes behavior

and gives it direction . It is experienced subjectively as a conscious desire

– the desire for food , for drink . Most of us can choose whether or not to act on

our desires. We can even choose not to think about the desires that we refuse to act on.

Motivation directs behavior toward a particular incentive that produce pleasure or alleviates an unpleasant state.

An internal process that causes us to move toward a goal.

Motivation

Goal

Types of MotivesPrimary Motive: Innate (inborn) motives based on biological needs we must meet to surviveSecondary Motive: Based on learned needs, drives, and goals

Motivation

Internal Sources External Sources

Incentives:

Any external motivating stimulus, such as

Biological Needs:

A state of physical deprivation that causes an imbalance within the body (e.g., body temperature, blood sugar, water content).

Intrinsic Motivation: Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation

Internal Sources External Sources

Incentives:Any external motivating

stimulus, such as

Drive:A state of arousal or tension that is produced by a biological need.

Motivation

Internal Sources External Sources

Incentives:

Any external motivating stimulus, such as

Social Motive:

A type of motivation acquired through experience and interaction with other people; becomes part of your personality.

Motivation

Internal Sources External Sources

Incentives

Social Motives

Biological Needs

Drive

Theories of Motivation Maslow ‘s

Hierarchy of Needs

McClelland’s Achievement-

Power-Affiliation Theory

Skinner’s Reinforcement

Theory

Drive-Reduction

Theory

Drive-Reduction TheoryAccording to Clark hall (1952) According to Clark hall (1952) human being have human being have internal internal biological need biological need which which motivate us to act in a motivate us to act in a particular way.particular way.This This Drive or Need Drive or Need is is internal and it must be internal and it must be reduced.reduced.

Drive-Reduction Theory

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Drive-reducingbehaviors

(eating, drinking)

Need(e.g., for

food, water)

Drive(hunger, thirst)

Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs theory

• Maslow assumes that what motivates people is

unmet needs. • According to Maslow, the needs that motivate people fall

into five basic categories: – physiological needs (the most basic need), – security needs, – social needs, – esteem needs, and – self-actualization needs (the highest-level need).

Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of NeedsPhysiological needs are the ones required

for survival. Security needs involve keeping oneself free

from harm. Social needs are the desire for love,

friendship, and companionship. Esteem needs are the need for self-esteem

and the respect of others. Self-actualization needs describe the desire

to live up to one’s full potential.

McClelland’s Achievement-Power-Affiliation Theory

This motivation theory is based on the assumption that through life experiences, people develop various needs.

The three needs include: The need for achievement

The desire to do something better than it has been done before.

The need for powerthe desire to control, influence, or be

responsible for other people. The need for affiliation

the desire to maintain close and friendly personal relationships.

Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory

B. F. Skinner says that people behave as they do because of the kind of consequences they experience as a result of their behavior.

people keep doing things that lead to consequences they like, and avoid doing things that have undesirable consequences.

For example, praise feels good, so people tend to do things that get them praised.

Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory

Consequences can be thought of as:A. Reinforcement.B. Punishment.C. Behavior Modification.

For long term results, positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment.

Punishment can lead to what is called

learned helplessness.

Homeostasis Body equilibrium; balance

Homeostasis involves a set point ,or goal value, for the ideal internal state.

Temperature regulation is an example of homeostasis. Sensors for this are located in various parts of the body ,including the hypothalamus .adjustments are either automatic responses “ shivering “ or putting on a sweater .

Relevance of Study Motivation for Dental Students

GUESS ?

THANKS