Motivation & Emotion

Theories of Motivation• Motivation: an internal state that

activates behavior and directs it toward a goal

Instinct Theory• Instincts: innate tendencies that

determine behavior

Drive-Reduction Theory• Need: biological or psychological

requirement of an organism• Drive: a state of tension produced by

a need that motivates an organism toward a goal

• Homeostasis: the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state.

Incentive Theory • Incentive: an external stimulus,

reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior

Cognitive Theory

• Extrinsic Motivation: engaging in activates that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives

• Intrinsic Motivation: engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations

Biological and Social Motives

• Biological Motives include :

- Food- Water- Oxygen - Sleep- Avoidance of Pain

Hunger• Lateral hypothalamus: the part of the

hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

Ventromedial hypothalamus: the part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating

Hunger – Other Factors• Psychosocial hunger factors: external

cues that can affect eating, such as where, when, and what we eat.

Obesity• Overweight: a person who is 20

percent over his or her ideal body weight

• Obese: a person who is 30 percent or more above his or her ideal body weight.

Social Motives

Measuring the Need for Achievement

• The achievement motive concerns the desire to set challenging goals and to persist in trying to reach those goals despite obstacles, frustrations, and setbacks.

Thematic Apperception Test Image

Fear of Failure• People display fear of failure when

they choose easy tasks offering assured success or impossible tasks with no chance of success.

Fear of Success• The pressure and stress of being

successful add anxieties and turns into fear.

• Some people believe that if they do not meet their expectations or the expectations of others, then they are showing weaknesses.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Fundamental needs: biological drives that must be satisfied to maintain life

• Psychological Needs: the urge to belong and to give and receive love, and the urge to acquire esteem

• Self-actualization needs: the pursuit of knowledge and beauty or whatever else is required for the realization of one’s unique potential

Emotions

Expressing Emotions• Emotion: a set of complex reactions to stimuli

involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior

The James-Lange Theory

The Cannon – Bard Theory

Cognitive Theories • The Schachter-Singer Experiment

Opponent-Process Theory