Motivation Theories

by Prof. Pradip Kumar Ghosh 1

Definition

Motivation

can be broadly defined as the forces acting on orwithin a person that cause the arousal, direction, andpersistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort.

Motivation theory is thus concerned with theprocesses that explain why and how human behavioris activated.

by Prof. Pradip Kumar Ghosh 2

Various Motivation Theories

• MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

• ALDERFER'S E-R-G THEORY.

• MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY

• MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.

by Prof. Pradip Kumar Ghosh 3

MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

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•Physiological needs,

•Security needs,

•Belongingness needs,

•Esteem needs,

•Self-actualization need

According to the implications of the hierarchy, individuals must have their lower level

needs met by, for example, safe working conditions, adequate pay to take care of one's

self and one's family, and job security before they will be motivated by increased job

responsibilities, status, and challenging work assignments.

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ALDERFER'S E-R-G THEORY

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• Existence – Physiological & Safely

• Relatedness – Belongingness and Esteem needs

• Growth – Self Actualization

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MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY

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•Lower Level Needs (Hygienic factors )

•Higher Level Needs ( Motivators )

The implication for managers of the motivator-hygiene theory is that meeting employees lower-

level needs by improving pay, benefits, safety, and other job-contextual factors will prevent

employees from becoming actively dissatisfied but will not motivate them to exert additional

effort toward better performance. To motivate workers, according to the theory, managers must

focus on changing the intrinsic nature and content of jobs themselves by "enriching" them to

increase employees' autonomy and their opportunities to take on additional responsibility, gain

recognition, and develop their skills and careers.

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MCCLELLAND'S LEARNED NEEDS THEORY.( Most Important)

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• Need for Affiliation ( n-Aff)

• Need for Power ( n-Pow)

• Need for Achievement ( n-Ach)

n-Aff

The need for affiliation is a desire to establish social relationships with others.

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n-Pow

The need for power reflects a desireto control one's environment andinfluence others.

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n-Ach

The need for achievement is a desire to take responsibility, set challenging goals, and obtain performance feedback.

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Managers should attempt to develop an understanding of whether and to what degree their employees

have one or more of these needs, and the extent to which their jobs can be structured to satisfy them.

Achievers

According to McClelland and David Winter (Motivating Economic Achievement), the following features accompany high level of achievement motivation• Moderate risk propensity;

• Undertaking innovative and engaging tasks;

• Internal locus of control and responsibility for own decisions and behaviors;

• Need for precise goal setting.

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Sources – n-Ach

Parental encouragement for independence

Praise and rewards for success

Association of achievement with positive feelings

Association of achievement with one's own competence and effort, not luck

A desire to be effective or challenged

Intrapersonal Strength

Desirability

Feasibility

Goal Setting Abilities

by Prof. Pradip Kumar Ghosh 12